Part 9

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 51; Representatives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 22; number voters, 796,847; convicts are excluded from voting.

School system excellent; number colleges, 28: school age, 6-21.

Legal interest, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits entire interest. {135}

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{136}

MICHIGAN. Mish´e-gan "WOLVERINE OR LAKE STATE."

Name of Indian origin, signifying Lake country.

First white settlement within limits of State, Sault Ste. Marie, 1668; organized as Territory, 1805; admitted 1837.

Area, 58,915 square miles; length of lower peninsula, from north to south, 277 miles; greatest breadth, 259 miles. Length of upper peninsula, east to west, 318 miles; width, 30 to 164 miles. Length lake shoreline, 1,620 miles. Number counties, 82.

Temperature at Detroit, winter, 24° to 36°; summer, 67° to 72°: rainfall, 30 inches.

Detroit the metropolis; pop., 133,269. Grand Rapids, manufacturing city; pop., 41,934. Lansing, the capital; pop., 9,776. Pop. Bay City, 29,413; East Saginaw, 29,100; Jackson, 19,136; Muskegon, 17,845; Saginaw, 13,767. Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron and Grand Haven are ports of entry.

Number farms, 154,008. Value per acre, cleared land, $34.39; woodland, $20.27. Corn crop, 1884, 26,022,000 bu.; wheat, 29,772,000 bu.; oats, 19,990,000 bu. Fruit raising an important industry.

Copper mines in Houghton, Ontonagon, and Keweenaw counties; valuable iron ores in Marquette and Delta counties; coal in Shiawassee, Eaton, Ingham and Jackson counties. Salt manufactured in year ending November 30, 1884, 3,252,175 barrels.

Salaries State Officers.

Governor $1,000 Lieut. Gov. $3 a day Sec'y of State 800 Treasurer 1,000 Auditor Gen. 2,000 Supt. Pub. Inst'n 1,000 Adjutant Gen. 1,000 Secy Bd. Agr. 1,500 Insur. Com'r. 2,000 R. R. Com'r. 2,500 Immig. Com'r. 2,000 Chief Justice 4,000 Senators } $3 a day Representatives } and 10c per mile 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 Pension Agt. 4,000 4 Colls. Int. Revenue 3,875 to 2,625

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Presidential P. O.

Adrian $2,400 Ann Arbor 2,600 Battle Creek 2,600 Bay City 2,700 Big Rapids 2,300 Detroit 3,700 East Saginaw 2,700 Flint 2,400 Grand Rapids 3,200 Jackson 2,700 Kalamazoo 2,700 Lansing 2,700 Marshall 2,300 Muskegon 2,500 Port Huron 2,400 Saginaw 2,300 52 P.O. $2,200 to 1,500 38 P.O. 1,400 to 1,100 9 P.O. 1,000

Ranks first in copper, lumber and salt; second in iron ore; third in buckwheat; fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes; sixth in wheat and barley; seventh in agricultural implements; eighth in miles railway; ninth in oats.

Grand Haven, Au Sable and Detroit are centres of valuable fishing interests; principal catch is trout and whitefish.

Population, 1,843,369: male, 958,551; female, 884,818; native, 1,419,395; foreign, 423,974; white, 1,817,562; colored, 17,548; Indians, 8,259.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.

Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 467,687. Duelists are excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 9; efficient public schools; school age, 5-20.

Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess of interest. {137}

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{138}

WISCONSIN. W[)i]s-k[)o]n´s[)i]n. "BADGER STATE."

From river of same name; an Indian word signifying "Wild-rushing River." First settled by French, at Green Bay, 1669; organized as a Territory, 1836; first Territorial legislature at Belmont, Sept. 1, 1836; admitted as a State, 1847.

Area, 56,040 square miles; greatest length, 300 miles; greatest breadth, 260 miles; Mississippi river navigable throughout southwest boundary; excellent harbors in Lake Superior on north, and Lake Michigan on east. Port Washington, one of the finest natural harbors in tie world. Number counties, 67. Temperature at Milwaukee; winter, 19°to 31°; summer, 63° to 70°; rainfall, 30 inches.

Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork packing and beer brewing centre; also grain and wheat market: pop., 158,509. Madison, capital; pop., 12,064. Population Eau Claire, 21,668; Fond du Lac, 12,726.

