CHAPTER XII.

CONCLUSION.

The names of rivers form a striking commentary on the history of language, so admirably expounded to the general reader in the recent work of Professor Max Müller.

When we review the long list of words that must have once had the meaning of water or river, we can hardly fail to be struck with the number that have succumbed in what he so aptly terms "the struggle for life which is carried on among synonymous words as much as among plants and animals."

We see too how large a portion of this long list of appellatives may ultimately be traced back to a few primary roots. And how even these few primary roots may perhaps be resolved into a still smaller number of yet more simple forms.

I take for instance, as a primitive starting point in river-names, the Sansc. root _î_, _â_, or _ay_, signifying to move, to flow, to go. We have appellatives even in this simple form, as the Old Norse _â_, Anglo-Sax. _aê_, water, river. But whether they directly represent the root, or whether, like the French _eau_, p. 30, they have only withered down to it again, after a process of germinating and sprouting, I do not take upon me to determine.

Then we have the roots, also of the kind called primary, _ab_, _ar_, _ir_, _ag_, _ikh_, _il_, _it_, all having the same general meaning, to move, to go, and from which, as elsewhere noticed, are also derived a number of appellatives for water or river in the various Indo-European languages. I should be inclined to suggest that the whole of these are formed upon, and are modifications of the simple root _î_, _â_, or _ay_, and that the following remarks made by Max Müller respecting secondary roots, may be extended also to them. "We can frequently observe that one of the consonants, in the Aryan languages, generally the final, is liable to modification. The root retains its general meaning, which is slightly modified and determined by the changes of the final consonants." He instances the Sansc. _tud_, _tup_, _tubh_, _tuj_, _tur_, _tuh_, _tus_, all having the same general meaning, to strike.

Again--there are forms such as _ang_, _amb_, _and_, &c., which are merely a strengthening of the roots _ag_, _ab_, _ad_, or _at_, and which also are found in a number of appellative forms.

We might pursue the subject still further, and enquire whether the secondary forms, such as _sar_, _sal_, _car_, _cal_, all having the same general meaning, to move, to go, may not be formed, by the prefix of a consonant, on the roots _ar_ and _al_, and so also be ultimately referred to the simple root _î_ or _â_.

As also the silent and ceaseless flow of water is the most natural and the most common emblem of the efflux of time; so in the same root is to be found the origin of many of the words which mean time and eternity. The Gr. {aei}, the Goth. _aiv_, the Anglo-Sax. _awa_, Eng. _ever_ and _aye_, are all from this same root, so widely spread in river-names, and express the same idea which speaks--

"For men may come, and men may go, But I go on for ever."

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

P. 25.

To the root _ab_ or _ap_, water, place the Lith. and Lett. _uppe_, river, whence the following.

_Germany._ The OPPA in Silesia. _Russia._ The UPA. Joins the Oka. The UFA. Joins the Bielaya.

P. 33.

To the root _ud_ place as an appellative the Obs. Gael. _ad_, water. And add to form No. 1 the following names.

_Russia._ The UDA. Gov. Kharkov. _France._ The ODDE. Dep. Allier.

P. 35.

The Celt. word _and_ or _ant_, water, is nothing more than a strengthening of the above Obs. Gael. _ad_.

P. 40.

In referring to the root _ark_, _erk_, I have omitted the Ir. _earc_, water, the appellative most nearly concerned. The Basque _erreca_, brook, might be taken to be borrowed from the Celtic, did we not find in the same language the more primitive words _ur_ and _errio_, p. 38, which seem to form a link with the Indo-European languages.

P. 49.

To the root _nig_, _ni_, place--

1. _France._ The NÉ. Joins the Charente. _Norway._ The NIA. Stift Trondjem.

3. _With the ending es._ _Russia._ The NERUSSA. Gov. Orel.

P. 63.

To the root _wig_, _wic_, _wy_, place the two following names. The Welsh _gwy_, water, is the word most nearly concerned in most of the group.

_England._ The WYCK. Buckinghamshire. _Russia._ The UI. Gov. Orenburg.

