Chapter 21 of 21 · 30890 words · ~154 min read

CHAPTER XXI

DEMOCRACY TRIUMPHANT

The final contest was staged in the new capital at Washington. It was as though destiny had arranged a new setting for the new drama on which the curtain was now rising. In the glamorous days of Federalist supremacy, Philadelphia, with its wealth, its fashion, and princely houses, harmonized with the spirit of government. The aristocratic party thrived in an atmosphere of luxury. Consistency called for a stage setting of more simplicity, in a wilderness suggesting the frontier, when the curtain rose on the triumph of democracy.

When that charming philosopher of cynicism, Gouverneur Morris, just elected to the Senate, reached the new capital in the clearing, after days of bumping and hardships on the woodsy road through Maryland, he looked about him with a smile and chuckled. Writing the Princesse de la Tour et Taxis, he poked gentle fun at the new seat of government. ‘We only need here houses, cellars, kitchens, scholarly men, amiable women, and a few other such trifles to possess a perfect city,’ he said, ‘for we can walk over it as we would in the fields and woods, and, on account of a strong frost, the air is quite pure. I enjoy it all the more because my room fills with smoke as soon as the door is closed.... I hasten to assure you that building stone is plentiful, that excellent bricks are baked here, that we are not wanting in sites for magnificent mansions ...; in a word, that this is the best city in the world to live in--in the future.’[1861]

Ten days before Morris wrote, Mrs. Adams had reached the capital in the wilds looking older and graver, and without a ceremonious reception, due to jealousies among the socially ambitious over the choice of a master of ceremonies.[1862] After the well-traveled roads to Philadelphia, the journey to Washington had been quite enough to add to both her age and gravity. On the way from Baltimore her party had been lost in the woods, wandering aimlessly about for two hours until rescued by a wandering negro. ‘Woods are all you see from Baltimore until you reach this city, which is only so in name,’ she wrote her daughter. ‘Here and there, a small cot, without a glass window, interspersed amongst the forest through which you travel miles without seeing a human being.’ Nor was the grandeur of the President’s house entirely to her liking. From her windows she could see on the Potomac the ‘vessels as they pass and repass.’ But a rapid survey of the large mansion with its numerous draughty rooms, convinced her that it would require thirty servants ‘to attend and keep the apartment in order, and perform the ordinary business of the house and stables.’ Not a single apartment finished. ‘The great unfinished audience [East] room I have made a drying room of to hang up the clothes in,’ she wrote glumly. But--added the tactful Abigail--‘when asked how I like it, say that I write you the situation is beautiful, which is true.’[1863] A few days later she wrote of the impatience of the ladies for a drawing-room, but ‘I have no looking glasses but dwarfs for this house, nor a twentieth part lamps enough to light it.’[1864] Had the disgusted Abigail fared forth for a peep into the living arrangements of others, she might have thought herself more fortunate. But surveying the city from her point of vantage she would have found little to tempt to a tour of inspection.

Even then, it was a ‘city of magnificent distances,’ the houses separated by miles of mud roads, not entirely free from stumps. Travel by night was precarious. Blackness impenetrable, except when the moon was at its full, settled down over the homes and the frog ponds. Morris, having made an evening call, was forced to remain all night, for the road was ‘not merely deep but dangerous to drive in the dark.’[1865] James A. Bayard and a party of Federalist leaders, venturing forth on a return to their lodgings from the home of a friend two miles from town, were caught in a storm, and the coachman losing his way, they drove about the waste lands throughout the night, threatened every moment by the ruts and ravines.[1866]

Pennsylvania Avenue, stretching from the President’s house to the Capitol, bordered by miasmic swamps, did not at this time boast a single building; nor would it have been possible to have lived along this causeway ‘without devoting its wretched tenant to perpetual fevers.’[1867] From the steps of the Capitol one could count seven or eight boarding-houses, one tailor’s shop, one shoemaker’s, one printing establishment, the home of a washwoman, a grocery shop, a stationery store, a dry-goods house, and an oyster market. And this was all. Three quarters of a mile away on the Eastern Branch stood five or six houses and an empty warehouse. At the wharf, not a single ship. From the President’s house to Georgetown living conditions were better because of immunity from swamps, but the wretched roads made it all but prohibitive as a place of residence for members of Congress. Six or seven of the more fastidious braved the distance and found comfortable quarters; two or three found lodgings near the President’s house; but the remainder crowded into the boarding-houses on Capitol Hill. In the best of these, by sharing a room one could have attendance, wood, candles, food, and an abundance of liquor for fifteen dollars a week. However, the fare was unsatisfactory, the beef not good, and vegetables hard to get.[1868] Such was the hair-trigger delicacy of the political situation that this packing of the politicians might easily have led to altercations and bloodshed had they not seen fit to herd together according to their political views. There was some gambling, some drinking, but Gallatin observed that for the most part the members ‘drank politics’ instead of liquor.[1869]

How the dandies of the Federalist circle must have missed the royal hospitality at Mrs. Bingham’s! Pathetic efforts were put forth to create something that might pass for society, but so limited were the resources that the lone church at the bottom of Capitol Hill, which had previously served as a tobacco house, was found alluring, and women donned their finery for worship.[1870] The Thomas Laws, who had one of the few pretentious houses, organized a ‘dancing assembly’ to which many subscribed.[1871] Mrs. Law, related to both Lord Baltimore and Mrs. Washington, who aspired to the scepter of Mrs. Bingham, was a worldly woman, over-fond of admiration and company, and finally there was a divorce. But at this time she drew the gayer element to her by her merry hospitality. ‘Lay down your hat, we have a fine roast turkey and you must stay and eat it,’ she would say to a caller, and soon others would casually appear, and an informal party would result.[1872] Callers in the old houses in Georgetown where Southern hospitality held sway, found ‘bread, butter, ham, and cakes set before them,’ and on leaving they would likely as not carry away cake and apples in their pockets, a bottle of milk in their hands.[1873] Great was the amusement of the fashionable men and women, who had been so elegantly served at the Binghams’ by the French chef, on finding themselves jolting over the dirt roads to their lodgings with their pockets crammed with cake.

This was the Washington into which Jefferson was carried in a stage-coach for the decisive struggle of his career. Wishing to pay his respects to Adams, for whom he felt more respect than did the Hamiltonian wing of the President’s own party, he wondered if the inordinate vanity of his defeated rival would interpret the call as an attempt to humiliate him. He determined to take the chance. Entering the President’s house, he found Adams alone--the old man in those difficult days was all but isolated. One glance was enough to justify the caller’s fears. In great agitation, and neglecting first to offer his visitor a chair, Adams burst forth: ‘You have turned me out; you have turned me out.’

With the gentleness of an elder soothing a hurt child, Jefferson replied, drawing on his familiarity with the workings of the minds and hearts of men, ‘I have not turned you out, Mr. Adams; and I am glad to avail myself of this occasion to show that I have not and to explain my views. In consequence of a division of opinion existing among our fellow-citizens, as to the proper constitution of our political institutions, and of the wisdom and propriety of certain measures ... that portion of our citizens that approved and advocated one class of these opinions and measures selected you as their candidate ... and their opponents selected me. If you and myself had been inexistent, or for any cause had not been selected, other persons would have been selected in our places; and thus the contest would have been carried on, and with the same result, except that the party which supported you would have been defeated by a greater majority, as it was known that, but for you, your party would have carried their unpopular measures much further than they did.’ Suffering as he was under the treachery of the Hamiltonians, this softened the unhappy President’s mood. Jefferson was offered a chair. The two men, who had been intimate in Revolutionary days and in Paris, engaged in a friendly discussion of the topics of the day, and parted with mutual expressions of respect.

Jefferson returned to Conrad’s boarding-house, where he had taken a suite of rooms. It was a commodious house, standing on a hill, the precipitate sides of which were covered with grass and shrubs in a natural state. The windows of Jefferson’s rooms commanded a beautiful view of the surrounding country--the level plain between the hill and the Potomac through which the tree-lined Taber wound its course; and the man of Monticello could look down from his windows on the tulip-poplar trees, the magnolia, the azalea, the wild rose, the hawthorn. Characteristically enough, he had gone to Conrad’s because of the charms of the scenery. There the man of the hour lived like the other lodgers, with the exception of having a drawing-room for the reception of visitors; eating at the common table with the others, at the foot of the table nearest the door and most remote from the fire. When Mrs. John Brown, wife of the Kentucky Senator, insisted that he sit at the head of the table, as the oldest man if not as the Vice-President, he waved the suggestion aside with a smile of deprecation, and there, in the coldest part of the room, he continued until he moved into the President’s house. But for Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Theodorus Bailey, wife of a Jeffersonian Congressman from New York, the mess table would have resembled ‘a refectory of monks.’[1874] Living under the same roof during the hectic weeks that followed were Gallatin who shared his room with Varnum, a Democrat from Massachusetts, Senator John Langdon, General Sam Smith of Maryland, Senator Abraham Baldwin of Georgia, Senator Wilson Carey Nicholas of Virginia, his brother, the Virginia Representative, and the Browns and Baileys. In the impending crisis Jefferson could scarcely have surrounded himself with a better board of strategy. There we will leave him for a while to take up the threads of the Federalist conspiracy to prevent his election and thwart the public will.

While Jefferson was calmly observing the development of the conspiracy, and Gouverneur Morris was reflecting on the absurdity of the human comedy, Alexander Hamilton sat in his office in New York writing feverishly to the leaders of his party. If he wrote in bitterness it was because he was fighting for the last vestige of his prestige as a leader. It had been ominous enough when he lost control of the party caucus and the leaders of the second class deserted him for Adams, but now, to his horror, he found the leaders of the first class scheming for the election of Burr, his pet aversion, to the Presidency. This was too much. Through the latter part of December, the indignant sparks flew from his fast-flying pen as he sought desperately to dissuade the conspirators who had been his faithful servitors. On the 16th he wrote Wolcott of his hope that ‘New England at least will not so far lose its head as to fall into this snare.’ Jefferson was infinitely preferable, because ‘not so dangerous a man’ and because he had ‘pretensions to character.’ But Burr was a ‘bankrupt beyond redemption except by the plunder of his country.’ He was ‘the Catiline of America.’ Would Wolcott communicate these views to Marshall and Sedgwick and reply speedily?[1875] The next day Hamilton and his erstwhile idolater, Otis, were both busy with their pens. The former, in an evident fever of anxiety, was writing again to Wolcott. It was incredible that Federalists should be considering Burr. Within the last three weeks at his own table he had toasted the French Republic, the commissioners on both sides who had negotiated the peace, Bonaparte and Lafayette. Could anything have been more monstrous? ‘Alas, when will men consult their reasons rather than their passions?’ he asked. Elect Burr merely to mortify the Democrats by the defeat of Jefferson? ‘This disposition reminds me of the conduct of the Dutch moneyed man, who, from hatred of the old aristocracy, favored the admission of the French into Holland to overturn everything. Adieu to the Federal Troy if they once introduce this Grecian horse into their citadel.’[1876]

While Hamilton was writing thus to Wolcott, Otis, in Boston, was writing to Hamilton. ‘It is palpable,’ he wrote, ‘that to elect Burr is to cover the opposition with chagrin and to sow among them the seeds of morbid division.’ But how open communication with Burr? ‘We in Massachusetts do not know the man. You do. Please advise us.’[1877] Hearing a few days later that Sedgwick was deep in the plot, Hamilton wrote him with almost hysterical earnestness. ‘For heaven’s sake, let not the Federalist party be responsible for the elevation of this man [Burr].’[1878] Two days more, and Hamilton was writing in New York; Harper, who had been his idolater, was similarly engaged in Baltimore. The former was writing Morris, seeking an understanding with Jefferson; Harper was writing Aaron Burr, proffering an alliance. ‘Jefferson or Burr? The former without all doubt,’ wrote Hamilton. ‘Let our situation be improved to obtain from Jefferson assurances on certain points--the maintenance of the present system, especially on the cardinal articles of public credit--a navy, neutrality. Make any discreet use you think fit with this letter.’[1879] Alas, the flimsiness of political friendship! At that very hour Harper was writing Burr that the contest would be settled in the House. ‘The language of the Democrats is that you will yield your pretensions to their favorite.... I advise you to take no step whatever by which the choice of the House ... can be impeded or embarrassed. Keep the game perfectly in your own hands, but do not answer this letter, or any other that may be written to you by a Federal man, nor write to any of that party.’[1880]

No importunities from Hamilton were necessary in the case of Morris, who had taken the high ground ‘that since it was evidently the intention of our fellow citizens to make Mr. Jefferson their President, it seems proper to fulfill that intention.’[1881] Such was his response to Hamilton, who responded gratefully to the loyalty of one follower. ‘If there is a man in the world I ought to hate,’ he wrote, ‘it is Jefferson. With Burr I have always been personally well. But the public good must be paramount to every private consideration.’[1882] The next day Hamilton was bearing down hard on James A. Bayard, a Federalist Representative from Delaware, with an excoriation of Burr as liable to overturn the government to extend his power. Was it possible that Federalists were thinking of arrangements with a man of Burr’s character? ‘No engagement that may be made with him can be depended upon. While making it, he will laugh in his sleeve at the credulity of those with whom he makes it; and the first moment it suits his views to break it he will do so.’[1883] At the same time he was appealing to John Rutledge of South Carolina to assist in crushing the Federalists’ conspiracy as ‘a service to your country.’[1884] That month, too, Senator Ross of Pennsylvania heard from New York. ‘Mr. Burr is the last man in the United States to be supported by the Federalists,’ he read. Why not seek an understanding with Jefferson?[1885]

But as December faded from the calendar, the colossal genius of Federalism found himself in a position of pitiful impotency and isolation. Morris and Jay shared his views, but even the New York friends of his youth, like Troup, were unresponsive, and most of the leaders, who had once responded gladly to his nod, were ignoring his frantic efforts and proceeding with their plans. On the day he was writing Bayard, two men knocked at the lodgings of Morris, and Robert Goodhue Harper and Senator Henry Latimer of Delaware appeared to electioneer the delightful cynic whose cynicism held so much of wisdom. The voluble Harper was the spokesman. Burr, he said, was his ‘intimate friend.’ It was advisable, he thought, to elect Burr ‘without asking or expecting any assurances respecting his future administration.’ There was enough in Burr’s temper and disposition to give ample security ‘for a conduct hostile to the democratic spirit.’ Morris listened patiently, and dryly suggested the wisdom of the House suspending its determination ‘until they can have more light as to the merit and probable conduct of the candidates.’[1886] Unable to see with the majority of his party, Morris, who had touched life at so many points and in so many places, did not share in Hamilton’s rage. ‘Indeed, my dear friend,’ he wrote Robert Livingston about this time, ‘this farce of life contains nothing which should put us out of humor.’[1887] With Harper making a personal canvass for Burr, Judge Samuel Sewall, of the Essex Junto, was urging Otis to stand for ‘a steady and decided vote of the Federal party for Mr. Burr,’ because it might at any rate prevent an election--a consummation ‘most desirable.’[1888]

Meanwhile Burr, pretending preoccupation with the approaching nuptials of his brilliant Theodosia, was suavely simulating, if he did not feel, a distaste for the plan of his ‘intimate friend’ Harper. When the movement in his behalf was first launched, he wrote General Sam Smith that he would ‘disclaim all competition’ with Jefferson, that the Federalists ‘could entertain no wish for such an exchange,’ and that his friends would dishonor his views and insult his feelings ‘by a suspicion that I would submit to be instrumental in counteracting the wishes and expectations of the United States.’ But eight days later, Harper had written him an encouraging letter on the prospects and he appears to have followed the admonition not to reply. After that--silence.

At Conrad’s boarding-house the calmest man at the long table in the dining-room was Jefferson. He knew the plans of the opposition to prevent an election or to elect Burr, and noted the gloom among his friends and the exultation of his enemies. He was quite calm.

III

January found Hamilton still feverishly busy at his writing-desk. His worst fears had, by this time, been confirmed. His bosom friends had smiled incredulously upon his protests against Burr. The conspiracy was spreading ominously. His voice had lost its potency, his sword its shimmer. Grimly he fought against fate. McHenry had been impressed with the propaganda for Burr. A number of the Federalist leaders had escaped from the frog ponds of the capital to enjoy Christmas festivities in Baltimore, and from these he heard but one opinion--Burr should be supported. Burr’s letter to Smith? These worldly Federalists laughed derisively. He would not resent being elected by Federalist votes. Even McHenry thought that with Burr elected ‘we may flatter ourselves that he will not suffer the executive power to be frittered away.’ Still, he had misgivings. ‘Can we promise ourselves that he will not continue to seek and depend upon his own party for support?’[1889] It was with these doubts in his mind that McHenry opened a letter from Hamilton, whom he worshiped. Here he found Burr denounced as ‘a profligate,’ as a ‘voluptuary,’ as ‘an extortionist’ in his profession, as insolvent and dangerous.[1890] A word from Hamilton was enough, and McHenry joined his leader in combating the Federalist plans in Maryland--and not without effect. But with Senator William Hindman, who had been a supporter of Hamilton in the House, nothing could be done. He was aggressively for Burr.[1891] In early January, Pickering, still pitying himself, was not shocked at the idea of Burr’s election. The suggestion that ‘the federalist interest will not be so systematically opposed under Mr. Burr as under Jefferson’ impressed him. Then ‘in case of war with any European power there can be no doubt which of the two would conduct it with most ability and energy.’[1892]

Meanwhile Bayard had sent a non-committal reply to Hamilton. He had found ‘a strong inclination of the majority’ of the Federalists to support Burr with the disposition growing. He ought, therefore, to have strong grounds for separating himself from the others. While their

## action could not bind him, it would be a painful wrench to leave them.

Still, ‘the magnitude of the subject forbids the sacrifice of strong conviction.’ As the pen of Bayard traveled over the page, the conspirators were moving about him, for he wrote in the House of Representatives.[1893] In truth, all Hamilton’s advices were disturbing. Former Senator Gunn of Georgia, in sympathy with him, was afraid ‘some of our friends have committed themselves by writing improperly to Burr.’[1894] Even John Rutledge, while disgusted at the idea of either Jefferson or Burr in the Presidency, found his party associates convinced that ‘Burr will be the least mischief,’ and that his election would be prodigiously afflicting to the Virginia faction and must disjoint the party.[1895]’

It is easy to imagine Hamilton laying down the letter of Rutledge with a frown, to open one which had arrived from Sedgwick in the same mail, to get a greater shock. It was a vigorous plea for Burr. The author found it ‘very evident that the Jacobins dislike Mr. Burr as President’ and that ‘he hates them for the preference given to his rival.’ He had ‘expressed displeasure over the publication of his letter to General Smith.’ Would not ‘this jealousy and distrust and dislike ... every day more and more increase and more and more widen the breach between them?’ Would not the election of Burr by the Federalists cause ‘incurable’ wounds? Then again, ‘to what evils should we expose ourselves by the choice of Burr, which we should escape by the election of Jefferson?’ True, given an opportunity, Burr would be more likely to become a ‘usurper’--but what of that?[1896]

About this time, in the middle of the month, the Federalists met to determine on their course. The caucus was not entirely harmonious, but the Burr sentiment was overwhelming. Shocked and inwardly enraged at the disaffection of his friends, Hamilton now redoubled his efforts, and in a ‘very, very confidential’ letter to Bayard dissected the character of Burr, demolished the arguments of his Federalist supporters, and pronounced Jefferson far superior in real ability. To this he gave a personal touch--something he had hitherto held back. ‘It is past all doubt,’ he said, ‘that he has blamed me for not having improved the situation I once was in to change the government; that when answered that this could not have been done without guilt, he replied, “Les grandes âmes se soucient peu des petits moraux”; and when told that the thing was never practical from the genius and situation of the country, he answered, “That depends on the estimate we form of the human passions, and of the means of influencing them.” Does this prove that Mr. Burr would consider a scheme of usurpation as visionary?’[1897] Four days after sending this letter to Bayard, Hamilton was writing Morris of the inability of the conspirators to get assurances from Burr, who complained that it would injure him with his friends. ‘Depend upon it,’ he warned, ‘men never played a more foolish game than will do the Federalists if they support Burr.’[1898] But Hamilton was striving against the basest, lowest instincts of his party. One of his Boston followers was writing King at this very time that he favored Burr because ‘his opposition heretofore’ had ‘arisen from ambitious motives,’ and because he was ‘not as honest in his politics as Jefferson.’[1899] No one was a stouter contender against Hamilton’s decent patriotic impulses than Sedgwick, who was moved by the motives just indicated.[1900] No one knew it better than Hamilton, but he persisted. ‘I never was so much mistaken,’ he wrote Sedgwick, ‘as I shall be if our friends in the event of their success do not rue the preference they will give to that Catiline.’[1901] Fighting desperately, Hamilton looked clear-eyed upon the repudiation of his leadership of the party into which he had breathed the breath of life and given the dignity of power by the prestige of his genius. Among his friends he made no secret of his depression, admitting to them that his ‘influence with the federal party was wholly gone’ and that he ‘could no longer be useful.’[1902] Had he created a Frankenstein to destroy not only himself but his policies and country? he wondered.

All through that month there was only serenity at Conrad’s boarding-house in Washington. Thoroughly informed of every move made by the enemy, Jefferson discussed the situation in the evenings with Gallatin, the Nicholases, and General Smith. Such was his imperturbable temperament that in the midst of the intense excitement he was able to write to one friend of a meteorological diary from Quebec, and to another on a similar one from Natchez.[1903] His cause was in the keeping of Gallatin, who was quietly checking up on all members of the House, closing his own ranks, preparing for every possible contingency, and concluding that ‘the intention of the desperate leaders must be absolute usurpation and the overthrow of our Constitution.’[1904] Thus January passed, and February came with its fateful possibilities.

As the time for the contest approached, the village capital overflowed with visitors of stern visage. The boarding-houses packed with members of Congress, these onlookers found lodgment in Georgetown and in Alexandria. Notwithstanding the bitterness of the fight there was no trouble--due to stern repression. A little spark would have caused an explosion. The American people had determined on Jefferson, and it was no longer a secret that forces were at work to defeat the public will. Some of the Federalist papers deprecated the attempt to elect Burr with Federalist votes. The New York ‘Commercial Advertiser’ made vigorous protest in denunciation of the conspirators. ‘They are now taking the ground which the Democrats have occupied and descending to the baseness of supporting their cause by railing, abuse and scurrility. Nothing can be less politic or honorable. It is the duty of good citizens to acquiesce in the election and be tranquil. It is proper that Mr. Jefferson should be made Chief Magistrate.’[1905] The same note was struck by the New York ‘Gazette.’ ‘Many advocate the support of Mr. Burr,’ it said. ‘In matters of such importance it is idle to suffer our passions to get the better of our reason; and in statesmanship it would be particularly culpable from such puerile motives to risk the welfare of the nation.... Bad as both these men [Jefferson and Burr] are, there is no comparison between them.’[1906] But the organ of the Essex Junto was openly advocating Burr’s election. The ‘Centinel’ of Boston teemed with Burr propaganda. ‘The people of New England have yet faith to believe that a good tree cannot bring forth bad fruit, nor vice versa,’ it said. ‘They think the stock from which Mr. Jefferson has sprung to be bad because his works are known to be so; and ... that whatever Mr. Burr may be reported to be he will eventually turn out good; as he is the grandson of the dignified Edwards, the great American luminary of Divinity, and a son of President Burr who was also a burning and shining light in the churches.’[1907] At times it fell into verse:

‘Stop ere your civic feasts begin; Wait till the votes are all come in; Perchance amidst this mighty stir Your monarch may be Colonel Burr.’[1908]

A correspondent from Washington was quoted approvingly on the plan to support Burr--‘the expediency of which course is so palpable to common sense ... that I am astonished any Federal man should hesitate upon the subject.’[1909] And the ‘Centinel’ expressed the hope that it would be able ‘by Saturday next to announce either that the people will have another opportunity to elect a Federal President; or that the House, rejecting a theoretical and experimental philosopher, will prefer, as a very respectable member of Congress describes Mr. Burr, “a practical gentleman who will have judgment, taste and genius enough to appreciate the usefulness of our federal fabric, and nerve enough to preserve its integrity.”’[1910]

There was no longer any doubt that the Federalist hot-heads were ready for usurpation and revolutionary measures. It was known to every Democrat of any consequence in the country. Gallatin, counting noses, had no fear of desertions from the Jeffersonian ranks. The real danger, as the little conclave at Conrad’s saw it, was the prevention of an election, and Gallatin was certain that, to prevent this calamity, a Federalist from Maryland and Morris of Vermont would go over to Jefferson. A plan to meet this contingency was drawn up by Gallatin and accepted by the chief. More sinister still was the threat, commonly heard, that should the Federalists succeed in preventing an election, they would pass a law placing the Presidency in the hands of Marshall or some other official. This the Democrats were prepared to resist by physical force. To prevent this usurpation, the Jeffersonians notified Governor M’Kean of Pennsylvania and Governor Monroe of Virginia, who were prepared to march troops instantly upon the capital ‘for the purpose, not of promoting, but of preventing revolution and the shedding of a single drop of blood.’[1911] A careful survey convinced Gallatin that this scheme of usurpation would not have mustered more than twenty votes among the Federalist members. Only Henry Lee, ‘a desperate character,’ and Roger Griswold of Connecticut, a bigot, appeared to Gallatin to be really favorable to such a monstrous measure. Even so the rumor spread, and it was said that fifteen hundred men in Virginia and Maryland had agreed in the event a usurper were placed in the Presidency to move on Washington to assassinate him.[1912]

Jefferson had other plans in view, which he conveyed only to Madison and Monroe--to call a convention to reorganize the Government and amend the Constitution, but he concealed this from Gallatin.[1913] The Gallatin plan, with its military feature, leaked out, causing some uneasiness among the conspirators, who proceeded, however, with their plans. The ‘Centinel’ boasted that Federalists had no fear of Southern and Western fighters. ‘Our General [Burr] if called upon can assure them that he has seen southern regiments in former times and knows what they are composed of.[1914]

Meanwhile the Federalists proceeded with their plans. Burr, concealing himself in Albany, was maintaining a discreet silence, and on February 1st, Jefferson wrote him a letter. At no time had he any confidence in Burr’s political honesty or reliability. During the two Federalist Administrations he had observed that, whenever a great military or diplomatic appointment was to be made, Burr had hurried to Philadelphia and was ‘always at market if they wanted him.’ Jefferson had thought it wise to remain rather distant.[1915] But he was too sagacious to reveal his distrust at this juncture. He had no thought of giving Burr any excuse for treachery, and enemies had been busy with a forged letter bearing Jefferson’s signature setting forth uncomplimentary opinions. He wrote to call attention to the forgery and denounce it. ‘It was to be expected,’ he wrote, ‘that the enemy would endeavor to sow tares between us that they might divide us and our friends.’ If the letter was ever answered, the reply has been lost.