Number farms, 102,904; average value per acre, cleared land, $26.27; woodland, $19.55. Wheat most valuable crop; cultivation of flax increasing; many acres devoted to culture of cranberries; buckwheat crop, 1883, 177,792 bu.; hay, 2,354,835 tons; corn, 1884, 26,200,000 bu.; oats, 45,940,000 bu.; wheat, 20,083,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 25,156,977 gals.; butter, 33,739,055 lbs.; cheese, 19,088,405 lbs.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $5,000 Sec'y of State 5,000 Treasurer 5,000 Attorney Gen. 3,000 Railr'd Com'r. 3,000 Chief Justice 5,000 4 Asso. Justices 5,000 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 Senators, } $500 per y'r, Representatives } mileage 10c. Pension Agent 4,000 Indian Agent 1,500 4 Colls. Int. Revenue 4,500 to 2,750 23 Deputy Collect'rs 1,800 to 300 Collect'r of Customs 1,000 & fees.

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Presidential P. O.

Appleton $2,400 Beloit 2,300 Chippewa Falls 2,100 Eau Claire 2,600 Fond du Lac 2,500 Green Bay 2,200 Janesville 2,500 La Crosse 2,600 Madison 2,700 Milwaukee 3,600 Oshkosh 2,600 Racine 2,700 Sheboygan 2,100 Watertown 2,000 Waukesha 2,000 Wausau 2,000 Whitewater 1,900 66 Offices 1,800 to 1,000

Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties; native copper in the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Milwaukee clay famous for making cream-colored brick. Iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties.

Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements, seventh, in iron and steel, eighth in hay and milch cows, and ninth in copper.

Population, 1,563,423: male, 811,051; female, 752,372: native, 1,069,433; foreign, 493,990: white, 1,555,152; colored, 5,576; Indians, 2695

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 11; number voters, 340,482; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, betters and dualists excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 7; number public schools, 6,588; school population, 495,233; school age, 4-20.

Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest. {139}

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{140}

IOWA [=I]´o-wah. "HAWKEYE STATE."

Name is of Indian origin, and means "The Beautiful land."

Part of the Louisiana purchase; merged into Missouri Territory, 1812; into Michigan, 1834; into Wisconsin, 1836. First white settlement at Dubuque, 1788. Admitted as a State, 1846.

Area, 56,025 square miles, about that of Illinois; extent north and south, 208 miles; east and west, about 300 miles. Principal rivers within State: Des Moines, Iowa and Little Sioux. Number counties, 99. Temperature at Davenport: winter, 21° to 37°; summer, 70° to 76°. Rainfall at Mascutine, 43 inches.

Des Moines, metropolis and capital: pop., 32,469. Pop. of Dubuque, 26,330; of Davenport, 23,830; of Burlington, 23,459; of Council Bluffs, 21,557. Keokuk, Burlington and Dubuque are United States ports of delivery.

Number farms, 185,351; average value per acre, cleared land, $27.36; woodland, $39.36. Corn crop, 1884, 252,600,000 bu.; wheat, 31,270,000 bu.; oats, 78,650,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 13,216,868 bu.; barley, 4,638,348 bu.; sorgham syrup, 2,640,000 gals.

Dairy interest growing in importance, creamery and factory products bringing high prices. There were 60,940,553 lbs. of butter and 3,378,924 lbs. cheese made in 1880.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $3,000 Lieut. Gov. 1,100 Sec'y of State 2,200 Treasurer 2,200 Auditor 2,200 Attorney Gen. $1,500 and $5 a day Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,200 3 R. R. Comm'rs 3,000 Librarian 1,500 Chief Justice 4,000 4 Asso. Justices 4,000 Senators, Representatives $550 per year 2 Dist. Judges 3,500 Pension Agent 4,000 4 Colls. Int. Rev. 2,500 to 4,500

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Presidential P. O.

Burlington $3,000 Cedar Rapids 2,900 Clinton 2,400 Council Bluffs 2,800 Creston 2,300 Davenport 2,900 Des Moines 3,300 Dubuque 3,000 Iowa City 2,400 Keokuk 2,600 Le Mars 2,100 Marshalltown 2,500 Muscatine 2,400 Oakalsosa 2,400 Ottumwa 2,500 Sioux City 2,700 Waterloo 2,400 63 Offices, 2,000 to 1,500 52 Offices, 1,400 to 1,000

Manufacturing establishments are numerous, including canning factories, stove and other foundries, engine-building, paper and woolen mills, lumber and saw mills, etc.

Ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows, oxen and other cattle, corn, hay and oats; third in horses; fifth in barley and miles of railway: sixth in potatoes and rye; seventh in wheat and coal.

Pop., 1,753,980: male, 911,759; female, 842,221: native, 1,443,576; foreign, 310,404: white, 1,753,980; colored, 9,310; Chinese, 33; Indians, 466

State elections annual, Tuesday after second Monday In October, excepting years of presidential elections, when State congressional and presidential elections occur together; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 4 yrs.; of Representatives, 2 yrs.

Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 416,658. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 19: school pop., 604,739; school age, 5-21.

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits 10 per cent. per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition. {141}

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{142}

MINNESOTA. Min´ne-s[=o]ta. "GOPHER STATE."

Named from the river; term of Indian origin, signifying "whitish or sky-colored water."

Explored by Hennepin and La Salle, 1680; Fort Snelling built 1819; organized as a Territory, 1849; admitted 1858.

Area, 83,365 square miles, extreme length, 380 miles; breadth near north line, 337 miles; near middle, 183 miles; and on the south line, 262 miles. Number counties, 80.

Temperature at St. Paul: winter, 11° to 30°; summer, 67° to 74°. Rainfall at Fort Snelling, 25 inches.

Pembina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul, port of delivery and capital; population, 148,074. Minneapolis, metropolis and great commercial centre for lumber, wheat and flour; population, 147,810. Land offices at Taylor's Falls, Fergus Falls, Worthington, Redwood Falls, Benson and Duluth.

Number farms, 140,000; value per acre, cleared land, $20; woodland, $15. Total acreage of the State, 53,353,600; in farms, 16,000,000; in forests, 1,800,000.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $3,800 Lieut. Gov. 600 Sec'y of State 1,800 Treasurer 3,500 Auditor 3,000 Attorney Gen. 2,500 Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,500 Adjutant Gen. 1,500 Pub. Examiner 3,000 Ins. Comm'r 2,000 Com. Statistics 2,000 R. R. Commis'nr 3,000 State Librarian 2,000 Chief Justice 4,500 Senators, } $5 a day Representatives } and 15c. mileage. Dist. Judge 3,500

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Presidential P. O.

Brainerd $2,000 Crookston 1,800 Duluth 2,500 Faribault 2,100 Fergus Falls 2,000 Mankato 2,200 Minneapolis 3,500 Morehead 1,800 Northfield 1,800 Red Wing 2,300 Rochester 2,200 Saint Cloud 1,900 Saint Paul 3,500 Stillwater 2,400 Winona 2,500 9 P.O. 1,700 to 1,500 14 " 1,400 to 1,200 10 " 1,100 4 " 1,000

Wheat the staple, and milling the great industry, giving employment to nearly 4,000 people. Capital invested in flour and grist mills, $21,000,000; value of products, $45,000,000. Corn crop, 1884, 28,630,000 bu., valued at $7,797,900; wheat, 50,117,481 bu., valued at $25,000,000; oats, 36,100,000 bu., valued at $7,220,000. Average value of corn, 1884, 33 cents; of wheat, 50 cents; of oats, 20 cents.

Ranks fourth in wheat and barley, sixth in hay, eighth in oats.

Dairy interest increasing in value; production of butter and cheese becoming one of great industries; latest reports give 19,223,835 lbs. butter; cheese, 975,329 lbs.

Population, 1,118,486: male, 605,551; female, 512,935: native, 733,320; foreign, 381,340: white, 1,115,358; colored, 1,814; Chinese, 99: Indians, 1,215.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 47; Representatives, 103; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.

Number electoral votes, 7; number voters, 306,435; idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 5; school population, 400,000; school age, 5-21.

Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess over 10 per cent. {143}

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{144}

DAKOTA. Da-k[=o]´ta.

So called from a tribe of Indians of the same name.

First permanent white settlements made by Lord Selkirk at Pembina, 1812; organized as a Territory, 1861; first legislature at Yankton, March, 1862.

Area, 149,100 square miles; average length, 450 miles; breadth, 350 miles; ranks in size next to Texas and California. General elevation, 1,000 to 2,500 feet; Red river frontage, about 250 miles; the Missouri navigable throughout the Territory. Number counties, 136.

Temperature at Bismarck: winter, 4° to 27°; summer, 63° to 71°. Climate dry, and cold not so penetrating as in moister regions further east. Rainfall at Fort Randall, 17 inches; 73 per cent. of year's rain falls in spring and summer.

