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Part 1

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Transcriber's note: In the indicated pronunciations [=a] signifies "a macron" (i.e. long a); [)a] "a breve" (short a); and so forth.

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ALDEN'S

HANDY ATLAS

OF THE

WORLD.

INCLUDING ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHT COLORED MAPS, DIAGRAMS, TABLES, ETC.

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NEW YORK: JOHN B. ALDEN, PUBLISHER. 1888.

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BRILLIANT BOOKS.

The following are A FEW TITLES and prices from my catalogue of standard books:

Alden's Cyclopedia of Universal Literature, publishing in 15 volumes, of about 500 pages each; per volume, paper, 30c.; cloth, 50c.; half Morocco, 60c.

American Patriotism: Famous Orations and Patriotic Papers; cloth 50c., half Morocco 70c.

Ancient Classics for English Readers; 27 volumes; each, paper, 10c.; cloth, 20c. Also bound in 9 vols., half Russia, each 50c.

Argyll's Reign of Law, cloth, 60c.; Unity of Nature, 60c.; Primeval Man, 35c.; the three in one volume, cloth, $1.00.

Bacon's Essays, complete; paper 12c., cloth 25c.

Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress; paper 8c., cloth 20c. and 30c.

Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature; 8 volumes in cloth, $2.00.

Chinese Classics: The Works of Confucius and Mencius, translated; cloth 75c.

Classic Comedies, by Goldsmith, Sheridan, and Jonson; cloth 40c., half Morocco 60c.

Classic Prose Wonder-Book; 900 large octavo pages, richly bound. $1.50.

Confessions of St. Augustine; translated, cloth, 50c.

Creasy's Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World; cloth, 40c.

De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater; cloth, 20c.

Doré's Bible Gallery of Illustrations and Stories; reduced from $5.00 to $1.25.

Doré's Milton's Paradise Lost; text complete, with 52 cartoons, $1.25.

Durfee's Poetical Concordance to the principal Poets of the World; cloth, gilt edges, $1.00.

Emerson's Essays, 2 volumes; each, cl., 40c.; half Morocco, 60c.

Emerson's Nature, Etc.; cloth 35c., half Morocco 50c.

Famous Warriors: Lives of Hannibal, Cæsar, and Cromwell, by famous authors; each, paper, 8c.; all in one vol., cloth, 40c.

Farrar's Seekers after God; cloth, 35c.

---- Lectures, Addresses and Essays; cloth 35c., half Morocco 50c.

Geikie's Hours with the Bible; 6 vols., illustrated; reduced in price from $1.50 per vol. to 45c. in cl., or 60c. in half Morocco.

---- Life and Words of Christ; reduced in price from $8.00 to 45c. for cloth, or 60c. for half Morocco.

JOHN B. ALDEN, PUBLISHER, 393 PEARL ST., NEW YORK.

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INDEX

MAPS AND DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.

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INDEX

DIAGRAMS AND TABLES.