P. 64.

To the root _vip_ place as an appellative the Welsh _gwibio_, to rove, wander, _gwibiau_, serpentine course. Probably upon the whole the sense of tortuousness is that which should be recognized. The following name probably belongs to form No. 1.

_Spain._ The QUIPAR. Joins the Segura.

P. 70.

The Celtic languages have a trace of the word _trag_, to run, in the Old Ir. _traig_, foot (_Zeuss, Gramm. Celt._)

P. 83.

For _Greece._ PYDARAS ant. Thrace. Read _Thrace._ PYDARAS ant.

P. 84.

To the Ir. _biol_, _buol_, water, place the following names.

_England._ The BEAULIEU, also called the Exe, in Hampshire. _Scotland._ The BEAULY. Inverness. _Italy._ PAULO ant., now the Paglione.

P. 85.

I apprehend that in the opinion of Celtic scholars of the present day the Ancient British deity Cocidis is not considered to have any connection with the river Coquet.

P. 91.

It seems probable that the word _asp_ in river-names is formed by metathesis from the word _aps_, p. 27, form 5.

P. 97.

The GRYFFE and the GIRVAN may perhaps be better derived from the Gael. _grib_, swift.

P. 132.

To the root _pad_ or _pand_, to spread, may probably be placed--

_England._ The PANT. Essex.

P. 135.

From the root _tan_, may be derived the DNIESTER, (=Danaster), from _ster_, river. Or it might be from the root _dan_, as in Danube, p. 116.

P. 136.

The Dan. _tang_, sea-weed, does not seem to be connected with any word signifying water: it represents the Old Norse _tag_, twig.

P. 145.

To the root _vind_, white, clear, place--

_England._ The WENTE. Yorkshire.

P. 149.

To the Sansc. _taras_, Welsh _têr_, pure, clear, place--

_Thrace._ TEARUS ant.

INDEX.

(_Ancient Names in Italics._)

Aa, 28

Aach, 28

Aar, 39

_Abana_, 26

_Acaris_, 81

Achaza, 31

Adda, 34

Adenau, 34

Adour, 34

Adur, 34

_Aenus_, 27

Agger, 81

Aghor, 81

Agri, 81

Ahr, 39

Ahse, 31

Ain, 135

Aisne, 31

Aiss, 81

Aiterach, 35

Alass, 75

_Alaunus_, 71

Alb, 73

Albegna, 74

Alben, 74

_Albla_, 74

_Albula_, 74

_Alces_, 104

Aldan, 72

Alde, 72

Alf, 73

Alhama, 130

Alise, 75

_Alisna_ 75

Allan, 71

Alle, 71

Aller, 71

_Allia_, 71

Allier, 74

Allow, 71

Alm, 130

Alma, 130

Alme, 130

Almelo, 130

Almo, 130

Alne, 71

_Alpheus_, 74

_Alpis_, 73

Alt, 72

Alta, 72

Alten, 72

Altmühl, 104

Alum Bay, 130

Alz, 75

Amasse, 29

_Ambastus_, 29

Amber, 29

Amble, 29

Amblève, 29

Amele, 29

Ammer, 29

_Amnias_, 26

Amon, 26

Andelau, 36

Andelle, 36

Angel, 81

Angera, 81

Angerap, 81

_Angrus_, 81

_Anitabha_, 35--Note.

Anker, 81

Annas, 27

Ant, 35

Anton, 36

Anza, 27

Appelbach, 26

_Apsarus_, 27--Note.