On the day Jefferson sat in his room at Conrad’s writing Burr, Gouverneur Morris’s morning slumber was interrupted by two visitors who wished to discuss with him the organization of Burr’s Administration. ‘Laughable enough under the circumstances which now exist,’ chuckled the cynic.[1916] Two days later, still serene, Jefferson was writing Dr. Caspar Wistar of some bones recently discovered which the Doctor wished for the museum. The candidate had taken the trouble to write Chancellor Livingston, and the reply was inspired by the latter’s letter in answer. With the village capital crowded, with talk of revolution, usurpation, assassination, he wrote at length. Perhaps it would be better to ask only for the bones missing from the museum’s collection, as the town where they were found would probably be loath to part with them at all. Even then the philosopher and scientist was not wholly lost in the politician.[1917]

In New York, Hamilton, having gone his limit, was no longer writing letters. The indifference of his erstwhile followers had left him depressed and bitter. Then, one day at the Tontine Coffee-House, he had an opportunity to renew his warning in the most dramatic manner. Wolcott had resigned from the Cabinet, his treachery still unsuspected by Adams, to be wined and dined by the Federalist members of Congress in Washington, and toasted by the merchants of Philadelphia and New York. After the regular toasts had been given at the Tontine and volunteers were in order, Hamilton rose, and in his most impressive manner proposed: ‘May our government never fall a prey to the dreams of a Condorcet NOR THE VICES OF A CATILINE.’[1918] ‘The vices of a Catiline’ was the one expression remembered by the diners as they poured out into the streets.

The next day the balloting was to begin. On the day of the dinner at the Tontine the ‘Commercial Advertiser’ predicted the election of Burr on the second ballot; and that same day Representative William Cooper was writing a friend of the determination of the Federalists ‘to run Burr perseveringly’ and to ‘leave the consequences to those who have hitherto been his friends.’[1919] At Conrad’s boarding-house all was serene.

In a blinding snowstorm the lawmakers and spectators fought their way to the Capitol on Wednesday morning, the 11th. Nature spread a white mantle over the crudities of the village as though to dress it becomingly for the great day. The great plain between the foot of the hill and the river was covered with a spotless sheet, and even the shop of the shoemaker and the home of the washwoman took on the appearance of beauty. No one minded the storm, not even Joseph H. Nicholson of Maryland, who, though bedridden with fever, insisted on being carried through the storm to cast his ballot for Jefferson. The electoral votes being counted in a joint session of the two houses, the members of the House retired to their own chamber to elect a President. The crowded gallery was ordered cleared. The visitors, grumbling loudly, filed out into the corridors. When Samuel Harrison Smith, editor of the ‘National Intelligencer,’ who had established his paper in the capital on the advice of Jefferson, insisted on remaining, he was angrily ordered out by Theodore Sedgwick, the Speaker. Arrangements were thereupon made by the Jeffersonians to keep Smith informed hourly of the fortunes of the fight. In a committee room off the chamber lay Nicholson on a bed, burning with fever, an anxious wife at his side to give him water and medicine. Even the conspirators could not restrain their admiration. ‘It is a chance that this kills him,’ wrote Otis. ‘I would not thus expose myself for any President on earth.’[1920] The stricken Democrat was not there, however, against the wishes of his wife, who had the fighting spirit of a Spartan woman.

The first ballot found Jefferson with eight States--Burr with six--nine necessary to a choice. Another ballot immediately--the same result. A third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh--no change. As each ballot was taken, a teller from Maryland entered the little committee room where Nicholson lay fighting the fever, his head supported by the arm of his wife. He was awakened from his fitful sleep, a pencil was put in his trembling fingers, and with his wife’s aid in guiding the pencil the name of Jefferson was written. The pencil fell from his hand--he slept again.[1921] At the end of the eighth ballot a motion to vote again in an hour prevailed. There was little electioneering--men’s minds were made up. Only a buzz of conversation, some laughter.

The ninth ballot, the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth ballots--and no change. Darkness had long since fallen on snow-covered Washington. Bed-clothing, blankets, pillows, had been brought in. The Federalists had determined to hold on without adjournment. At nine o’clock the sixteenth ballot brought no change. At ten o’clock the seventeenth, at eleven the eighteenth--and no change. The motion was made to adjourn until Thursday, only to be voted down. At midnight the nineteenth ballot was taken, with the lines unbroken. By this time the members were slipping off to cloak and committee rooms between ballots to sleep, and some slept in their chairs. As a ballot was called, it was ‘ludicrous to see them running from committee rooms with night caps on.’[1922] The crowd in the corridors dwindled, a few stubbornly held on. Every hour a messenger waded laboriously through the heavy snow to the home of the editor of ‘The Intelligencer’ with the results. No sleep in that house that night. When the knock at the door was heard, the editor’s wife, her heart beating audibly, as she thought, could scarcely open to receive the paper.[1923]

At one o’clock another ballot--then at two. Nature was beginning to claim its toll when it was agreed not to vote again until four o’clock. After that the ballots were taken hourly throughout the night. When the twenty-seventh ballot was taken at eight o’clock and the motion was made to vote no more until noon, there were no protests. The vote at noon found the opposing lines unbroken. The House adjourned until eleven o’clock on Friday--the next day.

Friday: larger crowds about the Capitol. Nicholson still on his bed. When the twenty-ninth ballot showed no change, an adjournment was taken until noon on Saturday.

Meanwhile the participants in the struggle were sending out meager reports on the results. While the first ballots were being taken on Wednesday, Jefferson had written Tench Coxe: ‘For some time since, a single individual has said he would by his vote make up the ninth State. On Saturday last he changed, and it stands at present eight one way, six the other, and two divided. Which of the two will be elected, and whether either, I deem perfectly problematical; and my mind has long since been equally made up for either of the three events.’[1924] Otis, writing his wife, was more interested in the scene at the sick bed than in conjectures.[1925] Gallatin wrote Mrs. Gallatin of the results without comment, other than that he had slept from eight o’clock until noon on Thursday morning.[1926] Saturday found the lines still holding, but with the conspirators subjected to a heavy and disturbing fire from outside. An imposing petition from Federalists in Maryland had been sent John Chew Thomas declaring that two thirds of his constituents favored Jefferson. Gallatin did ‘not know what effect they would have.’[1927] and the thing that worried the Federalists was that they knew no better. Some of these were finding the backfire distressing. Others were openly disgusted with Burr. ‘Had Burr done anything for himself, he would long ere this have been President,’ wrote Cooper of New York.[1928] It was clearly time to push the contest. Thus, on Saturday three ballots were taken without results, and the House adjourned until noon Monday.

Meanwhile, Jefferson, presiding over the Senate, surrounded by hatred and excitement, presented an unruffled front, an untouched temper. From time to time he could hear the angry discussions of his enemies, but he made no sign. His impartiality was beyond question. ‘A spectator,’ wrote a contemporary, ‘who watched his countenance would never have surmised that he had any personal interest in the impending event.’[1929] From the Capitol he walked like one unconcerned back to Conrad’s, enjoying the snow. Some of the politicians sought to wring concessions from him to gain support, but he was adamant. General Sam Smith, without his authority or knowledge, entered into a negotiation, which had no effect beyond furnishing the groundwork for the charge of his enemies in history that he had made arrangements. As far as we know he was openly approached by but one--and he was acting on the suggestion of Alexander Hamilton.

One day, as Jefferson was descending the steps of the Capitol, he met Gouverneur Morris and they paused to exchange compliments. Differing as widely as the poles, they had enjoyed their social contacts in Paris. The conversation turned naturally to the contest, and Morris observed, significantly, that the opposition to Jefferson’s election on the part of some was the fear that he would turn all Federalists out of office, put down the navy, and wipe out the debt. All that was necessary to his election was the assurance that none of these steps would be taken. ‘I must leave the world to judge the course I mean to pursue by that which I have pursued hitherto,’ Jefferson replied. ‘I believe it my duty to be passive and silent during the present contest. I shall certainly make no terms, and shall never go into the office of President by capitulation, nor with my hands tied by any conditions which will hinder me from pursuing the measures which I shall deem for the public good.’ The two parted in the best of feeling.

The crisis was now approaching. Public sentiment was asserting itself unmistakably, and statesmen could hear afar off the cracking of the whips. The Jeffersonians would clearly not budge. Even Nicholson was recovering instead of sinking under the exposure and excitement. The Federalists in their caucuses were breaking up after stormy meetings. It was agreed that nothing was left but desperate measures, and, while but few urged their adoption, few openly disapproved. Burr was an ever-increasing torment. Only his coöperation was needed, said Bayard afterward, to have won. ‘By deceiving one man (a great blockhead) and tempting two (not incorruptible), he might have secured a majority of the States.’[1930] But Burr was in Albany, silent as the sphinx and inactive as a mummy.

Over Sunday the leaders caucused and cursed. When the House met on Monday, Gallatin understood that Bayard was going to vote for Jefferson and end the fight. But on the one ballot taken on Monday, he remained with Burr. ‘But it is supposed,’ wrote Gallatin to his father-in-law, ‘that the cause of delay is to make an attempt on his party and some others to prevail on the whole Federal party to come over.’[1931]

The conferences continued on Monday and by night a decision had been reached. Nothing could be gained by fighting for a man who would not fight. The public was in an ugly mood. Hamilton’s friends, like Bayard, were feeling a little ashamed of themselves. On Tuesday a crowd was packed in the corridors of the Capitol and in front of the building. Weary men in petulant mood pushed their way through these farmers, mechanics, and politicians to the House. A vote was immediately taken. Morris, Federalist from Vermont, withdrew, permitting Matthew Lyon to cast the vote of the State for Jefferson. The Maryland Federalists cast blank ballots--permitting the Democrats to put their State in the Jefferson column. Bayard, after much meandering, finally satisfied Hamilton by casting a blank, which, being the only vote to which his State was entitled, left Delaware out entirely. And Theodore Sedgwick, in a rage, was forced formally to announce the election of Thomas Jefferson. The throng in the corridors and in front of the Capitol gave way to noisy rejoicing, and the conspirators hurried to their lodgings to escape the scowls of the populace.

While most of them hurried home, three members of the House, including two of the vanquished, with Thomas Pinckney as spokesman, made their way with many jests, we may be sure, up the slushy Avenue, between the frog ponds, to the President’s house to notify John Adams that his successor had been chosen. No record of their reception remains, but the imagination can supply the want. Nor is there any record that Adams sent a note of congratulation to the victor. Those were the days when ‘The Duke of Braintree’s’ morbid vanity was suffering keenly the flings of outrageous fortune.

Two days later, the same committee formally notified Jefferson of his election and was asked to convey a gracious response to the House.[1932] Meanwhile, unflurried and unhurried, he went his way, appearing in the Senate, as usual to preside, and continuing to occupy the foot of the table at Conrad’s boarding-house. He had long since determined upon Madison for the head of the Cabinet and Gallatin for the Treasury, gigantic figures compared with those who had occupied these posts after Jefferson and Hamilton had left them in the days of Washington. The other positions were filled during the two weeks intervening between the election and the inauguration.

On Saturday before his inauguration on Wednesday, Jefferson appeared for the last time in the Senate to withdraw from his post there in a farewell address. There before him sat men who hated him venomously, but the suave, serene victor took leave as though departing with sorrow from a cherished circle of congenial souls. Mistakes he had probably made, but he had sought to ‘observe impartial justice,’ and his measurable success had been due to the generosity and uniform courtesy of the members. Could he but carry to his new station such support as he had received from the Senate, he would ‘consider it as commencing under the happiest auspices.’ In tendering his ‘cordial and respectful adieux,’ he wished for all both health and happiness. With a courtly bow he descended from the rostrum, and passed out of the chamber.

On Monday, Gouverneur Morris, chairman of the committee named to make response, reported an answer matching the courtliness of Jefferson’s farewell. It lamented ‘the loss of that intelligence, attention, and impartiality’ with which Jefferson had presided, and expressed appreciation of the kindly expressions on the Senate. Then, as Morris proceeded, there was a savage wagging of heads among the die-hards, as he read: ‘In the confidence that your official conduct will be directed to those great objects [the honor and interests of the country]--a confidence derived from past events, we repeat to you, sir, the assurance of our Constitutional support in your future administration.’ Instantly an irreconcilable was on his feet with a motion to strike out the words, ‘derived from past events.’ The roll was called. The motion was lost by a vote of 9 to 19. The intolerant Tracy and Ross voted with the nine, but Morris carried some of his party with him.[1933] The next day Morris reported Jefferson’s reply--a gesture of appreciation.

As the day of the inauguration approached, great crowds began to pour into the drab little capital from the surrounding country. In the President’s house and in the Senate there was feverish activity. Early in the session, the Federalists, realizing that their power was over in the executive and legislative branches, sought to maintain themselves and provide for their favorites through the creation of many Federal judgeships. The purpose was transparent. The Democrats had fought the measure without avail. All that now remained was for Adams to pack the courts with partisans as narrow and intolerant as those who had for ten years been delivering common party harangues from the Bench. With the joyous visitors wading the muddy streets in holiday mood, with Jefferson closeted with his friends at Conrad’s, the Senate was busy confirming these partisan Judges, and in the Executive Department they were busy signing the commissions. Night came--and John Marshall remained in his office making them out.

To this drama of hate, Adams gave a touch of irony in selecting the beneficiaries of his generosity. Wolcott had left him but a little while before. Through four years he had played the game of Adams’s enemies, presenting all the while a smiling countenance to his chief. We have seen him lingering on in the citadel after Pickering and McHenry had been thrown from the battlements, to wig-wag secret messages to the enemy in New York. But Adams had suspected nothing. Moved by an impulse of gratitude, he offered Wolcott a life position on the Bench, and that consummate actor, smiling still, sent the assurance that ‘gratitude to benefactors is among the most amiable ... of social obligations,’[1934] and accepted. There is something of pathos to the Adams of the sunset. Something of pathos and inspiration, too--for, to the disgust of the inner circle of his party, he made John Marshall Chief Justice of the United States, and thus, unwittingly, saved the better part of Federalism from the wreckage of the temple, to fight on through many years to come.

VII

The morning of inauguration day found the entire nation marching in the streets, exultant Democrats following the fife and drum, singing and shouting hosannas. Merchants locked their doors, mechanics left their work-benches, clerks laid down their pens, farmers deserted their homes for the towns, and from Boston to Savannah men and women celebrated with an enthusiasm not approached since the celebration of the peace in 1783.

In Washington, the thunder of artillery ushered in the day. As it shook the heavens, an embittered old man with a sour countenance sat far back in his coach as it bumped and splashed its way through the mire and over the stumps of the Baltimore road, for at four o’clock in the morning John Adams had slipped out of the house of the Presidents and hurried away, rather than remain to extend the ordinary courtesies to his successor. ‘You have no idea,’ wrote Gallatin to his wife, ‘of the meanness, indecency, almost insanity of his conduct, especially of late. But he is fallen and not dangerous. Let him be forgotten.’[1935] Somewhere in hiding, or in flight, was Theodore Sedgwick, Speaker of the House, who could not bear to witness the triumph of a foe.

That morning Jefferson remained quietly at Conrad’s, receiving friends. As he entered the dining-room for breakfast, the wife of Senator Brown rose impulsively and offered him her seat. With an appreciative smile he declined and sat down as usual at the end of the table near the door.[1936]

At ten o’clock there was a flurry among the men, women, and children standing reverently in front of Jefferson’s lodgings, when, with a swinging stride, companies of riflemen and artillery from Alexandria paraded before the boarding-house. At noon, dressed plainly, with nothing to indicate the dignity of his position, Jefferson stepped out of Conrad’s, accompanied by citizens and members of Congress, and walked to the Capitol. As he passed the threshold, there was a thunder of artillery. When he entered the little Senate Chamber, the Senators and Representatives rose, and Aaron Burr, now Vice-President, left his seat--all standing until Jefferson sat down in the chair he had occupied until a week before. On his right hand, Burr; on his left, Marshall. Only a little while, and Burr, arrested for treason at the instigation of Jefferson, would be tried by Marshall at Richmond.

After a moment, Jefferson rose and read a conciliatory address, in a tone scarcely audible in the tiny room.[1937] ‘We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its Republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.’ As he concluded, he turned to Marshall, his Hamilton of the future. The Chief Justice administered the oath. It was over. The festivities of ‘83 had celebrated the achievement of the right of the American people to form their own government and make their own laws. The roar of artillery as the new President emerged from the Capitol meant that the real American Revolution had triumphed, and definitely determined that this should be a democratic republic.

In the streets and public-houses that afternoon there was rejoicing, shouting, singing, laughing, drinking. Even the more tolerant of the vanquished fraternized with the victors, and the wife of the editor of the Jeffersonian organ[1938] poured tea for Gouverneur Morris, Jonathan Dayton, and James A. Bayard. For the moment ‘all were Republicans, all were Federalists.’ That night Washington saw its first illumination.

* * * * *

Lumbering along the wretched mud roads in his coach rode Adams, the reverberations of the artillery peal of the morning still hammering on his nerves, meditating bitterly on the treachery of men.... Somewhere in hiding, Sedgwick--cursing the fates.... And somewhere in New York, Alexander Hamilton was tasting the bitter fruits of the victory he had fought to win for his greatest opponent. From his window he could see the marching men and he could hear the pæans of triumph. The brilliant party he had moulded was in ruins--his leadership scorned by the crawling creatures who had shone only in the reflected light of his brilliance. He was alone--isolated.... A little while and he would write Morris, ‘What can I do better than withdraw from the scene? Every day proves to me more and more that this American world was not made for me.’[1939] ... A few months, and he would be describing himself as a ‘disappointed politician’ in a letter to Pinckney requesting melon seeds for his garden and parroquets for his daughter.[1940] ... Four years--and before Burr’s pistol he would fall on the banks of the Hudson one tragic summer morning.... Some years more, and a visitor to the home of the retired sage of Monticello would see in the hall a marble bust of Hamilton--the tribute of one great man to another.

The eighteenth century witnessed their Plutarchian battles; the twentieth century uncovers at the graves at Monticello and in Trinity Churchyard--but the spirits of Jefferson and Hamilton still stalk the ways of men--still fighting.

THE END

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WOODBURN, JAMES A. _Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States._ New York, 1914.

CONTEMPORARY PAMPHLETS

_Anonymous._ _Serious Facts Opposed to ‘Serious Considerations’ and the ‘Voice of Warning to Religious Republicans.’_ (Pamphlets attacking the religion of Jefferson.) New York, 1800.

BECKLEY, JOHN JAMES. _Address to the People of the United States, with an Epitome and Vindication of the Life and Character of Thomas Jefferson._ Philadelphia, 1800.

BISHOP, ABRAHAM. _An Oration on the Extent and Power of Political Delusions._ Newark, 1800.

‘BYSTANDER.’ _A Series of Letters on the Subject of the ‘Legislative Choice’ of Electors in Maryland._ Baltimore, 1800.

CALLENDER, J. T. _Sedgwick & Company: A Key to the 6 per cent Cabinet._ Philadelphia, 1798. _The Honorable Mr. Sedgwick’s Last Will and Testament._ Newark, 1800. _The Prospect Before Us._ Richmond, 1800.

CHEETHAM, JAMES. _An Answer to Alexander Hamilton’s Letter concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams._ New York, 1800.

COBBETT, WILLIAM. _Observations on the Emigration of Dr. Joseph Priestley._ Philadelphia, 1794. _A Bone to Gnaw for Democrats._ Philadelphia, 1795.

COXE, TENCH. _Strictures upon the Letter Imputed to Mr. Jefferson Addressed to Mr. Mazzei._ Philadelphia, 1800.

FENNO, JOHN WARD. _Desultory Reflections on the New Political Aspects of Public Affairs._ New York, 1800.

HODGKINSON. _Letters on Emigration._ London, 1794.

SMITH, WILLIAM. _Address to his Constituents._ Philadelphia, 1794.

TAYLOR, JOHN. _An Examination of the Late Proceedings of Congress, Respecting the Official Conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury._ Philadelphia, 1793.

CONTEMPORARY NEWSPAPERS

BOSTON: _The Columbian Centinel._ _The Independent Chronicle._

NEW YORK: _New York Daily Advertiser._ _Commercial Advertiser._ _New York Journal._ _American Minerva._ _The Argus._ _The Time Piece._ _Gazette of the United States._ _Louden’s Diary, or Register._

PHILADELPHIA: _National Gazette._ _Gazette of the United States._ _The General Advertiser._ _The Aurora._ _Porcupine’s Gazette._ _Pennsylvania Daily Advertiser._

BALTIMORE: _Maryland Gazette._ _Maryland Journal._

PORTSMOUTH: _New Hampshire Gazette._

CHARLESTON: _City Gazette._

WINDSOR, VERMONT: _Spooner’s Vermont Journal._

HARTFORD: _The Courant._ _The American Minerva._

NEW HAVEN: _Connecticut Gazette._

MAGAZINES

_American Historical Review_, October, 1899, January, 1900, ‘Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions,’ by Frank M. Anderson.

American Historical Association, _Annual Reports_, 1912, ‘The Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Frank M. Anderson; 1896-97, ‘Letters of Phineas Bond.’

_The Nation_, July 18, 1912, ‘Extracts from Diary of Moreau de St. Mery’; September 5, 1895, ‘The Authorship of the Giles Resolutions,’ by Paul L. Ford.

INDEX

Adams, Abigail, New York house at Richmond Hill, 16; on removal of capital to Philadelphia, 116; on Philadelphia, 125; and Mrs. Bingham, 128, 129.

Adams, Abijah, bookkeeper for editor of _Independent Chronicle_, imprisoned for; libel, 394, 395.

Adams, John, begins ‘reign’ as Vice-President, 3; troubled as to proper titles for the President and Vice-President, 3; on reception of President in Senate, 3; what is the Vice-President when the President is in Senate?, 3; writer of ‘Discourses of Davilla,’ published in Fenno’s _Gazette_, 17; on Hamilton, 37; Jeffersonians attempt to defeat for Vice-Presidency in 1792, 181; elected, but by small margin, 183; candidate for Presidency, in 1796, 310; suspects trickery, 312; retains Washington’s Cabinet, 314; sketch of, at time of entering on Presidency, 316-26; Maclay on, 317; his vanity, 318; jealousy of Washington, 319; difficult in conference, 320; not in sympathy with democracy, 322; his love of country, 323; moral courage, 325, 326; war with France threatened, 339; sends special mission to France, 345; reports failure of envoys to France, and recommends Congress to authorize warlike; measures, 363; is ignorant that Hamilton through McHenry is dictating policy, 363;

## action on publication of X Y Z papers commended, 366;

pulls down the pillars, 412; is troubled about French situation, 412; offers command of army to Washington, 412, 413; conspiracy in Cabinet in favor of Hamilton, 412, 413; nominates Hamilton, Pinckney, and Knox as major-generals, 413; Federalist conspirators bombard him with suggestions that Hamilton should be; second in command, 414; war plans all in Hamilton’s hands, 418-28; is ignorant of much going on, 426; considers sending new mission to France, 428; submits questions to Cabinet, for new negotiations with France or a declaration of war, 429; Cabinet conspirators with Hamilton write war Message, 429; A. rewrites Message, 429, 430; is conscious of Cabinet conspiracy, 430; appoints Minister to France, 430; contest with Senate over confirmation, 430, 431; agrees to compromise, 432, 433; confounds his Cabinet conspirators, 436-38; depressed by Federalist defeat in New York elections in 1800, 455, 456; suspects Hamilton, 456; dismisses McHenry and Pickering from Cabinet, 456, 457; defeated for Presidency, 486; relations with Jefferson, on quitting office, 489, 490.