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Agriculture, Persons Engaged in 114 Agricultural Products of Mexico 76 Angora Hair Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 Area and Population of African Countries 46 Area and Population of Asiatic Countries 36 Area and Population of Central America 174 Area and Population of European Countries 8 Area and Population of German States 18 Area and Population of Mexico 76 Area and Population of Oceania 59 Area and Population of South American Countries 181 Area and Population of West Indies 174 Barley, Average Annual Product of 82 Boots and Shoes Manufactured, Value of 86 Butter Product, 1880, Value of 172 Cattle in Territories, Value of 160 Cheese Product, 1880, Value of 92 Cheese Product in Territories, 1880, Value of 158 Cloth Manufactured in the Southern States 116 Cocoa Exported by Venezuela, Value of 181 Coffee Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 Coffee Exported by Venezuela, Value of 181 Coffee Imported by Europe 8 Copper Ingots, Amount of, Produced in Southern States 106 Copper Ingots, Annual Product of 156 Corn Crop, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 104 Corn, Increase in Acreage of 146 Cotton Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 Cotton Manufactures per 1,000 Population, Capital Invested in 88 Crop Productions of Australasia 59 Diamonds Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 Diamonds Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 Exports of Africa 46 Exports of Belize 174 Exports of Cuba 174 Exports of Hawaiian Islands 59 Exports of Hayti 174 Exports of Jamaica 174 Exports of Mexico 76 Exports of Philippine Islands 59 Exports of Porto Rico 174 {6} Exports of Society Islands 59 Exports of South America 181 Farm Animals in Australasia, Number of 62 Farm Crops, Comparative Value of 122 Farm Crops, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 164 Farms of Five Hundred Acres or Over Occupied by Owners 110 Farm Products, Comparative Yearly 112 Farm products, 1882, Comparison of 166 Fishery Products, 1880, Value of 170 Flouring and Grist Mills, Capital Invested in 142 Glassware, 1880, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 96 Gold and Silver Deposited at Mints and Assay Offices, 1793 to 1883 168 Gold Produced from Placer Fields in 1880 162 Granite Quarries, Capital Invested in 80 Hardware, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 90 Hides Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 Hogs on Farms, Number of 140 Hops Produced in West in 1880, Pounds of 138 Imports of Belize 174 Imports of Society Islands 59 Indigo Exported by Colombia, Value of 181 Lace, Production of, Europe 8 Lakes of South America, Area of 181 Land, Total Cultivated, Uncultivated and Timber 120 Lead Ore Mined, Annual Value of 124 Limestone and Marble Quarries, 1880, Capital Invested in 84 Linen Production of Europe 8 Lumber Products, 1880, Value of 136 Mineral Productions of Europe 8 Molasses Produced in 1880, Gallons of 118 Mules, Value of 126 Orchard Products per 1,000 Population, Value of 98 Ostrich Feathers Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 Oyster Fisheries, 1880, Value of 100 Peanuts, Annual Amount of Crop 102 Plate Glass Manufacture, 1880 132 Population, 1870 to 1880, Increase of 148 Rice Produced in 1880, Pounds of 108 Rivers of Africa, Length of 46 Rivers of Asia, Length of 36 Rivers of Europe, Length of 8 Rivers of South America, Length of 181 Rubber Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 Seal Fisheries, Annual Products of 74 Seas and Lakes of Asia, Areas of 36 Seas and Lakes of Europe, Areas of 8 Sheep in Territories, Comparative Number of 154 Silk Goods Manufactured, Value of 94 Silk Production of France 8 Silk Production of Italy 8 Silver Product of 1882 152 Slaughtering and Meat Packing Products, 1880 134 Sugar Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 Tea Imported by Great Britain 8 Tobacco Crop, 1882, Value of 128 Tobacco Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 Wheat and Corn, Amount Raised Yearly by Different Nations 150 Wheat Production 1870 to 1880, Increase in 144 Wool Product, in Pounds, 1880 130

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EUROPE.

Northwestern portion of Old World and smallest of its grand divisions. Extreme length northeast and southwest, 3500 miles extreme breadth, over 2,400 miles; coast line not less than 20,000 miles.

-----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------ Divisions. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Population. | Sq. Miles.| | | -----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------ Andorra | 175 | 5,800 | Andorra | 1,000 Austro-Hungary | 240,942 | 37,883,226 | Vienna | 1,103,857 Belgium | 11,373 | 5,655,197 | Brussels | 389,782 Bulgaria | 24,360 | 2,007,919 | Sophia | 20,501 Denmark | 13,784 | 1,969,039 | Copenhagen | 273,323 England and Wales| 58,186 | 25,974,439 | London | 4,766,661 France | 204,177 | 37,672,048 | Paris | 2,269,023 Germany | 212,028 | 45,234,061 | Berlin | 1,122,360 Greece | 25,111 | 1,979,453 | Athens | 84,903 Ireland | 32,531 | 5,174,836 | Dublin | 418,910 Italy | 114,410 | 28,459,628 | Rome | 273,268 Montenegro | 3,550 | 250,000 | Cetigne | 2,000 Netherlands | 12,648 | 4,225,065 | The Hague | 127,931 Norway | 122,869 | 1,806,900 | Christiania | 124,155 Portugal | 36,510 | 4,306,554 | Lisbon | 246,343 Rumania | 48,307 | 5,376,060 | Bukharest | 221,805 Russia | 2,041,402 | 86,486,959 | St. Petersburg| 929,100 San Marino | 32 | 7,816 | San Marino | 6,000 Scotland | 29,820 | 3,735,573 | Edinburgh | 236,002 Servia | 18,800 | 1,865,683 | Belgrade | 37,500 Spain | 191,100 | 16,064,859 | Madrid | 397,816 Sweden | 170,979 | 4,603,595 | Stockholm | 194,469 Switzerland | 15,992 | 2,846,102 | Bern | 44,087 Turkey | 63,850 | 4,490,000 | Constantinople| 600,000 -----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------

LENGTHS OF RIVERS.

AREAS SEAS AND LAKES.

PRODUCTION OF RAW SILK.

Italy 6,600,000 lbs. | France 19,149,000 lbs.

LINEN.