_Apsus_, 27

_Arabis_, 120

Aragon, 41, 176

Arak, 41, 176

_Arar_, 117

Aras, 78

_Araxes_, 78

Arc, 41, 176

Arga, 41, 176

Argen, 41, 176

_Arius_, 56

_Ariminus_, 122

Arke, 41, 176

Arl, 40

Arly, 40

Arme, 122

Armine, 122

Arno, 40

Arobeg, 164

_Arosis_, 78

Arques, 41

_Arrabo_, 120

Arrow, 39

_Arsia_, 78

Arun, 39

Arva, 109

Arve, 109

_Ascania_, 31

Ash, 31

_Asopus_, 92, 178

Aspe, 92, 178

Astura, 58

Au, 28

Aube, 73

Aulne, 71

Aune, 27

Aupe, 73

Aurach, 39

Auray, 39

Auve, 74

Aven, 26

Avia, 25

Aviz, 27

Avoca, 153

Avon, 26

Avre, 26

Awbeg, 164

Awe, 28

Axe, 30

_Axius_, 31

_Axona_, 31

_Axus_, 31

Bahr, 65

Bandon, 132

Bane, 143

Banitz, 148

Bann, 148

Bannock, 148

Bar, 65

Barrow, 65

Baunach, 84

Beaulieu, 178

Beauly, 178

Beela, 84

Behr, 65

Behrun, 65

Beina, 143

Beraun, 65

Bere, 65

Berre, 65

Beuvron, 84

Bever, 84

Biala, 150

Bialy, 150

Biberbach, 84

Bibra, 84

Bielaya, 150

Bièvre, 83

Bila, 150

_Billæus_, 85

Binoa, 82

Birse, 101

Blythe, 152

Bode, 132

_Boderia_, 132

Bogen, 138

Bogie, 138

Bolbec, 85

_Bollaha_, 85

Bord, 133

Bordau, 163

Bowe, 138

Boyle, 85

Boyne, 84

Bracht, 167

Braine, 167

Bramaue, 154

Bratawa, 167

Bratha, 167

Bray, 167

_Breagna_, 167

Brege, 167

Bresle, 101

Brettach, 167

Brosna, 101

Brothock, 167

Bucket, 138

Bug, 138

Buhler, 85

Buller, 85

Bullot, 85

Burzen, 101

_Cædrius_, 108

Cailas, 110

Cain, 144

_Calbis_, 113

_Caldhowa_, 112

Calder, 112

Caldew, 112

Callan, 110

_Callas_, 110

_Callipus_, 113

Calore, 110

_Calpas_, 113

Cam, 138

Candy Burn, 144

Cane, 144

Cann, 144

Cantiano, 145

_Caresus_, 114

Carpino, 97

_Carpis_, 97

Carron, 139

Cart, 159

Caveri, 167

_Cayster_, 68

_Celadon_, 112

_Celydnus_, 112

_Cerbalus_, 98

_Cersus_, 114

_Cestrus_, 68

_Chalus_, 110

_Chalusus_, 110

Cham, 138

Char, 139

Charente, 139

_Chares_, 139

Chelt, 112

Chelva, 113

Cher, 139

Chiana, 147

Chiers, 114

_Choaspes_, 68, 178

Choper, 167

Chor, 139

Churne, 139

_Cladeus_, 80

_Clanius_, 147

Clare, 149

Cleddeu, 79

_Clitora_, 80

_Clitumnus_, 80

Cloyd, 79

_Cludros_, 80

Clun, 147

Clwyd, 79

Clyde, 79

Cober, 167

_Cocbrôc_, 86

Cocker, 86

Cockley-beck, 87

_Cocytus_, 87

Coker, 86

_Colapis_, 113

Cole, 164

Colne, 164

Coly, 164

Conan, 145

Cond, 144

Conder, 145

Conn, 144

Conner, 145

Conway, 145

Coquet, 87

_Coralis_, 139

