Part 18

[219] PLATE XVI. FIG. 4. _c._ Reaum. v. _t._ xix. _f._ 16. De Geer _ubi supr._ _t._ xxxii. _f._ 26. According to Reaumur, the larva as well as the pupa of _Chermes Ficus_ has wing-cases (iii. 353).

[220] These are in the female sex of some _Coleoptera_, as _Lampyris_, &c. which retain in the perfect state nearly the same form which they had when larvæ. The larvæ of some _Staphylini_ are not very dissimilar in form to the perfect insect.

[221] The larvæ described in the first Section, which resemble the imago, are usually covered with a skin not materially different from that of the insect in that state.

[222] Huber _Fourmis._ 73; _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 250.

[223] Reaum. v. 40. _t._ vi. _f._ 4-15.

[224] Müller, the Danish zoologist, relates, that he once met with a papilio which, with the true wings of the genus, had a head without antennæ or tongue, furnished with mandibles; and, in short, that of a true caterpillar. It was a female, which deposited eggs that proved barren. If this solitary instance was not a mistake, is it possible that some parasitic larva had devoured only the inclosed head of the butterfly, or so injured it that it could not reject the hard skin of the larva, and yet not be destroyed?

[225] The only larvæ which have a visible distinct neck are those of some _Dytisci_, _Staphylini_, and a few others, in which this part is quite distinct: proving the erroneousness of the opinion of those German entomologists, who consider the thorax as analogous to the neck of other animals, and hence call it _Halsschild_. In some lepidopterous larvæ, however, as in that of _Pieris Brassicæ_, though no visible neck presents itself, one is very perceptible when the insect stretches the head forward considerably. Reaum. i. 460.

[226] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13.

[227] Reaum. v. _t._ vi. _f._ 7. _i. c._

[228] In fact, in almost all Lepidopterous larvæ the head may be regarded as divided into two lobes or eye-shaped portions, which include in the angle formed by their recession anteriorly from each other, the nasus (_clypeus_ F.), the labrum, and other instruments of manducation. Posteriorly these lobes generally come into contact; but I have a specimen in which there is a narrow space between them.

[229] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xvii.

[230] _Ins. Surinam. t._ liii.

[231] _Ibid. t._ xxxii.

[232] _Ibid. t._ viii.

[233] _Ibid. t._ xxiii.

[234] _Ibid. t._ xiv.

[235] I purchased this singular caterpillar from the collection of the late Mr. Francillon, with his other exotic larvæ; but without any indication of the fly to which it belonged.

[236] De Geer vi. 352.

[237] De Geer iv. 66. ii. 922.

[238] De Geer v. 170.

[239] De Geer says, he could not make out the number of eyes of the larva of the whirlwig (_Gyrinus_): probably, as in that of _Dytiscus_, there are six. iv. 362. 385.

[240] Pez. 188.

[241] ii. 923, _t._ xxxvi. _f._ 1, _b b._ Fabr. _Philos. Ent._ 60.

[242] Lyonnet 41. _t._ ii. _f._ 1. c.

[243] De Geer vi. 307.

[244] Ibid, ii. _t._ xvi. Comp. _f._ 2 _a a_ with _f._ 14 _a a_.

[245] In the larva of _Cicindela_ there are _six_ palpi, as in the perfect insect.

[246] Lyonnet, _t._ i. _f._ 7. E. In the larva of _Callidium violaceum_, however, this part is of a singular shape, being orbicular. Kirby _Linn. Trans._ v. _t._ xii. _f._ 12. _a_.

[247] It is affirmed (_N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 333) that the larvæ of those _Coleoptera_ that live in carcases have mandibles almost membranous: those, however, of that of _Silpha rugosa_ are horny and hard.

[248] Lyonnet, _t._ ii. _f._ 1. D D, and _f._ 2, 3, 4.

[249] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ v. _t._ xii. _f._ 7 _b._

[250] Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ iii. 322.

[251] Reaum. vi. 340.

[252] The larva of _Cicindela campestris_ has mandibles of this description. PLATE XVII. FIG. 13. _c´._

[253] See above, VOL. II. 275--.

[254] Reaum. v. 9. _t._ i. _f._ 4. _c c._ _l l._

[255] _Traité Anatom._ _t._ ii. _f._ 1. H H.

