Chapter XXVI.
[9] Ptolemy Philadelphus’ chief inducement to establish stations in Abyssinia was to procure war elephants. Thus to these Egyptian Greeks and Ethiopians the African elephant did not appear too intractable.
[10] Dongola, the accepted name for the Nubian country north of Kordofan, appears at one time to have been inhabited by a race speaking a Hamitic rather than a Nubian language. Dongola (originally Dankala), or its plural, Danagla, may be etymologically connected with Danākil of the north Somali coast.
[11] Gala and Somali are almost convertible terms. But in this book Somali is used to indicate that section of the Gala peoples who have become Muhammadans, and Gala is reserved as a general term for the whole race or for its non-Islamite tribes.
[12] The Arabic and Turkish name for Venice is, or was, Bunduq. This was a clumsy rendering of the German Venedig, which again was a corruption of the Latin Veneticum. Although the Arab _q_ (a very strong _k_) is almost unpronounceable by most Europeans, it is nevertheless constantly used by Arabs for translating the _k_-sound in European words.
[13] By “Dravidian” I mean that very early and little differentiated, dark-coloured Caucasian of India who is only a few degrees, physically, above the Australian race.
[14] At the time of these exploits Oporto, now the second town of Portugal, was of little account; the great port at the mouth of the Douro was called in Latin Portus Calis, or, in the local dialect, Portucal. This place, being the most important port in the district recovered from the Moors by Count Henry, gave its name to the little principality which he founded.
[15] Algarve is simply a Portuguese softening of the Arabic words Al Gharb, the Extreme West or place of sun-setting. At that time Morocco, across the Straits, was also called Al Gharb for the same reason. Therefore, after these conquests, the kings of Portugal styled themselves “Kings of the Algarves, on this side and on the other side of the sea.” The after-triumphs of the Portuguese in the path of exploration, conquest, and colonisation were finally summed up in the grandiose titles of their monarchs, which endure to the present day, and which may well be allowed to endure with respect, seeing what the world’s knowledge owes to the Portuguese navigators and conquistadores. The titles run, “Rey de Portugal e dos Algarves, alem e aquem do Mar na Africa; Senhor da Guiné e da conquista e da navegaçao d’Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia e India” (King of Portugal and of the Algarves, on this side and on the other side of the Sea in Africa; Lord of Guinea, and of the conquest and navigation of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India).
[16] Prester John.
[17] It may be interesting to some to know that Vasco is a contraction of Velasco, meaning “hairy,” and was a nickname often given to Portuguese in early days.
[18] In Lobo’s book the date is given as 1613, but Bruce shows with some likelihood that, according to the native Abyssinian chronicles, the date of Paez’ visit to the sources of the Blue Nile was probably 1615. In the Latin version of Paez’ account of his travels, published at Rome in 1652 by the Jesuit Athanasius Kircher, the date given is the 21st of April, 1618.
[19] See page 30.
[20] Probably, from the description given, _Equus grevyi_; so that this, the largest, rarest, and the latest described of all the zebras, was probably the first example of the striped horse to receive that name at the hands of the Portuguese, and become known to Europe. The name is spelt “zevra” in Father Lobo’s account, in some versions “zeura.”
[21] The modern term, Gala or Galla, used to denominate that section of the Hamite people closely akin to the Somalis yet heathen and dwelling inland, is derived through the Portuguese from an Abyssinian cant term meaning “wild,” “savage.” It is unrecognized by the “Gallas” themselves.
[22] Father Lobo gives an excellent description of the coasts of the Red Sea as known to the Portuguese at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Among other places that are probably mentioned for the first time is Suakin, which is written “Suaquem.”
[23] Fremona, the first and principal seat of the Jesuits, was nine or ten miles from Axum. It was originally called Maigoga, but the name Fremona was given to it by the Portuguese Jesuits as being the Abyssinian version of Frumentius, who was the so-called Apostle of Abyssinia, and converted the rulers of that country to the Greek Church in the fourth century.
[24] Lake Tsana is usually styled by Lobo and the earlier Portuguese travellers Dambia (Dembea); but they also give it the name of Sena, which is obviously the same as Bruce’s version of Tsana.
[25] Some of the blame undoubtedly must be laid on the shoulders of the Dutch and Saxon map-makers, who used and distorted Portuguese information.
[26] _Habsh_, _Habshi_ is the name given to Negroes at the present day in Hindustani.
[27] A Description of the East and some other countries, Vol. I., by Richard Pococke, LL.D., F. R. S. London, 1743.
[28] He filled many posts between 1725 and his death in 1771. He desired to be made Secretary of State for the West Indies, but George II. refused. His efforts to foster British trade and colonial expansion were much appreciated by merchants and colonials, and Halifax, in Nova Scotia, is named after him.
[29] Algeria was then practically a dependency of Turkey, governed by Turks.
[30] Though it is so stated, the delay was apparently caused by the complete breakdown of Bruce’s health, a breakdown which obliged him to spend some time at Italian sulphur baths (Poretta). Bruce, before leaving Sennar and the regions of the Blue Nile, had received into his system the germ of the Guinea worm. This creature developed in the usual way. One day when Bruce was reading on a sofa at Cairo he felt an itching on his leg, and soon afterwards through the pimple thus raised appeared the head of the worm. Three inches of this parasite were wound off round a piece of silk, but on the ship which conveyed Bruce from Alexandria to Marseilles the surgeon clumsily broke off the portion of the worm extruding from the body. The remainder of the worm still in the leg caused the most terrible agony for thirty-five days, which Bruce had to spend in the lazaretto at Marseilles. Here, however, he received better surgical treatment. Nevertheless, for some time afterwards his leg gave him considerable trouble, and apparently, in 1774, he had to visit Italian sulphur baths.
[31] All except, perhaps, some of his stories of Nubia and Sennar.
[32] It is curious to read of his using a “rifle” in Abyssinia and thereby astonishing the princes.
[33] The name of this notable African city is said to mean, in the local Arabic, “elephant’s trunk,” as the long spit of sand on which it was erected was supposed to resemble that feature. Other etymologies are quoted. Apparently the name was that of a small fishing village of grass huts which was selected by Ibrahim Pasha as a camp commanding both the White and Blue Niles and easily defended. Khartum, from its situation, rapidly became the metropolis of the Sudan. It was taken and destroyed by the Mahdi in 1885. Its site was reoccupied by Lord Kitchener’s victorious force in 1898. Khartum has since been rebuilt, and will probably become one of the greatest cities of Africa.
[34] The son of a Swiss soldier in the Swiss corps subsidised by England in the Napoleonic wars.
[35] Afterwards absorbed by the Royal Geographical Society.
[36] As this journey was financed by the African Association, it may be regarded as a British contribution to Nile exploration.
[37] The name Muhammad is affectedly pronounced by the Turks Mehemet, but is of course written by them Muhammad.
[38] Afterwards for nearly forty years French consular agent at Khartum.
[39] Mainly supported by the Archduchess Sophia.
[40] The names of the principal members of this Austrian Roman Catholic Mission, which finally abandoned its labors about 1862, owing to the terribly unhealthy climate of the Upper Nile, were Knoblecher, Beltrame, Morlang, Ueberbacher, Ryllo, and Dorvak. Of their numbers (seventeen in all) fifteen died of fever or dysentery, and only two returned to Europe. Beltrame wrote important works in Italian on the Dinka language. Knoblecher, Ueberbacher, and Morlang collected materials for the illustration of the Bari language, which were put together by Mitterrützner.
[41] Glamorgan.
[42] It may be mentioned here that throughout the Sudan, from the Albert Nyanza to Khartum, the Egyptians, as distinct from their Sudanese soldiers, are always spoken of as Turki or Turūk. Kordofan, once the home of the Nubians and of Negro races, was overrun by Arabs for several centuries, and more than a hundred years ago formed part of the half-Ethiopian kingdom of Sennar. It was then subdued by the mailed horsemen of Darfur, and held by them until conquered by the Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pasha in 1820.
[43] Petherick in his last book writes in eulogistic terms of the behaviour of this mere boy (so far as age went) throughout all the trying experiences that the Pethericks underwent in their journeys up and down the White Nile and the rivers of the Bahr-al-Ghazal. It would be interesting to know what became of Foxcroft after so promising a début in African travel.
[44] Many of these tribes are known to us at the present day by foolish nicknames. For instance, the Kamasia people, who dwell in the western part of the Baringo district, really call themselves El Tūkan. Turkana seems often pronounced Tukana.
[45] Amabile, tried and sentenced to imprisonment by Petherick for slave-trading, and Andrea de Bono, who, though ostensibly an ivory-trader, was very unscrupulous in his methods. De Bono, however, was the first European to explore the countries to the east of the Mountain Nile, i.e., between the main Nile and the basin of Lake Rudolf.