Adams, John Quincy, on speculation by Congressmen, 47; on Madison, 57.

Adams, Samuel, defeated for Representative to First Congress by Fisher Ames, 1; looked to by Jefferson for aid in forming opposition party in Massachusetts, 144;; chosen by Jefferson as lieutenant, 144; presides at meeting in Boston on Jay Treaty, 278.

Adams, Thomas, editor Boston _Independent Chronicle_, 152; prosecuted under Sedition Law, 393-94.

Adet, ----, Minister to United States, from French Republic, credited with efforts to influence election in 1796, 311.

Alien Bill, aimed at Irish immigrants, 374; French residents frightened and sail for France, 376; passed by close vote, 379.

Allen, John, Representative from Connecticut, 379.

_American Minerva_, on party feeling, 232.

Ames, Fisher, Representative from Massachusetts, elected over Samuel Adams, 1; cynical over prospect of improvement in form of government over old Confederation, 1; not impressed by his fellow Congressmen, 1; on cost of Federal Hall, 2; on titles, 6; Hamilton’s defender in House, 47; on Madison, 51, 52; disgusted with contest for site of permanent capital, 65; on proposed amendment to Excise Bill, 73; defends doctrine of ‘implied powers,’ 76; elected director of Bank of United States, 90; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201, 203; on yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 237; on Madison commerce resolutions, 240, 241; sketch of, 302-04; makes strong plea in House for appropriations to carry out Jay Treaty, 305, 306;.

_An Examination of the Late Proceedings of Congress Respecting the Official Conduct; of the Secretary of the Treasury_, pamphlet published in Philadelphia, 205; authorship attributed to John Taylor of Caroline, 206.

Assumption, favored by North, where most of State indebtedness was unpaid, 59; opposed by Virginia, whose debt was largely paid, 59; defended by Madison, 61; lobbying for passage of bill, 61; uneasiness of friends of, 61, 62; Hamiltonian press comments, 63; adopted after Hamilton’s bargain with Jefferson, 65, 68.

_Aurora, The_, on the Jay Treaty, 273, 274, 276, 277, 280, 286; on Hamilton’s Reynolds pamphlet, 355, 356.

Austin, Ben, rope-maker, Jeffersonian organizer in Massachusetts, 144.

Bache, Benjamin F., editor _Pennsylvania Daily Advertiser_, 152.

Bank of the United States, Hamilton’s _Report_ on, 74; bill for establishing, 75, 76; debate on bill in Congress, 75, 76; constitutionality questioned, 76; fears of veto, 77; much speculation in stock, 87, 88; members of Congress involved, 89; charges of ‘corrupt squadron,’ 89; election of directors, 90; public indignation, 90; bill introduced to reimburse for loan to Government, 190.

Bard, Dr. John, fashionable physician, 15.

Barnwell, Robert, Representative from South Carolina, on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 203.

Beckwith, ----, British Agent at Philadelphia, cultivates Madison, 80; Jefferson on, 80; protests Jefferson’s commendation of Paine’s _Rights of Man_, 83.

Biddle, Charles, resolutions of welcome to Genêt prepared at home of, 219; leads parade in honor of Genêt, 220.

Bingham, Marie, daughter of Mrs. William Bingham, 130.

Bingham, William, elected director of Bank of United States, 90.

Bingham, Mrs. William, social leader in Philadelphia, 127, 128; one of her fashionable gatherings described, 131-35.

Bishop, Abraham, Jeffersonian organizer in Connecticut, 145.

Black Friars, New York City club, 10.

Bloodworth, Timothy, on Excise Bill, 72; lieutenant for Jefferson in North Carolina, 150.

Bond, Phineas, British Consul in Philadelphia, 244.

Boudinot, Elias, speculator in public securities, 62, 170; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201.

Bowen’s Wax Works, Philadelphia, 138.

Bradford, William, classmate of Madison at Princeton, 157.

Breckel, Van, Dutch Minister to United States, entertains lavishly, 13.

Breckenridge, John, of Kentucky, in conference with Jefferson on Alien and Sedition Laws, 407; author of the Kentucky Resolutions, 408; sketch of, 408, 409.

Brown, John, Jeffersonian leader in Kentucky, 180.

Burk, John D., editor of New York _Time Piece_, arrested for sedition, 405.

Burke, Ædanus, Representative from South Carolina, makes vicious attack on Hamilton and his financial measures, 62.

Burke, Edmund, and the French Revolution, 82.

Burr, Aaron, on wines in Philadelphia, 126, 147; Jefferson moves to attach him to his party, 147; fellow student of Madison at Princeton, 157; possible candidacy of, for Vice-President in 1792, 181; leader of Jeffersonians in New York election of 1800, 448; sketch of, contrasted with Hamilton, 449; combines forces with Society of Tammany, 451; his campaign methods, 452-54; urged for the Vice-Presidency in 1800, 455; secures copy of Hamilton’s pamphlet attacking Adams, publishes it in _The Aurora_;, 478.

Butler, Pierce, Senator from South Carolina, 9; a ‘democrat’ whose associates were aristocrats, 134; votes against ratification of Jay Treaty, 280.

Cabot, George, sees irrevocable ruin of country, 63; pained at attitude of Madison, 63; candid friend and supporter of Hamilton, 63; elected director of Bank of United States, 90; on meeting in Boston on Jay Treaty, 278; on Washington’s hesitation in signing Jay Treaty, 285.

Callender, James Thomas, author of pamphlet, _The Prospect Before Us_, indicted and; convicted under Sedition Law, 400-02; defended by William Wirt, 401.

Capital of the Nation, battle on permanent site for, 64, 65; bargaining to trade votes on Assumption, 65; bargain between Hamilton and Jefferson on location of, 65, 67; Hamilton indifferent as to location, 65; Virginians and Marylanders want it at Georgetown, 65; Jefferson’s part in bargain, 66.

Carrington, Edward, letter from Hamilton to, in 1792 campaign, 180.

Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Senator from Maryland, on titles, 5; elected director of Bank of United States, 90; mentioned for Vice-President in 1792, 181.

Certificates of indebtedness, issued to soldiers of Revolution, in lieu of cash, bought up by speculators, 44, 45; Hamilton’s plans for redemption by funding scheme known in advance to members of; Congress and friends, 46.

_Charleston City Gazette_, on the Jay Treaty, 281.

Chase, Samuel, Judge, and Mrs. William Bingham, 131; presiding justice in Alien and Sedition trials, 398, 400-02.

Chateaubriand, Viscount de, on Philadelphia, 123, 125.

Chestnut Street Theater, Philadelphia, 137, 185.

Church, Mrs. Angelica, sister-in-law of Hamilton, 12; letters on Hamilton, 39.

Cincinnati, Society of the, 48.

City Tavern, Philadelphia, 119.

Clinton, George, newspaper attack on Hamilton’s funding plans ascribed to, 50; Jeffersonian leader in New York, 147; in bitter fight with John Jay for governorship of New York in 1792, 178; urged to become candidate for Vice-President in 1792, 181; receives votes of four States, though not an avowed candidate, 183; Jeffersonian candidate for Governor in New York election of 1800, 452.

Clymer, George, Representative from Pennsylvania, on Assumption, 58, 62; dinner party at house of, described, 126, 127.

Cobbett, William, author of reply to Priestley’s addresses, 259; proprietor of _Porcupine’s Gazette_, q.v.

_Columbian Centinel_, on Funding Bill, 57; letters to, on Madison and the Funding Bill, 57; ‘Publicola’ (John Quincy Adams) attacks Jefferson, Paine, and democracy, 84; on Jeffersonians, 152; on Freneau’s attacks on Hamilton, 164; on speculative craze, 176, 178; on Indian expedition of St. Clair, 175; on Hamilton’s vindication of official conduct of Treasury, 199; on French Revolution, 207, 211; on relations with England, 220; on the Jay Treaty, 278; on prospects of war with France, 366; war propaganda, 370, 371.

Congress, meets in New York City, 1; Washington and Adams declared elected, 2; ceremonial forms and titles excite much discussion, 3-6; first tariff measure in, 19; executive departments established, 19, 20; jealousy of executive, 20; Hamilton’s _Report on Public Credit_ debated, 44 ff.; debate on Funding Bill, 48 ff.; scandal over speculation by members in certificates, Bank stock, and scrip, 89;; ‘corrupt squadron,’ 89; bill to pay loan from Bank of United States hotly debated, 190-92; Giles’s resolutions condemning Hamilton, debates on, 199-203; resolutions defeated, 203; Madison’s resolutions on Jefferson’s Report on Commerce, 240; Non-Intercourse Act, as reply to England’s high-handed seizure of American vessels, 244; debates in Senate on Jay Treaty, 272; debate in House over right to have papers as to treaty, 298; Alien Bill, debates on, 374-79; Sedition Bill, debates on, 378, 380.

_Connecticut Gazette_, on French Revolution, 211, 212; on Genêt, 219.

Cooper, Dr. Thomas, scientist and physician, indicted under Sedition Act, 398; convicted and imprisoned, 399; refuses to ask for pardon, 399.

Coxe, Tench, Assistant Secretary of Treasury under Hamilton, and location of capital, 65.

Croswell, Joseph, poem by, on French Revolution, 208.

Dallas, Alexander James, one of Jefferson’s leaders in Pennsylvania, 148; aids in preparations for reception of Genêt, 219; efforts of, in case of brig _Little Sarah_, 227, 228; defends Duane in prosecution under Alien Law, 396, 397.

Davie, William R., on opposition to Jay Treaty, 281.

Dayton, Jonathan, 148; scandal over retention of public funds, 466.

Democratic Party. _See_ Jeffersonians.

Democratic Clubs, organized, 222, 223; Federalists insist they must be abolished, 260; condemned by Washington in Message, 261.

Democratic Societies. _See_ Democratic Clubs.

De Moustier, French Minister to United States, Jefferson on, 108.

Dodd, William E., quoted on Jefferson, 96.

Duane, William, editor of _The Aurora_, arrested and prosecuted under the Alien Act;, 396, 397; is acquitted, 397; indicted for sedition, 397; assaulted and beaten by soldiers, 420; prosecuted under Sedition Law, 442.

Duer, William, financial failure of, in 1792 starts panic, 176, 177; threatens damaging revelations from debtors’ prison, 187.

Dunlap, William, historian of American theater, 10.

Dwight, Timothy, on newspapers, 156.

Ellsworth, Oliver, Senator from Connecticut, on titles, 4; and the Assumption Bill, 62; on French Revolution, 209; efforts of, to induce Washington to send Hamilton on special mission to England, 247; on Washington’s delay in signing Jay Treaty, 285.

Emmet, Thomas Addis, Irish refugee (brother of Robert Emmet), of the New York Bar, 375.

Everleigh, Nicholas, appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, 21.

Excise Bill, warm debate on, in Congress, 71, 73; amendment proposed to prohibit revenue officers interfering in elections, 73; debate on duration of tax, 73.

Fairfax estate, Virginia, litigation over, 281.

_Federal Gazette_, Freneau in, opposes Bank Bill, 78.

Federalists, policy to capitalize politically popularity of Washington, 41; from beginning under domination of Hamilton, 140; favored by commercial, intellectual, and professional classes, 140; leaders men of strength in most of the States, 140, 141; opposition to, inevitable, 144; denounce Democrats as conspirators, 151; attack Jeffersonian newspapers in Federalist organs, 203, 204; sympathies with royalists in French Revolution, 207, 208; enforce policy of neutrality in French Revolution wars, 216; force recall of Genêt, 231; avert war with England and send Jay to negotiate treaty, 247; leaders induce attacks on ‘Democratic Societies,’ 261; defend Jay Treaty, but with wry faces, 285-88; refuse to confirm nomination of Rutledge as Chief Justice, 289; pass Alien and Sedition Acts, 375-80; efforts of leaders to force war with France, 412-28; mean war to be a Federalist war, 412; Hamilton is to conduct war with no interference from Adams, 412; secure appointment of Hamilton as second in command, 415; conspire to prevent Jeffersonians from securing commissions in army, 416; war not popular among the people at large, 418; raising funds for war purposes difficult, 418; taxes for war arouse resentment, 419; recruiting slow, 421; public refuse to believe there is to be a war, 421, 422; Logan’s visit to France upsets Federalist war plans, 423, 424; the war hawks disappointed, 425, 426; Federalists determined on war, 426, 427; Cabinet conspirators write war Message for Adams, 429; scheme to override Adams, 430; caucus, 430; friends of Adams’s policy in majority, 430; losing ground politically in 1799, 440; plan for changing method of counting electoral votes in Presidential election, 441, 442; bill passes Senate, but fails in the House, 442, 443; spring elections of 1800 show tide running against them, 448, 451-55; under Hamilton’s influence leaders plan to defeat Adams for Presidency, 455-58; hints at secession from Federalist leaders in case of Jefferson’s election, 468;, 470; party split hopelessly on publication of Hamilton’s attack on Adams, 481, 482; defeated in election, leaders conspire to have electors vote for Burr, 491; Hamilton opposed to plan, 491-501; plan fails, after much balloting, 506.

Fenno, John, protégé of Hamilton, establishes _Gazette of the United States_, 4;; his paper aspires to be the ‘court journal,’ 4; King and Hamilton interested in financing paper, 153, 154; patronage of government printing, 154; death of, from yellow fever, 381.

Fenno, John Ward, son of founder of Fenno’s _Gazette_, continues publication, 381;.

Fitzsimons, Thomas, Representative from Pennsylvania, speculator in certificates, 47; Hamiltonians meet at lodgings of, 58; and the Assumption Bill, 62; Hamilton’s lieutenant in the House, 186; introduces resolution asking Hamilton to report plan for redemption of part of national debt, 186; resolution precipitates sharp debate, 186, 187; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201.

Florida Tea Garden, New York City, 10.

Ford, Paul Leicester, quoted, on Jefferson, 199.

France, revolution in, effect of, in United States, 207; asked to recall Genêt, 216; Adams sends mission to, 345; envoys unsuccessful, 363; publication of X Y Z papers, 364, 365; Adams recommends preparations for war with, 365.

Franchise, in 1789 limited in most of the States, 142; property qualifications, 142; Jefferson and, 142.

French Revolution, the, its influence in the United States, 207, 208; Hamiltonians instinctively hostile to purposes of, 208; denounced by leading Federalist Senators, 209; supported by Jefferson, 210; sympathy for, of the common people, 213; enthusiasm for the French, 213, 214; enthusiasm for, heightened by arrival of Genêt, 221, 222; liberty caps and liberty poles, 222; Democratic and Jacobin Clubs everywhere, 223; Federalists alarmed, 223; clubs denounced as vicious ‘nurseries of sedition,’ 223.

Freneau, Philip, ‘Poet of the Revolution,’ induced by Madison to establish newspaper, 154; appointed to clerkship in Department of State, 155; establishes _National Gazette_, 155; Jeffersonians aided, 155; at once assumes leadership, 155; paper recognized as Jefferson’s organ, 155; arouses Federalist rage, 156; influence of paper felt in back country, 156; classmate of Madison, Lee, Burr, and Brockholst Livingston at Princeton, 157; rebel by nature, 158; his career in the Revolutionary War, 158, 159; _Gazette_ carefully watched by Hamilton, 163; attacks Hamilton’s policies, 164-68; attacked anonymously in Fenno’s _Gazette_, 168; his dignified reply, 168; denies any connection of Jefferson with his paper, 169; renews crusade against Hamilton’s financial policies, 195, 196; contrast of newspaper with Fenno’s, 163; criticisms of acts of Administration, 163; ‘Brutus’ article, 164; ‘Sidney’ articles open attacks on Hamilton, 164, 165; controversy with Fenno, 166, 167; charges Hamilton with authorship of anonymous articles in Fenno’s _Gazette_, 169;, 170; ‘Patriot’ articles in _National Gazette_, 195-97; analyzes votes in Congress vindicating Hamilton’s financial policies, 204; on Genêt and French Revolution, 218, 219; begins series of attacks on Washington, 221.

Funding of debt, Hamilton’s scheme for, well received, 44; protests against, because of speculations in certificates, 45.

Funding Bill, acrimonious debate on, in Congress, before passage, 48 ff.

Gallatin, Albert, Representative in Pennsylvania Legislature, denounces Hamilton’s Excise Bill, 70; leading Jeffersonian in Pennsylvania, 149; elected to Senate from Pennsylvania, but not allowed to take seat, on technicality, 289; elected as Representative, 289; sketch of, 292-94.

Gates, Horatio, Jeffersonian candidate in New York elections of 1800, 452.

_Gazette of the United States_, ‘court journal,’ 4, 10; Adams’s ‘Discourses of Davilla’ published in, 17; Fenno defends speculation in public securities, 48; Fenno in, on criticisms of proceedings of Congress, 57; on Funding Bill, 57; attacks in, on ‘demagogues,’ 63; on Bank, 79; Fenno’s verses on passage of Bank Bill, 79; probably established with aid of Rufus King, 153; Hamilton interested in raising money for, 154; tone pro-English, 154; received government patronage, 154; controversy with _National Gazette_, 166-70; Fenno engages in controversy with Freneau, 166, 167, 169; on Hamilton’s defense of official conduct of Treasury, 199; on _Boston Argus_, 203; on French Revolution, 211; on attacks on Washington, 221; ‘Pacificus’ letters in, by Hamilton, 225, 226; attacks on Jefferson, 233; on the Jay Treaty, 282.

Geisse’s Tavern, Philadelphia, 121.

_General Advertiser_, on defeat of Jay by Clinton in New York election, 178.

Genêt, Edmond Charles, Minister from the French Republic, arrives in Charleston, 124; enthusiastically received everywhere, 218; his progress to Philadelphia continuous ovation, 218; formally welcomed at Philadelphia by people, 219, 220; cordially received by Jefferson, 220; cold reception of, by Washington, 220; impudent conduct of, 224.

Giles, William Branch, Representative from Virginia, in favor of Excise Bill, 71;, 72; opposes Bank Bill, 76; organizer for Jefferson in Virginia, 149; opposes bill to repay loan from Bank of United States, 190, 191; his personal characteristics, 192; a giant in debate, 194; selected by Jefferson to lead in attacks on Hamilton’s financial policies, 195, 197; presents resolutions demanding information from Secretary of the Treasury, 197; presents resolutions condemning Hamilton’s conduct in management of Treasury, 199;-203; in conference of Jeffersonian leaders, 205; on Madison commerce resolutions, 241.

Golden Lion, the, Philadelphia tavern, 120.

Goodrich, Chauncey, on adoption of French Revolution titles, 222.

Gove, Christopher, prominent Massachusetts Federalist, 47; speculates largely in certificates, 47.

Granger, Gideon, Democratic leader in Connecticut, 145.

Gray’s Gardens, on the Schuylkill, 121, 122.

Graydon, Rev. Alexander, on yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 237.

Greenleaf, Thomas, editor _New York Journal_, 152.

Grenville, Lord William Wyndham, negotiates treaty with John Jay, 269-71.

Grout, Jonathan, opposes Bank Bill, 76.

Gunn, Georgia Senator, votes for ratification with Jay, 283; burned in effigy along with Jay, 283.

Hamilton, Alexander, an interested spectator at Washington’s inaugural, 7; appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 21; a portrait, 22-42; his personal appearance, 22; his birth, illegitimate, 23; his mother brilliant and high-strung, 23; his ambition always military, 24; comes from the West Indies to America, 25; his genius that of writer and thinker on governmental affairs, rather than as soldier;, 25; his _Federalist_ writings, 26; master of invective, 26; a persuasive orator, 26, 27; refused permission by Congress to present his reports personally, 27; essentially an aristocrat, 28; ideal of government ‘the rule of gentlemen,’ supported by a strong military force, 29; distrusted always a democracy, 29; held public opinion of no value, 29; disapproved of the Constitution as adopted, but urged its ratification as better; than nothing, 30; his own plan presented to the Constitutional Convention radically different from that adopted, 30, 31; his republic to be an aristocratic republic, with the States as States abolished, 31; took little part in Constitutional Convention, 32; large factor in making the Convention possible, and in securing ratification of Constitution, 32, 33; his sense of system, 33; capable of long-sustained exertion, 33, 34; a hard fighter, 34; honesty, 34; as a party leader, lacking in tact, 35; never consulted, but directed, 35; egotistical and vain, 36; lacking in judgment in handling of men, 36; unnecessarily offended sensibilities, 36, 37; lacked sympathy always with the ‘common man,’ 37; affectionate in his family relations, 38; with his equals socially delightful companion, 38; inordinately fond of women and their society, 38, 39; always of delicate rather than robust health, 39, 40; not a church member, but a believer in religion, 40; attitude toward his chief, 41; obsessed by idea of a strong government, 45; believed necessary to enlist propertied interest, 45; indifferent to unpropertied classes, 45;

## active in interest of Funding Bill, 49;

bargains with Jefferson on location of new national capital, 66-68; at high tide of popularity, 69; considers himself Prime Minister, 69; offends other Cabinet members, by dictatorial manner, 69; indifferent to public opinion, 70; prepares Excise Bill, 70, 71; takes personal charge of Excise Bill in Senate, 73; National Bank Bill, 74; enunciates doctrine of implied powers, 75; breaks with Jefferson when J. advises Washington Bank Bill is unconstitutional, 78; Fenno’s _Gazette_ his organ, 154; _Report on Manufactures_ filed with Congress, 161; interests capital in developing Passaic Falls, 162; portrait by Trumbull subscribed for, 162; attention attracted by Freneau’s _Gazette_, 163; believes Jefferson responsible for attacks in paper, 166; attacks Freneau anonymously, 168; tries to drive Jefferson from the Cabinet, 169; in Fenno’s _Gazette_ attacks Jefferson, 172; denies his own unfriendliness to Constitution, 173; complains of Jefferson’s interference with Treasury Department, 173; warns Adams of effort to defeat him in 1792 campaign, 181; possible candidacy of Aaron Burr for Vice-President maddening, 181; makes strenuous efforts in Adams’s behalf, 181; urges Adams in dictatorial terms to his duty, 182; blackmailing of, by Reynolds, 187; tells complete story of relations with Reynolds’s wife to deputation from Congress;, 188-90; amazes House by reports, 198; his official conduct of the Treasury vindicated by Congress, 203; alarmed at enthusiasm for French Revolution, 214; urges Washington to return to Philadelphia, 214; takes matters into his own hands and decides on proper policy of Jefferson’s Department of State, 215; prepares list of questions for Washington to submit to Cabinet, 215; his position on the reception to be given Genêt, 215; writes series of papers for Fenno’s _Gazette_ justifying policy of Neutrality in; French Revolution struggle, 225, 226; is answered by Madison, 226; aided by Genêt’s conduct, 227; is stricken with yellow fever, 237, 238; sees risk of war with England, 245; is mentioned as special envoy to England, 246; declines to have his name considered, 247; goes in person to put down Whiskey Insurrection, 254-56; plans to crush the Democratic Societies, 256; is aided by Washington’s attack on Societies, in Annual Message, 262, 264; prepares to leave Cabinet, 266; considers his work finished, 266; opens law office in New York, 268; plans to direct Federalist Party in Congress by correspondence, 268; dubs Jay Treaty an ‘execrable thing,’ 271; is injured in rioting in New York, 276, 277; consults with leading Federalists on campaign of 1796, 308; distrusts Adams, 308; H. and King decide to offer support to Patrick Henry, 308, 309; H. turns to Thomas Pinckney, 310; plans to bring in Adams second, 311; publishes pamphlet on relations with Mrs. Reynolds, 355; advises Adams through McHenry on French situation, 362; prepares to play trump card--X Y Z papers--to force war with France, 364; advises moderation in framing Alien and Sedition Bills, 376, 377; is nominated Major-General in prospective war with France, 413; schemes to be made second in command, 414; directs fight against Adams through his tools in Cabinet, 414; in correspondence with Miranda, South American adventurer, 427, 428; opposed by Burr in 1800 New York elections, 448--55; contrast between H. and Burr, 449; plans election of Presidential electors he can control, with view of defeating Adams, 451; power broken with defeat of Federalists in New York in 1800, 454; tour of New England in 1800, 459; schemes against Adams in contest for Presidency, 459-65; writes pamphlet attacking Adams, not intended for general publication, 477, 478;; effect of pamphlet when published, 479, 480.

Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander, daughter of General Schuyler, 134.

Hamilton, William, and trees in Philadelphia, 117.

Hammond, George, British Minister to United States, 246; more friendly to Hamilton than to Jefferson, 246.

Hancock, John, Jefferson’s aide in forming new party, 144.

Harper, Robert Goodloe, president of Jacobin Club of Charleston, 223; Representative from South Carolina, 346; sketch of, 347; on the Sedition Bill, 379, 380.

