Part II

, Faunal summary and correlation of the Permian formations with description of Brachiopoda: Univ. Texas Bull. 3042.

Contains descriptions and illustrations of numerous brachiopods from the Glass Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas.

*Lee, Wallace, et al. (1939) Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of the Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks of north-central Texas: Univ. Texas Pub. 3801.

Contains an extensive faunal list and important collecting localities for Pennsylvanian invertebrates.

*Moore, R. C., and Jeffords, R. M. (1944) Description of lower Pennsylvanian corals from Texas and adjacent states: Univ. Texas Pub. 4401, pp. 77-208.

Describes and illustrates many of the more common Pennsylvanian corals.

*Plummer, F. B. (1943) The Carboniferous rocks of the Llano region of central Texas: Univ. Texas Pub. 4329.

Contains geologic map, locality data, and illustrations of many Carboniferous fossils.

*Plummer, F. B., and Moore, R. C. (1921) Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian formations of north-central Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 2132.

Describes and illustrates many of the more common Pennsylvanian fossils of north-central Texas.

*Plummer, F. B., and Scott, Gayle (1937) Upper Paleozoic ammonites in Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 3701, pt. 1.

*Renick, B. C., and Stenzel, H. B. (1931) The lower Claiborne of the Brazos River, Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 3101, pp. 73-108.

Contains discussion and illustrations of many common Tertiary fossils.

Sellards, E. H. (1955) Texas through 250 million years: Museum Notes No. 4, Texas Memorial Museum, Austin.

This little booklet provides a short geologic history of Texas along with a review of oil in Texas.

*Sellards, E. H., Adkins, W. S., and Plummer, F. B. (1933) The geology of Texas, Vol. I, Stratigraphy: Univ. Texas Bull. 3232 (August 22, 1932).

This important publication will give the advanced collector much valuable information on the distribution of the rocks of Texas. Complete with geologic map.

Stanton, T. W. (1947) Studies of some Comanche pelecypods and gastropods: U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 211, Washington, D. C.

Describes and illustrates most of the more common Lower Cretaceous pelecypods and gastropods of the State.

*Stenzel, H. B., Krause, E. K., and Twining, J. T. (1957) Pelecypoda from the type locality of the Stone City beds (Eocene) of Texas: Univ. Texas Pub. 5704.

Descriptions and illustrations of many of the more common Tertiary clams and oysters.

*Stephenson, L. W. (1941) The larger invertebrate fossils of the Navarro group of Texas: Univ. Texas Pub. 4101.

Contains descriptions of many common Upper Cretaceous invertebrates (exclusive of corals and crustaceans).

Stephenson, L. W. (1952) Larger invertebrate fossils of the Woodbine formation (Cenomanian) of Texas: U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 242, Washington, D. C.

*Winton, W. M. (1925) The geology of Denton County: Univ. Texas Bull. 2544.

Illustrates and discusses the occurrence of many Cretaceous fossils.

*Winton, W. M., and Adkins, W. S. (1920) The geology of Tarrant County: Univ. Texas Bull. 1931.

Contains many illustrations of common north Texas Cretaceous fossils.

GLOSSARY

Amber—a hard, yellowish, translucent, fossilized plant resin.

Ammonite—ammonoid cephalopod with complexly wrinkled suture pattern; member of subclass Ammonoidea.

Anterior—front or fore.

Anus—the terminal opening of the alimentary canal, through which waste matter is discarded from the body.

Aperture—the opening of shells, cells, etc.

Aragonite—calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystallizing in a different form than calcite. In shells it is chalky and opaque; is less stable than calcite.

Archeozoic—the oldest known geological era; early Precambrian time.

Articulated—joined by interlocking processes or by teeth and sockets.

Asymmetrical—without or lacking symmetry.

Bilateral—pertaining to the two halves of a body as symmetrical and mirror images of each other.

Binomial nomenclature—system of scientific nomenclature requiring two names: generic and trivial.

Blastoid—stalked echinoderm with bud-like calyx usually consisting of 13 plates; member of class Blastoidea.

Brachiopod—bivalved marine invertebrate; member of phylum Brachiopoda.

Brackish—a mixture of salt and fresh waters.

Burrow—a hole in the ground, rock, wood, etc., made by certain animals for shelter or while gathering food.

Calcareous—composed of, or containing, calcium carbonate; limy.

Calcite—calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystallizing in a different form than aragonite. In shells it is translucent and more stable than aragonite.

Cambrian—the first (oldest) period of the Paleozoic era.

Calyx—in corals the bowl-shaped depression in the upper part of the skeleton; in stalked echinoderms that part of the body which contains most of the soft parts.

Caprinid—a Cretaceous pelecypod that is typically coiled in the form of a ram’s horn.

Carapace—the hard protective covering that forms the exoskeleton of many invertebrates; in arthropods it is usually chitinous or calcaro-chitinous.

Carbonization—the process of fossilization whereby organic remains are reduced to carbon or coal.

Cast—the impression taken from a mold.

Cenozoic—the latest era of geologic time, following the Mesozoic era and extending to the present.

Cephalon—the head; in trilobites the anterior body segment forming the head.

Cephalopod—marine invertebrate with well-defined head and eyes and with tentacles around the mouth; member of class Cephalopoda, phylum Mollusca; includes squids, octopuses, pearly nautilus.

Ceratite—an ammonoid cephalopod with suture composed of rounded saddles and jagged lobes; member of subclass Ammonoidea.

Chert—a cryptocrystalline variety of silica; flint is a variety of chert.

Chitin—a horn-like substance, found in the hard parts of many animals, such as beetles, crabs, etc.

Chitinous—composed of chitin.

Cirri—in crinoids, the jointed appendages which branch off the side of the stem or from the base of some crinoid stems.

Coelenterate—invertebrates characterized by a hollow body cavity, radial symmetry, and stinging cells; a member of phylum Coelenterata; includes jellyfishes, corals, sea anemones.

Colonial—in biology refers to the way in which some invertebrates live in close association with, and are more or less interdependent upon, each other; colonial corals, hydroids, etc.

Columella—a small column or central axis; in corals the small rod or axial pillar in the center of the corallite; in gastropods the solid or perforate pillar formed by the union of the successive coils of a conispiral shell.

Columnal—one of the disk-shaped segments of a crinoid stalk.

Concentric—having a common center, as circles; refers to shell markings that are parallel to shell margin.

Concretion—nodular or irregular masses in sedimentary rocks and usually formed around a central core, which is often a fossil.

Conical—cone-shaped.

Conodont—minute tooth-like fossils found in certain Paleozoic rocks; their origin is not definitely known, but they may have been part of some type of extinct fish.

Coral—bottom-dwelling marine invertebrate that secretes calcareous hard parts; member of class Anthozoa, phylum Coelenterata.

Corallite—the skeleton formed by an individual coral animal; may be solitary or form part of a colony.