Cover, 167

_Cremera_, 140

_Cremisus_, 140

Crummock, 140

Cuckmare, 87

_Curalius_, 139

_Cydnus_, 108

_Cyrus_, 139

Dahme, 135

Dalcke, 106

Dane, 135

Danube, 116

_Daradax_, 105

_Daradus_, 105

Darme, 70

Daubrawa, 37

Deane, 135

Déaume, 135

Dee, 134

Deel, 105

Delvenau, 106

Demer, 135

Derwent, 141

Desna, 107

Deva, 135

Dill, 105

Dillar Burn, 106

Dista, 107

Dive, 135

Dniester, 179

Dobur, 37

Docker, 150

Dodder, 90

Dokka, 150

Dommel, 90

Don, 135

Donge, 136

Dora, 37

Dordogne, 38

Doubs, 36

Douglas, 150

Dourdon, 155

Dourdwy, 155

Douro, 37

Doux, 36

Dove, 36

Dovy, 36

Dow, 36

Dowles, 150

Drac, 70

Drage, 70

Drammen, 70

Dran, 69

Drave, 69

Drewenz, 141

Drome, 70

Drone, 69

Dronne, 69

Dubissa, 37

Duddon, 90

Dude, 90

Durance, 141

Durme, 70

Durra, 37

Dussel, 107

Duyte, 90

Dyle, 106

Earne, 40

Ebrach, 26

Ebro, 26

Ecolle, 69

Eden, 35

Eder, 34

Edrenos, 34

Eem, 28

Eger, 81

Ehen, 27

Eichel, 28

Eider, 35

Eisach, 32

Eitrach, 35

Elbe, 73

Eld, 72

Elda, 72

Ellé, 71

Ellen, 71

Ellero, 71

Ellison, 75

Elvan, 74

Elz, 75

Emba, 29

Emele, 29

Emme, 28

Emmen, 29

Emmer, 29

Ems, 29

Ens, 27

Era, 39

Erens, 138

Erft, 40

Ergers, 41

Erl, 40

Erla, 40

Erms, 122

Erpe, 109

Erve, 109

Eschaz, 31

Esk, 31

Eskle, 31

Esla, 33

Esque, 31

Ettrick, 35

Eure, 34

Evan, 26

_Evenus_, 26

Eye, 28

Eypel, 27

Exe, 31

Fal, 130

Feale, 130

Fillan, 130

Fils, 130

Findhorn, 146

Finn, 146

Finnan, 146

_Fladaha_, 149

Fladnitz, 149

Fleet, 66

Flieden, 66

Flietnitz, 66

Flisk, 67

Foilagh, 130

Formio, 154

Forth, 115

Fowey, 154

Foyers, 154

Frame, 154

Fraw, 115

Frome, 154

Froon, 115

Fulda, 162

_Gada_, 108

Gaddada, 109

Gade, 108

Gader, 108

Gadmen, 109

Gail, 110

Gairden, 161

Gala, 110

_Galthera_, 112

Gande, 108

Ganges, 68

_Gangitus_, 68

Gard, 161

Gardon, 161

Garf water, 97

Garonne, 13, 114

_Garrhuenus_, 113

Garry, 113

Gartach, 161

Garza, 114

Gata, 108

Gauir, 155

Geisa, 108

_Gela_, 110

Gelt, 112

Geltnach, 112

_Geranius_, 114

_Geron_, 114

Gers, 114

Gidea, 108

Giesel, 109

Giessbach, 108

Gingy, 68

Giron, 114

Girvan, 97, 178

Glan, 147

Glass, 147

Glatt, 147

Glen, 147

Glon, 147

Glyde, 80

Gose, 108

Gotha, 108

Gouw, 68

Grabow, 97

Granta, 163

Gravino, 97

Greta, 152

Grumbach, 140

Gryffe, 97, 178

Gwynedd, 145

_Gyndes_, 108

Haase, 100--Note.