Harrowgate Gardens, Philadelphia, 121.

Hawkins, Benjamin, Senator from North Carolina, in conference with Jeffersonian leaders;, 205.

Henry, Patrick, on Assumption, 60; Hamiltonians offer him support for Presidency, 309; declines overtures made through John Marshall, 309.

Higginson, Stephen, on Jay Treaty meetings in Boston, 278.

Holt, Charles, editor of New London _Bee_, convicted of sedition, 403, 404.

Humphreys, William, secretary to Washington, 119.

Hutchinson, Dr. ----, in yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 237.

_Independent Chronicle_, letters to, on Funding Bill, 57, 58; on Funding Bill, 58; on First Congress, 79; correspondents to, reply to letters of ‘Publicola,’ 85; other letters in, defend ‘Publicola’ letters, 85; on Freneau’s paper the _Federal Gazette_ (_National Gazette_), 155; on Indian expedition of St. Clair, 175; on speculative craze, 176, 177; on Jay Treaty, 281, 283, 284; on X Y Z papers, 364.

Indian Queen, Philadelphia tavern, 120.

Iredell, James, Senator from South Carolina, on Genêt, 218.

Izard, Ralph, Senator from South Carolina, on titles, 5; and the Assumption Bill, 62; on John Adams, 316.

Jackson, James, Representative from Georgia, later Senator, opposes Hamilton’s financial measures, 45, 49; on funding of debt, 49, 50; on Assumption, 60, 61; on Excise Bill, 71, 72; opposes Bank Bill, 76; aids Jefferson in organizing party, 150.

Jackson, William, secretary to Washington, 119.

Jackson, Mrs. William, sister of Mrs. William Bingham, 135.

Jacobin Club, Democratic Club of Charleston, 223.

Jarvis, Dr. Charles, of Massachusetts, Jeffersonian leader, 144; on French Revolution, 208; unsuccessful candidate for Congress against Fisher Ames, 257.

Jay, John, considered by Washington for post of Secretary of the Treasury, 21; defeated for governorship of New York, in 1792, 178; appointed special Minister to Great Britain, 247, 248; obnoxious to Jeffersonians, 248; his experience in diplomacy, 248; bitter fight in Senate over confirmation, 249; concludes treaty with Great Britain, 269-71; is denounced when provisions of treaty are published, 274; burned in effigy, 274.

Jay Treaty, the, called ‘Grenville Treaty’ by Jeffersonians, 269; negotiated by John Jay and Lord Grenville, 269-71; provisions of, 271; dubbed by Hamilton an ‘execrable thing,’ 271; debated at length in Senate, 272; efforts of Senators to prevent publication, 272; storm of denunciation over its provisions, 273; rioting in many places, 274-76; endorsed at instance of Federalists by chambers of commerce, 279; mob spirit on account of, in Boston, 279; protests against, from Charleston, 280, 281; meetings in opposition to, throughout the country, 281-85; demands for papers and instructions as to, made by House before making appropriations required to carry it out, 298; papers refused by President, 298.

Jefferson, Thomas, shocked at unrepublican tone of New York society, 12; bargains with Hamilton to aid in passage of Assumption Bill, 66; afterward claimed Hamilton had deceived him, 67; letters of, on Assumption, 67; letters on Treasury policies, 74; gives Washington written opinion on constitutionality of Bank Bill, 77; relations with Hamilton strained, 78; tour through New England, 79, 81; writes letter commending Paine’s _Rights of Man_, which printer uses as preface to pamphlet, with J.’s name and official title, 83; J. embarrassed, 83; Adams angry at J.’s supposed reference to him, 84; J. explains and Adams satisfied, 85; J. pleased with effect of newspaper turmoil, 85, 86; position as friend of the ‘man of no importance’ established, 86; comment on speculative craze, 87; makes political issue of speculation by Federalist Congressmen, 90; begins work of organizing an opposition party, 90; a portrait of the man, 92-113; personal appearance, 92; careless in dress, 92; dignified, but shy, 93; thought lacking in frankness, 93; glance shifty, 93; entertaining talker, 94; maternal ancestry aristocratic, 94; father a Western pioneer, 95; J. a Westerner with Eastern polish, 95; educated at William and Mary College, 95; well trained in the law, 96; influenced by Locke’s writings, 96; J.’s democracy inherent, 96; as member of Virginia House of Burgesses, attacks system of land entail and law of primogeniture, 97; never forgiven by Virginia landed aristocracy, 98; as U.S. Minister to France, intimate of Lafayette, 98; popular with all classes, 98; familiarizes himself with French life in the country, 99; diplomatic reports illuminating, 99; comments on French system of government, 99; not hostile to monarchy, 100; reports to Jay on rioting in Paris, 100; intimate of the Girondists, 100; returns to America before the Terror, 101; a humanitarian, 101; opposed to capital punishment save for treason, 101; a humane master, 102; hostile to slavery, 102; wrote the Ordinance of the N.W. Territory, 102; not an atheist nor hostile to Christian religion, 103; contributed regularly to support of clergy, 103; hated by the clergy for forcing separation in Virginia of Church and State, 104;; so-called atheist law, 104; his view of creation, 104, 105; not hostile to the Constitution and favored its ratification, 105; called Convention ‘an assembly, of demigods,’ 105; first impressions of Constitution unfavorable, 105; an ardent friend later, 106; writes Madison praising _The Federalist_ papers, 106; writes Washington, hoping a Bill of Rights will be added, 106; his views on, quoted from his _Autobiography_, 107; without a peer in the mastery of men, 107; his understanding of mass psychology, 107; a voluminous letter writer, 107; valued the press as engine of democracy, 108; captivating in personal contacts, 108; led rather than drove, 108; original ‘Easy Boss,’ 108; not an orator, 109; disliked contentious debates, 109; had great self-control, 109; never belittled his enemies, 110; admired Hamilton’s ability, 110; estranged from John Adams for years, revived in last years the old friendship, 110; not an idealist, but an opportunist, 110; a resourceful politician, 111; his diversified interests, 112; loved art in all its forms, 112; arranged in Paris for statue of Washington by Houdon, 112; visited by Humboldt, 113; interested in mechanical and scientific inventions, 113, 114; the life of the farmer his chief interest, 113; democratic in sympathies, but lived as an aristocrat, 138; finds commercial interests, professions, and major portion of press Federalist, 140; notes resentment of farmers and old Revolutionary soldiers, 141; notes dissatisfaction with Excise Law, 141; fears doctrine of implied sovereignty, as undermining sovereignty of States, 141;; problem to reach and arouse masses, 142; material for opposition party abundant, 142; J. notes local parties in opposition in every State, 143; problem to consolidate and broaden local into national issues, 143; chooses leaders in various States with keen judgment, 143-50; efforts directed to broaden franchise, 151; importance of a national newspaper, 152; sends letter of resignation to Washington, 166; grows more dissatisfied with policies of Government under Hamilton’s leadership, 168; is attacked by Hamilton in newspapers, 169; refuses to be drawn into newspaper controversy with Hamilton, 173; official associations and social relations, unpleasant, 173; writes to personal friends with much bitterness of Hamilton’s attacks, 173, 174;; tries to drive Hamilton from Cabinet, and fails, 203; no match for Hamilton in field of finance, 206; sees new issue in position of Federalists on French Revolution, 210; ardent in support of French, 210; believes American Republic bound up with success of French Revolution, 210; senses the sympathies of the ‘people of no importance,’ 213; his position on question of receiving Genêt, 216; agrees to Proclamation of Neutrality, 216; urges Madison to reply to Hamilton’s articles on Neutrality, 226; and the brig _Little Sarah_, 228; Genêt’s conduct obnoxious to J., 228; plans to divorce Jeffersonians from Genêt, 229; discusses with the President as to Genêt, 230; prepares letter to American Minister at Paris asking Genêt’s recall, 230; socially ostracized in Philadelphia, 232-33; resigns his portfolio as Secretary of State, 233; his correspondence with both British and French Ministers, impartial, 238; _Report on Commerce_, and Algerine piracy, 238, 239; returns to private life, 239; plans to force fighting in congressional elections of 1794, 256-58; lives in retirement at Monticello, but active in political plans, 259; indifferent as to Presidency contest in 1796, 307; concerned as to health, 307; his letter to Philip Mazzei on American politics, 308; Democrats decide in 1796 on J. as their candidate for President, 308; J. receives only three votes less than Adams, and hence is chosen Vice-President, 312; J.’s letter to Mazzei again brought up, 351; bitterly attacked in Fenno’s _Gazette_, 352; toasted on Washington’s Birthday at Harvard College, in satirical vein, 353; J. silent under slanderous attacks in newspapers, 353; his social ostracism in Philadelphia continues, 354; Jefferson plans opposition to Administration policy toward France, 363, 364; the Sprigg Resolutions, 363, 364; publication of X Y Z papers, 365, 366; his party seeks, on his advice, to moderate war feeling, 374; outraged by passage of Alien and Sedition Laws, 407; moves for their repeal, 407; conference at Monticello, 407; inspires Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 407, 408; fears insurrection, 418; election of, as President in 1800, inevitable, 441; no rival in his party, 444; his political genius, 444-48; elected President, 486; his meeting with Adams in Washington, 489, 490; farewell to Senate, 507; inauguration, 509, 510.

Jeffersonians, party of opposition organized by Jefferson (called ‘Jeffersonians,’ ‘Jacobins,’ ‘Democrats,’ and other names, officially ‘Republicans’), 144-50; take advantage of divisions among Federalists, 151; ‘Jeffersonian insolence,’ 151; make gains in the congressional elections, 1792, 180; strong in Virginia, 180; five States carried by, in 1792, 183; gains by, in election of 1794, 312; sweep West and South in 1796, 312; embarrassed by publication of X Y Z papers, 364, 365; aided by excesses of Federalists in pushing prosecutions under Sedition Act, 365;-411; win in New York elections of 1800, 455; confident in Presidential campaign of 1800, 465-85; elect Jefferson President, 506.

Johnson, Samuel, of North Carolina, on Assumption Bill, 63; chosen director of Bank of United States, 90; on Jay Treaty, 281.

Jones, Willie, North Carolina leader of Jeffersonians, 149.

Jumel, Madame, 39.

Kentucky Resolutions, written and introduced in Legislature by Breckenridge, at suggestion; of Jefferson, 408.

King, Rufus, Senator from New York, on Assumption, 60; Federalist leader in Senate, 60; and the Assumption Bill, 62; discouraged at apparent failure of Assumption Bill, 63; chosen director of Bank of United States, 90; on French Revolution, 209; conference of Federalist leaders in Philadelphia lodgings of, 247; on business in Senate, 298, 299; on suppression of Irish rebellion, 375; protests release by British of Irish prisoners, 375.

Kirby, Ephraim, Democratic organizer in Connecticut, 145.

Knox, Henry, Secretary of War, 13; resents Hamilton’s interference with War Department purchases, 69; attacked by Jeffersonians for mismanagement of St. Clair expedition against the Indians, 175; on reception of Genêt, 215.

Knox, Mrs. Henry, a Mrs. Malaprop, 15.

Langdon, John, Senator from New Hampshire, Democratic leader in New Hampshire, 146;; votes against Jay Treaty, 282.

Laurance, John, Representative from New York, on Madison’s amendment to Funding Bill;, 55; and Assumption Bill, 62; on Excise Bill, 72; elected director of Bank of United States, 90; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201.

Lear, Tobias, secretary to Washington, 119.

Lee, Richard Henry, Senator from Virginia, on question of titles, 5; fellow student of Madison at Princeton, 157.

L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, designs Federal Hall, New York City, 2; employed by Hamilton in planning city of Paterson, 162.

_Little Sarah_, brig, 227.

Livermore, Samuel, on effect of amendment to Excise Bill, 73.

Livingston, Brockholst, classmate of Madison at Princeton, 157; in New York elections of 1800, 452.

Livingston, Edward, Representative from New York, sketch of, 290, 291; asks that the papers and instructions pertaining to Jay Treaty be laid before the; House, 294; debate on resolutions of, on Jay Treaty, 294-97; resolutions of, on Jay Treaty, adopted, 297; on the Alien Bill, 378; on the Sedition Bill, 379.

Livingston, Robert R., Chancellor of New York State, defeated for Senate through influence of Hamilton, 36; leading Jeffersonian, 147.

Logan, Dr. James, Philadelphia, friend of Jefferson, 138; his visit to France, 423-26.

London Tavern, Philadelphia, 120.

Lyon, Matthew, Democratic leader in Vermont, 146; ridicules Federalist practice of framing Reply to the President’s Message, 350; attacked in newspapers, 350, 351; in disgraceful wrangle with Griswold, 360; attacked by Griswold, and rough-and-tumble fight ensues, 361; victim of Reign of Terror, under Sedition Act, 386-88.

McClenachan, Blair, and Jay Treaty, 276.

McCormick, Dan, his House of Gossip, 15.

McHenry, James, on Hamilton, 38; member of Washington’s military family, 39; in 1792 campaign, 181, 182; on John Adams, 324; Adams’s Secretary of War, sketch of, 334-38; dismissed by Adams, 456.

Maclay, William, Senator from Pennsylvania, moved to laughter over matter of titles, 4; on Hamilton’s funding scheme, 44, 45; on speculations of Congressmen, 47, 48; has plan, substitute for Funding Bill, 56; on his colleague, Scott, 56, 61; on Assumption, 61; on Vining, of Delaware, 61; letters to, from Rush and Logan opposing Assumption, 61; approached by Morris to join in land speculations, 61, 62; on attitude of Congressmen and speculators and Assumption, 62; on Hamilton and Congress, 68; on Excise Bill, 73, 74; on Bank Bill, 75; Jefferson’s aide in Pennsylvania, 148; on French Revolution, 209; on John Adams, 317.

Macon, Nathaniel, North Carolina, organizer for Jefferson, 150; in conference of Jeffersonian leaders, 205.

Madison, James, Representative from Virginia, on Congress, 3; on titles, 6; seeks postponement of first tariff measure, 19; on Hamilton’s _Report on Public Credit_, 46; on Funding Bill, 51;

## part in framing Constitution, 51;

contributions to _The Federalist_, 51; not an orator, 52; consulted often by Washington, 53; cultivated by Hamilton, 53; loved as a son by Jefferson, 53; proposes an amendment to discriminate between original owners and purchasers of public securities, 53, 54; Federalists and speculators much disturbed, 55, 56; on resolutions of commercial organizations, 55; amendment to Funding Bill, voted down, 56; votes for Assumption Bill, 61; letter to Monroe, 63; and bargain on Assumption Bill, 66, 67; opposes principle of Excise Bill, but votes in favor, 72; on Hamilton’s doctrine of implied powers, 76; advises Washington Bank Bill is unconstitutional, 77; tours New England with Jefferson, 79, 81; writes articles, attacking Hamilton’s policies, for _National Gazette_, 169; defends Jefferson’s position on Constitution, 172; attacks Fenno’s ‘unmanly attack’ on Jefferson, 172; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201; replies to Hamilton’s Neutrality articles, 226; prepares resolutions based on Jefferson’s _Report on Commerce_, 240; attacked by Federalists, 240, 241; excitement in the country, merchants denouncing and populace favoring M.’s Resolutions, 242-44; marriage to Dolly Todd, 259; author of Virginia Resolutions, 409.

Marshall, John, Representative from Virginia (afterward Chief Justice of the United States), appointed special envoy to France, 345; his return made an occasion for riotous celebration, 368, 369; opposes the Alien and Sedition Laws, in letter to _Porcupine’s Gazette_, 382; opposes plans of his party (Federalist) for change in electoral count, 442; appointed Secretary of State by Adams, 457.

Martin, Luther, the ‘Federalist bull-dog,’ attacks Jefferson, 352, 353.

_Maryland Journal_, on Hamilton, 69; on Assumption, 71; on speculation, 88; on speculative craze, 177.

Mason, Stevens Thomson, Senator from Virginia, publishes Jay Treaty, 273.

‘Men of no importance,’ feeling among, against Funding and Assumption Bills, 70; and Excise Bill, 70, 71.

Mercer, John Francis, Representative from Maryland, organizer for Jefferson in; Maryland, 149; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201, 203.

Mifflin, Thomas, Governor of Pennsylvania, 148; orders militia to parade in honor of President, 359.

Mingo-Creek Society, Democratic Club, 262.

Miranda, Francesco de, soldier of fortune and adventurer, proposes revolutionary scheme in South America, 427; in correspondence with Hamilton, 427; holds out lure of Florida and Cuba to United States, 427.

Monroe, James, Senator from Virginia, of deputation from Congress to Hamilton on the Reynolds charges, 187; Minister to France, 341, 342; banquet in honor of, in Philadelphia, on return from France, 358; confers with Jefferson and Democratic leaders, 358.

Moore, Thomas, poet, on Jefferson, 90.

Moreau de Saint-Merys, threatened with prosecution under Alien Law, 405, 406.

Morris, Gouverneur, on Hamilton’s speech in Constitutional Convention, presenting plan for Constitution, 32; Minister to France, 339-41.

Morris, Robert, Senator from Pennsylvania, on titles, 6; through business partner, speculated in certificates, 46; legislative agent of Hamilton, 47; discusses with Hamilton on location of capital, 65, 66; rents his residence in Philadelphia as Presidential residence, 119; Hamilton outlines his Bank policy to, 74; on Genêt, 217.

Morris, Mrs. Robert, intimate of Mrs. Washington, ‘second lady in the land,’ 131.

Morse, Anson, D., quoted, 142.

Muhlenberg, Frederick A. C., Speaker of the House, pokes fun at Senators on titles;, 5; favors Assumption Bill, 58; one of deputation from Congress to Hamilton on the Reynolds charges, 187.

_National Gazette_, on Hamilton’s _Report on Manufactures_, 161, 163; attacks in, on Hamilton, 166-70; attacks in, on Washington, 221; attacks Hamilton’s conduct of the Treasury, 196, 197; presents analysis of vote vindicating Hamilton’s management of Treasury, 204; on French Revolution, 207, 211, 212; on Genêt, 218, 219, 220; prints Madison’s reply to ‘Pacificus’ letters in _Gazette of United States_, 226;.

Naturalization Act, 264.

Neutrality, Proclamation of, in war between French Republic and England, 216; dissatisfaction of people, 217, 220; flouted by both French and British, 224; justified by Hamilton in brilliant series of articles in Fenno’s _Gazette_, 225;, 226; the case of the _Little Sarah_, 227, 228.

_New Hampshire Gazette_, on the Jay Treaty, 282.

_New York, Argus_, on the Jay Treaty, 275, 277, 278, 282, 283.

New York City, capital of the Nation in 1789, 1; First Congress meets in, 1; preparations for Washington’s Inaugural, 2, 3, 7; inaugural ball, 7, 8; life in, 8, 10; narrow streets, and muddy, 10; theatrical productions, 10, 11; cost of living, 12; tone of society not republican, 12; republican ‘court,’ 13, 15; Wall Street fashionable residence street, 15; slave market and whipping-post prominent in 1789, 9, 10; taverns, theaters, 11; yellow fever epidemic, 380.

_New York Daily Advertiser_, on First Congress, 79; ‘Publicola’ letters in _Columbian Centinel_ answered, 84, 85.

_New York Journal_, on Assumption, 63, 64.

_New York Register_, on Madison’s amendment to Funding Bill, 177.

_New York Time Piece_, on X Y Z papers, 365.

Newspapers, stories in, as to speculations in public securities, 50; on the Funding Bill, 57, 58; on Assumption, 71; on Bank, 78, 79; on Jefferson and Paine’s _Rights of Man_, 84, 85; on speculative craze, 88, 89, 176, 177; on Hamilton’s _Report on Manufactures_, 161; on attacks on Hamilton’s financial measures, 163, 165; Federalist and Jeffersonian organs, 166-70; Hamilton’s attacks in, on Jefferson, 172; on Indian expedition of St. Clair, 175; on election of Clinton Governor of New York, 178; in campaign of 1792, 181-83; crusade against Hamilton, 196; on Hamilton’s defense of his financial policy, 198, 199, 203, 204; on French Revolution, 207, 211, 212; on Genêt, 218-20; attacks on and defense of Washington, 221; on the Democratic Societies, 253; on the Whiskey Insurrection, 254, 255; on the Jay Treaty, 273-83; in campaign of 1796, 310, 311; on the debates in Congress on trouble with France, 350-61; on the X Y Z papers, 364, 365; on supposed French outrages, 366-71; on Alien and Sedition Bills, 374-81; in Presidential campaign of 1800, 444-85.

Nicholas, George, Kentucky Jeffersonian, challenges Harper to debate on Sedition Law, 406.

Nicholas, Wilson Carey, of Virginia, in conference with Jefferson at Monticello on; plans to repeal the Alien and Sedition Laws, 407.

Noailles, Viscount de, visitor to Philadelphia, 135; appointed Minister by Royal Princes at Coblentz, received by Washington, 219; Bache’s _Daily Advertiser_ on, 234.

O’Eller’s tavern, Philadelphia, 119, 121, 136; dinner at, to Genêt, 220.

Order of the Cincinnati, Jefferson on, 262.

Otis, Harrison Gray, on Hamilton, 38; on Philadelphia, 123, 124; Representative from Massachusetts, 346; sketch of, 346.

Paine, Thomas, _Rights of Man_ reply to Burke’s _Reflections upon the French Revolution_, 82; publication of pamphlet in Philadelphia creates sensation, 82, 83; Jefferson’s letter to printer used as preface, 83; newspaper controversy, 83, 84.

Parsons, Theophilus, pessimistic in campaign of 1792, 179.

Paterson, New Jersey, manufacturing city promoted by Hamilton, 162.

Paterson, William, Senator from New Jersey, and the Assumption Bill, 62.

_Pennsylvania Gazette_, on Bank Bill, 78; on speculation, 88.

Perry’s Gardens, New York City, 10.

Philadelphia, social background, 116-39; capital removed to, 116; appearance of city in 1790’s, 117; government departments closely connected, 118; private houses rooming-houses for Congressmen, 120; lack of ‘respectful manners’ of the ‘common people,’ noted by travelers, 121; life of working and middle classes not easy, 123; society luxury-loving and aristocratic, 123; English influence prominent, 124; social life, free manners, 126, 127; yellow fever epidemic in 1793, 235-38.

_Philadelphia Advertiser_, on Hamilton, 162.

Philadelphia County Brigade, 275.

Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 138; Jefferson at rooms of, 138.

Pickering, Timothy, and the _Africa_ incident, 287; writes of British to John Quincy Adams, 287; Secretary of State under Adams, sketch of, 326-31; ignores requests of Adams in French troubles, 430; delays preparation of instructions to French mission, 434; dismissed by Adams, 456, 457.

Pinckney, Charles, of South Carolina, joins Jefferson, 150; elected to Senate, 383.

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, Minister to France, 342; joined with Marshall and Gerry in special mission in France, 345; Federalist candidate for President in 1800, 459 ff.

Pinckney, Thomas, Minister to Great Britain, his efforts to stop British violations of Neutrality Proclamation, 224; set aside in negotiations of Jay Treaty, 269; sketch of, 309, 310; selected by Hamilton and King as Federalist candidate for President, in 1796, 310;.

Pintard, John, chief of Tammany Society, 148.

_Porcupine’s Gazette_, active in urging war with France, 350-60; publishes Martin’s attacks on Jefferson, 352, 353; abusive to Democrats, 354, 355; on Lyon-Griswold fight in House, 361.

Powell, Mrs. Samuel, aunt of Mrs. William Bingham, 132.

Priestley, Joseph, English liberal, addresses Tammany and other ‘Democratic Societies;’ in New York, 259.

Randolph, Edmund, Attorney-General under Washington, considers Hamilton’s Bank Bill unconstitutional, 77; on reception of Genêt, 215; succeeds Jefferson as Secretary of State, 239; and French Minister Faucet, 285; is dismissed from Cabinet, 286.

Read, Jacob, Senator from South Carolina, denounced in Charleston for supporting Jay Treaty, 281.

Reign of Terror, Alien and Sedition Laws produce, in 1798, 380-82; continued through two years, 383; riotings, 384; victims, 386-93, 398-406.

_Report on Manufactures_, Hamilton’s, 161; newspaper comments on, 161.

_Report on the Public Credit_, Hamilton’s, 43-68; debated in Congress, 44.

Reynolds, James, seeks to blackmail Hamilton, 187.

Ricketts, John, proprietor of the Circus, Philadelphia, 138.

_Rights of Man_, by Thomas Paine, copy lent by printer to Jefferson, 82; in returning borrowed copy to printer Jefferson writes note commending pamphlet, 83; Jefferson’s note used by printer as preface, 83; effect of publication, 83, 84; newspaper controversy over, 83, 84.

Rittenhouse, David, scientist and friend of Jefferson, 149; and Jefferson in library of Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 156; aids in preparations for reception of Genêt, 219; president of Democratic Club of Philadelphia, 223.

Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de La, on Philadelphia, 124, 125; in Philadelphia, 135.

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, writes letters to Maclay against Assumption, 61; on Paine’s _Rights of Man_, 84; letter to Burr, 147; Jefferson’s friend, 149; in yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 237.