[46] Near the confluence of the Asua River.
[47] Down to about 1860 the Arab ruler over East Africa was the Imam of Maskat, the sovereign of the principality of Oman on the Persian Gulf. For more than a hundred years, however, the Imam of Maskat deputed one of his sons or kinsmen to be Sayyid of Zanzibar.
[48] By its own people this country is called _Wu-nya-mwezi_. _Wu-_ is a degenerate form of the Bantu _bu-_ prefix, which is often used to indicate a country. _Nya_ is a particle, meaning “of,” or “concerning,” and _mwezi_ = the moon. Unyamwezi is, however, so far away from Ruwenzori on the one hand or Kilimanjaro on the other that it is difficult to associate its name (which so far as we know has been in existence for about four centuries) with that of the snow-mountains.
[49] Speke and others are of opinion that there was a considerable civilisation in Somaliland at one time, which completely disappeared after the Muhammadanising of the country. The Somali (except those of the far interior) were converted to Islam by Arab immigrants in the fifteenth century. Prior to this they had been Christian to some extent, a much degraded type of Christianity having penetrated southwards from Abyssinia. It is hardly necessary to point out that the Somali and Gala are practically one people in race and language. Gala is only apparently a cant term originating in Abyssinia and unknown to the people whom we call by that name. It is also interesting to note that Speke and other explorers heard in Somaliland, in the “early fifties,” of the existence of a great lake far in the interior which was in all probability the Victoria Nyanza. The present writer has endeavoured to show, in his book on the Uganda Protectorate, that in ancient times considerable trading intercourse was kept up between Somaliland and the northeast shores of the Victoria Nyanza.
[50] Victoria Nyanza. Often so called in earlier days by the Arabs, from Bukerebe, a large island near the south shore.
[51] Though Burton subsequently recanted this opinion in order to embarrass Speke’s theories, and declared that the Rusizi was the outlet of Tanganyika.
[52] After his Somersetshire home, and the Indian word for a creek--_ălla_.
[53] Walter L’Espec, in the reign of Henry I., founded three abbeys,--Kirkham, Rivaulx, and Warden. In the thirteenth century the L’Especs altered the spelling of their name to Speke. One Speke lost property by faithfulness to Charles I.; another got into (and out of) trouble in the reign of Charles II. by advocating the claims to the succession of the Duke of Monmouth.
[54] In one of his books Speke shows us how Burton and himself managed to communicate with the natives. Neither of them--not even Burton--had a sufficient knowledge of Kiswahili during their journey to Tanganyika to talk direct with their porters. They conversed with “Bombay,” their Swahili interpreter, in Hindustani. Burton also was able to speak Arabic with the Arab traders. Both, perhaps, are a little too inclined to overlook this language difficulty in describing their conversations with native chiefs. In all cases these must have been carried on in the following manner: The chief would probably speak in his native language, which would be translated by somebody else into Swahili, and this again would be translated by Bombay, or Frij, or some other interpreter, into Hindustani or English; or, again, Burton’s information might be rendered by some Arab in Arabic. Direct communications no doubt were sometimes made by both parties in broken Swahili.
[55] Mr. T. Douglas Murray, who afterwards became Baker’s biographer. This letter was written near the close of Sir Samuel Baker’s life, on the 22d of August, 1893.
[56] See his “Discovery of the Source of the Nile.”
[57] Discovery of the Source of the Nile, p. 31.
[58] Worthy of mention here as being the southernmost extension of “Nilotic” influence among the East African races.
[59] _Gazella granti_, the horns of which are far longer than is the case with any other gazelle, the animal itself being about the size of a fallow deer.
[60] A Hima state, lying to the west of the Victoria Nyanza.
[61] This, of course, was Lake Albert, the waters of which are slightly brackish. But it is often called the Salt Lake by the Arabs, from the large deposits of salt on its shores.
[62] They meant, of course, the Rukuga, which flows through Marungu.
[63] Hima or Huma is the commonest name applied locally to the Gala aristocracy in East Equatorial Africa.
[64] Journal of the Discovery of the Sources of the Nile.
[65] Throughout the writings of Burton, Speke, and Stanley, this race is called Wahuma. The most common term, however, by which they are known and know themselves is Bahima (_hima_ being the root and _Ba-_ the plural prefix).
[66] This is the more curious because, on page 276 in the “Discovery of the Source of the Nile,” Speke writes of “a long range of view of the lake, and of the large island or group of islands called Sese, where the king of Uganda keeps one of his fleets.”
[67] According to the traditions of the natives, syphilis and smallpox entered Uganda about the same time, and came originally from Unyoro. Unyoro received these plagues from the first Nubian slave- and ivory-trading caravans, which were the pioneers of Egyptian rule in the forties of the last century. Syphilis and smallpox were also brought by the Zanzibar trading caravans from Unyamwezi not many years later.
[68] This, indeed, long before the British Protectorate, Gordon Pasha meditated, and was only restrained therefrom by the intervention of Sir John Kirk.
[69] It is a question whether all these spirits were not in origin deified chiefs or medicine-men, who after death were supposed to become controllers of the lake, of the rain supply, of certain diseases, or of certain functions. Speke considers that a small element of phallic worship was mixed up with the old Uganda religion.
[70] Muzungu, i.e., “White-man.”
[71] This word is really a mis-hearing on Speke’s part for Bwana, which, again, is a corruption of Abuna, the Arab word for “our father.” Bwana is the respectful term, meaning “master,” which is applied in the Swahili language to all persons of superior position. It was the name by which Speke was known throughout his stay in Uganda, though it has long since been discarded for “Sapiki.”
[72] Since, by the unspeakable barbarism of the British Administration, _cut down_!
[73] Albert Nyanza.
[74] Speke and Baker had met before in India.
[75] Florence Ninian von Sass. Lady Baker survives her husband.
[76] For something like twelve hundred miles, from the mouth of the Atbara to the sea, the Nile receives no further contribution of water.
[77] _Cycloderma_, the Leathery Fresh-water Turtle.
[78] This great lake was in reality nothing but the lake-like course of the Upper Congo. The words for river and lake in almost all African languages are the same.
[79] She usually signed herself Alexine. Her full name was Alexandrina Petronella Francina Tinne. The name is spelt without an accented _e_, and is pronounced as it would be in German.
[80] Her nephew, Mr. John Tinne, however, informs the present writer that his aunt once wrote to him saying that “ever since she was a little girl doing lessons she had longed to see what there was on the great blank spot on the map of Africa.”
[81] This account of the death of Miss Tinne is derived from information very kindly supplied to the author by her nephew, Theodore F. S. Tinne, Esq., of Hawkhurst, Kent.
[82] She was only thirty-three at the time of her death.
[83] France was dogged with continual ill-luck in her attempts to open up and explore the Nile basin. Expedition after expedition and explorer after explorer, despatched directly or indirectly under French auspices, failed (generally by death from fever) in grasping the great discoveries which fell to more fortunate Germans and Englishmen.
[84] They were, however, first mentioned by Piaggia.
[85] Heuglin forestalled him, perhaps, as regards the Gray Parrot.
[86] These people do not call themselves by the designation. It is one applied to them by the Arabs as a nickname, indicating the gusto with which they eat human flesh. They themselves acknowledge several names, such as Azande and Makarka.
[87] Pierced by the ants so that they become whistles played on by the wind.
[88] First of all revealed to our notice by the Italian explorer, Piaggia, who succeeded Miani and preceded Dr. Schweinfurth.
[89] A gifted French explorer who attempted to forestall other expeditions in discovering the Central African lakes. He was murdered about a hundred miles inland from Zanzibar.
[90] Younger brother of Adolphe Linant, an early Nile explorer of 1827 and 1828.
[91] In a pamphlet written in conjunction with Mr. Kerry Nichols and Colonel J. A. Grant, published in 1876, by William Clowes.
[92] Romolo Gessi was a Levantine Italian, born at Constantinople in 1831, who had gradually drifted into the employment of the Egyptian government. He became a Pasha after Gordon’s departure from the Sudan in 1880.
[93] Now Colonel Watson, R.E. In 1874–1875 Lieutenant C. M. Watson, accompanied by Lieutenant Chippendall, made an admirable survey of the main Nile from Khartum to Gondokoro, and later assisted Gordon in completing this survey up to Lake Albert.
[94] A portion of this is often called Makarka.
[95] During this struggle Gessi was hard put to it for food, but he quaintly notes that “Of all our troops only the Makarka and Nyam-nyam remained healthy, owing to their feeding on human flesh. Directly after a battle they cut off the feet of the dead, and consumed these, together with their brains.”
[96] Whose encyclopædic work on the Galas will soon be published. Mr. Wakefield died in 1902.