_Haliacmon_, 104

_Halycus_, 104

_Halys_, 75

Hamel, 29

Hamps, 29

Harpa, 109

_Harpasus_, 109

_Hebrus_, 26

_Helisson_, 75

Helme, 130

Helpe, 74

Herk, 41, 176

Hesper, 92, 178

Hespin, 91

_Hesudros_, 33

_Hisscar_, 32

Hörsel, 78

Hull, 89

Humber, 29

Hunte, 100

_Hypanis_, 26

_Hypius_, 26

_Hypsas_, 27

_Iberus_, 26

Idle, 35

Igla, 69

Iglawa, 69

Ihna, 27

Ik, 69

Ilach, 71

Ilavla, 74

Ile, 71

Ilen, 71

Ilek, 104

_Ilissus_, 75

Ill, 71

Ille, 71

Iller, 71

Illim, 130

Ilm, 130

Ilmen, 130

Ilmenau, 130

Ilse, 75

Ilz, 75

Inda, 23

Inde, 23

Indus, 23

Indre, 23

Ingon, 81

Ingul, 81

Inn, 27

Inney, 27

Ionne, 69

Ipf, 26

Ipoly, 27

Ips, 27

_Irat_, 138

Irati, 138

Irghiz, 41

Irk, 41

Irkut, 41

Irt, 138

Irthing, 138

Irvine, 109

Isac, 31

Isar, 33

Ischl, 31

Ise, 32

Isen, 32

Isère, 32

Isis, 33

Isla, 33

Isker, 161

_Ismenus_, 33

Isolé, 33

Isper, 92

Isset, 33

_Issus_, 32

_Ister_, 33, 117, 170

Itchen, 69

Iton, 35

Itz, 35

Ive, 25

Ivel, 26

_Jactus_, 100

Jaghatu, 100

Jahde, 100

Jahnbach, 68

_Jardanus_, 161

Jaxt, 100

Jesmen, 89

Jessava, 89

Jetza, 89

_Jezawa_, 89

Jisdra, 89

Joss, 89

Jug, 100

Kalitva, 112

Kam, 139

Kama, 139

Kamp, 138

Kana, 144

Kander, 145

Karthaue, 161

Kels, 110

Kelvin, 113

Kemi, 139

Kenne, 144

Kent, 144

Kerr, 139

Kersch, 114

Khabur, 167

Khankova, 68

Klara, 149

Klodnitz, 80

Klön, 147

Kocher, 86

Kohary, 86

Kohlbach, 113

Kokel, 86

Kola, 164

Kolima, 164

Korol, 139

Koros, 114

Kösten, 158

Krems, 140

Kroma, 140

Krumbach, 140

Kuchelbach, 87

Kulpa, 113

Kur, 139

Lagan, 45

Lahn, 45

_Laimaha_, 128

Laine, 45

Laith, 46

Lama, 128

Lambro, 129

Lamme, 128

Lammer, 129

Lamone, 129

Lamov, 128

_Lamus_, 129

Laucha, 45

Lauder, 148

Lauter, 148

Lave, 45

Lavino, 45

Leach, 44

Leam, 128

Lech, 44

Leck, 44

Lee, 44

Leen, 44

Legre, 44

Leiser, 147

Leith, 46

Leitha, 46

Leithan, 47

Leman, 129

Leman (Lake), 129

Lempe, 128

Lesse, 146

_Lethæus_, 47

Leven, 45

Lez, 146

Lid, 46

Lida, 46

Lidden, 47

Liddle, 47

Lieser, 147

Liffar, 46

Liffey, 46

Ligne, 44

Lima, 128

Limen, 129

Limmat, 129

_Limyrus_, 129

_Liparis_, 170

Lipka, 46

Lippe, 46

Liver, 46

Liza, 146

Lizena, 146

Ljusne, 147

Lloughor, 45

Loing, 45

Loire, 44

Loiret, 14

Lomond (Loch), 129

Looe, 45

Loony, 45

Loose, 146

Lossie, 146

Lot, 72

Loue, 45

Louga, 45

Lougan, 45

Louven, 45

Lowna, 45

Lowther, 148