[256] Reaum. ii. _t._ 40. _f._ 4.

[257] De Geer v. 229.

[258] Ibid. iv. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _p p._

[259] _Linn. Trans_. v. _t._ xii. _f._ 10.

[260] Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ iii. 323.

[261] De Geer iv. _t._ xv. _f._ 9. _b b._ The exterior and interior palpi are both represented in this figure.

[262] Reaum. vi. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 5. _e e._

[263] Ibid. i. 125.

[264] PLATE XXI. FIG. 9. The organ with which the larvæ of _Hemerobius_, _Myrmeleon_, and _Hydrophilus_, spin their cocoons, is situated in the _anus_. The spinneret of the _Cossus_ is figured by Lyonnet _Anatom._ _t._ ii. _f._ 1. I. and _fig. 9_.

[265] De Geer vi. 370. This species (_Tipula Agarici seticornis_ De Geer) has two separate spinnerets. _t._ xx. _f._ 8. _m m._

[266] Lyonnet 55--.

[267] Reaum. iv. 166.

[268] Reaum. v. 155.

[269] Ibid. vi. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 7. _b p._

[270] Ibid. _m e e_.

[271] Ibid. _f._ 6. _p._

[272] Ibid. Compare _f._ 4 with _f._ 6, 7.

[273] Ibid. _t._ xxxvi. _f._ 12. _s u e_.

[274] Ibid. _n e_, and xxxviii. _f._ 7, _d c._; De Geer ii. _t._ xix. _f._ 17. _d g._

[275] Reaum. vi. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 4-6. 8.

[276] Ibid. _t_. xxxviii. First joint _f._ 8. _b f p._; jaws _f._ 7. _c d._; opening _o_, Ligula, _f._ 6. _l._

[277] De Geer ii. _f._ 17. Jaws _g g_; claw _d_; tooth _h_.

[278] Ibid. 674.

[279] Ibid. ii. 674.

[280] Reaum. iv. 376.

[281] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xii. 64.

[282] _Anat. Comp._ iii. 322.

[283] At first in the _Dytisci_ they appear to have five joints; but, as I before observed, the first joint must be regarded as representing the maxilla.

[284] Lyonnet _Anatom._ 55, 58.

[285] De Geer v. 203.

[286] De Geer iv. 5. Legs of this kind are figured PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7.

[287] In the larva, however, of _Sialis_, or some kindred genus, in which, like those of _Scolopendra_, the prolegs are jointed, a pair distinguishes each abdominal segment. See Reaum. iv. _t._ xv. _f._ 1, 2. Compare De Geer ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 11.

[288] See above, VOL. II 286--.

[289] Ibid. 288.

[290] Lyonnet _Anatom._ _t._ iii. _f._ 8. _Coxa_ B. _Trochanter_ C. _Femur_ D. _Tibia_ E. _Tarsus_ F. _Claw_ G.

[291] De Geer iv. _t._ xiii. _f._ 20; and _t._ xv. _f._ 16.

[292] Ibid. ii. _t._ xvi. _f._ 5, 6, 7. _d e_: and _t._ xix. _f._ 4. _c f g h_.

[293] The larva of a scarce moth (_Stauropus Fagi_. See PLATE XIX. FIG. 4) is an exception to this. The first pair of its legs are of the ordinary stature, but the two next are remarkably long, and so thin and weak as to be unable to bear the body. Pezold. 119. Another minute caterpillar described by Reaumur has the third pair of the legs apparently fleshy and singularly incrassated at the apex into a pyriform figure, terminated by a pair of claws. This conformation is for some particular purpose in the economy of the animal, since they are the most busily employed of all in arranging the threads of her web. Reaum. ii. 258. In the larva of a geometer (_Geometra lunaria_) the third pair are remarkably long. Illig. _Mag._ 402. In that of another moth, according to Kuhn (_Naturf._ xvi. 78. _t._ iv. _f._ 3), the third pair of the fore-legs is remarkably incrassated, being twice as thick and long as the other pair, though consisting of the same number of joints, the last of which has claws.

[294] On the legs and prolegs see also what is said above, VOL. II. p. 286--.

[295] In some few instances these legs are dorsal. Ibid. 281.