Produced. Consumed. Russia 250,000 tons 90,000 tons Great Britain 26,000 " 130,000 " France 50,000 " 70,000 " Germany 15,000 " 35,000 " Netherlands 80,000 " 65,000 "

LACE.

Nottingham. Persons employed, 10,500. Value products, $29,782,980 The Continent. Persons employed, 535,000. Value products, 28,128,370

ANNUAL MINERAL PRODUCTIONS.

Lead, Cornwall 70,000 tons | Tin, Great Britain 15,000 tons Lead, Cordova 30,000 " | Quicksilver, Spain 1,000 " Coffee imported, Europe 270,000 tons Tea " Great Britain 140,000,000 lbs.

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GREAT BRITAIN.

The largest island of Europe, and forming, with Ireland and the adjacent islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The union of England and Ireland was effected January 1, 1800.

Area of the kingdom, 120,832 square miles. Pop., 35,241,482. The divisions are: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Capital, London; pop., 4,766,661. Thirty-five cities have over 75,000 population. Climate is variable but healthful. Average temperature, 50°. Rainfall, London, 25 inches; Glasgow, 21; and Dublin, 29.

Middle-class education is entirely unorganized; no complete, trustworthy statistics are to be had. There were, in 1884, 69 universities and colleges, with 23,823 students. In 1881, there were 1,855 schools of science, with 66,000 students. Number of public libraries, 202. The library of the British Museum has 32 miles of shelves, filled with books. Number of daily papers, 169.

Productive area in England is 80 per cent.; in Ireland, 74 per cent.; Scotland, 28.8 per cent.; Wales, 60 per cent. Leading crops in Great Britain, wheat, barley and oats. Acreage, 1884: wheat, 2,676,477; barley, 2,159,485; oats, 2,892,576. In Ireland, oats and potatoes are most important; acreage of former, 1,347,395; of latter, 798,942. Number of acres of flax, 89,197. Orchards of Great Britain cover 180,000 acres, and produce 85,000 tons of apples.

The most important minerals are coal and iron. In 1883, coal product was 163,737,327 tons; value, $230,270,715. Iron ore, 17,383,046 tons; value, $25,611,905. In 1883, 1,724,251 tons of pig iron were used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel, 1,097,174 tons of it being made into steel rails. Over 800 tons of steel are annually consumed in the manufacture of pens, Birmingham alone using 500 tons; the average yearly production is 800,000,000.

The annual value of the fisheries is $50,000,000. Herring fishery alone $10,000,000; salmon, $4,000,000; oysters and shell-fish, $10,000,000. Value of the Scotch fisheries alone in 1884 was $16,431,210, the herring fishery alone being $10,267,755. Total value of imports, 1884, $1,948,872,745; exports of home produce, $1,164,537,875; foreign and colonial produce, $312,218,575. Value of corn and flour imported 1882, $338,111,835. Value of cotton manufactures exported was $382,228,785.

There are 2,674 cotton factories, employing 482,903 persons. Total number of all factories, 7,105; number of persons employed, 975,546, of whom 110,585 are children under 13 years of age. Men employed, 38 per cent.; women, 62 per cent. Amount of cotton imported, 1883, 1,734,333,552 lbs.; wool, 495,946,779 lbs.

Standing army in time of peace unlawful without the consent of Parliament; annual appropriation of Commons for support of troops, based on "estimates" made by the Cabinet. For 1884 and 1885, home and colonial effectives and reserves, 644,753.

Previous to 1815 there was but little emigration from the United Kingdom; in that year the number was 2,081; in 1830-34, 381,956; 1875, 173,809; 1882, 413,288; and in 1884, 304,074, of whom 203,539 came to the United States.

First railway opened in 1825. In 1883, there were 18,681 miles of railway; 13,215 belonging to England and Wales, 2,964 to Scotland, and 2,502 to Ireland. Number of postoffices, 1884, 15,951; and, in addition, 15,749 road and pillar boxes. There are 27,604 miles of telegraph lines, and 140,498 miles of wire.

The colonies and dependencies of Great Britain have an estimated area of 8,000,000 square miles. Of this vast extent of territory, over 3,500,000 square miles are in America, over 250,000 in Africa, over 1,000,000 in Asia, and 3,000,000 in Australasia.

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BELGIUM. Bel´je-[)u]m.

A kingdom of West Central Europe. Formerly united with Holland to form the Netherlands. Independence achieved in 1830. Executive power is vested in a King; legislative, in King, Senate and House of Representatives.