Rutledge, John, denounces Jay Treaty, 280; appointment as Chief Justice not confirmed, 289.

Saint Cecilia Society, Democratic Club in Charleston, 223.

St. Clair, General Arthur, failure of expedition against Indians made issue by; Jeffersonians in campaign of 1792, 175.

Schuyler, Philip, father-in-law of Hamilton, elected Senator from New York, 36; letter of Hamilton to, on Washington, 41, 42; and the Assumption Bill, 62.

‘Scrippomony,’ Jefferson on, 87.

Sedition Bill, purpose to crush Jeffersonian press, 376, 377; debates on, in Congress, marked by disorder, 378; passed by small margin, 380.

Sedgwick, Theodore, speculator in public securities, defends Funding Bill, 48, 49;; on funding of debt, 48, 49, 50; on Madison’s plan to amend Funding Bill, 55; speech on the Assumption Bill, 62; and Excise Bill, 72; and amendment to Excise Bill, 73; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201; recommended Adams’s nomination as Vice-President, in 1789, 325; on results of 1798 elections, 383.

Sedgwick, Mrs. Theodore, 134.

Sherman, Roger, Representative and Senator from Connecticut, on titles, 3.

Sign of the Sorrel Horse, Philadelphia tavern, 119.

Smith, Mrs. Margaret Bayard, on Jefferson, 92, 93.

Smith, Samuel, on Madison commerce resolutions, 241.

Smith, Jeremiah, on Philadelphians, 116.

Smith, William, Representative from South Carolina, on Madison’s amendment to Funding Bill, 55; chosen director of Bank of United States, 90; on Giles’s resolutions attacking Treasury management, 201, 203; on Madison’s commerce resolutions, 240, 242.

Southwark Theater, Philadelphia, 137.

Speculation, in government securities, 44-47; members of Congress involved, 46-48; in stock and scrip, 87; fraud and counterfeiting, 88; Hamilton shocked and concerned, 88; bubble bursts in 1792, 176; Hamilton’s policies charged as cause of panic, 177; newspaper comments on, 177.

_Spooner’s Vermont Journal_, on the Jay Treaty, 283.

Steele, John, North Carolina, 181.

Stewart, Mrs. Walter, daughter of Blair McClenachan, social leader of Philadelphia, 132.

Strong, Caleb, Senator from Massachusetts, 9; and the Assumption Bill, 62.

Sullivan, James, lawyer, pamphleteer, and orator for the Democrats, 145.

Tammany, Sons of, rival organization to Society of the Cincinnati, 148; at first non-partisan, then fervid Jeffersonians, 148.

Tariff, in First Congress, 19; in Second Congress, 161; Hamilton’s _Report on Manufactures_ excites little attention, 161.

Taylor, John, of Caroline, a Jeffersonian leader in Virginia, 149, 150; Jeffersonian leaders confer at home of, 205; pamphlet analyzing vote in Congress vindicating Hamilton, attributed to, 205, 206;; introduces Virginia Resolutions in Legislature, 409.

Tilley, Count, 135.

Treaty with the Southern Indians, Washington’s attitude on presentation to the Senate, 21, 22.

Trumbull, John, paints portrait of Hamilton, 162.

Tucker, George, editor of Blackstone’s _Commentaries_, 169.

Twining, Thomas, in Philadelphia, 120.

_United States Chronicle_, on Freneau’s attacks on Hamilton, 164.

Venable, Abraham B., of deputation from Congress to Hamilton on the Reynolds charges, 187.

_Vermont Journal_, on Hamilton’s Passaic Falls scheme, 162.

Vining, John, Representative from Delaware, and Assumption, 61; Maclay on, 61.

Virginia Resolutions, written by James Madison, and introduced in Legislature by John Taylor of Caroline, 409; contemporary opinions of, 409-11.

Wadsworth, Jeremiah, Representative from Connecticut, speculator in certificates, 47 n.; sneers at soldiers of Revolution, 55, 56; elected director of Bank of United States, 90.

Warville, Brissot de, and Mrs. Bingham, 128, 129.

Washington, George, reception on arrival in New York, 6, 7; inaugurated President, 7; bored by dignities and ceremonial of office, 16, 17; his solemn dinners, 18; presents in person treaty with Southern Indians for ratification by Senate, 20;; annoyed by proposal to refer treaty to committee, 21; rents house of Robert Morris in Philadelphia, 119; endeavors, unsuccessfully, to effect reconciliation between Jefferson and Hamilton;, 171; Hamilton refuses to discontinue attacks in Fenno’s _Gazette_, 172; and the French Revolution, 214; issues Neutrality Proclamation, 216; and Jefferson in the case of the _Little Sarah_, 228; reluctantly accepts Jefferson’s resignation, 233, 234; appoints Jay special envoy to Great Britain, 247; attacks Democratic Societies in Message, 261; delays signing Jay Treaty, 285; his prestige used to make Treaty more acceptable, 286; is attacked by Democratic press, 286-88; refuses to comply with request of House for papers pertaining to Jay Treaty, 298;; refuses to be a candidate for a third term, 308; accepts chief command of army in prospective war with France, 413; selects Hamilton, Pinckney, and Knox as major-generals, 413.

Washington City, new capital, in 1800, 486-89; ‘city of magnificent distances,’ but mud roads, 487.

Whiskey Boys, the. _See_ Whiskey Insurrection.

Whiskey Insurrection, the, 250-56; grew out of enforcement of Excise Law, 251; Hamilton active in suppressing, 254-56; ringleaders arrested, harshly treated, and jailed, 255; most of prisoners acquitted on trial, 255; two convicted, but pardoned by Washington, 256; tempest in a teapot, 256.

Williamson’s Gardens, New York City, 10.

Willing, Thomas, business partner of Robert Morris, elected director of Bank of United; States, 90.

Wingate, Paine, on Federal Hall, 2.

Witherspoon, John, president of Princeton, 157.

Wolcott, Mary Ann, sister of Oliver Wolcott, afterward Mrs. Chauncey Goodrich, 134;.

Wolcott, Oliver, of Connecticut, on Hamilton’s religious views, 41; mouthpiece for Hamilton, 59, 60; on Philadelphians, 116; on demonstrations against Jay Treaty, 275; Adams’s Secretary of the Treasury, sketch of, 331-34.

Wolcott, Mrs. Oliver, called ‘the magnificent,’ 134.

Wythe, George, Virginia lawyer and politician, 96; presides at meeting in Richmond denouncing Jay Treaty, 282.

X Y Z papers, Federalists familiar with, before publication, 364; Hamilton sees trump card in them for war party, 364; Jeffersonians kept in ignorance, 364; excitement intense on publication, 365, 366; ‘millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute,’ a clarion call, 366; rioting in Philadelphia, 367.

Yellow Cat, the, Philadelphia tavern, 120.

Yellow fever, in Philadelphia, 237, 238; in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 380.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Pickering (Wingate to Pickering), II, 447.

[2] Ames, I, 31.

[3] _Writings_, I, 450.

[4] Ames, I, 31, 32.

[5] Pickering (Wingate to Pickering), II, 447.

[6] Ames, I, 31; Pickering, II, 447.

[7] _Republican Court_, 120-22; _Story of a Street_, 101.

[8] Ames, I, 32-34.

[9] _Writings_, I, 450.

[10] Ames (to Minot), I, 41-42.

[11] _Republican Court_, 122, note.

[12] Adams’s explanation, _Works_, VIII, 511-13.

[13] Maclay, 2-3.

[14] Maclay, 7-10.

[15] _Ibid._, 22-24.

[16] _Ibid._, 25-27.

[17] Maclay, 37.

[18] _Writings_, I, 470-71.

[19] Ames, I, 46.

[20] June 3, 1789.

[21] Maclay, 31.

[22] _Daily Advertiser_, April 24, 1789.

[23] _Ibid._

[24] _Story of a Street_, 221.

[25] Maclay, 7-10.

[26] _Ibid._

[27] _Gazette of the United States_, May 2, 1789.

[28] _Ibid._

[29] _Ibid_, May 8, 1789.

[30] _Daily Advertiser_, May 8, 1789.

[31] _Daily Advertiser_, May 8, 1729.

[32] _Gazette of the United States_, May 9, 1789.

[33] Governor Page complained bitterly of hogs and mud. _Memorial History_, III, 48.

[34] The _Daily Advertiser_ advertises the specifications April 13, 1789.

[35] Maclay, 90.

[36] _Gazette of the United States_, June 27, 1789.

[37] _Memorial History_, III, 47.

[38] _Daily Advertiser_, March 6, 1789.

[39] _Memorial History_, III, 45.

[40] Daily Advertiser, April 15, 1789.

[41] _New York in 1789_, 117.

[42] _Memorial History_, III, 65; _New York in 1789_, 117-20.

[43] _New York in 1789_, 172-75.

[44] _Ibid._, 176.

[45] _Ibid._, 178.

[46] May 9, 1789.

[47] _Gazette of the United States_, May 13, 1789.

[48] Maclay, 31.

[49] _Gazette of the United States_, June 6, 1789.

[50] _Ibid._, September 19, 1789.

[51] _Story of a Street_, 112.

[52] Gibbs, I, 22.

[53] _Ibid._, I, 43.

[54] _New York in 1789_, 19.

[55] _Ibid._, 119.

[56] Warville, 96-97.

[57] _Republican Court_, 210, note.

[58] Brooks, _Knox_, 217-18.

[59] Mrs. Iredell; McRee, _Iredell_, II, 296-97.

[60] _Gazette of the United States_, May 16, 1789.

[61] _Ibid._, May 30, 1789.

[62] _Daily Advertiser_, June 19, 1789.

[63] _Gazette of the United States_, April 15, 1789.

[64] Maclay, 257-58.

[65] Wharton, _Salons, Colonial and Republican_, 53.

[66] Maclay, 266.

[67] _Ibid._, 73-74.

[68] _Story of a Street_, 112, 114-17, 121.

[69] Richmond Hill, at present site of Charlton and Varick Streets.

[70] _Letters of Mrs. Adams_ (to Mrs. Shaw), II, 201; (to Thomas Brand-Hollis), II, 205.

[71] Ames (to Minot), I, 34; Maclay, 375; _Familiar Letters_, 86-89.

[72] Adams, _Works_, VIII, 491-92.

[73] Thayer’s _Washington_, 180-81.

[74] _Gazette of the United States_, May 6, 1789.

[75] _Republican Court_, 149, note.

[76] _Autobiography_, Ford, I, 171.

[77] Maclay, 138.

[78] Iredell, II, 138.

[79] Maclay, 138.

[80] _Ibid._, 138, 206.

[81] _Ibid._, 101.

[82] Maclay, 38.

[83] _Ibid._, 50.

[84] Bassett, _The Federalist System_.

[85] Gerry, _Annals_, May 20, 1789.

[86] _Writings_ (to Randolph), I, 471-73.

[87] Jackson, _Annals_, I, 486-89.

[88] Page, _Annals_, I, 548-52.

[89] Maclay, 128-31.

[90] Iredell (Lowther to Iredell), II, 258-59.

[91] _Writings_, I, 471-73.

[92] Warville, 102.

[93] _Familiar Letters_, 236-37.

[94] Oliver, 114.

[95] Gibbs, I, 22.

[96] _Autobiography_, 278.

[97] Morris, _Diary_, II, 456.

[98] Oliver, 15.

[99] See Appendix, Lodge, _Alexander Hamilton_.

[100] _Works_, IX, 405-06; letter to brother.

[101] _Ibid._, X, 109.

[102] _Intimate Life_, 3.

[103] _Life_, by son, I, 4.

[104] Fiske, I, 104-05.

[105] _Life_, by son, I, 10.

[106] _Ibid._, 22.

[107] _Ibid._, 263-74.

[108] Payne’s _Journalism_, 191-92.

[109] _Works_, I, 202.

[110] _Ibid._, I, 213-39.

[111] _Ibid._, I, 243-87.

[112] _Life_, by son, II, 277.

[113] _Ibid._, I, 69.

[114] _Works_, VI, 276.

[115] _Life_, by son, I, 69.

[116] _Ibid._, I, 318.

[117] _Ibid._

[118] Lodge, 26.

[119] Oliver, 27.

[120] _Intimate Life_, 47.

[121] Oliver, 161-62.

[122] Lodge, 177-78; Oliver, 163-64.

[123] Oliver, 86.

[124] _Ibid._, 263.

[125] _Ibid._, 376.

[126] _Works_, VI, 457.

[127] Oliver, 149.

[128] Fiske, 120; Lodge, 58.

[129] Beck, 75.

[130] Oliver, 156.

[131] _Works_, I, 347-69.

[132] Beck, 76.

[133] _Life_, by son, II, 487.

[134] _Ibid._, 487.

[135] _Ibid._, 488.

[136] _Ibid._

[137] _Ibid._

[138] _Ibid._, 516.

[139] Lodge, 60.

[140] _Works_, I, 404.

[141] Gordy, I, 70.

[142] _Works_, I, 417.

[143] _Ibid._

[144] _Works_, I, 420.

[145] Lodge, 62-63.

[146] Statement to Tench Coxe quoted by Jefferson, _Works of Jefferson_, Ford, I, 338.

[147] Letter to G. Morris, _Works_, X, 425.

[148] Morris, _Diary_, II, 456.

[149] _Works_, X, 480.

[150] _Intimate Life_, 75.

[151] _Life_, by son, I, 398.

[152] Parton’s _Jefferson_, 358.

[153] _Familiar Letters_, 236-37.

[154] Oliver, 177-78.

[155] _Works_, X, 3; letter to King.

[156] Jefferson’s _Anas_, I, 180.

[157] Morris, _Diary_, II, 456.

[158] Lodge, 156.

[159] _Works_, X, 354.

[160] Morris, _Diary_, II, 456.

[161] Cabot, 298-300.

[162] _Intimate Life_, 48.

[163] _Life_, by son, I, 236.

[164] _Ibid._, 233.

[165] Lodge, 81.

[166] _Ibid._, 144.

[167] Oliver, 40.

[168] _Works_, X, 90-91.

[169] _Ibid._, X, 425-26.

[170] _Works_, X, 123-26; letter to Lloyd.

[171] Parton’s _Jefferson_, 355.

[172] _Intimate Life_, 46.

[173] _Works_, IX, 256-58.

[174] _Familiar Letters_, 236-37.

[175] Morison’s _Otis_ (to Mrs. Otis), I, 141-43.

[176] Cabot, 204-05.

[177] Morison’s _Otis_, I, 141.

[178] Lodge, 272.

[179] Oliver, 76.

[180] _Ibid._, 381.

[181] Griswold, 173.

[182] _Intimate Life_, 55.

[183] _Ibid._, 56.

[184] _Ibid._, 60.

[185] _Ibid._, 259.

[186] _Ibid._, 73.

[187] _Intimate Life_, 17.

[188] _Works_, V, 61 (to Washington); X, 256 (to William Smith); X, 275 (to King); X, 343 (to Pickering).

[189] _Life_, by son, reminiscences of Troup, I, 10.

[190] _Ibid._

[191] _Works_, VI, 276.

[192] _Ibid._, X, 432-37.

[193] _Intimate Life_, 334.

[194] _Ibid._, 406.

[195] Oliver and Sumner.

[196] _Intimate Life_, 261.

[197] _Works_, IX, 232-37.

[198] _Ibid._, X, 356-57.

[199] _Daily Advertiser_, October 9, 1789.

[200] Gerry and Clymer, both supporters of the _Report_, objected. _Annals_, January 9, 1790.

[201] Maclay, 177.

[202] _Writings, J. Q. Adams_, I, 49.

[203] _Connecticut Gazette_, February 19, 1790.

[204] Lodge, 90-91.

[205] _Ibid._

[206] Madison’s _Writings_ (letter to Pendleton), I, 507-09.

[207] Maclay, 179. The member of Congress who sent the vessels was Jeremiah Wadsworth of Connecticut.

[208] Professor C. A. Beard makes a conclusive case against both in his _Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy_.

[209] _Works of Jefferson_, I, 354.

[210] Mr. Amory, H. G. Otis, and William Wetmore.

[211] _Writings of J. Q. Adams_, I, 56-59.

[212] Maclay, 177-78.

[213] Beard’s _Economic Interpretation_, 104-12.

[214] _Gazette of the United States_, ‘Common Sense,’ January 30, 1790.

[215] _Annals_, January 28, 1790.

[216] _Ibid._

[217] Maclay, February 1, 1790.

[218] Maclay, 194.

[219] _Annals_, February 10, 1790.

[220] _New York Daily Advertiser_, February 13, 1790.

[221] _Familiar Letters_, 108.

[222] _Gazette of the United States_, April 15, 1790.

[223] Fiske, 187.

[224] Ames (letter to Minor), I, 35.

[225] _First Forty Years of American Society, Family Letters of Mrs. Margaret Bayard Smith_, 61.

[226] _Works of Jefferson, Ford_, I, 86.

[227] Mrs. Smith, 63.

[228] _Annals_, February 11, 1790.

[229] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 507.

[230] _Annals_, February 15, 1790.

[231] _Writings_ (to Randolph), I, 512.

[232] White, _Annals_, February 16, 1790.

[233] White, _Annals_, February 16, 1790.

[234] Maclay, 199.

[235] _Ibid._, February 22, 1790.

[236] _Writings_, _J. Q. Adams_, I, 49.

[237] _Gazette of the United States_, June 12, 1790.

[238] _Centinel_, February 24, 1790.

[239] _Ibid._, March 20, 1790.

[240] _Pennsylvania Gazette_, copied in _Maryland Gazette_, February 26, 1790.

[241] Boston, _Independent Chronicle_, March 4, 1790.

[242] Boston, _Independent Chronicle_, March 25, 1790.

[243] _Ibid._, April 15.

[244] Maclay, 202.

[245] _Ibid._, 205.

[246] _New York Advertiser_, February 20, 1790.

[247] _Ibid._, February 22, 1790.

[248] Comptroller of the Treasury.

[249] Gibbs, I, 43.

[250] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), I, 511.

[251] McRee, _Iredell_ (from Senator Johnson), II, 286; (from William R. Davie), II, 281, note.

[252] King, I, 385.

[253] Henry, II, 459.

[254] Stone of Maryland.

[255] Maclay, 203.

[256] _Ibid._, 209.

[257] _Ibid._, 212.

[258] _Ibid._, 214.

[259] Maclay, 227, 230.

[260] _Ibid._, 234.

[261] Elias Boudinot of New Jersey.

[262] Maclay, 237.

[263] Maclay, 248.

[264] _Ibid._, 250.

[265] _Writings_, I, 517.

[266] McRee, _Iredell_, II, 286.

[267] Lodge, _Cabot_, 35-36.

[268] _Ibid._ (to Goodhue), 37.

[269] _Gazette of the United States_, April 21, 1790.

[270] _Ibid._, April 24, 1790.

[271] _Centinel_, June 19, 1790.

[272] _Daily Advertiser_, March 24, 1790.

[273] Ames (to Dwight), I, 79-80.

[274] Maclay, 292.

[275] _Ibid._, 299.

[276] Maclay, 310.

[277] _Works_, Ford, VIII, 42-45.

[278] _Ibid._, VIII, 52.

[279] _Writings_ (to Monroe), I, 522.

[280] Maclay, 332.

[281] _Gazette of the United States_, August 25, 1790.

[282] February 25, 1791.

[283] Brooks, _Knox_, 213.

[284] _Maryland Journal_, February 11, 1791.

[285] Josiah Parker.

[286] _Annals_, January 5, 1791.

[287] Samuel Livermore.

[288] _Annals_, January 6, 1791.

[289] _Annals_, January 11, 1791.

[290] Maclay, 385.

[291] _Ibid._, 385.

[292] Maclay, 387.

[293] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 123.

[294] _Works_, III, 319-41; 342-87.

[295] _Ibid._, 388-443.

[296] Maclay, 364.

[297] _Ibid._, 369.

[298] _Annals_, February 2, 1791.

[299] Ames (to Dwight), I, 94.

[300] _Annals_, February 3, 1791.

[301] Jefferson’s _Works_, III, 145-53.

[302] Madison’s _Writings_, III, 171.

[303] Madison’s _Writings_, III, 171.

[304] Ames (to Minot), February 17, 1791.

[305] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), I, 534-35.

[306] Hamilton’s _Works_ (letter to Carrington), IX, 513-35.

[307] Parton, II, 1.

[308] Dustin’s _Freneau_, 160.

[309] May 11, 1791.

[310] _Gazette of the United States_, April 6, 1791.

[311] _Daily Advertiser_, February 25, 1791.

[312] _Independent Chronicle_, March 10, 1791.

[313] _New York Daily Advertiser_, July 19, 1791.

[314] British Agent.

[315] _Domestic Life_, 197-98. Jefferson was living in the country.

[316] _Maryland Journal_, March 22, 1791.

[317] _Domestic Life_, 199.

[318] _Ibid._, 201.

[319] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 205.

[320] Gay’s _Madison_.

[321] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 534.

[322] Graydon, 375.

[323] McRee, _Iredell_, II, 335.

[324] Adams, _Adams_, I, 454.

[325] _New York Daily Advertiser_, July 8, 1791.

[326] _Ibid._, July 9, 1791.

[327] _Ibid._, July 14, 1791.

[328] _Independent Chronicle_, June 23, 1791.

[329] _Ibid._, July 7, 1791.

[330] _Ibid._, August 26, 1791.

[331] _Ibid._

[332] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 192.

[333] Adams, _Works_, VIII, 503.

[334] _Ibid._, 505.

[335] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 535.

[336] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 223.

[337] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 232.

[338] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 540.

[339] _Ibid._, I, 534.

[340] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 538.

[341] _Maryland Journal_, February 15, 1791.

[342] _Pennsylvania Gazette_, September 7, 1791.

[343] August 17, 1791.

[344] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to King), I, 402.

[345] August 8, 1791.

[346] August 9, 1791.

[347] August 13, 1791. ‘Scrips sold last night: Cash 212-202-210-206; 10 days, 216, 217-1/2, 214; 30 days, 223, 212, 215; 45 days, 216; 60 days, 219; Sept. 10, 224; Deliver and pay December 1, 235; Deliver October 1 and pay January 1, 242; Monday next, 207; Tuesday, 215-1/2, 217, 210.’ (_New York Daily Advertiser._)

[348] _Daily Advertiser_, August 15, 1791.

[349] _New York Daily Advertiser._

[350] _Daily Advertiser_, August 17, 1791.

[351] _New York Daily Advertiser_, September 21, 1791.

[352] _Independent Chronicle_, September 1, 1791.

[353] _Independent Chronicle_, August 18, 1791.

[354] Maclay, 272.

[355] _Familiar Letters_, 148.

[356] Maclay, 272.

[357] Mrs. Smith, 6.

[358] _Ibid._, 6-7.

[359] Liancourt, III, 157.

[360] Parton on the Moore incident, III, 115-19.

[361] Maclay, 272.

[362] Mrs. Smith, 6-7.

[363] Maclay, 272.

[364] _Familiar Letters_, 149.

[365] _Familiar Letters_, 148.

[366] Maclay, 272.

[367] Liancourt, III, 157.

[368] _Familiar Letters_, 148.

[369] Mrs. Smith, 6-7.

[370] Randall, I, 14.

[371] Dodd, _Statesmen of the Old South_, 3-4.

[372] _Ibid._, 9.

[373] Dodd, _Statesmen of the Old South_, 23.

[374] Parton’s _Jefferson_, I, 27.

[375] Randall, III, 448.

[376] _Autobiography_, I, 77.

[377] Fiske, 148.

[378] _Works_ (to Mrs. Trist), V, 151.

[379] _Ibid._ (to Bellini), V, 151.

[380] _Ibid._ (to Mrs. Trist), V, 81-82.

[381] _Ibid._ (to Bellini), V, 151-54.

[382] Morris, _Diary_, I, 101.

[383] _Domestic Life_ (letter to Madison), 155; _Works_, I, 131-38.

[384] _Domestic Life_ (letter to Adams), 156.

[385] _Ibid._ (to Jay), 156.

[386] _Ibid._ (to Jay), 159.

[387] _Works_ (letter to Lafayette), VII, 370; (to De St. Etienne), VII, 370-72; (the Charter), VII, 372-74.

[388] _Ibid._, IV, 72.

[389] _Ibid._ (to De Unger), IV, 138-39.

[390] _Autobiography_, I, 72.

[391] Mrs. Wharton, 391.

[392] Parton’s _Jefferson_, I, 344.

[393] Vol. I, 77.

[394] _Works_, V, 3-4: letter to Chastellus.

[395] _Ibid._, VI, 428: to Warville.

[396] Randall, I, 17.

[397] _Ibid._, III, 556-58; letter to Rush.

[398] _Ibid._, 671-76.

[399] _Ibid._; also see _The Thomas Jefferson Bible_, edited by Henry Jackson.

[400] Randall, III, 547.

[401] Dodd, _Statesmen of the Old South_, 36.

[402] Randall, III, 620-22.

[403] _Works_, VI, 11-15; to Charles Thompson.