[97] Dweru, like Nyanza, is a very common Bantu word which is applied equally to lake and river. It simply means “whiteness.” With different prefixes it becomes Mweru, Jeru, and so forth.
[98] In giving extracts from this as from other works of Nile explorers the present writer often summarises. He also employs sometimes more modern spelling in scientific nomenclature to avoid puzzling the reader habituated to the most recent descriptions.
[99] Vide chap. ix. p. 107.
[100] This stream, joining others from farther east, enters the Mountain Nile near the bifurcation of the Giraffe River.--H. H. J.
[101] Khor Kos flows into the Oguelokur, and thus into the Bahr-az-Ziraf. See chap. xxvi.
[102] The distribution of the branching Hyphæne Fan palm is very peculiar. It is found right across the Sahara, south of latitude 25°, to the vicinity of the Atlantic. It avoids the better watered regions of Nigeria and the Bahr-al-Ghazal, but on the east extends across Somaliland and down the coast to Mombasa.--H. H. J.
[103] Probably Emin refers to the lanky _Cercopithecus patas_.
[104] Really a plantain-eater--_Schizorhis_ or _Gymnoschizorhis_.--H. H. J.
[105] The white-eared Kob antelope.--H. H. J.
[106] The Kafuru. This was re-examined by the author of this book. It is a narrow winding channel passing between high banks. In spite of the author’s delineation of this feature in his book, “The Uganda Protectorate,” map-makers still continue to draw it as a lake-like straight arm connecting the Albert Edward with Dweru.
[107] Dweru, as already explained, merely means a white surface or sheet of water.
[108] This word is the name of one of the tributaries of the Kagera.
[109] M. Dècle travelled overland from the Cape of Good Hope to the Victoria Nile in 1892–1894.
[110] Dr. Kandt (who first correctly mapped Lake Kivu) traced the course of the important Nyavarongo and Akanyaru tributaries of the Kagera. This learned explorer died in 1901.
[111] Lugard mapped much of the country between Uganda and Ruwenzori and discovered Lake Wamala in western Uganda.
[112] Mr Jackson’s magnificent zoölogical collections, especially in mammals, birds, and butterflies, have, with those of Mr. Oscar Neumann, done much to illustrate the fauna of southern Nileland.
[113] It is said that the contribution to the Nile waters from the great Victoria Nyanza is not more considerable than the maximum discharge of one of the great canals in Egypt. Much of the volume of the Victoria Nile is spread out to waste and evaporate in the Kioga-Kwania Lake, which also receives the heavy rainfall of north and west Elgon.
[114] I should again like to point out how frequent amongst Nilotic Negroes is the word Kir for a big river. This name is frequently applied to the main Nile, and appears even to crop up again in the Bantu languages of the Victoria Nyanza, for in Luganda the Nile is also called Kiira.
[115] Piaggia was originally an Italian mechanic, born at Alexandria. He drifted to the Sudan in 1856, and generally attached himself as a sort of caravan leader to the traders in the Bahr-al-Ghazal. In this capacity he explored (quite unscientifically) the Nyam-nyam country in 1863–1865, and in 1876 he visited Lake Kioga and the Victoria Nile.
[116] For various reasons not all Captain Marchand’s officers could be brought away from the Nile immediately. Lieutenant Tanguedec was left for some two years entirely isolated on the White Nile near Bor.
[117] A name very suggestive of the Bantu languages.
[118] Negroes of the Semliki valley and forest.
[119] This lake is at present one of the unsolved African problems as regards its history and affinities. Unlike other lakes of Central Africa, its fauna has marine affinities, and would seem indeed to be actually of marine origin. It is at the present day connected somewhat intermittently with the Congo drainage, and therefore with the Atlantic Ocean; and one assumption to explain the existence of its sponges, shrimps, and jelly-fishes is that in Jurassic times it was connected with a vast inlet of the Atlantic Ocean which occupied the northern half of the low-lying Congo basin. Yet, when a relief map of Africa is looked at, it strikes one at a glance that Tanganyika lies within the same rift valley as Lakes Kivu, Albert Edward, Albert Nyanza, and the Albertine Nile. Its southern end may also have been connected through Lake Rukwa, with the rift valley of Lake Nyasa. It would be easy to imagine the occurrence of a recent and slight upheaval which detached this lake from the Nile system and sent its overflowing waters in the direction of the Congo, but for the aforementioned marine fauna of its waters. Its history, therefore, remains at the present moment an unsolved problem.
[120] With a bifurcated rift up Tanganyika.
[121] See “L’Omo,” by L. Vannutelli and C. Citerni.
[122] A small and very interesting lake which lies about sixty miles to the north of Tanganyika, and communicates with that lake by the river Rusizi.
[123] Some rising as far south as Lat. 3° 50′ S. and within ten miles of Tanganyika.
[124] Bahr-al-Jabl, so called by the Turks and early French and German explorers, because by following it up stream they came at last to mountains after the thousand miles of marsh between Khartum and Bor.
[125] “River of gazelles,” i.e., antelopes, the name given to it by the Sudanese Arabs from the dense herds of game which were formerly to be seen on its marshy shores.
[126] The Ruzi River, which rises to the west of Lake Rudolf, under the fourth degree of north latitude, was considered by the late Captain Wellby to be the southernmost source of the Sobat, but this supposition has not been verified.
The Ruzi or the two Ruzis probably join the three big streams--the Oguelokur, Tu, and Kos--which enter the Giraffe River.
[127] This name means “the terrible,” from the violence with which it sweeps down a winding chasm from an altitude of 7,000 feet in Abyssinia to 2,500 feet in the Nubian plains.
[128] Who transmitted the rumour to Greek travellers and merchants visiting the coasts of the Red Sea and East Africa. These again handed on the information to Greek and Roman geographers.
[129] A corruption of Runsororo.
[130] Wosho Mountain, approximately sixteen thousand feet.
[131] Snow may perhaps occasionally lie for a few days on the highest points of the volcanic Mfumbiro peaks (Sabinzi and Karisimbi), which are over thirteen thousand feet and lie almost within the limits of the Nile basin, to the south of Lake Albert Edward; and there may be a little permanent snow perhaps on the peaks over eleven thousand feet in height on the southeast of Basutoland in South Africa.
[132] A little less perhaps than Dr. A. Bludan’s estimate.