Luder, 148

Lug, 45

Lugan, 45

Lugano (Lake), 45

Lugar, 45

Luhe, 44

Lune, 45

Lutter, 148

Lye, 44

Lyme, 128

Lyon, 44

Lys, 44

Maas, 142

Macestus, 61

Madder, 88

Madel, 88

Maese, 142

Magra, 60

Mahanuddy, 60

Maia, 60

Maig, 60

Main, 60

Maina, 60

March, 61

Mare, 62

Marecchia, 62

Mark, 61

Marne, 88

Marosch, 62

_Marsyas_, 62

Masie, 142

Mask (Lake), 62

_Matrinus_, 88

_Matrona_, 88

Maw, 60

Mawn, 60

May, 60

Mayenne, 127

Meal, 61

Mede, 88

_Medemelacha_, 126

Medinka, 126

_Medoacus_, 127

_Medofulli_, 126

Medvieditza, 127

Medway, 126

Medwin, 127

Megna, 60

Mehaigne, 60

Mehe, 88

Meissau, 142

_Melsus_, 151

Meon, 60

Mergui, 62

Mersey, 62

Metauro, 88

_Metema_, 127

Meuse, 142

Mhye, 60

Midou, 126

Miele, 61

Mies, 142

Milsibach, 151

Moder, 88

Moldau, 162

Moldava, 162

Mora, 61

Morava, 61

Morge, 61

Mörn, 62

Moselle, 142

Moskva, 62

Mourne, 62

Moy, 60

Moyne, 60

Muhr, 61

Mulde, 162

Mülmisch, 151

Muotta, 102

Murg, 61

Murr, 61

Murz, 62

Musone, 142

Muthvey, 102

Naab, 50

Naaf, 50

_Nabalis_, 51

Nabon, 50

Nahe, 50

Nairn, 49

_Namadus_, 52

_Naparis_, 50

Nar, 49

Narenta, 49

Narew, 49

Naron, 49

Narova, 49

Narra, 49

Natisone, 88

Nave, 50

Naver, 50

Navia, 50

Ne, 177

Neagh (Lake), 49

Neath, 54

_Neda_, 54

Neers, 49

Neisse, 51

Nenagh, 49

Nene, 49

Nenny, 49

Nent, 49

Nera, 49

Nerja, 49

Nerussa, 177

Ness, 51

Neste, 51

_Nestus_, 51

Nethan, 54

Nethe, 54

Neutra, 88

Neva, 50

Never, 50

Nevis, 51

Nia, 177

_Nia_, 49

Nidd, 54

Nidder, 54

Nied, 54

Niemen, 50

Nievre, 50

Nisi, 51

Nissava, 51

Nith, 54

Nive, 50

Nivelle, 50

Noain, 88

Nodder, 88

_Noraha_, 49

Nore, 49

Now, 49

_Oarus_, 39

Ock, 28

Ocker, 153

Odde, 176

Odder, 34

Oder, 34

Odon, 34

_Oenus_, 27

Oertze, 78

Ohm, 26

Ohre, 39

Ohrn, 40

Oich, 28

Oikell, 28

Oise, 32

Oka, 28

Oke, 28

Olle, 72

_Olmeius_, 130

_Oltis_, 72

Ombrone, 29

Oppa, 176

Orb, 109

Ore, 39

Orge, 41

Orla, 40

Orlyava, 40

Orlyk, 40

Orre, 40

Orrin, 40

_Orsinus_, 78

Orvanne, 109

_[OE]scus_, 31

Oskol, 31

Otter, 34

Ource, 78

Ourcq, 41

Ourt, 138

Ousche, 32

Oust, 158

Owenbeg, 164

Ovoca, 153

Oxus, 31

Paar, 65

Pader, 132

_Padus_, 132

Palme, 67

Pant, 178

_Pantanus_, 132

Parde, 133

Parret, 83

_Parthenius_, 133

_Pathissus_, 132

_Paulo_, 178

Pebrach, 84

Pedder, 83

Peen, 81

Peffer, 83

Pelym, 67

_Peneus_, 82

Penjina, 82

Penk, 82--Note.