[404] _Ibid._, 227-29 (to Edward Carrington); 269-71 (to J. Blair).

[405] _Ibid._, 296-301 (to Benjamin Hawkins and George Wythe); 231-32 (to Count Del Vermi).

[406] _Ibid._, 285-89; to John Adams.

[407] _Ibid._, 368.

[408] _Ibid._, 378-83; to William Carmichael.

[409] _Works_, VI, 385-93.

[410] _Ibid._, 425-27. I have the authority of Josephus Daniels for a tradition in North Carolina that such a letter in the hands of Willie Jones was responsible for the failure of the first Convention there to ratify. The letter is apparently lost.

[411] _Ibid._, VII, 26-30; to Carmichael.

[412] _Ibid._, 36-39; to Colonel Carrington.

[413] _Ibid._, 79-88.

[414] _Ibid._, 93-99.

[415] _Ibid._, 183-87.

[416] _Ibid._, 223-31.

[417] _Works_, VII, 319-24.

[418] _Ibid._, VIII, 10-13.

[419] _Autobiography_, I, 118.

[420] _Works_, V, 147; to F. Hopkinson.

[421] _Ibid._, VI, 55-58; to Carrington.

[422] _Ibid._, 335-36.

[423] Randall, I, 404-05.

[424] Mrs. Smith, 389.

[425] _Autobiography_, I, 90.

[426] Randall, II, 403-04.

[427] Fiske, 154.

[428] Adams, _Works_, X, 414.

[429] _Works_, III, 358; to Duane.

[430] _A Summary View_, and _A Reply to Lord North_.

[431] _Domestic Life_, 58.

[432] _Ibid._, 43.

[433] _Works_, V, 33; 42; 59.

[434] _Ibid._, 400-01.

[435] _Works_, VI, 106; _Domestic Life_, 109.

[436] _Works_, IX, 17-19.

[437] _Ibid._, IV, 42.

[438] _Ibid._, V, 180.

[439] _Ibid._, 244-45; VI, 20-23.

[440] _Ibid._, VII, 267-70.

[441] _Ibid._, 73-79.

[442] _Ibid._, V, 244-45.

[443] _Ibid._, 22-24.

[444] _Ibid._, 294-95.

[445] _Ibid._, 294-95; VI, 11-15.

[446] _Ibid._, VII, 113-16.

[447] _Works_, VII, 241-44.

[448] Watson, 114.

[449] Randall, I, 481.

[450] _Domestic Life_, 78.

[451] _Ibid._, 87-89.

[452] _Works_, VI, 81-84.

[453] _Ibid._, 102-06.

[454] _Ibid._, 145-46.

[455] _Mrs. Adams’s Letters_, II, 207.

[456] _Republican Court_, I, 56.

[457] _Ibid._, I, 64.

[458] _Ibid._, 253.

[459] Weld, I, 5-6.

[460] _Republican Court_, 256; _Annals of Philadelphia_, I, 225.

[461] Twining, 44.

[462] Wansey, 184; Liancourt, IV, 91; Weld, I, 8; Twining, 45.

[463] Liancourt, IV, 91; Weld, I, 7-8.

[464] Warville, 187.

[465] Scharf, II, 875.

[466] Warville, 187.

[467] Scharf, II, 875.

[468] Wansey, III.

[469] Lippincott, 36-37.

[470] New York letter to _Maryland Journal_, November 19, 1790.

[471] _Republican Court_, 341.

[472] _Ibid._, 366.

[473] Davis, _Travels_, 40-41.

[474] Wansey, III.

[475] Twining, 31.

[476] Ames, I, 88-89.

[477] Scharf, II, 985.

[478] Twining, 31-34.

[479] Ames, I, 88-89.

[480] Hiltzheimer’s _Diary_, 167.

[481] _Ibid._, 201.

[482] _Ibid._, 205.

[483] _Ibid._, 205.

[484] Weld, I, 29.

[485] _Ibid._, I, 30.

[486] Liancourt, IV, 108-09.

[487] _Ibid._

[488] Gibbs, I, 561.

[489] Warville, 187.

[490] Liancourt, IV, 99.

[491] Warville, 188.

[492] Wharton, _Salons_, 71.

[493] Liancourt, IV, 101.

[494] Otis, I, 128.

[495] Scharf, II, 907.

[496] Weld, I, 21.

[497] Liancourt, IV, 105.

[498] Otis, I, 126.

[499] Morison, _Otis_, I, 126.

[500] Liancourt, IV, 104-05.

[501] Warville, 190.

[502] Mrs. Adams’s _Letters_ (to Mrs. Smith), II, 211.

[503] _Ibid._, II, 213-14.

[504] Davis, _Burr_, I, 303.

[505] Morison, _Otis_, I, 128-29.

[506] Scharf, II, 910 (from Bulow).

[507] Davis, _Burr_, I, 376.

[508] Morison, _Otis_, I, 141-43.

[509] _Ibid._, I, 135.

[510] _Ibid._, I, 135.

[511] Wansey, 136.

[512] _Ibid._, 136.

[513] Wansey; Twining; Lippincott; _Republican Court_; Scharf, II, 911.

[514] Warville, 190.

[515] Maclay, 366.

[516] _Mrs. Adams’s Letters_, II, 211.

[517] _Republican Court_, 291-302.

[518] Morison, _Otis_, I, 135.

[519] _Domestic Life_, 98-100.

[520] Morison, _Otis_, I, 137.

[521] _Republican Court_, 309.

[522] Oberholtzer’s _Life_ (Major Armstrong’s letter to General Armstrong), 70; Governor Reed to General Green, 70.

[523] _Republican Court_, 314.

[524] _Mrs. Adams’s Letters_, II, 211.

[525] _Ibid._

[526] _Early Philadelphia_, 38.

[527] Drake, _Knox_, III.

[528] Brookes, _Knox_, 60.

[529] _Ibid._, 264.

[530] Steiner, _McHenry_ (Williamson to McHenry), 196-97.

[531] Wharton, _Salons_, 54.

[532] _Intimate Life_, 95.

[533] Gibbs, I, 161; _Queens of American Society_, 35.

[534] Probably Madame Grand; _Intimate Life_.

[535] Twining, 39.

[536] Lippincott, 212.

[537] Wansey, 132.

[538] Agnes Repplier, 135.

[539] Wansey, 131.

[540] Wharton, _Salons_, 157.

[541] Lippincott, 282.

[542] Liancourt, IV, 109.

[543] Weld, I. 24.

[544] Hiltzheimer, 204.

[545] Lippincott, 118.

[546] _Mrs. Adams’s Letters_ (to Mrs. Smith), II, 213.

[547] Scharf, II, 967.

[548] Lippincott, 119.

[549] Wansey, 126-27.

[550] Scharf, II, 952.

[551] _Domestic Life_ (to Martha), 221-22.

[552] _Parties and Party Leaders_, 156-57.

[553] Alexander, 15.

[554] Biddle, _Autobiography_, 246.

[555] Maclay, 397.

[556] Thomas, I, 21.

[557] Morison, _Otis_, I, 52.

[558] Quoted from _Independent Chronicle_, by Robinson, 10.

[559] J. Q. Adams, _Works_, I, 191.

[560] Morison, _Otis_, I, 52.

[561] _Connecticut in Transition_, 190-91.

[562] _Ibid._, 193-97.

[563] _Ibid._, 222.

[564] _Republican Court_, 49.

[565] Isaac Hill, quoted by Robinson, 29.

[566] Hammond, I, 107.

[567] Davis, _Burr_, I, 316-17.

[568] _Ibid._, I, 331.

[569] Maclay, 260.

[570] McRee, _Iredell_, II, 232, 239; Dodd, _Macon_, 38.

[571] Dodd, _Maccon_, 51.

[572] McRee, _Iredell_, II, 233.

[573] Senate Docs., vol. 56, 61st Congress, 2d Session, 755.

[574] Ames (to Dwight), I, 136-37.

[575] Robinson, 53.

[576] Robinson, 55.

[577] Quoted from David Daggett’s pamphlet, by Purcell in _Connecticut in Transition_, 225.

[578] _Centinel_, August 22, 1792.

[579] Gibbs, I, 73.

[580] Robinson, quoting from _American Mercury_, 9.

[581] King, _Works_, I, 357.

[582] King, _Works_, I, 501-02.

[583] Payne, _History of Journalism_, 155.

[584] _Writings_, I, 569-70.

[585] _Writings_, I, 569-70.

[586] Rives, _Madison_, III, 194, note.

[587] _Writings_, I, 543.

[588] September 6, 1792.

[589] September 12, 1792.

[590] Robinson, 70, note.

[591] ‘The Beauties of Santa Cruz,’ and ‘The House of Night.’

[592] _Life_, 129.

[593] Hamilton’s _Works_, IV, 91.

[594] _Ibid._

[595] _Ibid._, 166.

[596] _National Gazette_, June 18, 1792.

[597] _Writings_, I, 545.

[598] _National Gazette_, November 14, 1791.

[599] Spooner’s _Vermont Journal_, July 31; _National Gazette_, July 14, 1792.

[600] _National Gazette_, September 8, 1792.

[601] _Ibid._, January 2, 1792.

[602] _Philadelphia Advertiser_, July 6, 1792.

[603] _National Gazette_, December 19, 1791.

[604] _Ibid._, January 19, 1792.

[605] _Ibid._, January 16, 1792.

[606] _Ibid._, January 23, 1792.

[607] _Ibid._, by H. H. Brackenridge, February 9, 1792.

[608] _National Gazette_, March 15, 1792.

[609] _Ibid._, March 29, 1792.

[610] _Ibid._, April 2, 1792.

[611] _Ibid._, February 9, 1792.

[612] _Ibid._, July 18, 1792.

[613] _National Gazette_, April 23, 1792.

[614] _Ibid._, May 3, 1792.

[615] _Ibid._, May 7, 1792.

[616] _Ibid._, May 10, 1792.

[617] _Ibid._, January 4, 1792.

[618] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 341-49.

[619] _Gazette of the United States_, June 6, 1792.

[620] _National Gazette_, June 21, 1792.

[621] _National Gazette_, June 21, 1792.

[622] _Ibid._, June 25, 1792.

[623] _Gazette of the United States_, July 25, 1792.

[624] _National Gazette_, July 28, 1792.

[625] Austin, _Freneau_, 170, note.

[626] No one knew better than Washington that Jefferson would have resigned in the spring had he not been importuned to remain.

[627] One of these was Washington, to whom he made the objections mentioned in a previous chapter.

[628] _National Gazette_, August 8, 1792.

[629] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 14-15.

[630] _National Gazette_, August 15, 1792.

[631] _Gazette of the United States_, August 25, 1792.

[632] Hamilton’s _Works_, VII, 303-06.

[633] The evidence is conclusive on this point.

[634] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 394-408.

[635] _Gazette of the United States_, September 8, 1792.

[636] _National Gazette_, September 8, 1792.

[637] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 411.

[638] _Domestic Life_, 214-15; also letter to T. M. Randolph, _Ibid._, 215.

[639] Quoted by Freneau, September 19, 1792.

[640] October 18, 1792.

[641] Randall, II, 102; to Randolph.

[642] _National Gazette_, October 20, 1792.

[643] January 11, 1792.

[644] _Independent Chronicle_, May 2, 1792.

[645] _Centinel_, June 9, 1792.

[646] Jefferson’s _Works_, VIII, 315-18.

[647] _Independent Chronicle_, May 17, 1792.

[648] March 14, 1792.

[649] _Centinel_, March 28, 1792.

[650] March 14, 1792.

[651] Pickering, letter to wife, III, 27.

[652] April 13, 1792.

[653] April 19, 1792.

[654] May 28, 1792.

[655] _Gazette of the United States_, October 10, 1792.

[656] ‘Ironicus,’ April 21, 1792.

[657] _Centinel_, March 17, 1792.

[658] Alexander, 50.

[659] _Ibid._, 53.

[660] King’s _Works_, I, 408-15.

[661] Bache’s _General Advertiser_, July 19, 1792.

[662] _Ibid._, July 13, 1792.

[663] Hammond, I, 72.

[664] _Life of Parsons_, 468-69.

[665] _Ibid._, 467-68.

[666] Robinson, 9.

[667] Spooner’s _Vermont Journal_, August 7, 1792.

[668] McHenry (to Hamilton), 136-37.

[669] McHenry (to Hamilton), 137, note.

[670] _New York Daily Advertiser_, March 11, 1793, printed a letter from David Ross setting this forth in Hamilton’s defense.

[671] McHenry, 138.

[672] Only one Federalist, William Barry Grove, was elected; Dodd’s _Life of Macon_.

[673] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 460-61.

[674] Hamilton’s _Works_, IX, 513-35.

[675] March 10, 1792.

[676] Adams, _Works_, VIII, 514.

[677] King’s _Works_, I, 413, 427; Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 19-20, 20-21.

[678] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 23-24.

[679] _Ibid._, X, 27.

[680] Judge Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Stoddert, destined to a place in Adams’s Cabinet among them.

[681] _Maryland Journal_, October 16, 1792.

[682] _Maryland Journal_, October 23, 1792.

[683] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 28-29.

[684] _Gazette of the United States_, September 26, 1792.

[685] _National Gazette_, November 24, 1792.

[686] November 9, 1792.

[687] _Gazette of the United States_, December 1, 1792.

[688] _Ibid._, January 5, 1793.

[689] Bache’s _Daily Advertiser_, December 4, 1792.

[690] _Ibid._, December 5, 1792.

[691] _Ibid._, December 15, 1792.

[692] _National Gazette_, February 2, 1793.

[693] Freneau’s description.

[694] _Annals_, November 19, 1792.

[695] February 15, 1790.

[696] _Anas_ I, 235-37.

[697] Bassett, _The Federalist System_.

[698] Hamilton’s _Works_, VII, 389.

[699] Hamilton’s expression, _Works_, VII, 391.

[700] _Ibid._

[701] _Ibid._, VII, 424.

[702] _Ibid._, 427.

[703] Hamilton’s _Works_, VII, 394.

[704] _Annals_, December 24, 1792.

[705] _Annals_, December 26, 1792.

[706] Anderson, _Giles_, 6.

[707] Benton’s _Thirty Years’ View_, I, 682-83.

[708] _Life and Letters_, I, 158-59.

[709] Oliver’s _Hamilton_, 292-94.

[710] _Familiar Letters_, 46.

[711] Justice Story, _Life and Letters_, I, 158.

[712] _Ibid._

[713] Anderson, _Giles_, 65-66.

[714] Maclay, 374.

[715] Anderson, _Giles_, 3.

[716] Anderson, _Giles_, 8.

[717] Benton, I, 682.

[718] Story, I, 158-59.

[719] _National Gazette_, January 9, 1793, from _Boston Argus_.

[720] _Ibid._, January 12, 1793.

[721] _National Gazette_, January 12, 1793, from _Boston Argus_.

[722] _Ibid._, January 16, 1793.

[723] _Annals_, January 23, 1793.

[724] Gibbs, I, 89.

[725] _Gazette of the United States_, March 9, 1793.

[726] _Centinel_, February 20, 1793.

[727] _Ibid._, February 16, 1793.

[728] _Gazette of the United States_, February 23, 1793.

[729] Paul Leicester Ford, _The Nation_, September 5, 1895.

[730] Hamilton.

[731] February 20, 1793.

[732] _National Gazette_, February 27, 1793.

[733] Of South Carolina.

[734] _Annals_, February 27, March 1, 1793.

[735] _Centinel_, March 13, 1793.

[736] _Gazette of the United States_, March 23, 1793.

[737] _Ibid._, March 20, 1793.

[738] _Centinel_, March 20, 1793.

[739] _Centinel_, March 21, 1793.

[740] Jefferson.

[741] _New York Daily Advertiser_, April 6, 1793.

[742] _National Gazette_, March 20, 1793; ‘Franklin.’

[743] _Ibid._, March 27, 1793.

[744] _Kentucky Gazette_, September 7, copied in _Independent Chronicle_, October 21, 1793.

[745] An original copy is in New York Public Library.

[746] _Centinel_, January 9, 1793.

[747] _National Gazette_, December 26, 1792.

[748] _Centinel_, January 26, 1793.

[749] _Ibid._, January 30, 1793.

[750] Hazen, 165-69.

[751] Maclay, December 10, 1790.

[752] _Ibid._, February 26, 1791; Brown, _Ellsworth_, 212.

[753] Adams, _Works_, IX, 563-64.

[754] _Ibid._, X, 12-13.

[755] _Works_ (to George Mason), III, 123-25; (to Edward Rutledge), VIII, 232-34.

[756] _Ibid._, 290-94.

[757] _Ibid._, IX, 6-8.

[758] _Gazette of the United States_, April 13, May 18, 1793.

[759] _Ibid._, April 17; _National Gazette_, April 20, 1793.

[760] _National Gazette_, April 10, 1793.

[761] _Centinel_, March 30, 1793.

[762] _Connecticut Gazette_, April 11, 1793.

[763] _Connecticut Gazette_, April 18, 1793.

[764] _National Gazette_, April 20, 1793.

[765] _Connecticut Gazette_, May 2, 1793.

[766] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), IX, 33-35.

[767] _Ibid._ (to unknown), IX, 44-46.

[768] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 576-77.

[769] King’s _Works_ (King to Hamilton), I, 439.

[770] _Anas_, I, 268.

[771] _Anas_, I, 268.

[772] Hamilton’s _Works_, IV, 371.

[773] _Ibid._, 372-73.

[774] _Ibid._, 373.

[775] _Ibid._, 374.

[776] Hamilton’s _Works_, IV, 385-86.

[777] _Ibid._, 396-408.

[778] Jefferson’s _Writings_, III, 226-43.

[779] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 960-68.

[780] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 580-83; 584.

[781] Morris, _Diary_, II, 26.

[782] McRee, _Iredell_ (to his wife), II, 386.

[783] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 75-78.

[784] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 578.

[785] _National Gazette_, April 27, 1793.

[786] _National Gazette_, April 27, 1793.

[787] _Ibid._, May 4, 1793.

[788] _Ibid._, May 15, 1793.

[789] Letter from Philadelphia ‘from a gentleman in the treasury department.’ _Connecticut Gazette_, June 27, 1793.

[790] Letter from Philadelphia woman to a friend in Alexandria; _Connecticut Gazette_, June 20, 1793.

[791] Biddle, _Autobiography_, 251.

[792] Graydon, _Memoirs_, 381.

[793] _National Gazette_, June I, 1793.

[794] _Centinel_, April 20, 1793.

[795] _National Gazette_, May 15, 1793.

[796] _Ibid._, June 5, 1793.

[797] _Gazette of the United States_, June 8, 1793.

[798] Myers, _Tammany Hall_, 9.

[799] Hazen, 249.

[800] _Centinel_, March 16, 1793.

[801] Gibbs, I, 87.

[802] _Ibid._

[803] _National Gazette_, July 17, 1793.

[804] _Gazette of the United States_, June 15, 1793.

[805] Thomas, _Reminiscences_, I, 32.

[806] _National Gazette_, April 13, 1793.

[807] Gibbs (Governor Wolcott to son), I, 179.

[808] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Monroe), IX, 144.

[809] _Ibid._ (to Monroe), IX, 75-78.

[810] Pinckney, _Life of Pinckney_, 109.

[811] _Gazette of the United States_, June 8, 1793.

[812] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 144-46.

[813] Hamilton’s _Works_, IV, 467.

[814] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 586; 588; 591; 593-94; letters to Jefferson.

[815] _Ibid._, I, 611-45.

[816] _National Gazette_, June 15, 1793.

[817] Adams.

[818] _National Gazette_, August 7, 1793.

[819] _New York Daily Advertiser_, July 13, 1793.

[820] _Independent Chronicle_, September 12, 1793.

[821] _Ibid._, November 11, 1793.

[822] _Ibid._

[823] Biddle, 253.

[824] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 211-15.

[825] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 211-15.

[826] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 595-96; 596-97.

[827] _Ibid._, I, 599; _Independent Chronicle_, October 10, 1793.

[828] _Independent Chronicle_, October 17, 1793.

[829] Madison’s _Writings_, I, 601.

[830] _Anas_, i, 305-08.

[831] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 180-209.

[832] Randall, II, 181.

[833] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 87-89; to Madison.

[834] _American Minerva_, December 21, 1793.

[835] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 117-21.

[836] _Anas_, I, 279.

[837] _Domestic Life_, 220.

[838] Gibbs, I, 122.

[839] _Gazette of the United States_, July 31, 1793.

[840] _Anas_, I, 311.

[841] _Anas_, I, 313.

[842] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, August 4, 1793.

[843] King’s _Works_, I, 492-93.

[844] August 10, 1793.

[845] Lodge, _Cabot_, 73.

[846] ‘A Democrat,’ August 19, 1793.

[847] ‘Brutus,’ August 26, 1793.

[848] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), IX, 227.

[849] Gibbs (Wolcott to Washington), I, 112.

[850] Hiltzheimer’s _Diary_, 195.

[851] McRee, _Iredell_ (a servant to Iredell), II, 401; King’s _Works_ (Wharton to King), I, 498.

[852] Biddle, 256.

[853] Pickering (to John Clark), III, 55-58; Gibbs (Wolcott to father), I, 110.

[854] Biddle, 256.

[855] Gibbs, I, 110.

[856] McRee, _Iredell_ (servant to Iredell), II, 401.

[857] _Ibid._, II, 400.

[858] Pickering (to Clark), III, 55-58.

[859] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, August 27, 1793.

[860] McRee, _Iredell_ (Duffield to Iredell), II, 400.

[861] Ames (to Minot), I, 130.

[862] Gibbs, I, 112; Pickering, III, 59.

[863] Hiltzheimer, 196.

[864] Biddle, 255.

[865] Ames (to Minot), I, 130.

[866] _Domestic Life_, 219.

[867] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), IX, 240; 253-54.

[868] _Domestic Life_, 226.

[869] _Ibid._, 226.

[870] Jefferson’s _Works_, III, 261-83.

[871] J. Q. Adams, _Works_ (letter to John Adams), I, 183-86.

[872] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 281.

[873] _Annals_, January 14, 1794.

[874] _Ibid._, January 15, 1794.

[875] _Annals_, January 23, 1794.

[876] _Ibid._

[877] _Ibid._, January 24, 1794.

[878] _Ibid._

[879] _Ibid._

[880] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 1-5.

[881] _Centinel_, February 19, 1794.

[882] _Ibid._, March 1, 1794.

[883] _Ibid._, February 23, 1794.

[884] Morison, _Otis_, I, 53.

[885] _Independent Chronicle_, March 3, 1794.

[886] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 1-5.

[887] _Ibid._, II, 5-6.

[888] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, March 27, 28, 1794.

[889] Ames, I, 137-38.

[890] Printed in London by John Stockdale, Piccadilly.

[891] Gibbs, I, 133.

[892] Ames, I, 137-38.

[893] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, February 1, 1794.

[894] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, March 24, 1794.

[895] _Annals_, February 28, 1794.

[896] _Ibid._, March 27, 1794.

[897] _Ibid._, April 21, 1794.

[898] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, April 11, 1794.

[899] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 7-8.

[900] Bond’s _Letters_, American Historical Association, _Report_, 1897, pp. 543-45.

[901] Bond’s _Letters_, American Historical Association, _Report_, 1897, p. 546.

[902] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, April 13, 1794.

[903] _Ibid._, April 14, 1794.

[904] _Ibid._, May 21, 1794.

[905] _Ibid._, April 5, 1794.

[906] _New York Journal_, March 22, 1794.

[907] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, April 9, 1794.

[908] _New York Journal_, May 3, 1794.

[909] _Ibid._, May 28, 1794.

[910] Ames (to Gore), I, 139.

[911] King’s _Works_ (from Alsop), I, 159.

[912] _Ibid._, I, 560.

[913] Bemis, 45.

[914] _Ibid._, 65.

[915] Bemis, 104.

[916] Bemis, 105, 106, 147, 154; _Intimate Life_, 289.

[917] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, April 7, 1794.

[918] King’s _Works_, I, 517.

[919] Hamilton’s _Works_, V, 114.

[920] _Familiar Letters_, 59.

[921] Pellew, 218.

[922] Bemis, 206-07.

[923] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 12.

[924] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, April 24, 1794.

[925] Adams, _Adams_, I, 472.

[926] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, April 19, 1794.

[927] _Ibid._, May 10, 1794.

[928] _Ibid._, June 26, 1794.

[929] _New York Journal_, November 5, 1794.

[930] _Gazette of the United States_, July 25, 1794.

[931] Hamilton’s _Works_, V, 115-19; draft of instructions, _ibid._, 121-23; letter to Jay, _ibid._, 123-28; Bemis, 210.

[932] Bemis, 212.

[933] _New York Journal_, May 14, 1794.

[934] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 14-15.

[935] Madison’s _Writings_ (to his father), II, 16.

[936] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 293-97.

[937] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, September 1, 1794.

[938] _Gazette of the United States_, October 21, 1794.

[939] Gibbs, I, 156.

[940] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, October 13, 1794.