INDEX
Aahmes, 11
Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d’, 111, 279, 280, 281, 319
Abbadie, Arnaud d’, 279, 319
Ablaing, Baron d’, 193
Abyssinia, 3, 298 _et seq._; history of, 30 _et seq._, 46 _et seq._, 61, 112, 277 _et seq._; geography of, 30, 57, 70, 87, 111, 179, 182, 203, 204, 279 _et seq._; people of, 31 _et seq._, 61, 82 _et seq._, (raw-meat eating) 81–85, (feasts) 82–85; Christianity of, 48, 51, 58; Emperor of, 49, 51, 57, 66, 77, 182, 278 _et seq._; name of, 60, 61; missionaries in, 112, 182, 278; likeness to Bahima, 144; Mother of the Nile, 179; mountains, 297, 312
Acacia (gum) trees, 182, 205, 207, 209, 218, 220, 294
Acholi (Shuli), people, 165, 184, 253, 274, 296
Adel (Somaliland), 48
Aden, 115, 127, 276
Adua, 33
Adulis, 27, 33
Afar, 4, 30
Africa, East, 22, 44, 48, 133, 246
Africa, Negro, 21
Africa, North, 15, 38, 199
Africa, South, 134, 147
Africa, West, 148, 217, 219, 242, 245
African Association, 86, 90
African wild flowers, flora, 133, 177, 204, 205, 218, 257, 258
Agoro Mountains, 272
Ais, Al, 94, 99
Akka pygmies, 110, 216
Akobo River, 287, 290
Albania, Albanians, 94
Albert Edward, Lake, 171, 227, 260, 262, 269, 270, 304
Albert Nyanza, 26, 71, 97, 129, 164, 170, 173, 185 _et seq._, 231 _et seq._, 250, 260 _et seq._, 304
Alexander the Great, 12, 13, 16, 90
Alexandra Nyanza, 228, 266
Alexandria, 16, 22, 23, 66, 80, 95
Algarve (southern province of Portugal), 46
Algiers, Algeria, 76
Aloes, 122, 204, 218
Alvarez, Francisco, 47, 69, 319
Ambach, or Ambady, 244
Ambatch (_Herminiera_), 209, 210, 294
Ambukol, 96, 310
America, Americans, 8, 233, 273, 317, 321
Amhara, 277, 278
Amharic language, 62, 63, 280
Ankole, 148, 262, 298
Antelopes, 182, 201, 209, 306
Anthropology, 200, 211, 212, 217, 251
Anville, D’, 70 _et seq._, 80, 202
Apes, anthropoid, 4, 5, 315
Apuddo (Apuddu), 109
Arabia, 1, 3, 7, 17, 95
Arabs, 17 _et seq._, 22, 39, 44, 50, 113, 119, 180, 181, 246, 317
Arabs of Zanzibar, their early knowledge of African geography, 139, 140
Aragonese, 40
Aristocracy in Nileland, 156
Aristocreon, 19
Aristotle, 16
Arnaud, D’, 96, 100, 319
Arnold, Sir Edwin, 228, 274
Aruwimi River, 240, 260, 264
Aryan races, languages, 14
Asia Minor, 19
Assiut, 88
Assuan, 19, 39, 77, 87, 95, 96
Astaboras (Abbara, _see_) 21, 27
Astapus (Blue Nile), 16, 27
Astasobas, 27
Asua River, 109, 134, 166, 167, 232, 272, 306
Atbara, 20 _et seq._, 25, 48, 92, 176 _et seq._, 203, 240, 278, 288, 310
Atlantic Ocean, 317
Austin, H. H., 271, 286, 287
Austria, Austrians, 96, 234, 248, 321
Austrian Mission on Mountain Nile, 97 _et seq._, 167
Author’s contributions to Nile geography, 248, 270
Auxuma, Axum, 27, 33
Azania, 22
Baggara Arabs, 211
Bahr-al-Arab, 71, 201, 230, 238, 242, 243, 307
Bahr-al-Aswad, 180
Bahr-al-Azrak, _see_ Blue Nile
Bahr-al-Ghazal River, 5, 6, 21, 43, 71, 72, 98, 100 _et seq._, 106 _et seq._, 192 _et seq._, 201 _et seq._, 212 _et seq._, 234, 236 _et seq._, 240, 241 _et seq._, 274, 285, 306 _et seq._
Bahr-al-Hamr, 194, 201, 243
Bahr-al-Jabl, _see_ White and Mountain Nile
Bahr-az-Ziraf, _see_ Giraffe Nile
Bailul, 54
Baker, Sir Samuel, 103, 129, 131, 167, 168; birth and parentage, 174; marriage and Ceylon, 175; in Turkey, 176; second marriage, 176; commences Nile exploration, 176; on the Atbara, 177 _et seq._; starts for Albert Nyanza, 183 _et seq._; deceived as to extent of this lake, 186; knighted, 188; results of his explorations, 189; returns to Nileland, 190, 191; character, 191, 320
Baker (Florence), Lady, 167, 176, 182, 320
_Balæniceps rex_, 101, 102, 295
Balega Negroes (Lendu), 297
Baltic provinces, 203
Baluchistan, Baluchi, 2, 43
Balugano (Italian draftsman), 77
Banana, the, 57, 153
Bantu languages, 114, 137, 138, 261, 284, 290, 291
Bantu Negro, 29, 38, 137, 290
Baobab tree, 182, 294
Bari country, people, 21, 97, 98, 108 _et seq._, 188, 190, 238
Baringo, Lake, 113, 162, 247
Baro (_see also_ Sobat), 284, 285, 288
Barth, Dr., 217
Basalt, 210, 314
Basilis (Greek explorer), 19
Bath, 170
Baumann, Oscar, 266, 267, 268, 320
Baumgarten (Swiss engineer), 99
Beads, Blue Egyptian, 36
Beatrice Gulf, 227, 262
Beke, Dr. C. T., 111, 280, 319
Belgium, Belgians, 225, 238, 242, 269, 318, 321
Beltrame, Father, 97
Benue River, 219
Berber (Primnis, Ibrim), 25, 69, 188, 205
Berbera, 116
Berbers, the, 199
Berkeley, Fort, 106
Berlin, 203
Bermudez, 47 _et seq._
Berta Negroes, 289, 297
Bilma, 20
Binesho tribe, 290
Bion (Greek explorer), 19
Birds, 208, 255, 295
Biri River, 216
Blackwater fever, 107, 195
Blackwood’s Magazine, 128, 170
Blandford, Dr. W. T., 282
Blood-drinking (Abyssinian, East African), 81, 82
Blundell, Weld, 287, 321
Bogos country, 283, 294
“Bombay” (Speke’s faithful), 130, 165, 169
Bonchamps, De, 286
Bongo tribe, 217
Bono, Andrea de, 106 _et seq._, 165, 168, 187
Bor, 106, 285, 291, 292
Boran Galas, 72
_Borassus_, palm (_Doleb_), 253, 254
Borelli, Jules, 285
Bornu, 239, 242
Botany, _see_ Flora
Bottego, V., 285, 320
Brahuis (of Beluchistan), 2
Brèvedent, Father, 67
Bright, R. G. T., 271, 286, 321
British, the, 293, 317, 318, 319 _et seq._; in Egypt, 94, 95; in Uganda, 154, 161, 228, 269; in Abyssinia, 282; in Egypt and Sudan, 293
British Association, 170, 172
British government, its indifference to African exploration, 169, 188
Browne, Wm. Geo., 88, 89, 319
Bruce, James, 71, 75 _et seq._; and the Guinea worm, 81; raw-flesh eating, 81, 82; death, 86; work in Abyssinian history, 276, 319
Brun-Rollet, 96, 99, 319
_Bucerosia_, 204, 218
Buchta, Richard, 234
Buddu, 150, 151, 156
Buffon, Comte de (naturalist), 80, 87
Bumbiri, Island of, 225, 226
Bunbury, Sir E. H., 25
Burckhardt, J. L., 92, 93, 319
Burton, Sir Richard F., 115 _et seq._, 127 _et seq._ (relations with Speke), 128 _et seq._, 170, 171, 172, (character) 131 _et seq._; transference to West Africa, 170; theories of geography, 171, 231; hesitation to take Mombasa route, 246
Burton, Lady, 172
Bushmen (pygmies), 1, 31
Busoga, 35, 152, 162, 224, 260, 303
Byzantine Empire, 30, 37, 40
Cæsar, Julius, 9
Cailliaud, Frederic, 91, 92, 289, 319
Cairo, 67 _et seq._, 75, 93
Cambridge, 93
Cambyses, 11, 12, 24
Camel, the, 21, 294
Camerons, 148
Cannibals, Cannibalism, 194, 202, 236
Cape of Good Hope, 47, 87, 134, 266
“Cape-to-Cairo,” phrase and telegraph, 228, 274
Capellen, Baroness Van, 193, 195
Carthage, 10, 15
Casabi (Italian explorer), 239
Cattle, breeds of African, 147; abundant, 208, 295
Caucasian and Nile discovery, _prefatory note_, 19, 297, 298, 317
Caucasian, Caucasian race, 2, 14, 31, 42, 146, 148, 297, 317