[296] The claws or crotchets, though general, are not universal, in Lepidopterous larvæ. An exception is furnished to the rule by the singular _limaciform_ ones of _Hepialus Testudo_ and _Asellus_ of Fabricius, two moths forming Haworth's genus _Apoda_, which have no distinct prolegs, but in their stead a number of small transparent shining tubercles without claws. The larva also of one of the subcutaneous moths first discovered by De Geer in the leaves of the rose (i. 446), but whose history is fully given by Goeze, _Naturf._ xv. 37-48, (who has satisfactorily ascertained that it is the true larva of a _Tinea_ of Linné, but of a different habit from that of most subcutaneous ones), has no true legs, and eighteen prolegs without any claws. Another subcutaneous larva, for the history of which we are indebted to M. Godeheu de Riville, is according to him entirely deprived of legs of any kind (Bonnet ix. 196--.); as is another of the same tribe that feeds on the poplar, an account of which is given by Goeze _Naturf._ xiv. 105.

[297] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. See also below, p. 137.

[298] Lyonnet _Anatom._ 84. _t._ iii. _f._ 11, 12.

[299] _Hist. Vermium_, 130.

[300] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1.

[301] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 18.

[302] _Account of Locust-tree Insects_, 69.

[303] Reaum. iv. 443. _t._ xxx. _f._ 6. _l l._ _t._ xxii. _f._ 6. _l l._

[304] De Geer vi. 383. and 137. _t._ viii. _f._ 8, 9.

[305] See above, VOL. II. p. 278. De Geer _ubi supr._ 376.

[306] Reaum. iv. 184. _t._ xv. _f._ 12. _c c._

[307] De Geer v. 203.

[308] See above, p. 110, 114.

[309] Some few subcutaneous larvæ have more, as that, before mentioned, observed by De Geer in the leaves of the rose; which has eighteen prolegs, and no true ones.

[310] De Geer ii. _t._ xl. _f._ 15, 16. Bergman has added to these four classes of the larvæ of saw-flies, a fifth; the insects belonging to which, he affirms, though they have sixteen prolegs, are without the anal pair. Ibid. 931. But as neither De Geer nor Reaumur ever met with one of this description, it is probable he was mistaken. Reaumur thought he had seen one with eighteen prolegs upon _Erysimum alliaria_ (v. 91), but he does not speak positively.

[311] De Geer v. 288.

[312] De Geer iv. 157.

[313] Ibid. v. 36. _t._ ii. _f._ 11.

[314] See above, VOL. I. p. 171.

[315] De Geer v. 228.

[316] Ibid. 233.

[317] See above, VOL. II. p. 281.

[318] De Geer vi. 388.

[319] Ibid. 389.

[320] Reaum. v. _t._ v. _f._ 10.

[321] Ibid. 31. This larva has also a pair of pediform processes at the anus, surrounded at the end with claws (_t._ v. _f._ 4, 5, _s s_), which he saw the animal use in locomotion; but which he suspects to be respiratory organs (Ibid. 33), which Latreille asserts they are. _Gen. Crust. et Ins_. iv. 249.

[322] De Geer Ibid. _t._ xxiv. _f._ 15-17.

[323] Ibid. 383.

[324] Ibid. 111. _t._ vi. _f._ 14-16.

[325] Merian _Ins. Sur. t._ xx.

[326] _Ibid. t._ xxxiv.

[327] I have a caterpillar, I believe from Georgia, in which this horn is nearly an inch long, filiform, slender, and tortuous.

[328] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 12. _c._

[329] That of _Sphinx Iatrophæ_ L. appears to be jointed, at least it is moniliform. Merian _Surinam. t._ xxxviii. Compare also _t._ iii.

[330] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 252.

[331] Schellenberg _Entomolog. Beytr. t._ 1.

[332] Smith's _Abbott's Insects of Georgia, t._ xiii.

[333] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _m n. t._ xiv. _f._ 7.

[334] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 256.

[335] See above, VOL. II. p. 244--.

[336] PLATE XIX. FIG. 1. _a._

[337] Reaum. i. _t._ xxx. _f._ 2. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxiv. 490, 497--.

[338] Ray says he found it feeding on common fennel, about Middleton in Yorkshire: _Lett._ 69. The indefatigable Mr. Dale recently found many in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere, feeding on _Selinum palustre_. It will also eat the wild carrot.