[941] Philadelphia Democratic Society, _Gazette of the United States_, August 7, 1794; German Republican Club, Philadelphia, _ibid._, September 1, 1794; Democratic Society, Washington, North Carolina, South Carolina, _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, October 6, 1794; Democratic Society, Canaan, New York, _New York Journal_, September 4, 1794.

[942] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, September 10, 1794.

[943] September 13, 1794.

[944] _Gazette of the United States_, September 5, 1794.

[945] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, September 15, 1794.

[946] _Ibid._, September 24, 1794.

[947] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, August 20, 1794.

[948] Hamilton’s _Works_, VI, 420-21.

[949] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, November 10, 1794.

[950] _Ibid._, September 8, 1794.

[951] _Ibid._, November 6, 1794.

[952] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 18-19.

[953] Hamilton’s _Works_, VI, 457.

[954] _Ibid._, X, 77.

[955] Bond’s _Letters_, 558.

[956] Stevens, _Gallatin_, 90.

[957] _Gazette of the United States_ (letter from a soldier), October 16, 1794.

[958] Biddle’s _Autobiography_, 262.

[959] _Centinel_, October 25 and 29, 1794.

[960] _Ibid._, November 1, 1794.

[961] November 3, 1794.

[962] _Independent Chronicle_, November 6, 1794.

[963] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 29.

[964] _New York Journal_, December 10, 1794.

[965] Ames (to Dwight) I, 158.

[966] Dodd, _Macon_, 77.

[967] _Ibid._, 78-79.

[968] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 19-20.

[969] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 27; Goodwin, _Dolly Madison_, 26.

[970] Randall, II, 245; _Domestic Life_, 231.

[971] _Intimate Life_, 69.

[972] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, April 10, 1794.

[973] _Gazette of the United States_, November 1, 1794.

[974] _Ibid._

[975] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, May 7, 1794.

[976] _Ibid._, October 24, 1794.

[977] Professor Morse, in _The Federalist Party in Massachusetts_, makes this point.

[978] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 21-23.

[979] _Ibid._, 23-27.

[980] _Ibid._ (to Jefferson), 28-30.

[981] Washington’s phrase.

[982] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), IX, 293-97.

[983] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 78-79.

[984] _Annals_, November 25, 1794.

[985] _Annals_, November 25-27, 1794.

[986] January 24, 1794.

[987] _Gazette of the United States_, December 11, 1794.

[988] _Ibid._, October 14, 1794.

[989] _Gazette of the United States_, December 29, 1794.

[990] _Annals_, January 1, 1794.

[991] _Annals_, January 1, 1794.

[992] _Intimate Life_, 230.

[993] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 78.

[994] _Gazette of the United States_, February 9, 1795.

[995] _Philadelphia Daily Advertiser_, February 10, 1795.

[996] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 35.

[997] _Gazette of the United States_, February 18, 1795.

[998] _Ibid._, February 20, 1795.

[999] _Ibid._, February 22, 1795.

[1000] A favorite actor.

[1001] _New York Journal_, February 28 and March 4, 1795.

[1002] McRee, _Iredell_, II, 442.

[1003] _Intimate Life_, 205-06.

[1004] King’s _Works_, II, 5-6.

[1005] King’s _Works_, II, 7.

[1006] Beard, _Economic Origins_, 295; Bemis, 271.

[1007] Pinckney, _Life of Pinckney_, 123-24.

[1008] Bemis, 224.

[1009] _Ibid._, 225.

[1010] _Ibid._, 226-27.

[1011] _Ibid._, 246.

[1012] Bemis, 232-51.

[1013] _Ibid._, 261.

[1014] Bemis, 267, quotes a French scholar, R. Guyot, as describing the Jay Treaty as ‘almost equivalent to a treaty of alliance.’

[1015] Related by Talleyrand to Volney, who told it to Jefferson, _Anas_, 336-37. Senator Lodge, in his biography of Hamilton, accepts this characterization as not improbable.

[1016] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 313-14.

[1017] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 98-99.

[1018] _Ibid._, X, 101-02.

[1019] See Beard’s illuminating chapter on the economics of the treaty. _Economic Origins_, 268-98.

[1020] King’s _Works_, II, 14; Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 109.

[1021] Wolcott’s phrase in letter to Mrs. Wolcott, Gibbs, I, 199.

[1022] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 107.

[1023] _Aurora_, June 16, 1795.

[1024] _Ibid._, June 18, 1795.

[1025] _Ibid._, June 20, 1795.

[1026] _Ibid._, June 26, 1795.

[1027] _Aurora_, July 3, 1795.

[1028] _Argus_, July 15, 1795.

[1029] Gibbs (Wolcott to Mrs. Wolcott), I, 209; _Philadelphia: the Place and People_, 310; Hiltzheimer, 215; _New York Argus_, July 8, 1795; _Charleston City Gazette_, August 22, 1795.

[1030] _Aurora_, July 7, 1795.

[1031] Gibbs, I, 217. Rowan was a patriot, tried by a packed jury, and defended by John Philpot Curran in his classic defense of the freedom of the press. He was convicted, escaped, and came to this country.

[1032] Gibbs, I, 217.

[1033] Pickering, III, 183.

[1034] _Aurora_, July 10, 1795.

[1035] July 6, 1795.

[1036] July 23, 1795.

[1037] Beard, _Economic Origins_, 290; Alexander, 79; _Argus_, July 6, 20, 21, 23; _Aurora_, July 10, 22, 23, 1795.

[1038] Gibbs (to Wolcott), I, 218.

[1039] Ames (to Dwight), I, 173-75.

[1040] _Argus_, August 13, 1795.

[1041] _Centinel_, July 15, 1795.

[1042] Pickering, III, 177.

[1043] King’s _Works_, II, 18-20.

[1044] Lodge, _Cabot_, 84.

[1045] Pellew, 282.

[1046] _Federalist Party in Massachusetts_, 154-55.

[1047] _Ibid._

[1048] Gibbs, I, 229.

[1049] August 15, 1795.

[1050] Lodge, _Cabot_, 84.

[1051] _Aurora_, July 29, 1795.

[1052] _Charleston City Gazette_, August 1, 1795.

[1053] Thomas, _Reminiscences_, I, 35.

[1054] _Independent Chronicle_, August 17, 1795.

[1055] August 26, 1795.

[1056] Article IX.

[1057] Giles, 42.

[1058] McRee, _Iredell_, II, 450.

[1059] _Ibid._, II, 459.

[1060] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 43.

[1061] Giles, 38.

[1062] Henry, _Henry_, II, 568-71; letter to Mrs. Aylett.

[1063] _Argus_, July 30, 1795; _Gazette of the United States_, August 14, 1795.

[1064] _Argus_, July 24, 1795.

[1065] _New Hampshire Gazette_, July 21, 1795.

[1066] _Spooner’s Vermont Journal_, September 11, 1795.

[1067] Gibbs, I, 215.

[1068] _Independent Chronicle_, August 13 and 27, 1795.

[1069] _Ibid._, September 3, 1795.

[1070] _Argus_, July 15, 1795.

[1071] _Aurora_, July 13, 1795.

[1072] _Argus_, August 14, 1795.

[1073] _Ibid._, August 8, 1795.

[1074] Gibbs, I, 249.

[1075] Steiner, 194-95.

[1076] Weld, I, 102-03.

[1077] Liancourt, II, 79.

[1078] _Argus_, July 16, 1795.

[1079] September 3, 1795.

[1080] Gibbs, I, 219-20.

[1081] Pickering, III, 185.

[1082] King’s _Works_, II, 20-21.

[1083] Brown, _Ellsworth_, 219-20.

[1084] Hiltzheimer, 215.

[1085] For Randolph incident, Pickering, III, 213-14 and 216-19; Lodge, _Cabot_, 91-94.

[1086] Pickering, III, 196.

[1087] _Ibid._, 197.

[1088] King’s _Works_, II, 24.

[1089] August 14.

[1090] Brown, _Ellsworth_, 220-21.

[1091] Pickering, III, 199.

[1092] _Aurora_, August 21, 1795.

[1093] _Ibid._, August 22, 1795.

[1094] Gibbs, I, 222.

[1095] King’s story.

[1096] _Aurora_, November 17, 1795.

[1097] Pickering, III, 231-39.

[1098] _Ibid._, III, 239.

[1099] _Argus_, August 15, 1795.

[1100] _Ibid._, August 27, 1795.

[1101] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 113-14.

[1102] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 309-11.

[1103] McRee, _Iredell_, II, 459.

[1104] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Giles), IX, 314-18.

[1105] Adams, _Gallatin_, 152.

[1106] Gibbs (to Goodrich), I, 303.

[1107] The second phase of his remarkable career is treated in the author’s _Party Battles of the Jackson Period_.

[1108] Adams, _Gallatin_, 17.

[1109] Adams, _Gallatin_, 80.

[1110] _Ibid._, 81.

[1111] _Ibid._, 103-04.

[1112] _Ibid._, 111.

[1113] _Ibid._, 113.

[1114] Adams, _Gallatin_, 88; _Writings_, I, 3-4.

[1115] _Annals_, April 27, 1796.

[1116] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 328-29; to Monroe.

[1117] Judge Jonathan Elmer, Cumberland, New Jersey, _Gazette of the United States_, March 12, 1796.

[1118] _Gazette of the United States_, March 26, 1796.

[1119] Melville, _Cobbett_, I, 101-02.

[1120] _Annals_, March 11, 1796.

[1121] _Familiar Letters_, 108; Twining, _Travels_, 51-52.

[1122] _Aurora_, March 28, 1796.

[1123] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to Wolcott), X, 145.

[1124] _Ibid._, 145-46.

[1125] _Ibid._, 151.

[1126] _Ibid._, 152.

[1127] _Ibid._, 152-54.

[1128] _Annals_, March 30, 1796.

[1129] _Annals_, April 6, 1796. The vote was 57 to 36.

[1130] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 330-31.

[1131] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 89-91.

[1132] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 157.

[1133] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 160.

[1134] _Ibid._, 161.

[1135] _Ibid._, 161-62.

[1136] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 95.

[1137] _Ibid._, 98.

[1138] Morison, _Otis_, I, 56-57.

[1139] April 21, 1796.

[1140] Gibbs, I, 327.

[1141] _Ibid._, 325-26.

[1142] _Ibid._ (Wolcott to his father), I, 331.

[1143] Thomas, _Reminiscences_, 53.

[1144] Kirkland, _Life of Ames_; Thomas, _Reminiscences; Familiar Letters_, 24-25.

[1145] Ames (to Dwight), I, 173-75.

[1146] Ames (to Dwight), I, 175-76.

[1147] _Ibid._, 177.

[1148] _Ibid._, 180-81.

[1149] _Ibid._, 183-84.

[1150] _Ibid._ (to Jeremiah Smith), 184-85.

[1151] _Aurora_, February 2, 1796.

[1152] _Ibid._, February 8, 1796.

[1153] Ames (to Dwight).

[1154] _Ibid._ (to Minor), I, 190-91.

[1155] Ames, I, 199-200, note.

[1156] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 100-01.

[1157] _Ibid._, 103-05.

[1158] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 330-31.

[1159] Randall, II, 273.

[1160] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 335-37.

[1161] _Ibid._, 339-43.

[1162] _Ibid._ (letter to Williams), 346-48.

[1163] Jefferson’s _Works_ (Mazzei letter), IX, 335-37.

[1164] Beveridge, _Marshall_, II, 156.

[1165] King’s _Works_, II, 46.

[1166] Henry, _Henry_, II, 515.

[1167] Beveridge, II, 157.

[1168] King’s _Works_, II, 48; Beveridge, II, 158.

[1169] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 163; King’s _Works_, II, 47.

[1170] King’s _Works_ (to Hamilton), II, 46.

[1171] _Gazette of the United States_, November 3, 1796.

[1172] _Aurora_, September 1, 1796.

[1173] Gibbs, I, 332; (Wolcott to his father), I, 350-52.

[1174] _Ibid._ (Wolcott to his wife), I, 209.

[1175] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to Washington), X, 198-200; 200-01.

[1176] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 103-05.

[1177] Steiner, _McHenry_, 203.

[1178] _Aurora_, November 24, 1796.

[1179] _Ibid._, December 27, 1796.

[1180] Gibbs, II, 386-88.

[1181] _Ibid._, I, 408-09.

[1182] _Ibid._, I, 400-03.

[1183] Gibbs, I, 411-13.

[1184] Ames (to Dwight), I, 208.

[1185] King’s _Works_, II, 148.

[1186] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 108.

[1187] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 352-55.

[1188] _Ibid._, 355-57.

[1189] _Ibid._, 355-57.

[1190] _Ibid._, 367-69.

[1191] _Aurora_, March 6, 1797.

[1192] Gibbs, II, 213.

[1193] Twining, 38.

[1194] Maclay, 30.

[1195] Twining, 37.

[1196] Twining, 37.

[1197] _Familiar Letters_, 116.

[1198] Maclay, 44.

[1199] _Diary_, II, 25.

[1200] Twining, 37.

[1201] Maclay, 14.

[1202] _Ibid._, 30.

[1203] _Ibid._, 206.

[1204] _Ibid._, 145, 206.

[1205] _Diary_, II, 57.

[1206] _Ibid._, 25.

[1207] Gibbs, I, 455-57; Wolcott, Sr.

[1208] Hamilton’s _Works_, VII, 734.

[1209] Morse, 242.

[1210] Maclay, 86.

[1211] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), VI, 63-67.

[1212] Lodge, _Cabot_, 65.

[1213] Liancourt, II, 124.

[1214] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 111.

[1215] Gibbs, I, 468.

[1216] _Ibid._, II, 215.

[1217] _Ibid._ (McHenry to Wolcott), 395.

[1218] Steiner, 477.

[1219] _Diary_, III, 392.

[1220] _Ibid._, III, 393.

[1221] Adams, _Works_ (to James Lovell), VIII, 493-94.

[1222] _Autobiography_, II, 438.

[1223] Adams, _Works_, IV, 420.

[1224] _Ibid._, VI, 462.

[1225] Morse, 247.

[1226] Maclay, May 28, 1789.

[1227] Written by Samuel Adams.

[1228] _Autobiography_, II, 310.

[1229] _Ibid._, 508.

[1230] Adams, _Adams_, I, 404.

[1231] Adams, _Works_, VI, 484.

[1232] _Autobiography_, II, 210.

[1233] _Ibid._, 214.

[1234] _Ibid._, 215.

[1235] _Ibid._, 232, 311.

[1236] Jefferson’s tribute.

[1237] Morse, 59.

[1238] _Ibid._, 60.

[1239] _Ibid._, 61.

[1240] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to John Steele), V, 25.

[1241] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), VI, 63-71.

[1242] Hamilton’s _Works_, VII, 314.

[1243] Gibbs, I, 475-77.

[1244] Steiner, 569.

[1245] _Autobiography_, II, 230-32.

[1246] Adams, _Adams_, I, 446.

[1247] _Diary_, II, 62.

[1248] Vol. II, 145.

[1249] Morse, 79.

[1250] _Diary_, II, 179.

[1251] _Ibid._, 381.

[1252] Lodge, _Studies in History_, 201.

[1253] Pickering, IV, 386, 391.

[1254] Pickering, II, 156.

[1255] _Ibid._, III, 170.

[1256] _Ibid._, III, 171.

[1257] Louis Philippe; Pickering, III, 284-85.

[1258] Pickering, I, 215.

[1259] _Ibid._, 351.

[1260] _Studies in History_, 219.

[1261] Pickering, I, 5.

[1262] _Ibid._, I, 23-30.

[1263] Pickering, II, 381-90.

[1264] _Ibid._, I, 14.

[1265] _Ibid._, II, 66.

[1266] Lodge, _Studies in History_, 221.

[1267] Pickering, II, 71.

[1268] _Ibid._, II, 74.

[1269] _Ibid._, 78.

[1270] _Ibid._, 80.

[1271] _Ibid._, 81-85.

[1272] Pickering, I, 483-84.

[1273] _Ibid._, 487.

[1274] _Ibid._, II, 442 and 445.

[1275] _Ibid._, 451.

[1276] _Ibid._, 452.

[1277] _Ibid._, 488.

[1278] Gibbs, I, 18.

[1279] _Ibid._, 21.

[1280] _Ibid._, 20; Wadsworth to Wolcott.

[1281] Noah Webster’s impression, Gibbs, II, 11.

[1282] Gibbs, I, 65.

[1283] Gibbs I, 449.

[1284] Steiner, 2.

[1285] Steiner, 97.

[1286] _Ibid._, 100.

[1287] _Ibid._, 99.

[1288] _Ibid._, 107.

[1289] _Ibid._, 124.

[1290] _Ibid._, 129, 132.

[1291] _Ibid._, 140-41.

[1292] _Ibid._, 156.

[1293] _Ibid._, 51.

[1294] Steiner, 123.

[1295] _Ibid._, 145.

[1296] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 129-31.

[1297] Steiner, 30.

[1298] _Life of Hamilton_, by his son, II, 241.

[1299] Steiner, 159; letter to Hamilton.

[1300] Roosevelt, _Morris_, 127.

[1301] Morris, _Diary_, I, 14.

[1302] _Diary_, I, 35.

[1303] _Ibid._, 133.

[1304] _Ibid._, 181.

[1305] _La Belle Pamela_, 217, note.

[1306] _Diary_, I, 75.

[1307] _Ibid._, 572.

[1308] _Ibid._, 556.

[1309] Roosevelt, _Morris_, 221-23.

[1310] Ames (to Gore), I, 134.

[1311] _Familiar Letters_, 356-57.

[1312] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 91-92.

[1313] Gibbs, I, 359.

[1314] _Ibid._

[1315] _Ibid._, 366-68.

[1316] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 234.

[1317] _Ibid._, 241.

[1318] _Ibid._, 243-46.

[1319] _Ibid._, 246-47.

[1320] Gibbs, I, 484-85.

[1321] _Ibid._, 486-87.

[1322] _Ibid._, 489-90; Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 251-52.

[1323] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 253.

[1324] Gibbs, I, 537.

[1325] Lodge, _Cabot_, 129.

[1326] _Ibid._, 130-31.

[1327] _Ibid._, 137.

[1328] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 261-65.

[1329] Steiner, 208-09.

[1330] _Ibid._, 213.

[1331] Adams, _Works_, VIII, 532-34; 535-36.

[1332] Gibbs, I, 463.

[1333] Lodge, _Cabot_, from Adams’s letters in the _Boston Patriot_.

[1334] Gibbs, I, 483.

[1335] Thomas, _Reminiscences_. _The Aurora_, March 21, 1797, printed his application for membership.

[1336] _The Aurora_, June 17, 1797, asked whether he was ‘spy or parasite’ while dining with the French Consul.

[1337] _Familiar Letters_, 107.

[1338] _Annals_, May 22, 1797.

[1339] _Ibid._

[1340] _Ibid._, May 23, 1797.

[1341] _Annals_, May 24, 1797.

[1342] _Ibid._, May 25, 1797.

[1343] Steiner, 301; Murray to McHenry boasting that Harper’s pamphlet had gone through several editions in England.

[1344] June 1, 1797.

[1345] _Aurora_, May 31, 1797.

[1346] _Gazette of the United States_, May 30, 1797.

[1347] Adams, _Gallatin_ (to Nicholson), 183-84.

[1348] _Annals_, May 30, 1797.

[1349] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, June 3, 1797.

[1350] _Annals_, June 3, 1797.

[1351] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, June 6, 1797.

[1352] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 335-37.

[1353] _Gazette of the United States_, May 19, 1797.

[1354] _Ibid._, May 30, 1797.

[1355] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 118.

[1356] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, July 17, 1797.

[1357] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, December 14, 1797, January 13, 1798. It was this Luther Martin who assailed Jefferson so bitterly in connection with his defense of Aaron Burr in the trial for treason.

[1358] _Ibid._, January 29, 1798.

[1359] _Gazette of the United States_, March 6, 1798.

[1360] _Ibid._, April 18, 1798.

[1361] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, July 5, 1797.

[1362] _Ibid._, October 23, 1797.

[1363] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 408-11.

[1364] _Domestic Life_, 245.

[1365] _Ibid._, 249.

[1366] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, December 4, 1797.

[1367] _Ibid._, June 14, 1797.

[1368] _Ibid._, July 11, 1797.

[1369] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, November 8, 1797.

[1370] _Ibid._, November 10, 1797.

[1371] _Ibid._, August 8, 1797.

[1372] _Ibid._, July 5, 1797.

[1373] _Ibid._, August 8, 1797.

[1374] _Gazette of the United States_, April 5, 1797.

[1375] _Aurora_, July 19, 1797.

[1376] _Aurora_, October 10, 1797.

[1377] Pinckney, _Life of Pinckney_, 179.

[1378] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, March 10, 1798, has a letter quoting some of the filthy lines.

[1379] Adams, _Gallatin_, 185-86.

[1380] _Ibid._, 184-85.

[1381] Melville, I, 108.

[1382] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, August 4, 1797.

[1383] _Aurora_, April 14, July 11 and 13, 1797.

[1384] _Gazette of the United States_, April 23, 1797.

[1385] _Ibid._, May 1, 1797.

[1386] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, July 1, 1797.

[1387] Adams, _Gallatin_ (to his wife), 186-87.

[1388] Adams, _Gallatin_, 187; description of banquet, _Aurora_, July 17, 1797.

[1389] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, July 3, 1797.

[1390] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Mercer), IX, 421; (to Madison), IX, 405-07.

[1391] Gibbs, II, 12.

[1392] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, November 6, 1797.

[1393] _Aurora_, November 15, 1797.

[1394] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 19-22.

[1395] Adams, _Gallatin_ (to Mrs. Gallatin), 191.

[1396] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, February 16, 1798.

[1397] _Ibid._, February 9, 1798.

[1398] _Ibid._, February 15, 1798.

[1399] _Ibid._, February 14, 1798.

[1400] Henry Adams says: ‘Lyon, though a very rough specimen of democracy, was by no means a contemptible man, and, politics aside, showed energy and character in his subsequent career.’ (Adams, _Gallatin_, 192.)

[1401] Steiner, 291, 295.

[1402] Adams, _Works_, I, 515-17.

[1403] Coit, _Annals_, February 28, 1798.

[1404] _Annals_, March 2, 1798.

[1405] _Ibid._, March 13, 1798.

[1406] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 437-39.

[1407] April 14, 1798.

[1408] Jefferson’s _Works_, IX, 405-07.

[1409] _Annals_, March 27, 1798.

[1410] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 279.

[1411] _Independent Chronicle_, March 26, 1798.

[1412] _New York Time Piece_, April 13, 1798.

[1413] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 22-24.

[1414] _Ibid._, X, 24-26.

[1415] Madison’s _Writings_, II, 133.

[1416] _Ibid._ (to Jefferson), II, 138.

[1417] _Centinel_, May 30, 1798.

[1418] _Independent Chronicle_, November 22, 1798.

[1419] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, May 7, 1798.

[1420] _Ibid._, May 7, 1798.

[1421] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 142.

[1422] Bache in a statement ascribed the incident to the intoxicated condition of the youths. _Time Piece_, May 14, 1798.

[1423] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 275-79.

[1424] _Independent Chronicle_, May 10, 1798.

[1425] _Gazette of the United States_, May 10; _Porcupine’s Gazette_, May 10, 1798.

[1426] _Aurora_, April 27, 1798.

[1427] _Independent Chronicle_, May 21, 1798.

[1428] _New York Commercial Advertiser_, October 19, 1798.

[1429] Ames, I, 232-35.

[1430] Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 49.

[1431] _Ibid._, II, 117-20.

[1432] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, June 20, 1798.

[1433] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 45-53.

[1434] Beveridge, II, 346-47.

[1435] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 45-53.

[1436] Beveridge, II, 348.

[1437] _New York Commercial Advertiser_, October 31, November 5, 1798.

[1438] ‘Titus Manlius,’ Hamilton’s _Works_, V, 259-301.

[1439] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 22-24.

[1440] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, May 23, 1798.

[1441] _Ibid._, May 24, 1798.

[1442] _Ibid._, May 26, 1798.

[1443] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, June 7, 1798.

[1444] _Ibid._, June 8, 1798.

[1445] _Ibid._, June 12, 1798.

[1446] Lodge, _Cabot_ (to Wolcott), 153-54.

[1447] _Independent Chronicle_, April 9, 1798.

[1448] Gibbs, II, 46.

[1449] _Independent Chronicle_, August 9, 1798.

[1450] _Ibid._, December 6, 1798.

[1451] _Centinel_, September 29, 1798.

[1452] _Centinel_, December 15, 1798.

[1453] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, April 11, 1798.

[1454] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 33-36.

[1455] _Ibid._, X, 47-49.

[1456] _Ibid._ (to Samuel Smith), X, 55.

[1457] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, June 1, 1798.

[1458] _Gazette of the United States_, August 9, 1798.

[1459] _Independent Chronicle_, May 21, 1798.

[1460] _Time Piece_, May 25, 1798.

[1461] _Ibid._, May 28, 1798.

[1462] _Ibid._, June 11, 1798.

[1463] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 16-19.

