CHAPTER V
OPERATION OF WOODWORKING MACHINES
#54. Importance of Machine Operations.#--A fair understanding of what is the correct position to take at some of the principal machines such as the lathe, universal saw, jointer, and sander, is very important to the student in the wood-working department. Such knowledge is of special importance to the one engaged in toy making, where every knowledge of use of machines, is put to the test.
[Illustration: Fig. 29. The roughing cut]
[Illustration: Fig. 30. The sizing cut]
Sufficient examples are given to enable the student to arrive at a fair understanding of the correct postures.
#55. Operating the Lathe.#--The lathe is perhaps one of the most important machines used in toy making. It lends itself to unlimited varieties of work and for that reason is really indispensible in the shop.
[Illustration: Fig. 31. The paring cut]
In Fig. 29 the student is preparing to take the _roughing cut_ in turning a cylinder. This operation consists of removing the corners of the square piece and is done with the tool known as the _gouge_.
After the roughing cut has been taken, calipers set to the diameter desired will determine the depth of the next cut, _sizing cut_. The illustration in Fig. 30 shows the student performing this operation with the _cut-off tool_.
[Illustration: Fig. 32. Using the cut-off tool]
When the correct dimension has been found, the next step in the process of turning a cylinder is the _paring cut_ or finishing cut, Fig. 31. This is done with the _skew_ or _bevel chisel_. A very thin shaving is removed by this operation.
The ends are then cut by using the cut-off tool as shown in Fig. 32. It is merely taking a slice off the end. If a very thin slice is to be removed, it is usually made by the long point of the skew chisel. If it is more than a quarter of an inch it should be _sized_ and then removed by the skew.
[Illustration: Fig. 33. Making convex surfaces]
If it is desired to round the end of a piece or to produce a convex surface the operation can be done by applying the broad side of the skew chisel, as in Fig. 33.
#56. Face Plate Turning.#--The preceding paragraphs describe the process of turning when the piece is supported between the live and the dead centers. The processes shown in Figs. 24, 25 and 26, illustrate the character of the work done with the head stock only when the piece is supported by the screw-center chuck or face plate.
[Illustration: Fig. 34. Polishing wood in lathe]
The first step in face plate turning is the scraping cut, Fig. 24. This cut is properly made with the concave chisel held in such a position as to give a light scraping cut. Care should be exercised not to allow the chisel to extend too deeply, otherwise the material will chip with the grain. After the desired circumference has been obtained the surface should be smoothed with the skew chisel.
[Illustration: Fig. 35. Cutting off stock]
[Illustration: Fig. 36. Fluting on circular saw]
Fig. 25 shows the student modeling a rosette, using the rest, set at right angles with the bed or parallel with the face plate. Prior to the modeling a shearing cut should be taken with the skew chisel to face off the material to an even surface.
[Illustration: Fig. 37. Cutting with special fence]
The illustration in Fig. 26 shows the use of the dividers. The student is marking off to a uniform scale the position of the various corrugations in the rosette he is turning.
#57. The Universal Saw.#--The operations that can be performed on the universal saw are so many that no attempt will be made to illustrate them all here. But enough are given to show the characteristic operations involved in cross-cutting, ripping, and dadoing,--the three basic uses of a circular saw.
[Illustration: Fig. 38. Grooving, or ripping special work]
It is a more dangerous tool than the lathe and the guard should be kept over the saw at all times, except of course, in dadoing when it can not be used.
Figs. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, illustrate the basic uses of a circular saw.
[Illustration: Fig. 39. Cutting segments]
[Illustration: Fig. 40. Surfacing board on jointer]
#58. The Hand Jointer.#--The great variety of work that can be done on a hand jointer depends very largely upon the knowledge and skill of the operator. It lends itself to so many operations, that the student gains much in knowledge and efficiency.
[Illustration: Fig. 41. Cutting bevels on jointer]
The five operations shown in Figs. 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44, give a fair idea of the scope of work that is usually accomplished on a hand jointer and show something of the method by which the work should be done.
The jointer is another tool where the use of the guard should never be omitted.