[339] This gentleman was remarkable for the admirable manner in which he prepared caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life.

[340] Reaum. i. 92.

[341] Bonnet ii. 84--. iii. 1.

[342] See above, VOL. II. 251--.

[343] Bonnet ii. 88.

[344] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _c._

[345] Rös. iv. 162.

[346] De Geer i. 322--. See PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. _a a._

[347] Reaum. ii. 275. _t._ xxii. _f._ 3.

[348] Ibid. 276. _t._ xxii. _f._ 4, 5.

[349] _Ins. Surinam. t._ vii. _Nymphalis Amphinome_ xxiii. _Morpho Teucer t._ xxxii. _Papilio Cassiæ_.

[350] This is not, however, universally the case, for the caterpillar of a Geometer described by Reaumur (ii. 363. _t._ xxix. _f._ 8.) (_G. amatoria_) has a pair of fleshy anal horns, terminating, it should seem from his figure, in a minute hook that the animal uses as a forceps; which has at the same time the anal legs, of which indeed these horns seem to be appendages.

[351] Sepp. iv. _t._ l. _f._ 6-8.

[352] PLATE XIX. FIG. 5. _a b._ Sepp. iv. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4-7.

[353] Rös. iii. 69.

[354] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13. _c._

[355] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 95.

[356] De Geer v. 170-- _t._ v. _f._ 19-23. Compare Reaum. iii. 235--.

[357] PLATE XIX. FIG. 11. _a._ De Geer vi. 137. Reaum. iv. 482.

[358] Reaum. iv. _t._ xiv. _f._ 9, 10.

[359] Reaum. v. 32. _t._ v. _f._ 3-5. Latr. _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ iv. 249.

[360] De Geer ii. 1031. _t._ xl. _f._ 13, 14. _k k._

[361] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ x. 430.

[362] De Geer ii. 697. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4, 5. _b b b._

[363] Reaum. v. _t._ vi. _f._ 7. _n._

[364] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2.

[365] Reaum. ii. _t._ xxv. _f._ 20.

[366] See above, VOL. II. p. 245--.

[367] Reaum. iii. 384. vi. 366. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 7, 8.

[368] Rös. iii. _t._ lxviii. _f._ 1. Meinecken _Naturf._ vi. 120.

[369] Ibid. xiii. 175.

[370] In the larva of _Tenthredo Cerasi_ L., and some others, no traces of segments are to be seen; and in many coleopterous and dipterous ones the folds of the skin prevent the segments from being distinctly perceptible.

[371] Reaum. ii. 361. In the larva of a small common moth often met with in houses (_Aglossa pinguinalis_), every segment is divided into two parts, and underneath has two deep folds, by means of which these two parts can separate to a certain point, or approach again, according to circumstances. Thus Providence has enabled them to prevent their spiracles from being stopped by the greasy substances on which they often feed. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 208.

[372] See above, p. 110.

[373] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvii. 329.

[374] _Hor. Entomolog._ 285. 397--. 422. 462--. &c.

[375] _Ibid._ 399-401.

[376] _Hor. Entomolog._ 423.

[377] See above, p. 23.

[378] The _Intestinaux cavitaires_ of Cuvier, and the _Epizoaria_ of Lamarck. See _Hor. Entomolog._ 286--.

[379] _Hor. Entomolog._ 422. comp. 463. Mr. MacLeay's idea of the larva of _Meloe_ is taken from the animal which Frisch, Goedart, and De Geer imagined to be such; but upon this opinion there rest great doubts. (See Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ ii. 168, and Latreille _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 109.) At p. 464 he gives also _Mordella_ and many _Heteromera_ as having Thysanuriform larvæ. He thinks, that probably that of _Clerus_ is of the same description; to which he suspects that many of Latreille's _Malacoderma_ likewise belong.

[380] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 1. as to the thoracic shield.

[381] _May_ 27, 1822. This day, T. Allen, Esq. F.L.S. brought me in a phial a vast number of the little insect which Goedart, Frisch, and De Geer took for the larva of _Meloe Proscarabæus_, which he found on the leaves of _Achillea Millefolium_. These little animals were coursing each other with wonderful velocity over the sides of the phial. To assist them in their motions, they applied to the surface of the glass the end of their abdomen, using it, like many larvæ of _Coleoptera_, as a seventh leg. This circumstance excited a suspicion in the minds of both Mr. MacLeay sen., then visiting me, and myself, that after all they might be _coleopterous_ larvæ. One, amongst other circumstances, however, seemed to militate strongly against this opinion; namely, that in this infinite number none appeared to differ in _size_.