[1464] _Time Piece_, May 18, 1798.

[1465] May 24, 1798.

[1466] October 15, 1798.

[1467] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Lewis), X, 36-37.

[1468] _Ibid._

[1469] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 22-24; (to John Taylor), X, 63-67.

[1470] _Ibid._ (to S. Smith), X, 53-59.

[1471] King’s _Works_ (Troup to King), II, 431-32.

[1472] August 20, 1798.

[1473] _New York Commercial Advertiser_, November 20, 1798.

[1474] _Centinel_, July 18, 1798.

[1475] _Ibid._, July 14, 1798.

[1476] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 13-14.

[1477] _Ibid._, 15-16.

[1478] _Ibid._, 53-54.

[1479] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, July 21, 1798, makes a sneering comment.

[1480] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, July 23, 1798.

[1481] _Time Piece_, July 30, 1798.

[1482] _Time Piece_, June 13, July 2, 11, 13, 1798; _Aurora_, November 7, 1798.

[1483] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, December 22, 1798.

[1484] _Ibid._, May 8, 1798.

[1485] King’s _Works_, II, 376.

[1486] Randall, _Jefferson_, 400, note.

[1487] Volume II, 75, 77.

[1488] _Time Piece_, June 1, 1798.

[1489] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 33-36; 40-43.

[1490] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, July 11, 1798.

[1491] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 40.

[1492] Madison’s _Writings_ (to Jefferson), II, 142.

[1493] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 293.

[1494] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, April 30, 1798.

[1495] _Ibid._, May 1, 1798.

[1496] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 295.

[1497] A reference to Hopkinson’s song.

[1498] _Annals_, June 21, 1798.

[1499] _Annals_, July 10, 1798.

[1500] July 28, 1798.

[1501] July 19, 1798.

[1502] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 59-61.

[1503] King’s _Works_ (Troup to King), II, 431-32.

[1504] Davis, 46-48.

[1505] King’s _Works_ (Troup to King), II, 431-32.

[1506] _Gazette of the United States_, September 1, 1798.

[1507] Gibbs, II, 55.

[1508] _Gazette of the United States_, September 6, 1798.

[1509] Ames (to Dwight), I, 240.

[1510] September 17, 1798.

[1511] Henry, _Henry_, II, 612.

[1512] Ames (to Gore), I, 246.

[1513] _Commercial Advertiser_, October 17, 1798.

[1514] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, November 30, 1798.

[1515] Lodge, _Cabot_, 179-81.

[1516] Lodge, _Cabot_, 147.

[1517] _Ibid._ (to Pickering), 179.

[1518] _Ibid._, 172.

[1519] _Aurora_, February 12, 1800.

[1520] _Aurora_, February 22, 1800.

[1521] In _Porcupine’s Gazette_, February 2, 1799, Strubling attempts to explain his failure to fight when resistance was offered.

[1522] _Aurora_, May 20, 1799.

[1523] _Gazette of the United States_, April 15, 1799.

[1524] April 29, 1800.

[1525] Judge Alexander Addison, _Gazette of the United States_, February 15, 1799; Judge Iredell, April 9, 1799.

[1526] _Gazette of the United States_, May 10, 1799.

[1527] _New York Commercial Advertiser_, December 29, 1798.

[1528] _Gazette of the United States_, January 2, 1799.

[1529] _Commercial Advertiser_, December 28, 1799.

[1530] McLaughlin, _Lyon_; Wharton, _State Trials_, 333-44.

[1531] _Centinel_, February 27, 1799.

[1532] _Aurora_, June 20, 1799.

[1533] This connection was real.

[1534] Ames, I, 247.

[1535] _Independent Chronicle_, June 17, 1799; _Gazette of the United States_, June 17, 1799; ‘Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Anderson, American Historical Association _Report_, 1912.

[1536] _Independent Chronicle_, February 18, 1799.

[1537] _Ibid._, October 25, 1798.

[1538] _Ibid._, October 29, 1798.

[1539] _Ibid._, November 5, 1798.

[1540] _Independent Chronicle_, February 25, 1799.

[1541] _Ibid._, April 11, 1799.

[1542] March 28, 1799, from ‘A Friend.’

[1543] _Ibid._, March 7, 1799.

[1544] _Independent Chronicle_, March 28, 1799.

[1545] _Ibid._, April 25, 1799.

[1546] _Ibid._

[1547] Hudson, _Journalism_, 211-13.

[1548] Wharton, _State Trials_, 345-91; Hudson, _Journalism_, 213-14.

[1549] _Aurora_, October 22, 1799.

[1550] It was true, of course.

[1551] Wharton, _State Trials_, 658-81.

[1552] _Aurora_, April 25, 1800.

[1553] Adams’s answer in the case of Lyon.

[1554] _Aurora_, May 17, 1800.

[1555] Scharf, I, 505.

[1556] Robbins was turned over to the British, who claimed him as a national, and was executed for murder on the seas. Even Gallatin thought this an outrage until Marshall made his memorable speech in Congress in defense of the President’s action.

[1557] Wharton, _State Trials_.

[1558] Hammond, I, 123-24.

[1559] _Ibid._, 131-32; Alexander, 89.

[1560] Carey’s _Diary_; _Aurora_, January 17, 1800.

[1561] _Commercial Advertiser_, April 23, 1800.

[1562] _Aurora_, April 9, 1800.

[1563] _Independent Chronicle_, August 9, 1798.

[1564] _Ibid._, November 1, 1798.

[1565] _Ibid._, November 26, 1798.

[1566] ‘Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,’ by Anderson, American Historical Association _Report_, 1912.

[1567] Steiner, 436.

[1568] Thomas, _Reminiscences_.

[1569] _The Nation_, July 18, 1912; Moreau’s _Journal_.

[1570] _Gazette of the United States_, July 10, 1799.

[1571] _Aurora_, November 4, 1799.

[1572] _Independent Chronicle_, September 27, 1798.

[1573] _Ibid._

[1574] _Ibid._

[1575] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 119-21.

[1576] _Ibid._ (to Senator Mason), X, 61-62.

[1577] Warfield, _The Kentucky Resolutions_, 133-65.

[1578] _Ibid._, 55.

[1579] _Ibid._, 70.

[1580] Frank M. Anderson, ‘Contemporary Opinion of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,’ _American Historical Review_, October, 1899; January, 1900.

[1581] Professor Anderson calls attention to the fact that in Maryland the endorsement of the Alien and Sedition Laws was made more prominent than the condemnation of the proposed remedy.

[1582] _Independent Chronicle_, February 14, 1799.

[1583] _Centinel_, February 27, 1799.

[1584] Professor Anderson comments on this unfairness.

[1585] Anderson, _op. cit._

[1586] Professor Anderson says: ‘The imprisonment of Adams indicates that the Federalists were ready on the slightest provocation to treat opposition to the policy of the Administration, whether federal or state, as crime. That case certainly does much to explain why Jefferson and other Republican leaders could fear that Republican institutions were about to be overthrown.’ _American Historical Review_, January, 1900, p. 229.

[1587] Anderson, _op. cit._

[1588] _Intimate Life_, 323-24.

[1589] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 287.

[1590] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 301.

[1591] _Ibid._, 297-98.

[1592] _Ibid._, 310.

[1593] _Ibid._, 311.

[1594] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to McHenry), X, 307.

[1595] Gibbs, II, 93-99.

[1596] _Ibid._

[1597] Lodge, _Cabot_, 165-67.

[1598] Lodge, _Cabot_, 170-71.

[1599] Pickering, III, 432.

[1600] Gibbs, II, 99.

[1601] _Ibid._, 100.

[1602] Beveridge, II, 420.

[1603] Steiner, 354. Here, however, he qualifies.

[1604] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 286.

[1605] Parton, _Burr_, I, 235-36.

[1606] Gibbs (Pickering to Wolcott), II, 71.

[1607] _Ibid._ (from Goodrich), 105.

[1608] Steiner (McHenry to Tracy), 328.

[1609] _Ibid._ (from James Ash), 333.

[1610] _Ibid._, 368.

[1611] Adams, _Works_, X, 120-23.

[1612] July 12, 1798.

[1613] September 17, 1798.

[1614] July 30, 1798.

[1615] King’s _Works_ (from Troup), III, 35.

[1616] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 354.

[1617] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Pendleton), X, 104-10.

[1618] Gibbs (Higginson to Wolcott), II, 177.

[1619] Adams, _Works_, X, 126-31.

[1620] _Ibid._

[1621] January 28, 1799.

[1622] McMaster (II, 435) makes the statement that ‘Republicans were fully determined that the direct tax should not be gathered.’ There is abundant evidence, including the letter from Jefferson, previously quoted, that the Republicans thought an insurrection against the collection the worse possible thing for the party.

[1623] March 22, 1799. This refers to Hamilton’s efforts to involve Gallatin in the Whiskey Rebellion.

[1624] _Aurora_, April 14 and April 27, 1799; McMaster, II, 438-39.

[1625] _Ibid._, May 16, 1799; Hudson, 214; McMaster, II, 439.

[1626] _Gazette of the United States_, May 16, 1799.

[1627] _Aurora_, June 25, August 5, 1799.

[1628] _Ibid._, September 24, 1799.

[1629] Adams, _Works_, X, 116-19.

[1630] _Ibid._

[1631] _Aurora_, January 10, 1800.

[1632] _Ibid._, February 27, 1800.

[1633] Gibbs, II, 241; Morse to Wolcott.

[1634] May 14, 1799.

[1635] June 1, 1799.

[1636] May 16, 1799.

[1637] July 18, 1799.

[1638] Gibbs, II, 313-18.

[1639] Steiner, 382.

[1640] August 21, 1799.

[1641] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 49-53; (to Gerry), X, 74-86. All of which is borne out by the signed statement of Logan, whose veracity was more reliable than that of Harper.

[1642] New York _Commercial Advertiser_, November 15, 1798.

[1643] _Ibid._, November 22, 1798.

[1644] Adams, _Works_, VIII, 615.

[1645] Gibbs, II, 195.

[1646] _Aurora_, January 3, 1799.

[1647] _Ibid._, January 16, 1799.

[1648] Morison, _Otis_, I, 168-71.

[1649] Adams, _Works_, VIII, 617.

[1650] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 86-89.

[1651] Gibbs, II, 313-18.

[1652] Adams, _Adams_, I, 523-24.

[1653] Lodge, _Hamilton_, 212.

[1654] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to King), X, 314-15.

[1655] _Ibid._, 315-16.

[1656] Randall, _Jefferson_, II, 464.

[1657] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 389.

[1658] See King’s _Works_, II, 649-66; III, 556, 565; Adams, _Works_, X, 145 and 147.

[1659] At the rate of four for Connecticut with a population of 250,000.

[1660] Adams, _Adams_, I, 536.

[1661] Adams, _Adams_, I, 538-39.

[1662] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Madison), X, 110-13.

[1663] _Ibid._ (to Madison), 119-21.

[1664] Pickering, III, 439. According to another version, Adams received the committee politely until Sedgwick angered him with a slurring remark on Gerry.

[1665] _Porcupine’s Gazette_, February 20, 1799.

[1666] _Ibid._, February 21, 1799.

[1667] _Ibid._, February 28, 1799.

[1668] Adams, _Adams_, I, 544-45.

[1669] King’s _Works_, III, 68.

[1670] Steiner, 416.

[1671] King’s _Works_, IX, 249.

[1672] Lodge, _Cabot_, 224-26.

[1673] King’s _Works_, III, 7-10.

[1674] Lodge, _Cabot_, 221.

[1675] Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 229-30.

[1676] Morison, _Otis_ (to Otis), I, 171.

[1677] Ames (to Dwight), I, 252.

[1678] Morison, _Otis_, I, 174-75.

[1679] _Anas_, I, 351-52.

[1680] King’s _Works_ (Cabot to King), III, 111; (to Pickering), 228; (to Wolcott), 229.

[1681] _Aurora_, April 27, 1799.

[1682] _Centinel_, June 8, June 17, 1799.

[1683] August 28, 1799.

[1684] Lodge, _Cabot_, 237.

[1685] Adams, _Adams_, I, 554.

[1686] Stoddert was reported to have told General Sam Smith that this was in his mind; _Anas_, I, 349-50.

[1687] Lodge, _Cabot_, 240-42.

[1688] King’s _Works_ (Cabot to King), III, 114.

[1689] _Centinel_, October 9, 1799.

[1690] _Anas_, I, 349.

[1691] Brown, _Life of Ellsworth_, 279.

[1692] _Ibid._

[1693] _Aurora_, October 23, 1799.

[1694] _Ibid._, October 25, 1799.

[1695] _Aurora_, July 26, August 5, 1799.

[1696] Morison, _Otis_, I, 137; McRee, _Iredell_, II, 571.

[1697] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 154-59.

[1698] _Aurora_, April 2, 1800.

[1699] _Ibid._, April 4, 1800.

[1700] _Annals_, March 28, 1800.

[1701] April 2, 1800.

[1702] Beveridge, II, 453.

[1703] King’s _Works_, III, 237-38.

[1704] The nature of the amendment is not disclosed in the _Annals_, April 16, 1800.

[1705] _Aurora_, April 28, 1800.

[1706] _Ibid._, April 30, 1800.

[1707] _Aurora_, January 2, 1799.

[1708] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 70-74.

[1709] _Ibid._, 74.

[1710] _Ibid._, 89-92.

[1711] Adams, _Works_, X, 116-19.

[1712] _Commercial Advertiser_, February 13, 1800.

[1713] Randall, II, 470.

[1714] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 95-97.

[1715] _Ibid._, 86-89.

[1716] _Ibid._, 95-97.

[1717] _Ibid._, 97-99.

[1718] Dodd, _Macon_, 157-59.

[1719] Thomas, _Reminiscences_, II, 54-56.

[1720] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 134-36.

[1721] _Ibid._, 154-59.

[1722] _Ibid._

[1723] Randall, II, 538.

[1724] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 363.

[1725] Parton, _Life and Times of Aaron Burr_; Davis, _Memoirs of Aaron Burr; Familiar Letters_, 237; Oliver, _Hamilton_; Bradford, _Damaged Souls_.

[1726] Adams, _Gallatin_ (Matthew L. Davis to Gallatin), 232-34.

[1727] Parton, _Burr_, I, 247.

[1728] Myers, _Tammany Hall_, 12.

[1729] _Commercial Advertiser_, April 26, 1800.

[1730] _Commercial Advertiser_, July 26, 1800.

[1731] _Ibid._, April 29, 1800.

[1732] _Ibid._

[1733] _Commercial Advertiser_, April 29, 1800.

[1734] Adams, _Gallatin_, 237-38.

[1735] Adams, _Gallatin_ (to his wife), 240-41.

[1736] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 371.

[1737] Adams, _Gallatin_, 238-40.

[1738] _Ibid._, 241.

[1739] Gibbs (McHenry to his brother), II, 246-48.

[1740] Gibbs, II, 246-48; Steiner, 454.

[1741] Pickering, III, 487.

[1742] _Ibid._, III, 488.

[1743] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 376.

[1744] Steiner, 457.

[1745] _Aurora_, March 6, 1800.

[1746] _Aurora_, May 9, 1800.

[1747] _Centinel_, May 21, 1800.

[1748] _Centinel_, May 24, 1800.

[1749] King’s _Works_, III, 249.

[1750] _Ibid._, 250.

[1751] King’s _Works_ (from Pickering), 262-63; (Ames to King), 275-76; (Goodhue to Pickering), 243-44.

[1752] _Ibid._ (from Pickering), 248; (from Cabot), 249.

[1753] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to Sedgwick), X, 375-76.

[1754] King’s _Works_, III, 250.

[1755] _Ibid._, 275-76.

[1756] _Aurora_, July 17, 1800.

[1757] _Aurora_, June 7, 1800.

[1758] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to Bayard), X, 384-87.

[1759] Hamilton’s _Works_ (to Bayard), X, 384-87.

[1760] Quoted by _The Aurora_, July 30, 1800.

[1761] August 5, 1800.

[1762] _Familiar Letters_, 373; Lodge, _Cabot_.

[1763] _Memoir of Theophilus Parsons_, 328-29; 336-42, 345, 418, 436.

[1764] Thomas, _Reminiscences_, I, 17; T. W. Higginson, _Stephen Higginson_, 137, 272, 280, 273-76.

[1765] _Familiar Letters_, 370-71, 381.

[1766] _Centinel_, June 21, 1800.

[1767] _Centinel_, June 21, 1800.

[1768] _Ibid._

[1769] _Aurora_, June 21, 1800.

[1770] _Aurora_, June 30, 1800.

[1771] _Centinel_, June 28, 1800.

[1772] August 9, 1800.

[1773] _Chronicle_, July 31, 1800.

[1774] _Ibid._, August 18, 1800.

[1775] King’s _Works_ (J. Hale to King), III, 270.

[1776] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 379-80.

[1777] Gibbs (McHenry to Wolcott), II, 414-15.

[1778] Gibbs, II, 374-75.

[1779] Lodge, _Cabot_, 278-80.

[1780] Gibbs, II, 381.

[1781] Gibbs, II, 382.

[1782] _Ibid._, 379.

[1783] _Ibid._, 384.

[1784] _Ibid._, 400-05.

[1785] _Aurora_, September 11, 1800.

[1786] Lodge, _Cabot_ (to Wolcott), 282.

[1787] Lodge, _Cabot_, 286-88.

[1788] Gibbs (Phelps to Wolcott), II, 380.

[1789] _American Mercury_, September 11. 1800.

[1790] Lodge, _Cabot_ (Wolcott to Cabot), 278.

[1791] _Aurora_, July 26, 28, 1800.

[1792] Gibbs, II, 162.

[1793] _Aurora_, November 15, 1800; Langdon to Samuel Ringgold.

[1794] Gibbs, II, 418-19.

[1795] August 7, 1800.

[1796] This pamphlet is in New York Public Library.

[1797] Welling’s _Lectures_, 274-75.

[1798] _Hartford Courant_, June 23, 30, July 7, 14, 21, 26, August 4, 11, 18, September 1, 15, 22, 1800.

[1799] _American Mercury_, July 10, 1800.

[1800] Robinson, _Jeffersonian Democracy in New England_, 27.

[1801] Robinson, _Jeffersonian Democracy in New England_, 27.

[1802] _Centinel_, March 1, 22, 1800.

[1803] Gibbs (Phelps to Wolcott), II, 418-19.

[1804] August 4, 1800.

[1805] _New York Commercial Advertiser_, May 13, 1800.

[1806] _American Mercury_, September 19, 1800.

[1807] Gibbs (from Phelps), II, 418.

[1808] _Courant_, September 15, 1800.

[1809] _Ibid._

[1810] _Connecticut in Transition_, 315-16.

[1811] _Courant_, September 15, 1800.

[1812] Original copies published in both Philadelphia and Newark are in New York Public Library.

[1813] _Courant_, September 22, 1800.

[1814] _Courant_, November 17, 1800.

[1815] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Uriah McGregory), X, 170-73.

[1816] _Aurora_, September 1, 1800.

[1817] _Aurora_, September 4, 1800.

[1818] _Courant_, August 25, 1800.

[1819] _A Voice of Warning._

[1820] _Serious Considerations._

[1821] _Serious Facts._

[1822] Morse, _Federalist Party in Massachusetts_, 133-34.

[1823] Morse, _Federalist Party in Massachusetts_, 95, note.

[1824] _The Claims of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency Examined at the Bar of Christianity_, probably by Asbury Dickens in New York Public Library.

[1825] _Address to the People of the United States_, etc., by John James Beckley, in New York public Library.

[1826] _Independent Chronicle_, June 30, 1800.

[1827] _American Mercury_, October 2, 1800.

[1828] _Aurora_, March 31, 1800.

[1829] _Ibid._, October 14, 1800.

[1830] Lodge, _Cabot_, 283-84.

[1831] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 383-84.

[1832] _Ibid._, 388-89.

[1833] Lodge, _Cabot_ (Cabot to Hamilton), 284-86.

[1834] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 389-90.

[1835] Lodge, _Cabot_, 293.

[1836] Davis, _Burr_, II, 65.

[1837] Parton, I, 126-27; Davis, II, 65.

[1838] Copied in the _Commercial Advertiser_, November 27, 1800.

[1839] Hamilton’s _Works_, VII, 309-64.

[1840] Lodge, _Cabot_, 298-300.

[1841] _Centinel_, November 15, 1800.

[1842] _Ibid._, November 26, 1800.

[1843] October 27, 1800.

[1844] November 4, 1800.

[1845] October 30, 1800.

[1846] December 1, 1800.

[1847] October 29, 1800.

[1848] Reprinted in _The Aurora_, November 13, 1800.

[1849] _Answer to Alexander Hamilton’s Letter Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams._

[1850] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 391.

[1851] Ames, I, 283-85.

[1852] Gibbs, II, 384-86.

[1853] _American Mercury_, June 19, 1800.

[1854] Steiner (Hamilton to McHenry), 466; (Dickinson to McHenry), 471.

[1855] _A Series of Letters on the Subject of ‘The Legislative Choice’ of Electors in Maryland_, by ‘Bystander.’

[1856] August 4, 1800.

[1857] Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 388-90.

[1858] _Ibid._, II, 399.

[1859] _Ibid._, II, 387-88.

[1860] _Aurora_, November 11, 1800.

[1861] Morris, _Diary_, II. 394-95.

[1862] Gibbs (Wolcott to wife), II, 456.

[1863] Adams, _Letters of Mrs. Adams_, II, 239-41.

[1864] _Ibid._, 243-44.

[1865] Morris. _Diary_, II, 396.

[1866] Mrs. Smith, 9-10.

[1867] Adams, _Gallatin_ (Gallatin to his wife), 252-55.

[1868] _Ibid._, 255.

[1869] _Ibid._, 255.

[1870] Mrs. Smith, 13-15.

[1871] _Ibid._, 4.

[1872] Mrs. Smith, 3.

[1873] _Ibid._, 5.

[1874] Gallatin’s expression; Adams, _Gallatin_, 252-53.

[1875] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 392-93.

[1876] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 393-97.

[1877] Parton, _Burr_, I, 267.

[1878] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 397.

[1879] _Ibid._, 393-97.

[1880] McLaughlin, _Matthew Lyon_, 386.

[1881] Parton, _Burr_, I, 270.

[1882] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 401.

[1883] _Ibid._, 402-04.

[1884] _Ibid._, 404-05.

[1885] _Ibid._, 405-07.

[1886] Morris, _Diary_, II, 397.

[1887] Morris, _Diary_, II, 404.

[1888] Morison, _Otis_, I, 211-12.

[1889] King’s _Works_, III, 363.

[1890] Steiner, 485-88.

[1891] _Ibid._, 489-90.

[1892] King’s _Works_ (Pickering to King), III, 366.

[1893] Parton, _Burr_, I, 272-73.

[1894] _Ibid._, 274.

[1895] Parton, _Burr_, I, 274-75.

[1896] _Ibid._, 277-78.

[1897] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 412-19.

[1898] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 419-20.

[1899] King’s _Works_ (J. Hale to King), III, 372.

[1900] _Ibid._ (Sedgwick to King), 455.

[1901] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 420.

[1902] King’s _Works_ (Troup to King), III, 391.

[1903] Jefferson’s _Works_ (to Hugh Williamson), X, 188; (to William Dunbar), 191.

[1904] Adams, _Gallatin_ (Gallatin to his wife), 257.

[1905] _Commercial Advertiser_, January 17, 1801.

[1906] Reprinted in Connecticut _Courant_, January 26, 1801.

[1907] _Centinel_, January 28, 1801.

[1908] _Centinel_, January 7, 1801.

[1909] _Ibid._, February 11, 1801.

[1910] _Ibid._

[1911] Adams. _Gallatin_, 248-51.

[1912] Adams, _Gallatin_, 248-51.

[1913] _Ibid._

[1914] _Centinel_, February 18, 1801, before the result of the election was known.

[1915] _Anas_, I, 381.

[1916] Morris, _Diary_, II, 403.

[1917] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 196-97.

[1918] Connecticut _Courant_, February 11, 1801.

[1919] Parton, _Burr_, I, 288.

[1920] Morison, _Otis_, I, 207-08.

[1921] Mrs. Smith, 24.

[1922] _Commercial Advertiser_, February 16, 1801.

[1923] Mrs. Smith, 24.

[1924] Jefferson’s _Works_, X, 198-99.

[1925] Morison, _Otis_, I, 207-08.

[1926] Adams, _Gallatin_, 260-61.

[1927] _Ibid._, 261-62.

[1928] Parton, _Burr_, I, 288.

[1929] Mrs. Smith, 23.

[1930] Parton, _Burr_; Letter to Hamilton.

[1931] Adams, _Gallatin_, 262.

[1932] _Annals_, February 21, 1801.

[1933] _Annals_, March 2, 1801.

[1934] Gibbs, II, 497.

[1935] Adams, _Gallatin_, 265.

[1936] Mrs. Smith, 12.

[1937] _Ibid._, 26.

[1938] Mrs. Smith.

[1939] Hamilton’s _Works_, X, 425.

[1940] _Ibid._, X, 444.