Fargo, the metropolis of Northern Dakota, an enterprising city, does a large business; has gas, electric lights, and street railway. Bismarck, capital, rapidly developing into an important business centre. Yankton, chief town of the south. Land offices at Fargo, Bismarck, Huron, Deadwood, Yankton, Mitchell, Aberdeen, Watertown and Grand Forks. Railway mileage, 1870, 65; 1884, 2,494. The Northern Pacific has a mileage of 375, crossing the northern central portion from Fargo through Bismarck in an almost direct westerly line through the Territory.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $2,600 Secr'y of Terri'y 1,800 Treasurer 2,000 Auditor 1,000 Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500 Chief Justice 3,000 5 Asso. Justices 3,000 Senators, } $4 a day; Representatives } mileage, 20c. 10 Indian Agents 1,000 to 2,200 Surveyor Gen. 2,500 Chief Clerk. 1,800 Chf. Draftsman 1,500 Assistant " 1,200 Col. Int. Rev. 2,750 4 Dep. Colls. 1,600

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Presidential P. O.

Aberdeen $1,900 Bismarck 2,200 Deadwood 1,800 Fargo 2,700 Grafton 1,600 Grand Forks 2,300 Huron 2,300 Jamestown 2,000 Mitchell 1,700 Pierre 1,800 Sioux Falls 2,200 Wahpeton 1,600 Watertown 1,700 Yankton 1,900 5 Post Offices 1,500 5 " " 1,400 3 " " 1,300 16 " " 1,200 to 1,000

Finest wheat-growing country on the continent; corn crop, 1884, 13,950,000 bu.; oats, 11,812,000; wheat, 22,330,000 bu.; 2,800,000 bu. reported as freighted over Northern Pacific in four months of 1883, 76 per cent. being of best grade. Oats yield 50 to 75 bu. per acre; potatoes yield well and are of great size. Nutritious grasses at all seasons and abundant water offer remarkable advantages for stock raising; wool growing an important industry; climate especially favorable for sheep. Ranks fourth in gold, and ninth in silver; latest reported gold product, $4,123,081; mineral wealth centred in Black Hills; coal found in workable quantities west of the Missouri.

Population, 135,177 in 1880, with sufficient increase since then to entitle her to admission as a State: male, 82,296; female, 52,881; native, 83,382; foreign, 51,795; white, 133,147; colored, 401; Chinese, 238; Indians, 1,391.

Territorial, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 2d Tuesday in January; limit session, 60 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Number voters, census 1880, 51,003.

Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess. {145}

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{146}

NEBRASKA. Ne-bras´ka.

Name first applied to the river, and is of Indian origin, signifying Shallow Water. Organized as a Territory, 1854; admitted 1867.

Area, 76,855 square miles; width, north and south, about 210 miles; greatest length in centre, about 420 miles. Platte, the principal river, extending through the State east and west. Number counties, 80.

Temperature at Omaha: winter, 20° to 34°; summer, 72° to 78°. Rainfall, Fort Kearney, 25 inches.

Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, principal city and commercial centre; population, 61,835. Lincoln, a thriving city, containing State University; population, 1870, 2,441, and 1885, 20,004. Population Plattsmouth, 5,796; of Nebraska City, 5,597.

Number farms, 63,387. Average value per acre, cleared land, $8.93; woodland, $25.85.

Corn crop, 1884, 122,100,000 bushels; wheat, 28,325,000 bushels; oats, 21,630,000 bushels. Rye, buckwheat, barley, flax and hemp yield abundant crops. Apples, pears, plums, grapes and berries are plentiful. Ranks eighth in corn and barley, and ninth in rye.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $2,500 Lieut. Gov. $6 a day Sec'y of State 2,000 Aud'r Pub. Ac'ts 2,500 Attorney Gen. 2,000 Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,000 Sec'y Bd. Agr. 1,000 Com'r Pub. L'ds 2,000 Chief Justice 2,500 Senators, } $3 a day; Representatives } mileage, 10 cents. District Judge 3,500 Col. Int. Rev. 4,500 Surveyor Gen. 2,000 3 Indian Agents 1,200 to 1,600

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Presidential P. O.