Cecchi (Italian explorer), 235, 279
Centurions, Nero’s two, 20, 21, 26, 274
Ceylon, 175
Chad, Lake, 6, 15, 20, 147, 195, 199, 240
Chaillé-Long, Col., 238, 239, 320
Charles II., 125
Chemorongi Mountains, 272
Chiarini (Italian explorer), 235
Chimpanzee, the, 5, 217, 222
Chippendall, Capt., 231, 233, 234
Christianity, 34, 35,37 _et seq._, 48, 259
Church Missionary Society, 112, 113, 228, 246, 277, 281
Circassians, 11, 70, 94, 95
Citerni, C., 285
Civilisation, of Egypt, 7; of Mesopotamia, 9; of Greece, 14; Himyaritic, 17
Coffee, 73
Colston, Col., 230
Congo forests, 147, 260
Congo Free State, 154
Congo River, 3, 46, 70, 193, 216, 218, 223, 228, 263, 299, 301, 316
Constantinople, 232
Consuls, 73, 76, 102, 282
Cooley, Mr. D., 114
Copper, 7, 294
Coptic language, Copts, 7, 61, 62, 70, 74
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 33
Covilhaō, Pero de, 47
Cow-dung, 211
Crocodiles, 209, 295
Crosby, Oscar T., 289
Cross River, 3
Crusades, 24, 40, 193
Cruttenden, Lieut., 115
Cyprus, 2, 9, 77
Cyrenaica, 14, 15, 16
Dahabiahs on Nile, 168, 194
“Daily Telegraph,” the, 224, 228
Dalion (Greek explorer), 19, 20, 94
Damietta, 88
Damot, 54, 57
Danākil (land, people), 3, 30, 34, 48, 52, 54, 277
Danish explorers, 68, 69
Darfur, 88, 101, 229, 230, 235 _et seq._, 294, 307
De Bono, _see_ Bono, De
Dècle, Lionel, 266, 274, 321
Defafang, extinct volcano on Nile, 210
Delmé-Radcliffe, Major C., 274, 321
Delta of Nile, _see_ Nile, delta; _also_ 314, 315
Dem Idris, 236
Dembo River, 216
Dervishes (Mahdi’s adherents), 242
Desneval, Count of, 68, 69
Didessa, or Dabessa River, 285, 288
Dinder River, 182
Dinka people, language, country, 97, 110, 217, 297
Diogenes (Greek explorer), 22, 23, 26
Dogoru River, 216
Donaldson-Smith, 272, 273, 321
Dongola, 25, 34, 52, 71, 95
Dorvak, Father, 97
_Dracæna_ (Dragon trees), 203, 204, 218, 294
Dravidian race, 2, 42, 317
Dublin, 279
Dueru, or Dweru, Lake, 227, 251, 261, 262, 305
Dufton, H., 111
Dum Palm (_Hyphæne thebaica_), 74, 177, 253, 294
Dutch, the, 58, 69, 193, 195, 197, 284, 289, 321
Dyé, Lieut. A. H., 243, 244, 320
Dyur River, _see_ Jur
East Africa, British protectorate, 248
Edwin Arnold, Sir (_see_ Arnold)
Edwin Arnold, Mount (Ruwenzori), 227
Egypt, 2, 294; Persian conquest of, 11, 12; Greek, 12, 13; Roman, 18, 19; French, 65, 90; once a very rainy country, 314
Egyptian government, 230
Egyptian temple, resemblance to an, 219
Egyptians, ancient, 4 _et seq._, 8; trading relations with Equatorial Africa, 36, 43
Eichstadt (Germany, Nachtigal’s birthplace), 239
Elam, 2
Elephants, 34, 294
Elgon, Mount, 6, 35, 171, 248, 252, 271, 272, 291, 312
Elgumi, 107, 252
Elliott, Scott, Dr. G. F., _see_ Scott-Elliott
Emin (Pasha), Dr., 107, 190, 225, 236, 242, 320; birth and early life, 250; short-sightedness, 250; journals, 251; in Lotuka, 251 _et seq._; description of birds, 255, 256; beasts, 256; in Bahr-al-Ghazal, 257; the Congo forests, 258; in Equatoria, 259 _et seq._; journey with Stuhlmann, 263; death, 264
Enarea, 70, 279, 290
England, English, the, 40, 45, 64, 91, 228, 245, 259, 281, 321
Ensor, Sidney, 230
Equatoria (Emin’s province), 259
Eratosthenes, 16, 23, 27
Erfurt, 61, 63
Erhardt (Rev.), 113
Eritrea, 34
Escayrac, Comte d’, 105, 106
Essex, 241
Ethiopia (_see also_ Abyssinia), 2, 48, 62, 278, 280
Ethiopians, Ethiopic language, 28, 30, 43, 280
Euphorbias, 204, 218, 220, 294
Euphrates, 9
Evatt, Col. John, 270
Eyasi, Lake, 267
Fadasi, 235
“Faidherbe,” steamship, 243
Faloro, 165, 166
Fasher, Al, 230
Fashoda, 21, 43, 243, 245, 285, 292
Fashoda, Lake of, 301, 306
Fauna, Tropical African, 5, 87, 104, 177, 209, 253 _et seq._, 294, 297
Fayūm, 7, 240
Fazokl, Fazogli, 92, 289
Febore, Théophile Le, 111
Felkin, Dr. R. W., 228, 229, 320
Felus, _see_ Khor Felus
Fergusson, Malcolm, 269, 321
Ferret, Capt., 278
Ferruginous laterite formations (Bahr-al-Ghazal), 243
Fezzan, 15, 93, 195
Fischer, Dr., 247
Flaccus, Septimus, 20
Flemings, Flemish, 40
Flora of Africa (Nileland), 133, 177, 204, 218 _et seq._, 220, 221, 253, 257, 294
Foreign Office, 103
Forests, 204, 218 _et seq._, 220, 257 _et seq._, 295; “gallery,” 217, 219, 257
Fortnum and Mason, 99
Fowler, C. W., 273
Foxcroft, Mount, 102
France, 65, 214, 245
Fremona, 54, 57
French, the, 40, 65, 66, 70 _et seq._, 80, 87, 95, 96, 104, 105, 199, 202, 213, 224, 242, 278, 318, 321
Gala people, Galas, 3, 6, 24, 31, 34 _et seq._, 43, 53, 72, 82, 146, 148, 247, 297
Galabat, 25, 182
Galaland, 3, 147, 235, 284
Galinier, Capt., 278
Gallus, Ælius, 19
Galo River, 290
Gama, Christoforo da, 49 _et seq._
Gama, Estevaõ da, 49
Gamo, Vasco da, 46, 49
Garama, Garamentes, 20
Garstin, Sir William, 275, 321
Gazelle, Grant’s, 137
Gedge, Mr. Ernest, 248, 271
Geese, 208
Ge’ez (Ethiopic language), 62
Geographical Society, Italian (Rome), 234
Geographical Society, Khédivial, 326
Geographical Society, Paris, 114, 214
Geographical Society, Royal, 92, 103
Geology of Nile Basin, 135, 152, 243, 299, 304, 310, 311, 313 _et seq._
George II., 75
Germany, Germans, 16, 40, 62, 69, 96, 112, 138, 200, 203, 240, 246, 247, 250, 259, 260, 263, 264, 265, 268, 277, 318, 321
Gessi Pasha, 232 _et seq._, 237, 320
Ghat, 196, 199
Gibbons, Major A. St. H., 274
Giraffe River, 111, 243, 253, 273, 291, 308
Giraffes, 294, 308
Goa, 52
Gojam, 52, 59, 70, 77, 287, 289
Gold, 8, 18
Gondar, 77
Gondokoro, 96, 115, 133, 166 _et seq._, 183, 188, 192, 232, 233, 238, 274
Gordon (Pasha), C. G., 190, 215, 225, 228, 230 _et seq._, 238, 250, 283, 320
Gorges, Major, 273
Grand, Le, 64
Grant, James Augustus, 103, 127, 131, 132 _et seq._, 142, 151, 158, 169, 188, 228, 320
Gray parrot, 217
Greece, 14
Greek Christianity, 48
Greek dynasties in Egypt, 13, 14
Greeks in Africa, 14 _et seq._, 16, 18, 43, 241, 311, 317
Gregory the Abyssinian, 61
Grogan, Ewart, 269, 274, 321
Gum (acacia), 101, 218
Gunpowder, 35
Guns, 41, (muskets) 50, 51
Gwynn, Major C. W., 287, 288, 289, 321
Habash, Hawash, Habshi, 60
Halifax, Lord, 76, 90
Hamitic languages, 280
Hamitic race, Hamites, 3, 8, 31, 42, 217, 280, 317
Hanbury-Tracey, Major, 271
Hannington, Bishop, 248, 260
Harrar, 116
Harris, Sir William C., 111, 278
Harrow School, 75
Hebrews, 7, 32
Herodotus, 15
Heuglin, Baron von, 192, 199, 200, 217, 320
Hima, Ba- (Wahuma), 141, 142 _et seq._, 146 _et seq._, 148, 164, 173, 225, 262, 297
Himyarite Arabs, 17, 33
Hippopotamus, 88, 102, 170, 177, 178, 209, 295
Hittites, 4
Hobley, C. W., 136, 162, 248, 271, 273, 321
Höhnel, Lieut. von, 248
Holland, 193
Hottentots, 134