Corallum—the skeleton of a coral colony.

Corona—crown; in echinoids the main part of the skeleton consisting of symmetrically arranged calcareous plates.

Coprolite—the fossil excrement of animals.

Correlation—the process of demonstrating that certain strata are closely related to each other or that they are stratigraphic equivalents.

Cretaceous—the third and last period of the Mesozoic era.

Cystoid—an extinct stemmed echinoderm with calyx composed of numerous irregularly arranged plates; member of class Cystoidea.

Dendritic—resembling a tree, branching.

Dentition—the system or arrangement of teeth peculiar to any given animal.

Devonian—the fourth oldest period of the Paleozoic era, follows the Silurian, precedes the Mississippian.

Dip—the angle of inclination which the bedding plane of rocks makes with a real or imaginary horizontal line.

Distillation—in fossils that process by which volatile organic matter is removed, leaving a carbon residue.

Dolomite—a mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO₃)₂).

Dorsal—pertaining to the back.

Echinoderm—a marine invertebrate with calcareous exoskeleton and usually exhibiting a five-fold radial symmetry; member of phylum Echinodermata; includes cystoids, blastoids, crinoids, starfishes, and sea urchins.

Echinoid—bottom-dwelling, unattached marine invertebrate with exoskeleton of calcareous plates covered by movable spines; member of class Echinoidea; sea urchins, heart urchins, biscuit urchins.

Endoskeleton—the internal supporting structure of an animal.

Eocene—the next to earliest of the Tertiary epochs, follows the Paleocene and precedes the Oligocene.

Equivalved—right and left valves subequal and (except for hinge structures) comprising mirror images of each other.

Evolution—a term applied to those methods or processes and to the sum of those processes whereby organisms change through successive generations.

Exoskeleton—an external skeleton, or hard covering for the protection of soft parts, particularly among invertebrates.

Fault—the displacement of rocks along a zone of fracture.

Fauna—an assemblage of animals (living or fossil) living in a given place at a given time.

Flank—the side or lateral portion of anything.

Flora—an assemblage of plants (living or fossil) living in a given place at a given time.

Fold—in brachiopods, a major rounded elevation of shell which affects both inner and outer shell surfaces.

Foramen—in brachiopods, the opening in the pedicle valve near the beak where the pedicle extends through the shell.

Foraminifer—a protozoan usually possessing a calcareous, perforated, chambered shell, but shell may be chitinous or agglutinated; a member of the order Foraminifera, phylum Protozoa.

Formation—a rock unit useful for mapping and distinguished primarily on the basis of lithologic characters.

Fossil—the remains or traces of organisms buried by natural causes and preserved in the earth’s crust.

_Guide fossil_—a fossil which, because of its limited vertical but wide horizontal distribution, is of value as a guide or index to the age of the rocks in which it is found.

Fossiliferous—containing fossilized organic remains.

Fusulinid—a spindle-shaped foraminifer: test shaped like a grain of wheat.

Gastrolith—highly polished well-rounded pebbles found associated with certain reptilian fossils; “stomach stones.”

Gastropod—a terrestrial or aquatic invertebrate, typically possessing a single-valved, calcareous, coiled shell; member of class Gastropoda, phylum Mollusca: snails and slugs.

Geologic age—the age of an object as stated in terms of geologic time (e.g., a Pennsylvanian fern, Cretaceous dinosaur).

Geologic map—map showing distribution of rock outcrops, structural features, mineral deposits, etc.

Geologic range—the known duration of an organism’s existence throughout geologic time (e.g., Cambrian to Recent for brachiopods).

Glauconite—a greenish mineral commonly formed in marine environments and essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium.

Goniatite—an ammonoid cephalopod with suture composed of smooth saddles and simple angular lobes; member of subclass Ammonoidea.

Graptolite—an extinct, marine, colonial organism with chitinous hard parts; believed to belong to subphylum Hemichordata of phylum Chordata.

Guide fossil—see Fossil.

Habitat—the physical environment in which an organism lives.

Hinge-line—in brachiopods, the edge of the shell where the two valves articulate; in pelecypods, the dorsal margin of the valve which is in continual contact with the opposite valve.

Igneous rock—rocks which have solidified from lava or molten rock called magma.

Index fossil—see Fossil.

Inequivalved—opposite valves unlike in shape or size, or both.

Jurassic—second oldest period of the Mesozoic; follows the Triassic, precedes the Cretaceous.

Keel—a strong continuous ridge along the ventral side of ammonites.

Larva—the young form of some animals before they assume the mature shape.

Lateral—side or to the side.

Lithology—the study and description of rocks based on the megascopic (with the naked eye) examination of samples. Used also to refer to the texture and composition of any given rock sample.

Living chamber—in mollusks, that part of the shell which is occupied by the living animal.

Lobe—in cephalopods, the backward flexure of the suture or septum.

Longitudinal—in a direction parallel with the length.

Lophophore—in brachiopods, a tentacle-bearing appendage attached to the anterior surface of the mantle cavity.

Mantle—in mollusks and brachiopods, a layer of tissue containing cells that secrete the shell.

Meso-—a prefix signifying middle.

Mesozoic—that era of geologic time that precedes the Cenozoic and follows the Paleozoic.

Miocene—fourth oldest epoch of the Tertiary period; follows the Oligocene, precedes the Pliocene.

Mississippian—fifth oldest period of the Paleozoic: follows the Devonian, precedes the Pennsylvanian.

Multicellular—composed of more than one cell.

Nacreous—pearly.

Node—a knob.

-oid—a suffix meaning “in the form of.”

Oligocene—the third oldest epoch of the Tertiary period: precedes the Miocene, follows the Eocene.

Operculum—the lid or covering of the aperture of certain shells.

Oral—referring to the mouth or aperture.

Orbitoidids—foraminifers with large typically disk-shaped tests.

Ordovician—second oldest period of the Paleozoic era; follows the Cambrian, precedes the Silurian.

Ossicle—loosely used as a small plate.

Paleocene—oldest epoch of the Tertiary period; precedes the Eocene.

Paleozoic—that era of geologic time that follows Precambrian time and precedes the Mesozoic era.

Pedicle opening (pedicle foramen)—see Foramen.

Pelecypod—a bivalved aquatic invertebrate; member of class Pelecypoda, phylum Mollusca.

Pennsylvanian—the sixth oldest period of the Paleozoic era; follows the Mississippian, precedes the Permian.

Period—a division of geologic time (Pl. 1).

Periostracum—the horny outer covering or epidermis on shells.

Permian—seventh and last period of the Paleozoic.

Permineralization—that process by which mineral matter has been added to the original shell material by precipitation in the interstices rather than replacing the original shell material.

Phosphatic—containing or pertaining to phosphate minerals.

Phylum—one of the primary divisions of the animal or vegetable kingdoms.