The most densely populated of the European countries, Belgium ranks eighteenth in area, but ninth in population. Area, 11,373 square miles. One-sixtieth of the territory artificially gained by means of dykes. Length of canal and river system, 995 miles. Capital, Brussels. Population, 389,782.

Agriculture chief industry. Only about one-eighth of territory uncultivated. In 1882, population, 5,655,197; average density, 497 per square mile; 1,160,149 freeholders held 88 per cent. of land.

This country is very rich in minerals. Over 17,500,000 tons of coal are produced annually. Belgium is noted for its flax. The chief products are wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, hemp, tobacco. In 1880 there were 46,210 horses, 411,551 oxen, and 90,100 sheep.

Imports, 1882, $570,320,000; exports, $512,780,000. Manufactures are important. About 190,000 persons employed in flax, hemp, woolen and cotton manufactories. The lace of Brussels and the fire-arms of Liege are among the finest in the world. The value of pig and wrought iron alone, in 1882, was $34,473,260. Product of iron foundries about $3,000,000 per annum; of quarries, $8,459,400.

Roman Catholicism professed by nearly the entire population. Education is zealously promoted by the government; total sum spent, 1881, $6,503,670. Four universities in the kingdom.

Total peace strength of the army, 1885, 47,872 men, with 9,000 horses and 204 guns; war footing, 227,900 men, 13,800 horses, and 240 guns.

Of the 2,682 miles of railroad operated in 1883, 1,902 miles were owned and managed by the government. Number miles telegraph in 1884, 3,713; postoffices, 869.

NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND).

A kingdom of Europe, established by Congress of Vienna, in 1815. Area, 12,648 square miles. Population, 4,225,065. Country protected by dykes from the overflow of rivers and the inundations of the sea.

Constitution dated 1848. Law-making power resides in the States-General, a parliament of two houses. Commercial centre, Amsterdam; pop., 350,201. Capital, The Hague; pop., 127,931.

The soil is highly productive; fruit is grown extensively. In 1882 there were 5,046,210 acres of cultivated garden and pasture land. Number of acres in cereals, 1,267,399; yield of grain, 130,470,000 bu. Horses, 270,900; cattle, 1,427,000; and sheep, 745,100.

Total exports, 1882, $313,330,000; imports, $414,330,000. Value of butter exported to Great Britain alone, was $21,020,605. Holland's merchant marine, 1884, consisted of 701 sailing vessels, of 251,500 tons, and 96 steamers, of 123,400 tons.

In 1884, miles of railway, 1,320. Miles of state telegraph, 2,660; miles of wire, 9,760. Number of postoffices, 1,281.

In 1884, regular army stationed in Holland numbered 65,007 officers and men; navy composed of 157 vessels, with 9,462 officers and men.

Constitution secures religious freedom. Number of Protestants, 2,469,814; Roman Catholics, 1,439,137; Jews, 81,693.

Returns for 1882 gave 2,822 elementary public schools; 11,250 teachers; 1,143 private schools; total number of pupils, 557,932. There are 4 universities, 1 polytechnic school, 5 Roman Catholic, and 3 Protestant seminaries. Total expense of schools, $5,921,515. {18}

GERMANY.

The third country in size in Europe. A confederate empire, composed of 25 States, and the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine. Capital, Berlin.

Climate uniform. Mean temperature of whole country, 48°; of the valley of the Rhine, 52°. Rainfall at Berlin, 24 inches.

About 63 per cent. of population is Protestant, and 36 per cent. Roman Catholic. Number of churches, 37,720. Education is general and compulsory. Number of elementary schools, 57,000; normal, 332; high, 1,100; technical high schools, 9; industrial and trade, 994. Universities, 21, with 25,964 students, of whom 89 per cent. are German, and 1 per cent. American. Number of public libraries, 594; number of daily papers, 560. The book fair at Leipzig annually disposes of 8,000 tons of books, valued at $8,000,000.

Every German is liable to service in the army, and no substitution is allowed. All Germans capable of bearing arms have to be in the standing army seven years,--three years in active service, and four in army of reserve; after which they form part of the Landwehr another five years. Army on peace footing numbers 427,274 soldiers, and 18,118 officers. Total war strength of trained soldiers would be 2,650,000; available force of all classes, 5,670,000.

Of the area, 94 per cent. is classed as productive. Leading products, 1882: corn, 16,435,620 tons; potatoes, 17,769,300 tons; beets, 874,654 tons; hay, 17,486,000 tons; 11,500 tons of hops, and over 35,000,000 gallons of wine. Value of farm animals, $1,486,000,000. The mineral products of 1883 were valued at over $116,000,000. Value of imports, 1883, $822,724,000; exports, $833,750. There are 23,940 breweries, producing annually 880,000,000 gallons of beer. The annual butter product is 160,000 tons.