Hungary, Hungarians, 248, 321
_Hyphæne_, Branching Palm, 74, 177, 253, 294
Iberian race, 4, 14, 43
“Ibrahim,” Lake (Kioga), 239
Ibrahim Pasha, 92, 94
Ibrahim (slave-trader), 183, 188
India, 1, 8, 17, 31, 48, 56, 58, 118, (Speke in) 126, 277, 278
Irby, Hon. Charles Leonard, 91
Ireland, Irish, 279, 321
Islam (Muhammadanism), 18, 34 _et seq._, 37 _et seq._, 73, 215
Italy, Italians, 34, 47, 61, 108, 219, 232, 234, 235, 239, 242, 284, 318, 321
Ivory, 8, 168, 202, 264
Jaba River, 53
Jackson, F. J., 248, 271
Jackson, L. C., 287
Jacobin (map publisher), 91
James II., 62
James, W. and F. L. (brothers), 283
Jemma, or Jimma (Upper Blue Nile), 52, 55, 79
Jesuit missionaries, 48, 52 _et seq._, 66 _et seq._, 90, 278
Jews, in Abyssinia, 32, 33
Ji River, 216
Jidda, 67, 77
Jimma, _see_ Jemma
John (Yohannes), Emperor of Abyssinia, 282, 283
Jordans Nullah, 120
“Jordans” (Speke’s home), 120, 172
Juba River, 53
Judaism, 38
Junker, Dr. William, 240, 241, 242, 259, 320
Jur, or Dyur, or Sue River, 101, 194, 213, 216, 222, 243, 307
Kabarega, 164
Kabirondo (country), 247, 270, 272, 303; (people) 247; (bay or gulf) 162, 167, 224, 248, 273, 303
Kaffa, 34, 59, 235, 279, 290, 312
Kafu River, 164
Kafuru River, 262
Kagera River (extreme Upper Victoria Nile), 227, 266, 267, 302, 303, 316
Kaka (on the White Nile), 211
Kamurasi, 164 _et seq._, 184 _et seq._, 187, 188
Kandt, Dr., 266
Karagwe, 139, 143, 147, 227
Karamojo, 272
Karuma Falls of Nile, 165, 187
Kasa, a name of several Abyssinian rulers before crowning, 281, 282
Kassalá, 179, 240
Katikiro, the, 155
Kaze, 123, 142
Keltie, Dr. J. Scott, _prefatory note_
Kenya Mountain, 28, 113, 114
Kerckhoven, Lieut. Van, 242
Khartum, 6, 16, 26, 34, 92 (founding of), 96, 102, 109, 110, 168, 182, 188, 202, 230
Khedive of Egypt, 235
Khor Felus River, 292, 308
Khor Kos River, 252, 253, 273, 291, 308
Khor Oteng River, 253
Kibali River, 240
Kich (Kity), 96, 97
Kilimanjaro, Mt., 28, 113, 114, 118, 248
Kioga, Lake, 162, 171, 189, 232, 239, 270, 284, 304
Kir (name of Nile), 284
Kircher, Father Athanasius, 51, 64
Kirk, Sir John, 154, 238
Kirkpatrick, Lake, 272
Kitara, Empire of, 147
Kivu, Lake, 171, 265, 266, 301, 304
Knoblecher, Dr. Ignatz, 97, 99, 319
Kordofan, 34, 101, 102, 200, 229, 230, 294, 310
Korosko, 80, 91, 93
Kosango River, 194
Krapf, Dr. Ludwig, 112 _et seq._, 246, 281
Kudu, the (antelope), 5, 182
Kuru River, 216
Kwania, Lake, 171, 189, 270
Lado, 236, 239, 305, 306
“Lady Alice,” the, 224, 225
Lafargue, Mons., 205, 206
Lakes, Nile, 16, 22 _et seq._, 26, 27, 44, 97, 113, 120 _et seq._ (_see_ Victoria Nyanza), 164, 170, 189, 224, 301 _et seq._
Lango country and people (Bakedi), 140 296
Latin, 63
Latitudes, Ptolemy’s, 26; Portuguese, 59, 78; Bruce’s, 78
Latuka (Lotuka) country and people, 107, 183, 184, 251 _et seq._, 296
Lega, Ba-, _see_ Balega, 297
Leghorn, 74
Lejean, 108, 243, 320
Lendu tribe, 297
Leon, Pedro, 51
Letorzec, 92
Libya, Libyan race, 2, 8, 149
Libyan desert, 12, 240, 294, 313 _et seq._
Lichfield, Rev. G., 228, 229
Limestone formations, 135, 311, 313
Linant de Bellefonds, Adolphe, 93, 225, 319
Linant de Bellefonds, Édouard, 225, 238, 320
Lisbon, 45, 49, 58, 64, 69
Liturgies, Abyssinian, 63
Liverpool, 195
Livingstone, Dr., 265
Lobo, Father Jeronimo, 51 _et seq._, 58, 63, 64, 69, 78, 319
Lobor Mountains, 272
Logwek, Mount, 98
Long, Chaillé-, _see_ Chaillé-Long
Lotuka, _see_ Latuka
Lotuka Mountains, 252, 291
Luajali River (affluent of Victoria Nile), 163
Ludolf (Leutholf), Hiob, 61 _et seq._, 66, 69
Lugard, Sir F. D., 269, 320
Louis XIV., 65 _et seq._, 67 _et seq._, 90
Louis XVIII., 92
Lupton (Bey), Frank, 241
Lutanzige (Albert Nyanza), 164, 170, 183
Macallister, R. W., 267
Macdonald, J. R. L., 270, 271, 272, 320
Mackay, Alexander, 228, 229
Madagascar, 300, 317
Maddox, Capt. H., 270
Madi country, people, 165, 166, 184, 274, 297
Magdala, 282
Magungo, 187, 305
Mahdi, the, 92, 181, 199, 238, 259, 284
Maizen (French explorer), 224
Makarka (Nyam-nyam), 236, 240
Malindi, 52
Malta, Maltese, 60, 103, 106, 108, 199
Malzac, De, 100, 101, 319
Mameluks, the, 88, 94
Mangbettu tribe, 217, 240
Mangles, James, 91
Manwa Sera, 140
Manyema tribe, 264
Maps, Ptolemy’s, 23, 25 _et seq._, 58; Sicilian, 44, 72; Vatican, 59; Dutch and German, 59, 69; Portuguese, 59; French, 70 _et seq._, 91, 100; Speke’s, 189
Marchand, Col. J., 242, 243, 243, 285, 320
Marco Polo, 24
Mareb River, 179, 283
Marinus of Tyre, 23, 24, 44
Marno, Ernst, 235, 320
Marseilles, 80, 81
Marshes, of the Nile, 21, 212, 213, 218, 243, 244, _et seq._, 294
Masai, 82, 107, 118, 137, 246, 247, 297
Masawa (Abyssinia), 27, 47, 49, 77, 282
Masawa, Mount (Elgon), 248
Mashra-ar-Rak, 192, 213, 243, 307
Maskat, Maskat Arabs, 112
Mason (Bey), 233, 320
Massaja, Monseigneur, 278
Massari (Italian explorer), 242
Matammah (on Desert Nile), 206
Maternus, Julius, 20
Matteucci, Dr. Pellegrino, 235, 242
Mauritania (Morocco, Algeria, Tunis), 39
Mauritius, 169, 174
Mayo, Earl of, 283
Mbakovia (on Lake Albert), 185, 186
Mbomu River, 241, 242, 285, 307
Mediterranean, 5, 9, 15, 77, 294, 300, 311, 313 _et seq._
Mehemet, _see_ Muhammad
Melly, Andrew, 98, 99
Menelik of Abyssinia, 282
Mengo, 225
Menzalet, Lake, 315
Merāwi (Meroe), 16, 19, 21, 25, 92, 206
Metals, Metal-working, 8
Meura, Lieut. (Belgian), 269
Mfumbiro Mountains, 145, 227, 297, 304, 312
Miami, Giovanni, 109, 166, 192, 202, 219, 241
Michel (French traveller), 286
Missionaries, 52, 54, 65, 66, 97, 228, 277, 278, 281
Mitterrützner, Herr ----, 97
Mokha, 50, 54
Mombasa, 44, 54, 113, 117, 118, 146, 246, 247, 259
Mongolian races, 317
Monkeys, 209, 255
Moon, Land of, _see_ Unyamwezi; Mountains of, _see_ Mountains
Moore, J. E., 269, 321
Moors, Morocco, 45, 46, 49
Morch, Giacomo, 234
Morlang, Father, 97
Morongo Mountains, 272
Moscow, 240
Mountains, of the Moon, 23, 28, 114, 119, 146, 311; of Lotuka, 252
Mpororo, 148, 302
Muhammad, 38
Muhammad Ali, 91, 94 _et seq._, 202, 283
Muhammad Granye, 35, 48 _et seq._
Muhammad Kher, 211
Muhammad Wad-el-Mek, 165, 183
Muhammadanism, _see_ Islam
Muhammadans, 49, 184
Mundy, Lieut., 267
Munza, King, 240
Munzinger (Pasha), Werner, 200, 282, 320
Murat (Abyssinian), 67
Murchison Falls, 187
Murchison Gulf, 225
Murchison, Sir Roderick, 127
Murie, Dr., 103
Murray, Mr. T. Douglas, 131, 174
Murzuk, 195, 198
Museum, British, 77, 101, 104
Mutesa, 153 _et seq._; his cruelties, 158, 225; name, 239
Mwanza Creek, 120, 225
Mykenæan civilisation, 14
Nachtigal, Dr., 239
Naivasha, Lake, 247, 273
Nakwai Mountains, 272