[382] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13.

[383] Ibid. FIG. 12.; PLATE XVIII. FIG. 4, 11, 13, &c.

[384] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 3, 9.

[385] PLATE XIX. FIG. 8.

[386] _Ibid._ FIG. 3. Reaum. v. 97. _t._ xii. _f._ 17, 18.; De Geer ii. 1004. _t._ xxviii. _f._ 12.

[387] See above, p. 110, 114, 138, 142.

[388] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 7.

[389] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 5.

[390] PLATE XIX. FIG. 9.

[391] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2.

[392] _Hor. Entomolog._ 465.

[393] De Geer iv. 66. _t._ ii. _f._ 5-8.

[394] Ibid. _t._ xiii. _f._ 16-19. A very singular larva, which preys upon that of _Aleyrodes proletella_ Latr., if Reaumur's figure be correct (ii. _t._ xxv. _f._ 18-20), is of a perfect _Chilopodiform_ type, the abdominal legs being represented by a tubercle crowned by a bristle: yet even this, which turns to a minute beetle (Ibid. _f._ 21), has some tendency to the _Anopluriform_ type.

[395] "Squilla _insectum a_ squilla _pisce parum differt_." Mouffet, 319.

[396] A remarkable difference obtains between the larva of the wire-worm and that of _Elater undulatus_. In the former, the last segment is longer than the preceding one, terminating in a small acute mucro at the apex, with a deep cavity, perhaps a spiracle, on each side, at the base. In the latter, this segment is shorter than the preceding one, forming above a nearly circular plate; the margin of which is a little elevated, and armed on each side with three teeth, and at the apex with a pair of furcate recurved horns, and without any basal spiracle. De Geer iv. 156. _t._ v. _f._ 25. I have a similar larva, but not the same species.

[397] _Hor. Entomolog._ 397.

[398] _Ibid._ 399.

[399] _Ibid._ 438. Note *.

[400] _Traité Element._ ii. 35. _n._ 577.

[401] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vii. 66. _t._ vi. _f._ 3.

[402] Compare De Geer iii. _t._ xi. _f._ 3. and _t._ xvii. _f._ 14. &c.

[403] Ibid. _t._ i. _f._ 4, 9. _t._ ii. _f._ 15. _t._ ix. _f._ 4.

[404] See above, p. 125--.

[405] Compare PLATE VI. FIG. 6. with FIG. 12 _c_, _d_, _d_.

[406] De Geer ii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4, 5.

[407] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat. t._ xiii. _f._ 1.

[408] _Hor. Entomolog._ 438.

[409] See above, VOL. II. p. 256.

[410] De Geer ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 9-14. Comp. Reaum. iv. _t._ xv. _f._ 1, 2.

[411] De Geer ii. _t._ xiv. _f._ 7. &c. The caterpillar of _P. G. Scratiotata_ L. like those of _Phryganeæ_, has these respiratory threads. _Ibid._ i. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 2-6. De Geer has described the larva of a _Phryganea_ L. which is without any respiratory threads, ii. 569. _t._ xv. _f._ 10.

[412] _Hor. Entomolog._ 401. Montagu in _Linn. Trans._ vii. 67.

[413] _Ins. Surinam. t._ xxviii. Compare _Ibid._ _t._ xix. right-hand figure.

[414] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 10.

[415] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat. t._ xxxix. PLATE XIX. FIG. 13.

[416] Lyonnet 69--.

[417] _Surinam_, _t._ lvii. right-hand figure.

[418] Sepp iv. _t._ ii. _f._ 3. _t._ xvi. _f._ 2, 3.

[419] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 254.

[420] PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. One of these larvæ was taken at Melville Island. See Parry's _Voyage_, Appendix No. x. 37.

[421] Sepp. iv. _t._ viii. _f._ 4. Some species have three, others four, and others even five of these brushes. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 255.

[422] _Ibid._ Merian _Eruc._ xxxiv. upper left hand figure.

[423] Merian _Ins. Surinam_. _t._ lx.

[424] _Ibid._ _t._ xl.