Beatrice $2,100 Columbus 1,700 Crete 1,700 Falls City 1,600 Fremont 2,200 Grand Island 1,900 Hastings 2,100 Kearney 2,000 Lincoln 2,900 Nebraska City 2,100 Norfolk 1,300 Omaha 3,300 Plattsmouth 1,800 Seward 1,700 Tecumseh 1,600 Wahoo 1,600 York 1,700 10 P.O. $1,500 & 1,400 24 P.O. 1,200 to 1,000

Herd law excellent, and grazing land good. Cattle raising the great industry of the State, next to agriculture.

Manufacturing establishments show a wonderful increase of from 670 in 1870 to 1,403 in 1880. Capital invested, $4,881,150; number hands employed, 4,773.

Homesteads obtained under timber claims or by pre-emptions; cash expense of first, $18 to $36; of second, $14. U.S. land offices at Dakota City, Norfolk, Grand Island, Lincoln, Beatrice, Bloomington and North Platte.

Population, 452,402: male, 249,241; female, 203,161; native, 354,988; foreign, 97,414; white, 449,764; colored, 2,385; Chinese, 18; Indians, 235.

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 40 days; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 5; number voters, 129,042. U.S. army, idiots and convicts excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 9; school population, 135,511; school age, 5-21.

Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits interest and cost.

Railroad mileage, 1865, 122; 1885, 2,891. {147}

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{148}

KANSAS. K[)a]n´zas. "GARDEN OF THE WEST."

From Kansas river. Indian name, signifying "Smoky Water". Visited by Spaniards, 1541, and by French, 1719. Part of Louisiana purchase, and afterward of Indian Territory. Organized as a Territory, 1854. Admitted as a State, January, 1861.

Area, 82,080 square miles. Length, 400 miles; breadth, 200 miles. Geographical centre of United States, exclusive of Alaska. Missouri river frontage, 150 miles; largest rivers, Solomon, Neosho, Saline, Arkansas, Republican and Kansas. Number counties, 100.

Temperature at Leavenworth: summer, 74° to 79°; winter, 25° to 35°: rainfall, 81 inches.

Metropolis, Leavenworth; population, 29,268. Capital, Topeka; population, 23,499. State University at Lawrence; State asylums for insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Osawatomie; institution for education of the blind, Wyandotte; for deaf-mutes, Olathe.

First railroad built, 1865; length, 40 miles. Railroad mileage, 1875, 2,150; Jan. 1, 1886, 4,888.

Number farms, 1860, 10,400; 1880, 138,561. Average value per acre, cultivated land, $11.82; woodland, $19.12. Peculiarly adapted for stock raising. Gain, per cent., in horses, for ten years, 138; cows, 149; mules, 1,040; other cattle, 203; sheep, 210; hogs, 132.

Salaries of State Officers.

Governor $3,000 Secretary of State 2,000 Treasurer 2,500 Auditor 2,000 Attorney Gen. 1,500 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 Sec. Bd. of Agr. 2,000 Insurance Com. 2,500 3 R. R. Coms. 3,000 State Librarian 1,500 Chief Justice 3,000 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 Senator, } $3 pr. day Representatives } mileage 15 cents. District Judge 3,500 Pension Agent 4,000 Col. Int. Rev. 2,750 9 Deputy Collectors $1,650 to 400 Indian Agent 1,000

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Presidential P. O.

Atchison $2,700 Emporia 2,500 Fort Scott 2,400 Lawrence 2,600 Leavenworth 2,800 Newton 2,000 Ottawa 2,100 Parsons 2,100 Salina 2,000 Topeka 3,100 Wellington 2,000 Wichita 2,400 Winfield 2,100 Wyandotte 2,400 78 Offices 1,900 to 1,000

Latest reported crop: castor beans, 765,143 bu.; cotton, 33,589 lbs.; flax, 622,256 bu.; hemp, 557,879 bu.; corn, 1884, 168,500,000 bu.; wheat, 34,990,000 bu.; oats, 27,419,000 bu.

Number hands employed in manufactories, 1860, 1,735; in 1870, 6,844; in 1880, 12,064. Net value of manufactured products increased 67 per cent. in first period, 95 per cent. in second.

Ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye; seventh in hay, and ninth in hogs, horses, wheat and coal. Coal area, 17,500 square miles.

Population, 996,096: male, 536,667; female, 459,429; native, 886,010; foreign, 110,086; white, 952,155; colored, 43,107; Chinese, 19; Indians, 815. State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; Senators, 40; Representatives, 125; sessions biennial, meeting second Tuesday in January in odd-numbered years; limit of session, 50 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.

Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 265,714. Idiots, insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting.