Nandi, people, country, 107, 298, 303
Napata, 20
Napier, Lord, 282
Napoleon Bonaparte, 12, 65, 90
Napoleon Gulf, 162, 302
Napoleon III., 162
Nasr (Sobat), 240, 284
Natal, 58
Neanderthaloid man, 1
Negro, the, 8 _et seq._, 31, 42, 210, 297, 317; Nilotic, 9, 137, 211, 212, 247, 288, 291, 295; West African, 290
Negroid races, 1, 43, 107, 183, 184, 251
Neil, O’ (Rev.), 229
Neku (King of Egypt), 10
Nepoko River, 240
Nero, 12, 20, 21, 274
Neumann, Oscar, 271, 290, 321
“New York Herald,” The, 224
Niger River, 219, 242
Nile alluvial mud (from Atbara River), 180, 315
Nile, Albertine, 233, 261, 274, 304, 305
Nile, Blue, 6, 16, 27, 33, 43, 51 _et seq._, 77 _et seq._, 92, 111, 207, 275, 283, 287, 289, 309
Nile, Cataracts of, 74, 161, 187, 207, 305
Nile, Giraffe, 111, 189, 252, 253, 272, 273, 291, 308
Nile Mountains, 97, 98, 106, 189, 212, 239, 305
Nile Quest, the, _prefatory note_, 76, 89, 104; stops for a time at Gondokoro, 115; Speke discovers main source of White Nile, 160; Baker’s explorations, 176 _et seq._; Alexandrine Tinne the romantic figure of the, 199; Schweinfurth’s share, 203 _et seq._; close of, 293
Nile River, 1 _et seq._, 206 _et seq._, 293 _et seq._, 313; names of, 7, 284; delta of, 9, 40, 298, 315; origin of, 15, 160, 267, 298; ultimate sources of, 22, 51 _et seq._, 55, 79, 123, 124, 160, (farthest source of all) 267; floods of, 56, 178, 179, 245, 275; basin of, area, 316; length of, 316
Nile, Valley of the, 1 _et seq._; like Rhine, 207
Nile, Victoria, 187, 189, 232
Nile, White, 6, 20, 22, 26, 43, 95, 207 _et seq._, 275, 292, 308
Nileland, 42, 177 _et seq._, 206 _et seq._, 293 _et seq._, 296 _et seq._; geography of, 299 _et seq._
Nilotic Negroes, 9, 21, 137, 209, 247, 288, 291, 295
Nimule, 97, 305
No, Lake, 201, 308
Nubia, Nubians, 11, 34, 43, 69, 98, 202, 235, 236, 295, 297
Nubian Alps, 203, 313
Nudity of Negroes, 137, 211, 251, 294, 297
Nuēr tribe, 288, 291
Nyam-nyam country and people, 103, 109, 112, 192, 194, 202, 217, 236, 257 _et seq._, 297
Nyando valley, river, 136, 302
Nyanza, name of, 121, 261
Nyasa, Lake, 113, 118, 138, 300, 302
Nyenam River, 216
Nzoia River, 302
Oguelokur River, 253, 273, 291, 292, 308
Olive, the wild, 204
Oman, 112
Omo River, 285
Ostriches, 16, 254
_Otocyon_ (long-eared fox), 137
Oxen, African, 147, 295
Paez, Father Pedro, 51, 63, 78, 319
Palms, 219
Pangani, 22, 28
Papyrus, 210, 213, 218, 244, 294
Paris, 62, 71, 91, 114
Parklands, African, 182, 252, 295
Parkyns, Mansfield, 111, 319
Parrot, Gray, 217
Peake, Malcolm, 275, 321
Pearson, C. W., 228
Peney, Alfred, 104, 106 _et seq._, 320
Periplus of the Red Sea, 22
Persia, Persians, 12, 31, 67, 89
Persian Gulf, 2, 9, 48
Peters, Dr. Carl, 249
Petherick, John, 100 _et seq._, 104, 133, 163, 168, 170, 182, 192, 202, 319
Petherick, Mrs., 103, 104
Petrie, Prof. Flinders, 5, 322
Phallic worship, 155
Phœnicians, the, 9 _et seq._
Photography, 106, 135, 234
Piaggia, 217, 219, 239, 284, 320
Pibor River, 287, 288, 292
_Pistia stratiotes_, 294
Pliny, 19, 23
Pococke, Richard, 74, 75, 319
Polynesians, 317
Poncet brothers, 108
Poncet (French doctor-explorer), 61, 66, 67
Pope, Papal Court, 66, 67, 97, 278
Portal, Capt. Raymond, 270
Portal, Sir Gerald, 270
Portugal, 45
Portuguese, 8, 18, 46 _et seq._, 65 _et seq._, 279, 317, 319, 321
Potagos (Greek traveller), 241
“Prester John,” 47
Primnis (Berber), 25
Pringle, Capt., 272, 273
Prokesch von Osten, 96, 319
_Protopterus_, fish, 182
Psametik, 10, 12, 15
Ptolemy (King), 13, 33, 34
Ptolemy, Ptolemæus, Claudius, 23, 24 _et seq._, 44, 58, 114
Punt, land of, 5, 6, 10
Purdy, Col., 230
Pygmies, Congo, 1, 216, 260, 297
Pygmy races, 5, 16, 42, 281
Quartz, 152
Queen Victoria, 121
Queens, African, 144, 157 _et seq._
Racey River, 267
Radcliffe, Delmé, Ch. (Major), 274, 321
Rahad River, 182, 288
Raiūf Pasha, 238
Ravenstein, Mr. E. G., 28, 247
Rebman, John, 112 _et seq._, 246
Red Sea, 1, 22, 46, 47, 49, 73, 86, 277, 300
Reeds, 294
Rejaf, 99
Religions, Negro, 155
Rhaptum, or Rhapta, 22, 28
Rhinoceros, the, 21, 144, 294
Rhodes, Cecil, 228, 274
Rhodesia, 44
Rifles, 86
Rift Valley (Great), 247, 267, 268, 300, 301
Rift valleys of Eastern Africa, 300 _et seq._, 310
Riga, 203
Ripon Falls of Nile, 160 _et seq._, 189, 266
Roa River, 216, 308
Rōl River, 101, 216, 243, 308
Roman Catholics, 50, 61, 278
Rome, Romans, 18, 44, 58, 62, 66, 317
Rosebery Channel, 225, 302
Roseires, 288
Rosetta, 74, 87, 316
Roule, le Sieur du, 68
Royal Geographical Society, 92, 103, 118, 123, 124, 127, 162, 247
Royal Society, 63, 64
Ruanda, 145, 148
Ruchuru River, 304
Rudolf, Lake, 6, 34, 37, 148, 247, 248, 271, 272, 286, 287
Rukwa, Lake, 138, 268, 300
Rumanika, King, 143 _et seq._, 148
Rüppell, Dr. (German naturalist), 111, 319
Rusizi River, 120, 129, 171
Russegger, J. I., 111
Ruvuvu River (Kagera), 266
Ruwenzori Mountains, 23, 28, 139, 171, 186, 227, 233, 250, 260, 261, (Alpine vegetation) 263, 269, 296, 299, 311
Ruzi River, 272, 286, 287, 292, 308
Ryllo, Father, 97
Saba (Sheba), Queen of, 32
Sabæan Arabs, 17, 31, 32
Sabatier, 96
Sagada Mountain, 51, 55, 78
Sahara Desert, 9, 15, 196, 199, 309, 315
Sailing ships, their effect on African discovery, 9
Saint, Le (French explorer), 213
Salisbury, Lake, 272
Salt, Consul Henry, 277
Samburu, Lake (_see_ Rudolf), 247
Samien Mountains, 6, 56, 278, 312
_Sanseviera_, plant, 204
Sardinian (i.e. N. Italian) travellers, 108
Saxony, Saxe Gotha (share in African exploration), 61, 63
Schuver, J. M., 284, 289
Schweinfurth, Dr. Georg, 199; birth and nationality, 203; starts for Suakin, 203; describes botany of North Abyssinian terraces, 203, 204; Berber to Khartum, 206 _et seq._; White Nile scenery, 208 _et seq._; Bahr-al-Ghazal, 212 _et seq._; and the slave-trade, 214; his achievements, 216 _et seq._; anthropological discoveries, 217 _et seq._; botany of Nileland, 218; “gallery” forests, 219 _et seq._; shares Burton’s opinions regarding Victoria Nyanza, 223
Sclater, Dr. P. L., 102
Scott-Elliott, G. F., 269, 320
Scottish, Scotland, 75, 132, 269, 321
Selim Bimbashi, 96, 319
Semitic influence, languages, 34, 49, 116, 317
Semliki River, 29, 171, 186, 233, 251, 260, 261, 305
Sennar, 52, 68, 95, 288
Sese Islands, 150, 302
Settit River (Atbara), 181
Shankala, Shangala, 72, 297
Shari River, 216, 232, 240, 242
Sharp, Mr., 274, 291
Sheko tribe, 290
Shendi, 72, 93, 99, 206
Shergold-Smith, R.N. Lieut., 228, 229
Shiluk people, country, 99, 209, 211, 212, 291, 297
Shoa, 59, 278, 282
Sicily, 44, 72, 74
Silesia, 250
Simiyu, or Shimeyu River, 267
Simonides (Greek explorer), 19, 20