Pennar, 82

Penza, 82

_Permessus_, 154

Pernau, 65

Persante, 101

Petteril, 83

Pever, 83

Pfreimt, 154

Piana, 82

Piave, 65

Piddle, 82

Pina, 82

Pinau, 82

Pindar, 83

_Pindus_, 82

Pinega, 82

Pinka, 82

Pitrenick, 83

Plaine, 65

Plau, 65

Plan-see (Lake), 66

Pleiske, 67

Pleisse, 66

_Pleistus_, 66

Pliusa, 66

Ploen (Lake), 66

Plone, 66

Plonna, 66

Plym, 67

Po, 131

Polota, 85

_Porata_, 115

Portva, 115

_Practius_, 167

Pravadi, 115

Pregel, 115

Primma, 154

Prims, 154

Pripet, 115

Pronia, 115

Prosna, 101

Prüm, 154

Pruth, 115

Purally, 115

_Pydaras_, 83

_Pyramus_, 154

Queiss, 158

Quenny, 145

Quipar, 177

Raab, 120

_Rasa_, 96

Rasay, 96

Ravee, 102

Raven, 102

Rea, 43

Rednitz, 95

Reen, 43

Rega, 43

Regen, 43

Regge, 43

Reno, 43

Reuss, 96

Rezat, 96

_Rha_, 43

_Rhesus_, 96

Rhine, 43

Rhion, 43

_Rhodanus_, 95

_Rhodius_, 95

Rhone, 95

Riaza, 96

Riga, 43

Riss, 96

Robe, 102

Rodach, 95

Rodau, 95

Rodden, 95

Roer, 168

Rohrbach, 168

Ross, 96

Rosslau, 96

Rötel, 96

Roth, 95

Rotha, 95

Rothaine, 95

Rother, 96

Rott, 95

Rottach, 95

Roubion, 102

Ruhr, 168

Rye, 43

Saale, 76

Saar, 55

_Sabis_, 59

Sabor, 59

_Sabrina_, 59

Saima (Lake), 119

Sal, 77

Salm, 166

_Salo_, 77

Salza, 151

Samara, 119

Sambre, 59, 119

San, 166

Saone, 119

Saraswati, 56

Saratovka, 56

_Sarayu_, 55

Sare, 55

Sark, 55

Sarnius, 56

Sarno, 56

Sarsonne, 56

Sarthe, 56

Sau, 59

_Sauconna_, 119

Save, 59

Savena, 59

Savezo, 59

Savio, 59

Savranka, 59

Sazawa, 98

_Scaldis_, 159

Scarr, 162

Scheer, 162

Scheldt, 159

Schie, 161

Schiltach, 159

Schmida, 53

Schnei, 52

Schondra, 99

Schozach, 99

Schunter, 99

Schupf, 101

Schussen, 99

Schutter, 99

Schwabach, 101

Schwale, 165

Schwalm, 166

Schwarza, 150

Schyrne, 162

_Scius_, 161

_Scopas_, 101

Seaton, 141

Seena, 166

Segre, 119

Segura, 119

Seille, 76

Seine, 119

Selle, 76

Selse, 151

Selune, 77

Sem, 119

Semoy, 119

Sempt, 119

Sena, 166

Senne, 166

_Senus_, 166

Seran, 56

Serchio, 55

Sered, 56

Sereth, 56

Serio, 55

Serre, 55

Serus, 55

_Sessites_, 98

Sestra, 99

Seugne, 119

Seva, 59

Sevan, 59

Severn, 59

_Severus_, 59

Sevre, 59

Sevron, 59

Shannon, 166

Sheaf, 101

Shere, 162

Shiel, 169

Shin, 166

Shira, 162

_Sicoris_, 119

Sid, 141

Sieg, 119

Sieve, 59

Sihl, 169

Silaro, 169

Sile, 169

Simmen, 119

Simmer, 119

_Simois_, 119, 169

Sinde, 23

Sitter, 141

Skerne, 162

Skippon, 101

Slaan, 77

Slaney, 77

Sneidbach, 52

Snyte, 52

Soar, 55

_Soastus_, 98

Soeste, 98

Soja, 119

Solman, 166

Somme, 119

Sora, 55

Sorg, 55

Sosna, 98

Sosterbach, 99

Sosva, 98

Souza, 98

Sow, 59

Söve, 59

Spean, 103

Spear, 103

Speier, 103

Spey, 103

Sprazah, 103

Spree, 103

Sprenzel, 104

Spressa, 104

Sprint, 103

Sprotta, 103

Stör, 58

_Storas_, 58

Stort, 58

Stour, 58

Streu, 58

Stroud, 58

Strumon, 171

Stry, 58