Number of miles of railway, 1884, 22,617, of which 19,230 miles belong to the government. Length of telegraph lines, 47,637 miles; wires, 170,960 miles. Number of telegraph stations, 11,216. Number of postoffices, 13,637.

-----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+--------- | | | | STATES. | Area, | Pop. | Capitals. | Pop. |Sq. Ml.| | | -----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+--------- | | | | Prussia |137,066|27,279,111| Berlin |1,122,360 Bavaria | 29,292| 5,284,778| Munich | 230,023 Wurtemberg | 7,675| 1,971,118| Stuttgart | 117,303 Saxony | 6,777| 2,972,805| Dresden | 808,512 Baden | 5,851| 1,570,254| Carlsruhe | 49,998 Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 4,834| 577,055| Schwerin | 30,146 Hesse | 2,866| 936,340| Darmstadt | 48,153 Oldenburg | 2,417| 337,478| Oldenburg | 20,575 Brunswick | 1,526| 349,367| Brunswick | 75,038 Saxe-Weimar | 1,421| 309,577| Weimar | 19,994 Mecklenburg-Strelitz | 997| 100,269| New Strelitz | 9,407 Saxe-Meiningen | 933| 207,075| Meiningen | 11,227 Anhalt | 869| 232,592| Dessau | 23,266 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | 816| 194,716| {Coburg | 15,791 | | | {Gotha | 26,525 Saxe-Altenburg | 509| 155,036| Altenburg | 26,241 Waldeck | 466| 56,522| Arolsen | 2,477 Lippe | 445| 120,246| Detmold | 8,053 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | 340| 80,296| Rudolstadt | 8,747 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | 318| 71,107| Sondershansen| 6,110 Reuss-Schleiz | 297| 101,330| Gera | 27,118 Schaumburg-Lippe | 212| 35,374| Buckeburg | 5,088 Reuss-Greiz | 148| 50,782| Greiz | 15,061 Hamburg (State and Free City)| 148| 453,869| -- | --- Lubeck (State and Free City) | 127| 63,571| -- | --- Bremen (State and Free City) | 98| 156,723| -- | --- Alsace-Lorraine | 5,580| 1,566,670| Strasburg | 104,471 -----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+---------

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SPAIN.

A kingdom of Southwestern Europe, forming, with Portugal, the Iberian peninsula. Capital, Madrid; pop., 397,816. Thirty-one towns have over 50,000 pop.

Continental Spain has an area of 191,100 square miles. Population, 16,061,859. Number of Provinces, 49. Length of coast line, 1,370 miles. Object of greatest interest, ruins of the Alhambra, at Granada. This is the only state in Europe permitting slavery in its colonies.

Climate varies greatly. Average temperature at Madrid, 58°. Rainfall in the Sierras averages from 25 to 35 inches; on the table lands of Castile, 10 inches.

About 80 per cent. of the soil is classed as productive, though only 34 per cent. is under cultivation. The vine is the most important culture, and large quantities of oranges, raisins, nuts and olives, are grown and exported. Leading cereals: wheat, rye, barley and corn. The wine product averages yearly 320,000,000 gallons; value, $95,000,000. Average number of oranges exported, 960,000,000.

The mineral productions are of vast importance. The Cordova lead mines are the richest in the world, and the mercury mines of Almaden are second only to those of California. Average yearly lead product, 92,300 tons; value, $8,000,000. Mercury, 1,090 tons; value, $1,199,000. Copper, 21,300 tons. Tin, iron and salt are abundant.

The national religion is the Roman Catholic. The school system is inefficient, though measures tending toward improvement are being introduced. At the last census (1877) 60 per cent. of the adult population could not read. Number public schools, 1880, 29,828; number of pupils, 1,769,456. Number of universities, 10; students, 15,732.

Number miles railway, 1884, 5,157, with 1,747 miles under construction. Length of telegraph lines, 10,733 miles; number miles of wire, 26,160. Number of postoffices, 2,699.

The colonial possessions of Spain have an area of 163,876 square miles, and a population of 7,991,894. The most important are Cuba and the Philippine Islands. Area of Cuba, 43,220 square miles; pop., 1,521,684. Capital, Havana; pop., 25,000. Sugar, tobacco and cigars are principal products; average yearly sugar production, 520,000 tons.

Available home and colonial troops, 400,000.

PORTUGAL.