Number colleges, 8; number schoolhouses, over 5,000; school attendance, 69 per cent. of school population; school age, 5-21.

Legal interest, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess of interest. {149}

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{150}

INDIAN TERRITORY.

Portion of great Louisiana purchase set apart for home of peaceable Indian tribes; organized 1834.

Cut down to form States and Territories, leaving but 64,690 square miles, or 41,401,600 acres; nearly 26,000,000 acres being Indian reservations.

Length east and west on the north, 470 miles; breadth west of 100th meridian, 35 miles, and east of that line, about 210 miles. Reservations of Cherokees, 5,000,000 acres in north and northeast; Seminoles, 200,000 in east central; Creeks, 3,215,495 in east; Chickasaws, 4,377,600 in south; the Oklahoma country near centre. Principal rivers, Arkansas and Red. Number nations, agencies and reservations, 22.

Temperature at Fort Gibson: winter, 35° to 48°: summer, 77° to 82°. Rainfall in extreme northwest, 20 inches, and at Fort Gibson, 36 inches.

Most important town, and capital of Cherokees, Tahlequah. Railroad mileage, 372. Capital of Chickasaws, Tishomingo; of Choctaws, Tushkahoma; of Creeks, Muscogee; of Osages, Pawhuska; of Seminoles, Seminole Agency; of Pawnees, Pawnee Agency; of Kiowas and Comanches, Kiowa and Comanche Agency.

Indian Agencies.

ARAPAHOE. Agent $900

CHEYENNE. Agent $2,200 Physician 1,200

KAW. Superintend't $1,600 Physician 1,200

KIOWA AND COMANCHE. Agent $1,000 Physician 1,000

OAKLAND. Superintend't. $1,000 8 Teachers 600

OSAGE. Agent $1,600 Physician 1,200

OTOE. Agent $1,500 Physician 1,000

PAWNEE. Clerk $1,200 Physician 1,000

PONCA. Superinden't $1,200 Clerk 720

QUAPAW. Agent $1,500 Physician 1,200

SAC AND FOX. Agent $1,200 2 Physicians 1,000

[Illustration]

Corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton and potatoes yield luxuriantly. Number horses, January, 1883, 125 per cent. of previous year; mules, 110 per cent.; hogs, 80 per cent.; milch cows, 85 per cent.; number sheep, 55,000, at average value of $2; oxen and other cattle, January, 1884, 520,000, valued at $8,840,000.

Stringent laws to protect from encroachments by whites. They can hold land only by marrying into one of the tribes. Recent official reports give Indian population about 80,000: Cherokees, 20,000; Choctaws, 16,500; Creeks, 14,500; Chickasaws, 7,000; Seminoles, 2,500; Osages, 2,390; Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438; Comanches, 1,475.

No Territorial government has as yet been organized, owing to differences in the views of Congress and the tribes. For each agency, a deputy is appointed by the President to represent the United States, but each tribe manages its own internal affairs. Most of the tribes governed by chiefs.

Of first five tribes, 33,650 can read, and have 16,200 houses, 195 schools, and 6,250 pupils. Expended from tribal funds for educational purposes, $156,856; from government appropriations for freedmen, $3,500. {151}

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{152}

COLORADO. Kol-o-rah´do. "CENTENNIAL STATE."

Part of Louisiana purchase of 1803. First explored by Vasquez Coronado under the Spanish, 1540. First expedition sent out by United States Government, under Major Pike, 1806; a second under command of Col. S.H. Long, 1820, and in 1842-44, Gen. John C. Fremont made his celebrated trip across the Rocky Mountains. First settlements made by miners, 1858-9; formed from parts of Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico; organized as a Territory, February, 1851; admitted August 1, 1876.

Area, 103,925 square miles; length, 380 miles; breadth, 280 miles; principal rivers, North and South Platte, Arkansas, Snake, White and Green. Number counties, 40. Temperature at Denver: winter, 25° to 37°; summer, 72° to 74°. Rainfall of the State from 15 to 20 inches, falling mostly between May and July.

Five United States land districts, with offices at Denver, Pueblo, Fairplay, Lake City and Central City. Denver, capital and metropolis, and contains assay office; pop., 54,308; Leadville, 10,925; Silver Cliffs, 900; Colorado Springs, 4,563. State University at Boulder; Agricultural College at Fort Collins; School of Mines at Golden City.

Richest State in the Union in mineral productions, ranking first in silver, and fourth in gold.

Salaries of State Officers.