Stura, 58

Styr, 58

Suchona, 119

Suck, 59

_Sucro_, 59

_Suevus_, 101

Suippe, 101

Suire, 59

Sula, 165

_Sulgas_, 165

Sullane, 165

Sulm, 166

Sur, 55

Sura, 55

Sure, 55

Suren, 56

Suss, 98

Sutledge, 26, 98

Sutoodra, 98

Suusaa, 98

Suzon, 98

Svart, 150

Svir, 55

Swale, 165

Swelly, 165

Swilly, 165

Swords, 56

_Syrmus_, 171

Szala, 151

Ta (Loch), 135

_Tabuda_, 135

Tacon, 107

Tamar, 135

_Tamaris_, 135

Tambre, 135

Tame, 135

Tamuda, 136

Tamyras, 136

Tana, 135

Tanagro, 136

_Tanais_, 135

Tanaro, 135

Tanger, 136

_Tanus_, 135

Taptee, 135

Tara, 149

Tardoire, 105

Tarf, 69

Tarisa, 149

Tarn, 149

Taro, 149

Tartaro, 105

_Tartessus_, 105

Tarth, 105

Tauber, 37

Tavda, 135

Tave, 135

Tavus, 135

Tavy, 134

Taw, 134, 135

Tay, 135

Teane, 135

Tearne, 149

_Tearus_, 179

Tees, 106

Teesta, 107

Teign, 135

Tema, 135

Teme, 136

Temes, 136

Tengs, 136

Termon, 155

Tescha, 107

Tessin, 107

Test, 107

Teviot, 135

Thames, 136

Thaya, 136

Theiss, 107

Thiele, 106

Thur, 37

_Tiasa_, 107

Ticino, 107

Till, 105

Tilse, 106

Tim, 135

Timao, 135

_Timavus_, 135

Tivy, 135

Tollen, 106

Tom, 135

Torre, 37

Tosa, 107

Töss, 107

Touse, 107

Touvre, 37

Towy, 36

Trachino, 71

_Tragus_, 70

Traun, 69

Trave, 69

Trebbia, 69

Treja, 70

Trent, 141

Trento, 141

Trome, 70, 155

_Truentius_, 141

Truim, 70, 155

Tura, 37

Turija, 37

Turuntus, 141

Twiste, 158

Tzna, 52

Uda, 176

Ufa, 176

Ui, 177

Uist, 158

Ulla, 89

Ullea, 89

Ulster, 89

_Umbro_, 28

Umea, 28

Unstrut, 58

Upa, 176

Ural, 40

_Urius_, 39

Urjumka, 122

Ursel, 78

Usk, 31

Uste, 158

_Uxella_, 31

Vaga, 63

Vagai, 63

_Vahalis_, 63

Vakh, 63

Varano, 78

Vardar, 79

Varde, 79

Vardre, 79

Varese (Lake), 78

Vartrey, 79

Vayah, 63

Vegiaur, 64

Vegre, 63

Vehne, 146

Veile, 90

Veistritz, 158

Vel, 90

Velez, 91

Velino, 91

Vellaur, 91

Vendée, 146

Vent, 145

Ver, 77

Verdon, 79

Vesdre, 158

Vesle, 158

Vever, 64

Veveyse, 64

Viaur, 63

Vie, 63

Vienne, 63

Vig, 63

Vilia, 90

Viliu, 90

Villa, 90

Vilna, 90

Vils, 91

Vindau, 146

_Vipasa_, 64

Vire, 77

Vistre, 158

Vistula, 158

Vlie, 65

Vliest, 66

Vliet, 66

Vodla, 34

Vosges, 63

Waag, 63

Waal, 63

Wandle, 146

Warnau, 77

Warta, 79

Watawa, 34

Waveney, 63

Waver, 63

Wear, 34

Weaver, 64

Wegierka, 64

Weichsel, 158

Welland, 90

Welse, 91

Wente, 179

Wern, 77

Werre, 77

Wers, 78

Wertach, 78

Wetter, 34

Wey, 63

Wick, 63

Wien, 63

Wigger, 63

Willy, 90

Windau, 146

_Winderius_, 146

Windermere (Lake), 146

Wipper, 64

Wislauf, 158

Wisloka, 158

Woder, 34

Worse, 78

Wölpe, 73

Wupper, 64

Wurdah, 79

Wyck, 177

Wye, 63

Xalon, 77

Xucar, 59

Yssel, 33

Ythan, 35

Zeyer, 59

Zorn, 56

Zna, 52

Zwettel, 158

Zwittau, 158

Zwittawa, 158

R. AND J. STEEL, PRINTERS, 57, ENGLISH ST., CARLISLE.

End of Project Gutenberg's The River-Names of Europe, by Robert Ferguson