Planispiral—shell coiled in one plane.

Pleistocene—earliest epoch of Quaternary period, Cenozoic era; follows Pliocene epoch of Tertiary period, precedes Recent epoch of Quaternary.

Pleural—referring to the side or ribs; in trilobites, refers to lateral portions of thorax and pygidium.

Pliocene—latest epoch of Tertiary period of Cenozoic era; follows Miocene epoch and precedes Pleistocene epoch of Quaternary period.

Polygonal—many sided or having many-sided plates.

Polyp—a many-tentacled aquatic coelenterate animal, typically cylindrical or cup-shaped, as in corals.

Porcelaneous—like porcelain.

Pore—a very small opening.

Posterior—situated behind; to the rear.

Precambrian—that portion of geologic time before the Cambrian; divided into Archeozoic era (Early Precambrian) and Proterozoic era (Late Precambrian).

Protero—combining form meaning fore, former, or anterior in time (Greek _proteros_, fore).

Proterozoic—youngest era of the Precambrian; follows the Archeozoic era and precedes the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era.

Protista—the organic kingdom including the simplest of all one-celled organisms which possess various characters of both plants and animals; bacteria, algae, foraminifers, radiolarians.

Protoconch—in mollusks, the initial chamber of shell.

Pyrite—a hard, brass-yellow mineral composed of iron sulfide; “fool’s gold.”

Quaternary—the youngest period of the Cenozoic era, follows the Tertiary period.

Radial symmetry—see Symmetry.

Reef—a mound-like or ridge-like elevation of the sea bottom which almost reaches the surface of the water, composed primarily of organic material and commonly formed by reef-building animals, such as corals and oysters.

Replacement—type of fossilization whereby hard parts of organisms are removed by solution accompanied by almost simultaneous deposition of other substances in the resulting voids; mineralization.

Respiration—the process of oxygenation.

Rock—an aggregation of one or more minerals.

Rock-unit—divisions of rocks based on definite physical and lithologic characteristics and not defined on the basis of geologic time alone; groups, formations, members.

Rudistid—a Cretaceous pelecypod that does not exhibit the typical clam or oyster shape; many are cone-shaped, resembling corals.

Saddle—in cephalopods, the forward flexure (curved toward the aperture) of the suture or septum.

Scaphopod—an exclusively marine mollusk with a single-valved tusk-shaped shell; member of class Scaphopoda, phylum Mollusca.

Scavenger—an animal that feeds on organic refuse.

Sedentary—stationary in life, not moving from place to place.

Sediment—material that has been deposited by settling from a transportation agent such as water or air; typically composed of weathered rock fragments.

Sedimentary rock—rocks formed from the accumulation and lithification of sediments.

Segment—one of the parts into which a body naturally separates or is divided; for example, segments of arthropods or annelid worms.

Septal—pertaining to the septum.

Septum (plural, septa)—a dividing wall or partition; in fusulinids, a partition between chambers in the fusulinid shell; in corals, one of the radiating, longitudinal, calcareous plates located within the corallite; in cephalopods, the transverse partitions between the chambers.

Series—the rocks formed during an epoch; the time-stratigraphic term next in rank below a system.

Serrate—notched like a saw.

Sessile—animal attached to the sea floor more or less permanently.

Silica—an oxide of silicon (SiO₂).

Siliceous—containing or pertaining to silica.

Silicification—the process of combining or impregnating with silica.

Silurian—the third oldest period of the Paleozoic era; follows the Ordovician, precedes the Devonian.

Sinus—an elongate depression on brachiopod shells.

Siphuncle—in cephalopods, the segmented horny or calcareous tube which extends from the protoconch to the living chamber.

Slickensides—polished and grooved surfaces that are the result of two rock masses sliding past each other as in faulting.

Solitary—living alone; not part of a colony.

Species—one of the smaller natural divisions in classification.

Specific name—see Trivial name.

Spicule—a minute spike or dart, skeletal element in sponges and holothurians.

Stratum (plural, strata)—a single bed or layer of rock.

Strike—the direction of a real or imaginary line that is formed by the intersection of a bed or stratum with a horizontal plane; strike is perpendicular to the dip.

Subconical—less than conical in shape; almost a cone.

Suture—the line of junction between two parts; in crinoids, the line of junction between two plates; in gastropods, the line of junction of the whorls as seen on the exterior of the shell; in cephalopods, the line of junction between a septum and the shell wall.

Symmetry—orderly arrangement of parts of an object with reference to lines, planes, or points.

_Bilateral symmetry_—the symmetrical duplication of parts on each side of a vertical anterior-posterior plane.

_Radial symmetry_—the symmetrical repetition of parts around a common vertical dorso-ventrally disposed axis.

_Pentamerous symmetry_—symmetry arranged in a pattern of fives.

System—the rocks formed during a period; the time-stratigraphic term next in rank above a series.

Taxonomy—that branch of science that deals with classification, especially in relation to plants, animals, or fossils.

Tertiary—the oldest period of the Cenozoic era; follows the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic and precedes the Quaternary period of the Cenozoic.

Test—the protective covering of some invertebrate animals.

Theca—a sheath or case; in coelenterates, the bounding wall at or near the margin of the exoskeleton; in echinoderms, the main body skeleton (or calyx) which houses the animal’s soft parts; in graptolites, any cup or tube of the colony.

Thorax—in trilobites, that part of the body between the cephalon and pygidium.

Time-unit—a portion of continuous geologic time (e.g., eras, periods, epochs, and ages).

Time-rock unit—same as time-stratigraphic unit.

Time-stratigraphic unit—term given to rock units with boundaries established by geologic time; strata deposited during definite portions of geologic time (e.g., systems, series, stages, etc.).

Topography—the physical features or configuration of a land surface.

Topographic map—a map showing the physical features of an area, especially the relief and contour of the land.

Transverse—at right angles to length.

Triassic—the youngest period of the Mesozoic era; follows the Permian period of the Paleozoic and precedes the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic.

Trilobite—an extinct marine arthropod having a flattened segmented body covered by a hardened dorsal exoskeleton divided into three lobes.

Trivial name—the Latinized name added to a generic name to distinguish the species; same as specific name.

Type locality—the geographic location at which a formation was first described and from which it was named; or from which the type specimen of a fossil species comes.

Type specimen—the individual or specimen on which the original designation of a species was established.

Umbilicus—an external depression or opening at the center of many loosely coiled shells; in gastropods it is usually located at the base of the shell; in cephalopods it is usually located laterally.

Umbo—the arched part of the valve near the beak in bivalve shells.

Unicellular—composed of one cell.

Valve—the one or more pieces comprising the shell of animals.

Variety—a subdivision of a species, designated by a third name when a variety is designated.

Ventral—pertaining to the abdomen; as opposed to dorsal, pertaining to the back.

Vertebrate—an animal having a backbone or spinal column.

