Chapter VIII. The Social Orders: Freedmen, Provincials,

Plebeians, and Nobles

116. Manumission of Slaves Very Common 139

117. The Ceremony of Manumission 140

118. The Status of Freedmen. Their Great Success in Business 140

119. Humble Types of Freedmen 141

120. Wealth and Power of Successful Freedmen 142

121. Importance of Freedmen in a Roman Family 143

122. The Status of Provincials. The Case of Jesus 143

123. Great Alien Colonies in Rome 145

124. The Roman Plebeians, the “Mob” (_Vulgus_) 145

125. The Desirability of Roman Citizenship. The Case of St. Paul 146

126. Clientage: Its Oldest Form 147

127. The New Parasitical Clientage: the Morning Salutation 148

128. The Dole to Clients (the _Sportula_) 150

129. Attendance by Clients in Public. Insults They Must Undergo 151

130. The Decurions: the Notables of the Chartered Cities 152

131. The Equites: the Nobles of the Second Class 153

132. Qualifications and Honors of the Equites 154

133. Review of the Equites. Pretenders to the Rank 156

134. The Senatorial Order. The First-Class Nobility 156

135. Social Glories of Senators 157

136. The Senatorial Aristocracy Greater than the Senate 158

137. Insignia, Qualifications, and Titles of Senators 158