[425] See above, VOL. I. p. 238.

[426] De Geer iv. 207. _t._ viii. _f._ 4-6.

[427] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xix. right hand caterpillar.

[428] _Ibid._ xli.

[429] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 13.

[430] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xxix.

[431] _Ibid._ _t._ vii. liii.

[432] Smith's _Abbott's Ins. of Georg._ Pref. vi.

[433] _Prodromus Entomology._

[434] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xliii. The figure represents only the two spines near the head as thus circumstanced.

[435] Reaum. v. _t._ xii. _f._ 8, 14. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.

[436] See above, VOL. II. p. 238. This, with _B. imperatoria_, &c. in the modern system, should form a genus.

[437] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xlviii. right hand figure.

[438] _Ibid._ _t._ xi.

[439] _Ibid._ _t._ xxiii.

[440] _Ibid._ _t._ xxix.

[441] Reaum. v. 95.

[442] Huber _Mœurs des Fourmis_, 79.

[443] See above, VOL. II. p. 276--.

[444] Reaum. v. 72. _t._ ix. _f._ 2-4.

[445] Rös. _t._ 211.

[446] See above, VOL. I. p. 29, 198--.

[447] De Geer iii. 111. Comp. 121. It would be as well to adopt the French word _flocon_, instead of locks or flocks, which strictly mean very different things.

[448] vii. 604. _t._ xliv. _f._ 26.

[449] _Fn. Germ. Init._ xxxvi. 21.

[450] _Syst. Rhyng._ 311. 29.

[451] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ix. 554.

[452] _Natural History of the Slug-worm_, 7.

[453] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xv. xvii.

[454] The larvæ of _Carabus_ L. form one, being generally black.

[455] _Annales de Chimie_ ii.

[456] _Wien. Verz._ 219.

[457] _Wien. Verz._ 4.

[458] Reaum. v. 92.

[459] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xi.

[460] ii. 1017.

[461] De Geer i. 57.

[462] _Ibid._ 58. Reaum. i. _t._ xxxix. _f._ 13, 14.

[463] De Geer ii. 400.

[464] See above, VOL. I. _Letters_ xii. xiii.

[465] Bonnet (ii. 18) mentions, that the young larvæ of a butterfly (_Pieris Cratægi_), after devouring the exuviæ of the eggs from which they were hatched, gnawed those which were not so: not, however, so as to destroy the included animal, but rather to facilitate its egress. Those also of _Coccinella bipunctata_ which I lately bred from the egg, as soon as hatched began to devour the unhatched ones around them, which they seemed to relish highly. I am inclined to believe, however, that this unnatural procedure was to be attributed to the circumstance of the female not having had it in her power to place her eggs in the midst of _Aphides_, their proper food.

[466] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 359.

[467] In the human species, after certain fevers a simultaneous and total moult, if the term may be so applied, takes place. I experienced this myself in my boyhood; when convalescent from _Scarlatina_, the skin of my whole body, or nearly so, peeled off.

[468] The translator, more ignorant of natural history than his author, has turned the "_linguis_ micat ore trisulcis" of Virgil, into "darts his forky _sting_."

[469] VOL. I. p. 70.

[470] See above, p. 52--.

[471] Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ ii. 596. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxvi. 165.

[472] Cuvier _Ibid._ 624.

[473] Reaum. i. 182.

[474] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290.

[475] Those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate (VOL. I. p. 67), bees, the female _Cocci_, &c. do not cast their skin in the larva state. Reaum. iv. 364. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 365.

[476] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 289. xx. 372. Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ ii. 548. M. Cuvier (_Ibid._ 547.) asserts, that most _Papiliones_ and _Bombyces_ moult _seven_ times.

[477] _Œuvr._ ii. 71.

[478] Reaum. ii. 75.

[479] _Bibl. Nat. E. Trans._ i. 135. col. B. _t._ xxvii. _f._ 6.

[480] _Œuvres_, viii. 303.

[481] _Entwickelungsgeschichte_, &c. 34, 88. Swammerdam on the contrary affirms, that "on the hinder part of the cast skin where it is twisted and complicated, whoever accurately examines the skin itself may still observe the coat that was cast by the _intestinum rectum_." _Ubi supr._ 136. col. A.

[482] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290

[483] Reaum. iv. 604.