#59. The Sander.#--The sander is an interesting machine in the school shop for on it considerable "forming" can be done as with the lathe, altho its prime use is to make smooth or polish.
[Illustration: Fig. 42. Jointing the edge]
In Fig. 45 the boy at the left is forming a mitre while the one on the right is smoothing surface.
[Illustration: Fig. 43. Rabetting on the jointer]
[Illustration: Fig. 44. Cutting miter joints]
[Illustration: Fig. 45. The machine sander in operation]
## PART II.
DRAWINGS FOR TOYS
[Illustration: PLATE 1 _FOX and GEESE GAME_]
[Illustration: PLATE 2 _RING TOSS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 3 _BABY'S CART_]
[Illustration: PLATE 4 _HAY CART_]
[Illustration: PLATE 5 _Horse Head_]
[Illustration: PLATE 6 _HORSE ON WHEELS For Milk Wagon_]
[Illustration: PLATE 7 _KIDO KAR TRAILER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 8 _AUTO ROADSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 9 _AUTO RACER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 10 _PASSENGER CAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 11 _MILK WAGON_]
[Illustration: PLATE 12 _TABLE_ _Toy Furniture For Doll House_]
[Illustration: PLATE 13 _CHAIR and ROCKER_ _Toy Furniture For Doll House_]
[Illustration: PLATE 14 _BUFFET_ _Toy Furniture For Doll House_]
[Illustration: PLATE 15 _TOY WHEEL-BARROW_]
[Illustration: PLATE 16 _HORSE BARROW_]
[Illustration: PLATE 17 _DOLL'S CARRIAGE_]
[Illustration: PLATE 18 _NOAH'S ARK_]
[Illustration: PLATE 19 _"BEAN BAG" GAME BOARD_]
[Illustration: PLATE 20 _CHILD'S SWING_ #1]
[Illustration: PLATE 21 _CHILD'S SWING_ #2]
[Illustration: PLATE 22 _DOLL'S BED_]
[Illustration: PLATE 23 _DOLL'S BED_]
[Illustration: PLATE 24 _ADJUSTABLE STILTS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 25 _SCOOTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 26 _STEERING COASTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 27 _KIDO KAR & DETAILS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 28 _KID KAR JUNIOR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 29 _PONY KAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 30 _DUPLEX SPEEDSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 31 _ROCK-A-DOODLE_]
[Illustration: PLATE 32 _SLED_]
[Illustration: PLATE 33 _"Sturdy Flyer" Sled_]
[Illustration: PLATE 34 _DUCKY LOO_]
[Illustration: PLATE 35 _DUCK ROCKER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 36 _JITNEY_]
[Illustration: PLATE 37 _JUNIOR ROADSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 38 _Details of JUNIOR ROADSTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 39 _SENIOR COASTER & DETAILS_]
[Illustration: PLATE 40 _DETAILS OF SENIOR COASTER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 41 _AUTO-KAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 42 _MOTO-KAR_ _CHOO-CHOO-KAR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 43 _Teetter-Totter_]
[Illustration: PLATE 44 _TEETER ROCKER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 45 _CHECKER BOARD_]
[Illustration: PLATE 46 _CHILD'S COSTUMER_]
[Illustration: PLATE 47 _BABY'S CHAIR_]
[Illustration: PLATE 48 _CHILDREN'S SAND BOX_]
[Illustration: PLATE 49 _SAND BOX #2_]
[Illustration: PLATE 50 _DOLL'S HOUSE-#1_]
[Illustration: PLATE 51 _DOLL'S HOUSE-#2_]
[Illustration: PLATE 52 _DOLL'S HOUSE-#2_]