Slaves, Slavery, 5, 8, 110
Slave-trade, Slave-traders, 103, 184, 190, 202, 214, 230, 235, 264
Slave-traders’ revolt, 235 _et seq._
Small-pox, 153
Snakes, 254, 256
Snay, Sheikh, 119, 140
Snow, Snow-mountains, 6, 22, 113, 114, 227, 233, 246, 247, 260, 290, 296, 297, 312
Sobat River, 28, 111, 189, 194, 234, 240, 272, 283, 284, 285, 292, 296, 297
Sofala, 18, 38
Sokotra, Island of, 16, 18, 54
Solomon, King, 32
Somali people, 3, 34, 117; language, 3
Somaliland, 3, 5 _et seq._, 48, 115 _et seq._
Somersetshire and Speke, 120, 121, 125
Sonnini de Manoncourt, 87 _et seq._
Sophia, Archduchess, 97
Spain, Spanish, 40, 45, 69, 75
Speke, John Hanning, 102, 103, 125, 320; in Somaliland, 116 _et seq._; starts for the Central Africa Lakes with Burton, 118 _et seq._; discovers Victoria Nyanza, 120 _et seq._; difference with Burton, 123 _et seq._; returns to England, 124; his birth and parentage, 125; youth, 126; character, 128, 129, 156, 170, 320; second expedition with Grant, 133 _et seq._, 142; in Uganda, 150 _et seq._; returns to England, 158, 170, 171; name in Uganda, 159; discovers outlet of Victoria Nyanza, 160, 172; honours, 169; interview with King Edward, 169; geographical theories, 171, 223; death, 172
Speke Gulf, 224
Spekes, history of the, 125; arms of the, 170
Stanley, Sir Henry, 29, 172, 223 _et seq._; greatest African explorer, 172, 224; confirms Speke, 223 _et seq._; circumnavigates Victoria Nyanza, 225; in Uganda, 226, 227; mistake about Ugowe Bay, 248; relieves Emin, 259 _et seq._; discovers Ruwenzori, 260, 261
Stanton, E. A., 274, 321
Steamers on Nile, 96
Steudner, Dr., 192, 195, 200
Strabo, 19, 25, 27
Stroyan, Lieut., 116
Stuhlman, Dr. Franz, 263, 264, 269
Suakin, 54, 58, 93, 188, 203
Sudan, 4, 15, 96, 154, 190, 230, 235, 238, 275
Sudanese soldiers, 95, 190, 270; races, 217, 297
Sudd, the, 5, 21, 188, 210, 274, 275, 294
Sue (Sive) River, 216, 243, 285, 307
Suez, 73, 234, 238
Suez Canal, 104, 314
Suleiman-bin-Zubeir, 235, 236 _et seq._
Switzerland, Swiss, 92, 99, 282, 321
Syphilis, 152, 153
Syria, Syrians, 2, 9, 77
Tajarra Bay, 48, 53, 57, 116
Takaze River (Upper Atbara), 181, 283, 310
Tanganyika, Lake, 113, 119, 120, 129, 171, 265, 266, 267, 299, 300
Tanguedec, Lieut., 243, 285
Tarangole, 252
Tawareq (Tonareg), Tamasheq, 20, 149, 196 _et seq._
Teleki, Count S., 248
Tellez, F. Balthasar, 64
Tertiary Epoch, the Nile during the, 313 _et seq._
Theodore, King, 182, 279, 281, 282
Thibaud, or Thibaut (French explorer and consular agent), 95, 96, 319
Thomson, Joseph, 82, 162, 217, 248, 249, 259, 260, 320
Tibet (Speke in), 126, 127
Tigre (Abyssinia), 48, 57, 66, 277, 278
Tigris River, 9
Tinne, Miss A., 192; names, 193; origin of Tinne family, 193; mother and aunt, 194; first Nile journeys, 194, 195; death of mother and aunt, 195; starts from Tripoli to explore Sahara and reach Bahr-al-Ghazal from N.W., 195; treacherously slain near Murzuk by Tawareqs, 196 _et seq._; character and appearance, 198, 199; on the Roll of Fame, 320
Tinne, Theodore F. S., 198
Tondi River, 216
Tonj River, 243, 307
Toro, 152, 270
Trade, Traders, 5, 96, 101, 213, 294
Tragelaph, Speke’s, 146
Trees, great forest, 220, 258
Tripoli, 77, 87, 195 _et seq._
Tsana, Lake, 6, 26 _et seq._, 33, 52, 55 _et seq._, 77 _et seq._, 309, 312
Tsetse fly, the, 35
Tu River, 273, 291
Tübingen, 112
Tunis, 77
Turkana, country, people, 6, 107, 272, 297
Turkey, 65, 73
Turks, the, 50, 53, 61, 65, 94, 95, 101, 195, 198, 318, 321
Ubangi River, 216, 241, 285
Ueberbacher, Father, 97
Uganda, _prefatory note_, 8, 228, 259; protectorate of, 35, 154; aristocracy of, 35, 148, 156; country of, 119, 148, 151 _et seq._; people of, 148, 152 _et seq._, 297; King of, 154 _et seq._, 226; Stanley in, 225–228; missionaries proceed to, 228, 229; Gordon and, 238; route, via Busoga, 248
Uganda Railway, 248
Ugogo, 137
Ugowe Bay, 224, 248, 273
Ujiji, 119, 120, 227
Ukerewe (Bukerebe), 118, 121, 229
“Um Suf” (_Vossia_) (reeds), 244, 294
Unyamwezi, 29, 72, 114, 120 _et seq._, 138, 224, 228, 260, 267, 303; porters, 139
Unyanyembe, 123
Unyoro, 37, 119, 147, 152, 163, 187, 270, 296
Usagara, 136
Usambara, 118
_Usnea_, lichen, 204, 221, 222
Usui, 142
Utica, 9
Valentia, Lord, 277
Vandeleur, Seymour, 270, 320
Vannutelli, L., 285, 301
Vaudet, Signor, 108
Venetians, Venice, 23, 24, 40, 41, 47, 202
Victoria Nyanza, 6, 23, 26, 35, 113, 117, 118; discovery of, 120 _et seq._; Burton’s depreciation of, 129; Speke’s estimate of, 150 _et seq._, 162, 189; Stanley’s circumnavigation, 224 _et seq._; direct route to, from Mombasa, 246 _et seq._; last discoveries of Stanley’s, 262; surveyed (northern coast) by Col. J. R. L. Macdonald, 272; by Whitehouse, Hobley, etc., 273; general features of, 302 _et seq._
Vinci, 99
Volcanoes, 210, 227, 297, 304, 314
Wadai, 201, 240, 242
Wadi Halfa, 96, 230
_Wadi_, or river-bed, 205
Waghorn, Lieut., 276
Wakefield, Rev. Mr., 247
Wales, Welsh, 100, 321
Wansleb, Michael, 63
Waterfalls, 56, 161, 187
Watson, Col. C. M., 231, 233 _et seq._, 320
Wellby, M. S., 272, 286, 287, 321
Welle River, 109, 202, 216, 240, 241, 307
Werne, Ferdinand, 96, 210, 289, 319
Whale-headed storks, _see_ _Balæniceps rex_
Whitehouse, Commissioner B., 162, 248, 273, 321
White man, _see_ Caucasian
White Nile, _see_ Nile, White
Wilson, Capt. H. H., 292, 321
Wilson, Rev. C. T., 228, 229, 320
Wosho Mountain (North Abyssinia), 312
Würtemberg, 112, 199
Wyche, Sir Peter, 63
Yabongo River, 216
Yalo River, 101, 308
Yaman (Arabia), 17, 31, 309
Yei River, 106, 239, 308
Zambezi River, 17, 18, 300
Zanzibar, 17, 58, 112, 118, 123, 133, 134, 146, 265
Zebra, 53, 257, 294
Zeila, 52, 54, 290
Zinza, U-, Bu-, 142, 148
Zubeir Pasha, 235
Zululand, Zulus, 3, 29, 140
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.
Several words appear multiple times with and without accent marks. These inconsistencies have not been changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.
Page numbers in the List of Illustrations have been adjusted to match the actual pages on which the illustrations appear in this eBook.
Transcriber added references to two maps at the end of the List of Illustrations.
Printer’s notes indicating where to insert illustrations have been removed from this eBook.
Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of the pages that referenced them, have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and placed near the end of the book, just before the Index.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.