Whorl—a single turn or volution of a coiled shell.

-zoic—combining form meaning “life” (Greek _zoikos_, life).

Zooecium (plural, zooecia)—tube or chamber occupied by an individual of the bryozoan colony; also called an autopore.

Footnotes

[1]Associate Professor of Geology, Lamar State College of Technology, Beaumont, Texas.

[2]Entries marked with asterisk are published by the Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin. Those not out of print are distributed at nominal sale price; list sent on request. These publications may be consulted at many public libraries and/or Chamber of Commerce offices.

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.

A _Acanthoceras_: 77 _Actinomma_: 49 Africa: 87 Agnatha: 87 Alaska: 7 _Alectryonia lugubris_: 68 algae: 44, 46, 47 “algal biscuits”: 44 alligators: 95 _Allorisma_: 67 _Allosaurus_: 90, 97, 98 Allotheria: 100 allotherians: 100 Amarillo College: 27 amber: 7 amblypods: 102 _Ambocoelia_: 57 _Amelanchier_: 48 American Museum of Natural History: 2, 15, 96 ammonites: 11, 75, 76, 77, 78 Ammonoidea: 66 ammonoids: 75, 76, 77, 78 Amphibia: 89 amphibians: 87, 92 Amphineura: 56 _Amphiscapha_: 61 _Ancilla_: 64 _Angulotreta_: 55, 56 ankylosaurs: 90, 97, 99 Annelida: 78 annelids: 78 _Anomia_: 74 anteaters: 100 Anthozoa: 49, 51 _Apsotreta_: 55, 56 aragonite: 11 _Archelon_: 91 _Archetectonica_: 64 _Archaeopteryx_: 100 Archeozoic, derivation and pronunciation: 33 Archer County: 89 _Archimedes_: 54 _arietina, Exogyra_: 70 Aristotle: 3 Arizona: 7 Arkansas: 37 Arlington State College: 1, 27 armadillos: 100, 102 Aronow, Saul: 1 Arthropoda: 78, 79, 80 arthropods: 10, 78, 79, 80 crustaceans: 79, 80 insects: 7, 79 ostracodes: 79, 80 trilobites: 78, 80 Articulata: 56 Artiodactyla: 106 artiodactyls: 106 camels: 106 entelodonts: 101, 106 ash, volcanic: 5 _Astacodes_: 79 _Astartella_: 67 Asteroidea: 82 asteroids: 82, 83 Asterozoa: 82 _Astraeospongium_: 50 _Astrhelia_: 53 _Astylospongia_: 50 _Aulosteges tuberculatus_: 12, 13 Austin: 14, 17, 19, 87 Austin College: 27 Australia: 87 author, of a fossil: 22 autopores: 51 Aves: 89, 100 _Avonia_: 12, 13 _signata_: 12, 13 _subhorrida_: 12, 13

B bacteria: 47 _Baculites_: 77 bags, collecting: 17, 18 Balcones fault zone: 36, 37 baluchitheres: 104, 106 _Baluchitherium_: 106 _Barbatia_: 74 Baylor County: 89 Baylor University: 1, 2, 27, 90, 91, 95 Beaumont: 1, 34 clay: 34 Beaver, Harold: 1 _Belemnites_: 77, 78 Belemnoidea: 78 belemnoids: 77, 78 _Bellerophon_: 61 Big Bend area: 35, 36 National Park: 35, 97, 102 Big Spring: 89 binomial nomenclature: 21-22 Bird, R. T.: 2, 15, 96 birds, fossil: 5, 100 Blastoidea: 81 blastoids: 26, 28, 81 Blinn College: 27 bone, permineralized: 9 Books About Fossils: 108-110 Boon, Jack: 1 Brachiopoda: 54, 55, 56 brachiopods: 26, 29, 54, 55, 56 articulate: 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 Cambrian: 55 Cretaceous: 56 inarticulate: 55, 56 Mississippian: 55 Pennsylvanian: 57, 58 Permian: 12, 13 Recent: 56 silicified: 12, 13 symmetry: 24, 26, 29 _Brachiosaurus_: 90 Brewster County: 11, 12, 35, 41 brittle stars: 82 Bronaugh, Richmond L.: 1 Brontosaurus: 90, 97, 98 _Brontotherium_: 104, 105, 106 Brown, L. F., Jr.: 1 Bryophyta: 44 Bryozoa: 51, 54, 55 bryozoans: 26, 27, 28, 30, 51, 54, 55, 84 Mississippian: 54 Pennsylvanian: 55 _bulla, Venericardia_: 72 Bureau of Economic Geology: 2, 19 burrows: 14 “button corals”: 49, 53