[Illustration: PLATE 53 _DUMB BELL_ _INDIAN CLUB_]
[Illustration: PLATE 54 _BATS_]
INDEX
A
Auto kar, Plate 41, 104
Auto racer, Plate 9, 72
Auto Roadster, Plate 8, 71
B
Bats, base ball, Plate 54, 117
Bazaars, toy sales, etc., 19
Bed, doll's, Plates 22, 23, 85, 86
Boring holes in wheels, 53
Brushes, care of, 31
Buffet, Plate 14, 77
C
Car, baby's, Plate 36, 99
Car, passenger, Plate 10, 73
Cars, auto, motor, choo-choo, Plates 41, 42, 104, 105
Cart, baby's, Plate 3, 66
Cart, hay, Plate 4, 67
Carriage, dolls, Plate 17, 80
Chair & rocker, Plate 13, 76
Chair, baby's, Plate 47, 110
Checker board, Plate 45, 108
Check, credit, Fig. 7, 20
Coasters, Plates 26, 37, 39, 89, 101, 103
Coloring toys, 21 Sanitation emphasized, 21 Preparation of surfaces, 21 Application of water colors, 21 Analine water stains, 22 Formulas for analine water stains, 22 Oil stains, 23 Shellacking, 23 Varnishing, 23 Points on varnishing, 24 Color varnish, 24 Use of paint, 24 Dipping method, 28, 30 Polishing by tumbling, 31 Paint application by compressed air, 31
Colors, preparing, 39
Color chart, Fig. 17, 41
Contents, Table of, 5
Coping saw, use of, 45
Correlation, 7
Costumer, child's, Plate 46, 109
D
Doll's house, Plates 50, 51, 52, 113, 114, 115
Dipping frame, 29
Drawings for toys, 63
Dumb bell, Plate 53, 116
E
Enameling, 27
F
Foremen, shop, 11
Fox & geese game, Plate 1, 64
Furniture, doll, 75, 76, 77
G
Game board, "Bean Bag," Plate 19, 82
Game board, "Fox & Geese," Plate 1, 64
Grading students, 17
H
Horse head, Plate 5, 68
Horse on wheels, Plate 6, 69
House, doll's, Plates 50, 51, 52, 113, 114, 115
I
Indian club, Plate 53, 116
J
Jigs & fixtures, 43
Jointer, hand, 59
K
Kiddie kars, Plates 27, 28, 29, 90, 91, 92
L
Lathe, operating the, 54, 55, 56, 57
M
Machines, operating of woodworking, 54
N
Noah's ark, Plate 18, 81
O
Organization, plan for shop, 11
P
Paint, use of, 24 Ingredients of, 24 Application, 25 Preparation of surface, 25 Tinting materials, 25 Mixing, 25 Formulas, 26 Formulas for tinted paint, 26 Enameling, 27
Plan for shop organization, 11 Grouping students, 11 Time clerk, 13 Tool-room clerk, 13 Recording attendance, 14 Time-card rack, 14 Time cards, 15 Grading students, 17 Accomplishment sheet, 18 Preparation for shop work, 19
Pneumatic equipment, 36
Preface, 3
Productive work, 11
R
Ring toss, Plate 2, 65
Rocking chair, Plate 13, 76
Rocker, duck, Plate 35, 98
Rocker, ducky loo, Plate 34, 97
Rock-a-doodle, Plate 31, 94
S
Sand box, Plates 48, 49, 111, 112
Sander, 60, 62
Saw, universal, 58
Scooter, Plate 25, 88
Sleds, Plates 32, 33, 95, 96
Sprayer, pneumatic air, 31, 33, 34
Sprayer, directions for operating, 36
Speedster, duplex, Plate 30, 93
Stain, oil, 23
Stain, analine water, 22
Stilts, adjustable, Plate 24, 87
Suggestions to teachers, 7
Swing, child's, Plates 20, 21, 83, 84
T
Table for doll house, Plate 12, 75
Teeter-totter, Plate 43, 106
Teeter-rocker, Plate 44, 107
Time clerk, 13
Time cards, 15
Tool-room clerk, 13
Toy sales, 19
Trailer, kido-kar, Plate 7, 70
Tumbler, drawing of, 32
Tumbling, polishing by, 31, 32
V
Varnishing, 23
Varnish, colored, 24
Varnishing, points on, 24
W
Wagon, milk, Plate 11, 74
Water colors, 21
Wax polishing, 31
Wheel-barrow, toy, Plate 15, 78
Wheel-barrow, horse design, Plate 16, 79
Wheel cutter, 45, 46
Wheels, cutting small, 43
Wheels, designs, Fig. 27, 49, 51
Wheels, turning, 43
Woods used in toy making, 42