C _Calamites_: 48 calcite: 10, 11 callus: 59 _Calyptraphorus_: 64 _Camarotoechia_: 55 Cambrian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 40 brachiopods: 55 graptolites: 86 of Franklin Mountains, Llano, Marathon, and Solitario uplifts: 40 camels: 106 _cameratus, Neospirifer_: 58 _Caninia_: 51, 52 _Canis diris_: 102, 103 _domestica_: 22 caprinid: 27, 30 caprock, of High Plains: 35 carbon residues: 10, 86 Carboniferous: 34 _carinata, Ostrea_: 71 Carnivora: 102 carnivores: 102, 103 _Caryocorbula_: 74 _Caryocrinites_: 81 Casey, Josephine: 2 casts: 11 catalog, fossil; number: 31 cement, portland: 19 Cenozoic— derivation and pronunciation: 33 periods of: 34 rocks in Texas: 43 central Asia: 106 central Texas: 11, 42 Cephalopoda: 56, 66, 75, 78 cephalopods: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78 ammonites: 75, 76, 77, 78 ammonoids: 75, 76, 77, 78 belemnoids: 77, 78 ceratites: 75, 78 coleoids: 77, 78 cuttlefish: 78 goniatites: 75, 76 nautiloids: 66, 75, 76 octopus: 66, 78 squid: 66, 78 sutures: 66, 75, 78 ceratites: 75, 78 ceratopsians: 90, 99, 100 _Ceratosaurus_: 90 _Cerithium_: 62 chalicotheres: 104, 106 Chelonia. _See_ turtles. chisels: 17 chitin: 10 chitons: 56 Chondrichthyes: 87 _Chonetes_: 57 Chordata: 84-102 chordates: 84 amphibians: 89, 92 birds: 100 fishes: 87, 88, 89 graptolites: 40, 84, 86 mammals: 100-107 reptiles: 89-100 _Cladochonus_: 51, 52 _Cladophyllia_: 53 clams: 11, 56, 59. _See also_ pelecypods. class, taxonomic: 22 classification, binomial nomenclature: 21-22 units of: 22 club mosses: 47 coal: 20, 47 mines: 20, 47 plants: 16, 46, 47, 48 _Cochlespiropsis_: 63 Coelenterata: 49, 51, 84 coelenterates: 49, 51-_53_ Coleoidea: 66 coleoids: 77, 78 collecting bags: 17, 18 columella, corals: 51 gastropods: 59, 60 columnal, crinoid: 81, 82, 83 Comanchean series of Cretaceous: 34. _See also_ Lower Cretaceous. compass: 19 _Composita subtilita_: 57 compound corals. _See_ corals, colonial. concretions: 16 coniferous trees: 7 conodonts: 41, 88, 89 _Conus_: 63 Cooper, G. A.: 2, 12 coprolites: 14 corallite: 49, 51 corallum: 51 corals: 11, 24, 26, 27, 49, 51, 52, 53 “button”: 49, 53 colonial: 24, 27, 30, 51, 52, 53 Cretaceous: 53 “horn”: 49, 51, 52 morphology: 51 Pennsylvanian: 52 polyp: 49 solitary: 24, 28, 29, 30, 49, 51, 52, 53 symmetry: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Tertiary: 53 _Cordaites_: 48 correlation: 32 _Corythosaurus_: 90 cotylosaurs: 89, 92 crabs: 78, 79 _Crassatella_: 72 crayfish: 78 creodonts: 102 Cretaceous— _See also_ Comanchean and Gulf series. derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 42-43 arthropods: 79 brachiopods: 56 cephalopods: 66, 67, 76, 77 corals: 53 crocodiles: 95, 96 dinosaurs: 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99 echinoderms: 83, 84, 85 foraminifers: 49 gastropods: 59, 62 nautiloids: 76 pelecypods: 59, 66, 68-_71_ shark teeth: 88 worms: 78 tubes: 9 of central Texas, Edwards Plateau, Gulf Coastal Plain, High Plains, north Texas, and Trans-Pecos Texas: 42 “Pyrite Fossil Zone” of: 11 crinoidal limestone: 41, 82, 83 Crinoidea: 81 crinoids: 26, 28, 41, 81, 82, 83 calyx: 81, 82, 83 morphology: 81 stems: 26, 28, 81, 82, 83 Crockett County: 42 Crockett formation: 43 crocodiles: 95, 96 crossopterygians: 87 crustaceans: 79, 80 Culberson County: 35 cuttlefish: 78 cycads: 47, 48 _Cymatoceras_: 75, 76 Cystoidea: 81 cystoids: 81, 82, 83

D “Dark Ages”: 3 da Vinci, Leonardo: 3 Davis, Darrell: 1 Decapoda. _See_ Coleoidea. deer: 106 Del Mar College: 27 dendrites: 14 _Dendrograptus_: 86 Denver, Colorado: 19 _Derbya_: 57 Devonian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 placoderms: 87, 88 _Psilophyton_: 48 of El Paso and Van Horn regions, Llano and Marathon uplifts: 41 Diablo Mountains: 41 diatoms: 44, 46, 47 Dibranchiata. _See_ Coleoidea. _Dictyoclostus_: 55 _Dimetrodon_: 92 _Dinobastis_: 102, 103 Dinocerata: 102 dinocerates: 102, 105 dinosaurs: 89, 90-_94_, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 armored: 90, 97, 99, 100 duck-billed: 90, 97, 99 flying: 91, 94, 95 horned: 90, 99, 100 plate-bearing: 90, 97, 99 swimming: 91, 93, 95 _Diplodocus_: 90 _Diplograptus_: 86 dire wolf: 102, 103 _diris, Canis_: 102, 103 distillation: 10 _Distorsio_: 63 division, plant: 44 Dixon, J. W., Jr.: 2, 90, 91 dolomite: 11 dolphins: 95 _domestica, Canis_: 22 DuBar, Jules: 1 _Dufrenoyia_: 77

E Eastland County: 20 East Texas State College: 27 Echinodermata: 80-84 echinoderms: 80-84 asteroids: 82, 83 blastoids: 81 crinoids: 81, 82, 83 cystoids: 81, 82, 83 echinoids: 82, 84, 85 holothuroids: 84 sclerites: 83 Echinoidea: 82 echinoids: 26, 28, 29, 82, 84, 85 Cretaceous: 84, 85 plates: 84, 85 spines: 84, 85 Echinozoa: 82 Edentata: 100 edentates: 100, 101, 102 Edwards Plateau: 19, 36, 37, 42, 43 Egyptian desert: 3 _Elasmosaurus_: 91 elephants: 102 Eleutherozoa: 82 Ellison, Samuel P.: 1 El Paso region— Devonian of: 41 Ordovician of: 40 Precambrian of: 40 Silurian of: 40 _Endopachys_: 53 _Enoploclytia_: 79 entelodont: 101, 106 _Eohippus._ _See_ _Hyracotherium_. epoch, geologic: 33 era, geologic: 33-34 Erath County: 20 _Eryops_: 92 _Euomphalus_: 61 _Euphemites_: 62 Europe: 89 _Exogyra arietina_: 70 _laeviscula_: 70 _ponderosa_: 70 _texana_: 70

F “false fossils”: 14 family, taxonomic: 22 “feather stars”: 82 ferns: 47, 48 fish: 87, 88, 89 armored: 41, 88 carbon residue: 9 scales: 10 teeth: 10 vertebrae: 10 _Fistulipora_: 55 _Flabellum_: 53 foramen, pedicle: 54, 56 Foraminifera: 47, 49 Cretaceous: 49 fusulinids: 26, 29, 49 orbitoid: 26, 28 Pennsylvanian: 49 forams: 26, 28, 29, 47, 49 formation, geologic: 34 fossil— birds: 5, 100 burrows: 14 cataloging: 31 collecting: 17 equipment: 17 ethics: 20 how to collect: 20 where to look: 19 definition: 3 dung: 14 footprints: 14 gizzard stone: 14 identification: 21, 23-30 keys: 26-30 preservation— altered hard parts: 10-11 carbonization: 9, 10 mineralization: 10 permineralization: 10 petrifaction: 10 replacement, calcareous, iron, siliceous: 10, 11, 13 kinds of: 7 original hard and soft parts: 7 record, missing pages in: 5 wood: 47 fossilization, requirements of: 5 fossils— animal: 47-107 Cambrian: 40 carbonized: 10 classification of: 21-22 cleaning: 21 etching in acid: 21 frozen: 5, 7, 104 guide and/or index: 32 in amber: 7 in oil saturated soil: 7 in quicksand: 5 in tar: 5 in volcanic ash: 5 main types of: 44 natural mummies: 7 permineralized or petrified: 10 plant: 4, 10, 20, 32, 44-48 Pleistocene: 101, 102, 103, 104 Precambrian: 40 preparation of: 21 Quaternary: 43, 101, 102, 103, 104 replaced or mineralized: 10 silicified: 21 Cretaceous: 11 Permian: 11 etching: 21 Silurian: 40, 81 Tertiary: 43 Triassic: 42 uses of: 31-32 France: 106 Franklin Mountains, Cambrian of: 40 frogs: 89 _Frondicularia_: 49 fungi: 44 Fusselman limestone: 40 _Fusulina_: 49 fusulinids: 26, 29, 47, 49 _Fusus_: 63

G Gaptank formation: 35, 41 gastroliths: 14 Gastropoda: 56, 59 gastropods: 26, 27, 29, 30, 56, 59, 60 Cretaceous: 59, 62 morphology: 60 ornamentation: 59 Pennsylvanian: 61, 62 Tertiary: 59, 63, 64 generic name: 21-22 genus: 21-22 geologic— column: 33 history: 33 map, definition: 40 map of Texas: 38-39 time: 34 time scale: frontispiece, 33 geology of Texas: 37-43 Germany: 5, 100 _Gingko_: 47, 48 _Girtyocoelia_: 50 Glasscock County: 42 Glass Mountains: 11, 12, 35, 41, 42 glauconite: 11 _Globigerina_: 49 Glossary: 111-114 _Glycymeris_: 74 _Glyptodon_: 101, 102 glyptodont: 101, 102 goats: 106 goniatites: 75, 76 Grand Prairie: 36, 37 Graptolithina: 84, 86 graptolites: 27, 30, 40, 84, 86 of Marathon uplift: 40, 86 Graptozoa. _See_ graptolites. _graysonana, Gryphaea_: 69 Great Flood: 3 ground sloths: 7, 101, 102 _Gryphaea graysonana_: 69 _washitaensis_: 69 Guadalupe Mountains, Peak: 35 Gulf Coast: 32 Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas: 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 106 Gulf of Mexico: 37 Gulf series of Cretaceous: 34. _See also_ Upper Cretaceous. _Gyrodes_: 62

H hagfish: 87 hammer, geologist’s: 17, 18 _Hamulus_: 78 hand lens: 17, 18 hard parts, animal—calcareous, chitinous, phosphatic, siliceous remains: 10 Hardin-Simmons University: 27 heart urchins: 82, 83 _Heliospongia_: 50 hematite: 11 _Hemiaster_: 85 Hemichordata: 84 Henderson County Junior College: 27 Herodotus: 3 _Heterostegina_: 32 _Heteralosia hystricula_: 12, 13 “het” zone: 32 Hexacoralla: 51 High Plains: 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 89, 95, 106 hippopotamuses: 106 _Holaster_: 85 _Holectypus_: 85 Holothuroidea: 82 holothuroids: 84 sclerites: 83 _Homo sapiens_: 22 “horn corals”: 49, 51, 52 horses: 103, 104 teeth: 104 Howard County Junior College: 27 Hudspeth County: 35, 41, 42 Hueco Mountains: 41 Hughes, Jack T.: 1 hydroids: 49 Hydrozoa: 49, 84 _Hyracotherium_: 103, 104 _hystricula, Heteralosia_: 12, 13

I ichthyosaurs: 91, 93, 95 _Ichthyosaurus_: 91, 93 identification keys, fossil: 26-30 use of: 23-27 igneous rocks: 5, 19 Inarticulata: 54, 56 _Inoceramus_: 69 insects: 7, 78, 79 in amber: 7 iron, replacement by: 11 Italy: 3

J Jack County: 20 jellyfish: 5, 49 Jurassic— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 42 birds: 100 dinosaurs: 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 99 _Gingko_: 48 of Hudspeth County and/or Malone Mountain: 41 _Juresania_: 58

K keys. _See_ identification keys. Kilgore College: 27 _Kingena wacoensis_: 56

L labels, paper: 19 _laeviscula, Exogyra_: 70 Lamar State College of Technology: 1, 2, 27 lampreys: 87 _Latirus_: 63 Lee College: 27 _Lepidodendron_: 46 _Levifusus_: 64 _Lima_: 72 limonite: 11 _Lingula_: 55, 56 Linnaeus: 21 Linné: 21 _Linoproductus_: 57 _lisbonensis, Ostrea_: 72 liverworts: 44 lizards: 89 Llano uplift: 36, 37, 40, 41 Lonsdale, John T.: 1 lophophore, brachiopod: 54 _Lophophyllidium_: 49, 51, 52 _proliferum_: 52 _radicosum_: 52 Los Angeles, California: 5 Louisiana: 37 Lower Cretaceous: 34, 42, 56, 97. _See also_ Comanchean. _lugubris, Alectryonia_: 68 _Lunatia_: 62 lungfishes: 87

M Macon, J. W.: 2 magnifying glass: 17, 18 Malone Mountain: 42 Mammalia: 89, 100-107 mammoths: 102, 104, 107 frozen: 7, 102 tooth: 104 woolly: 102, 104, 107 mantle, brachiopod: 54 pelecypod: 59 maps— county: 17 geologic: 19 of Texas: 38-39 physiographic of Texas: 36 topographic: 19, 20 Marathon uplift: 35, 36, 40, 41 marcasite: 11 _Marginifera_: 57 _opima_: 12, 13 mastodon, tooth: 104 _Meandrostia_: 50 Mediterranean Sea: 3 _mercenaria, Venus_: 22 _Mesalia_: 63 _Mesolobus_: 57 Mesozoic— derivation and pronunciation: 33 periods of: 34 rocks in Texas: 42-43 metamorphic rocks: 5, 19 _Metoicoceras_: 76 _Michelinia_: 52 _Micrabacia_: 49, 52 microfossils: 4, 10, 32, 47, 49, 50, 78 micropaleontological slides: 32 micropaleontologist: 32, 47, 80 micropaleontology: 4, 89 Midwestern University: 27 mine dumps: 20, 47 Mississippian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 blastoid: 81 brachiopods: 55 bryozoan: 54 of Hueco Mountains: 41 of Llano region: 41 mold, external: 9, 11, 59, 66 internal: 9, 11, 59, 62, 66 Mollusca: 56-78 mollusks: 7, 56, 59-78. _See also_ Mollusca. _Moropus_: 106 mosasaur: 91, 93, 95 “moss animals”: 54 mosses: 44 _Muirwoodia multistriatus_: 12, 13 multituberculates: 100 _multistriatus, Muirwoodia_: 12, 13 mussels: 56, 59 museums, as aid in identification: 23 American, Natural History: 2, 15, 96 Strecker: 95 Texas Memorial: 14, 87, 95, 97, 100, 102 _Myalina_: 67 _Mylodon_: 100, 101

N Nautiloidea: 66 nautiloids: 66 Cretaceous: 76 morphology: 75 Pennsylvanian: 76 sutures: 75 _Nautilus_: 66 morphology: 75 _Neithea_: 70 _Neospirifer_: 57 _cameratus_: 58 _Nerinea_: 62 _Neuropteris_: 48 _Neverita_: 64 New Mexico: 7 New York City: 14 North-Central Plains: 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43 north Texas: 42 North Texas State College: 27 notebook, field: 17 _Notopocorystes_: 79, 80 _Nucula_: 73 _Nuculana_: 67 _Nuculopsis_: 67

O octopus: 66, 78 Odessa College: 27 operculum: 59 _Ophiuroidea_: 82 ophiuroids: 82 _opima, “Marginifera”_: 12, 13 order, taxonomic: 22 Ordovician— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 40 graptolites: 86 of El Paso region, Llano, Marathon, Solitario, and Van Horn uplifts: 40 ornamentation, brachiopod: 54 gastropod: 59 pelecypod: 66 Ornithischia: 97 ornithischians: 90, 97, 98, 100 Ornithopoda: 97 ornithopods: 90, 97, 99 _Orthoceras_: 66, 76 _Orthoyoldia_: 73 ossicles. _See_ sclerites. _Osteichthyes_: 87 Ostracoda: 80 ostracoderms: 87 ostracodes: 78, 79, 80 _Ostrea carinata_: 71 _lisbonensis_: 72 _quadriplicata_: 71 _sellaeformis_: 72 _Oxytropidoceras_: 77 oysters: 56, 59

P _Pachecoa_: 72 _Pachymya_: 71 paleobotany: 4 paleobotanists: 44 paleontology— definition: 4 divisions of: 4 history of: 3 invertebrate: 4 vertebrate: 4 _Paleoscincus_: 90, 97, 99, 100 Paleozoic— derivation and pronunciation: 33 periods of: 34 rocks of Texas: 40-42 Palo Pinto County: 20 Paluxy Creek: 14, 15 Pan American College: 27 Pantodonta: 102 pantodonts: 102 _Parasaurolophus_: 90 _Parasmilia_: 53 Parker County: 20 Pawpaw formation: 11 pearly nautilus: 66 morphology: 75 Pecos County: 42 Pecos River valley: 35 _Pecten_: 59, 68, 74 pedicle: 54, 56 foramen: 54, 56 valve, brachiopod: 54 Pelycosaurs: 89, 92 Pelecypoda: 56, 59, 65-66 pelecypods: 26, 29, 30, 56, 59, 60, 66 Cretaceous: 59, 66, 68-_71_ dentition: 66 morphology: 59, 60, 65, 66 ornamentation: 66 Pennsylvanian: 66, 67 teeth: 60, 65, 66 Tertiary: 72, 73, 74 Pelmatozoa: 80, 81 Pennsylvanian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 brachiopods: 57, 58 bryozoans: 55 cephalopods: 66, 76 corals: 52 crinoids: 41, 82, 83 fusulinids: 47, 49 gastropods: 61, 62 nautiloids: 76 pelecypods: 66, 67 plants: 46, 47, 48 shark teeth: 87 sponges: 50 of Diablo and Hueco Mountains, Llano and Marathon uplifts, and north-central Texas: 41 _Pentaceros_: 83 _Pentagonaster_: 83 _Pentremites_: 81 period, geologic: 33 periostracum: 60 Perissodactyla: 104 perissodactyls: 103, 104, 105 Permian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 41 amphibian: 89, 92 brachiopods: 12, 13 cotylosaurs: 89, 92 pelycosaurs: 89, 92 of Glass Mountains: 11, 12, 35 _permiana, Prorichthofenia_: 12, 13 permineralized bone: 9 petroleum geologist: 4 _Phaneroceras_: 76 _Phobosuchus_: 95, 96 _Pholadomya_: 71, 72 phyla: 22 _Phyllograptus_: 86 phylum: 22 physiographic provinces, of Texas: 35-37 physiography, definition: 35 of Texas: 35-37 phytosaurs: 42, 91, 94, 95 pick, mineralogist’s or prospector’s: 17, 18 pigs: 106 _Pinna_: 67 Pisces: 86-89 _Pitar_: 72 Placodermi: 87 placoderms: 87, 88 plant kingdom: 44 plants, classification: 44 Pennsylvanian: 46, 47, 48 _Platyceras_: 62 Pleistocene: 43. _See also_ Quaternary. fossils: 101, 102, 103, 104 plesiosaurs: 91, 93, 95 _Pleurocora_: 53 _Plicatula_: 68, 74 _Pliohippus_: 103 Poland: 7, 106 pollen: 47 polyp, coral: 49 _Polypora_: 55 _ponderosa, Exogyra_: 70 Porifera: 49 _Porodiscus_: 49 portland cement: 19 Precambrian— definition: 34 fossils: 40 of El Paso region: 40 of Llano uplift: 37, 40 of Van Horn uplift: 40 rocks of Texas: 40 Presidio County: 35 Proboscidea: 102 proboscideans: 102, 104, 107 teeth: 104 _proliferum, Lophophyllidium_: 52 _Prorichthofenia permiana_: 12, 13 Proterozoic, derivation and pronunciation: 33 Protista: 47 _Protocardia_: 68 _Protoceratops_: 90 Protozoa: 47, 49 protozoans: 47 pseudofossils: 14 _Pseudoliva_: 63 _Psilophyton_: 48 _Pteranodon_: 91, 94 Pterodactyloids: 91 pterosaurs: 91, 94, 95 _Punctospirifer_: 57 pyrite: 11 “Pyrite Fossil Zone” of Cretaceous: 11

Q _quadriplicata, Ostrea_: 71 quarries: 19 Quaternary— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 43, 101, 102, 103, 104 of Edwards Plateau, Gulf Coast, High Plains, North-Central Plains, and Trans-Pecos Texas: 43 quicksand: 5

R _radicosum, Lophophyllidium_: 53 Radiolaria: 47 radiolarians: 47, 49 Rancho La Brea tar pit: 5 rays: 87 Reagan County: 42 _Receptaculites_: 50 Renaissance: 3 Reptilia: 89-100 reptiles: 89-100 rhamphorhynchoids: 91 _Rhamphorhynchus_: 91, 94 rhinoceroses: 7, 104, 106, 107 woolly: 106, 107 _Rhipodomella_: 55 _Rhombopora_: 51, 55 Rice University: 27 Rio Grande valley, of Trans-Pecos: 35, 95 road metal: 19 _Robulus_: 49 Rock and Mineral Clubs: 23 rock units: 34 _rockymontanus, Spirifer_: 58 Rodda, Peter U.: 1 rudistids: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Rugosa: 51

S saber-tooth cat: 102, 103 St. Mary’s University: 27 salamanders: 89 _Salenia_: 85 San Angelo College: 27 San Antonio College: 27 sand dollars: 82 _sapiens, Homo_: 22 Sarcodina: 47 Saurischia: 97 saurischians: 90, 97, 99 Sauropoda: 97 sauropods: 90, 97, 98 scale trees: 46, 47 scallops: 56, 59 Scaphopoda: 56 scaphopods: 26, 27, 28, 29, 56 _Schizodus_: 67 scientific names: 21-23 Scleractinia: 51 sclerites, holothurian: 83, 84 scolecodont: 78 scouring rushes: 47, 48 Scyphozoa: 49, 84 sea anemones: 49 sea cucumbers: 82 “sea lily”: 81, 82 “sea mats”: 51, 54 “sea-mice”: 56 sea urchins: 82 sedimentary rocks: 5, 19 _sellaeformis, Ostrea_: 72 septa, cephalopods: 66, 75 corals: 49, 51 serpent stars: 82 _Serpula_: 78 _Seymouria_: 92 sharks: 87 teeth: 10, 87, 88 sheep: 106 shrimp: 78 Siberia: 7, 106 _Sigillaria_: 46 _signata, Avonia_: 12, 13 silica: 10, 11 silicification: 11 Silurian— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 40 cystoid: 81 of El Paso and Van Horn regions: 40 skates: 87 slickensides: 16 slugs: 56 Smith, Fred: 1 snails: 11, 56, 59. _See also_ gastropods. snakes: 89 Solitario uplift: 40 Somervell County: 14, 15 South America: 87, 102 Southern Methodist University: 27 South Texas College: 27 Southwestern University: 27 species: 22 spicules, sponge: 49, 50 spiders: 78 spines, echinoid: 84, 85 _Spirifer rockymontanus_: 58 _Spirorbis_: 78 sponges: 10, 27, 30, 49, 50 spores: 47 _Squamularia_: 57 squid: 66, 78 starfish: 82, 83 _Stegosaurus_: 90, 97, 99 stegosaurs: 90, 97, 99 steinkern: 59, 62 stems, crinoid: 26, 28, 41, 81, 82, 83 Stephen F. Austin State College: 27 “stomach stones”: 14 stone, building: 19 Strabo: 3 _Straparolus_: 61 Strecker Museum: 95 _Striatopora_: 51, 52 _Strobeus_: 62 Styracosaurus: 90 _subhorrida, Avonia_: 12, 13 _subtilita, Composita_: 57 Sul Ross State College: 27 _Surcula_: 64 sutures, cephalopod: 66, 75, 78 nautiloid: 75 swine, giant: 106 _Sycostoma_: 64 symmetry: 23 bilateral: 24, 26, 29 radial: 24, 26, 28, 80

T tabulae: 51 Tabulata: 51 tape, masking: 19 tapirs: 104 tar: 5 Tarleton State College: 27 Tarrant County: 11 taxonomy: 21-22 teeth, horse: 104 mammoth: 104 shark: 10, 87, 88 _Tellina_: 73 Tertiary— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 43 corals: 53 gastropods: 59, 63, 64 mammals: 100-107, 103, 105 microfossils: 32 pelecypods: 72, 73, 74 radiolarians: 49 rocks of Gulf Coastal Plain, High Plains, North-Central Plains, and Trans-Pecos region: 42 Tetracoralla: 51 Tetrapoda: 86, 89-107 _texana, Exogyra_: 70 _Texanites_: 77 Texas A. & M. College: 1, 27 Texas Christian University: 27 Texas College: 27 Texas College of Arts and Industries: 27 Texas Highway Department: 17 Texas Memorial Museum: 14, 87, 95, 97, 100, 102 Texas Technological College: 27 Texas, the geology of: 34, 37-43 Texas Western College: 27 Thallophyta: 43, 46 Theophrastus: 3 Therapsids: 89 Theria: 100 therians: 100-107 artiodactyls: 101, 106 carnivores: 102, 103 dinocerates: 102, 105 edentates: 100, 101, 102 pantodonts: 102 perissodactyls: 104 proboscideans: 102, 104, 107 Theropoda: 97 theropods: 90, 97, 98 The University of Texas: 1, 2, 27 time, geologic: 34 titanotheres: 104, 105, 106 toads: 89 tortoises: 89 traces of organisms: 14 burrows: 14 coprolites: 14 gastroliths: 14 tracks: 14, 15 trails: 14 Tracheophyta: 44, 46, 48 _Trachodon_: 90, 97, 99 tracks, dinosaur: 14, 15, 97 Trans-Pecos region: 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 86, 95, 102, 106 tree sloths: 100, 102 trees, coniferous: 7 _Trepospira_: 61 Triassic— derivation and pronunciation: 34 fossils: 42 dinosaurs: 95 phytosaurs: 91, 94, 95 of Crockett, Glasscock, Pecos, Reagan, and Upton counties; Glass Mountains and High Plains: 42 _Triceratops_: 90, 99, 100 _Trigonia_: 69 Trilobita: 78 trilobites: 78, 80 morphology: 80 Trilobitomorpha: 78 _Trinacromerum_: 91 Trinity University: 27 trivial name: 21-22 _Trochosmilia_: 53 _Tuba_: 64 _tuberculatus, Aulosteges_: 12, 13 _Turrilites_: 77 _worthensis_: 22 _Turritella_: 62, 63 turtles: 89, 91 tusk-shells: 56 Tyler Junior College: 27 _Tylosaurus_: 91, 93 _Tylostoma_: 62 _Tyrannosaurus_: 90, 97

U uintatheres: 102, 105 _Uintatherium_: 102, 105 umbilicus: 59, 60 United States Geological Survey: 19 United States National Museum: 2, 12 University of Corpus Christi: 27 University of Houston: 1, 27 University of Texas, The: 1, 2, 27 Upper Cretaceous: 34, 42, 78. _See also_ Gulf. Upton County: 42

V valves, brachiopod: 54, 56 pelecypod: 59, 65, 66 Van Horn uplift: 35, 36, 40, 41 _Venericardia_: 73 _bulla_: 72 ventral valve, brachiopod: 54 _Venus mercenaria_: 22 _Vertagus_: 63 Vertebrata: 84, 86-107 vertebrates: 86-107 amphibians: 89, 92 birds: 100 fish: 87, 88, 89 mammals: 100-107 reptiles: 89-100 _Vokesula_: 73 volcanic ash: 5 _Volutolithes_: 64

W Waco: 91, 92, 95 _wacoensis, Kingena_: 56 Washington, D. C.: 19 _washitaensis, Gryphaea_: 69 Weches formation: 43 West Texas State College: 1, 27 Wilson, John A.: 2 Wilson, Sarah Louise: 2 Wise County: 20 wood, petrified: 19 Woodbine: 10, 37, 47 worms, annelid, fossil, segmented: 78 worm tubes, Cretaceous: 9 _Worthenia_: 61 _worthensis, Turrilites_: 22

Y _Yoldia_: 67 Young County: 20 Young, Keith: 1

Z Zoantharia: 51 zooecia: 51

Transcriber’s Notes

--Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

--Corrected a few palpable typos.

--Included a transcription of the text within some images.

--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.