chapter I
, the German immigration into Brazil antedating the nineteenth century was quite insignificant. Beginning with the early years of that century, however, there was a steady current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into the southern part of the country. The people who made up this current settled, particularly during the early years, in small, widely separated colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thoroughly cut off from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that these people have developed a new dialect which we may call "Brazilian German."
The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. From the moment of their arrival on the parcel of land allotted to them they were in contact with many objects for which their mother tongue offered no designation. The animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be immediately adopted.
In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking immigrants from any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro settled by former inhabitants of the Coblenz district and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. In a general way it may be stated that the older colonies were in this respect relatively homogenious, while those founded since the middle of the past century drew their settlers to a larger extent from different German-speaking sections of Europe.
The settlers, largely drawn from the agricultural class, naturally brought with them from Europe a variety of German dialects. These were more or less preserved depending on the relative isolation of the colonies. In cases where a considerable and constant influx of settlers either by direct or indirect immigration was kept up after the first years of the history of any particular colony the original dialect largely gave way to a modified form of High German, due primarily to the normalizing influence of the German school and church. Such is the case in the "Stadtplätze"[41] of Dona Francisca, Blumenau, Santa Cruz and São Lourenço.
The preceding statements are intended to present, as it were, the background or basis on which the new dialect was developed. We now come to the most potent influence in the formation of that dialect. It is the Brazilian Portuguese, a language which has no connection with the Germanic group. In this point, therefore, our case differs radically from that of the student of the German dialects which have been developed in North America.
The degree of linguistic influence exerted by the Brazilian Portuguese on the High German or its various dialects as spoken by the immigrants varies again according to the relative isolation of the settlements. We have degrees ranging from that of the old settlements in the Santo Amaro district of São Paulo,[42] where the German language has practically in its entirety given way to the Brazilian Portuguese, to that of some of the sections of the "municipios"[43] of Blumenau in Santa Catharina and São Leopoldo in Rio Grande do Sul where a modified German has not only held its own among the inhabitants of German extraction, but has also become the language of parts of the Luso-Brazilian[44] and negro elements as well.[45] About half way between these two extremes we might range the case of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro.
BRAZILIAN GERMAN WORD FORMS.
The following general principles are observed in connection with the dialect which has been developed by the German element in Brazil.
Nouns form by far the greatest number of words taken over, followed next in order by verbs, exclamatory words and phrases, adjectives and adverbs. The last two appear relatively rarely.
OBSERVATIONS ON WORDS FROM THE BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE.
I. Nouns.
A. Masculines.
1) In the case of masculines the vowel ending is as a rule dropped, e.g.,
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
abatimento... abatiment... discount. campo........ camp........ field, plain. facão-....... fac......... hunting-knife. intendente... intendent... administrator. pasto........ past........ pasture.
2) The same holds for words of the following type where there have been further orthographical changes with preserve, however, the same phonetic values.
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
macaco....... makak....... monkey. trapiche..... trapisch.... warehouse (on the wharf).
3) Internal phonetic changes have taken place in such words as:
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
kaschero..... kaschör..... shop-man, clerk (in a store). municipio.... munizip..... district.
B. Feminines.
In feminines the final vowel '_-a_' is as a rule weakened to _'e'_, e.g.,
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
capoeira..... capoeire.... copse. carreta...... carrete..... cart. garaffa...... garaffe..... bottle. lancha....... lanche...... barge. larancha..... laranche.... orange. mula......... mule........ mule. persianna.... persianne... Venetian-blind. picada....... picade...... lane (through a forest). pimenta...... pimente..... pepper. pipa......... pipe........ barrel, tun. roça......... rosse....... clearing (of a forest). sanga........ sange....... ditch. tolda........ tolde....... cover, hood (of a wagon). traça........ trace....... track, design. venda........ vende....... inn, store.
C. Change of gender in nouns.
1) Masculine to feminine, e.g.,
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
barranco _m._ barranke _f._ slope. cabresto _m._ cabreste _f._ halter. cachimbo _m._ kaschimbe _f._ tobacco-pipe. camarote _m._ camarote _f._ box (in a theater). cangalho _m._ cangalhe _f._ packsaddle. charuto _m._. charute _f._. cigar. farelo _m._.. farelle _f._. bran. hiate _m._... jatte _f._... yacht. portreiro _m._ portreere _f._ pasture-ground. rio _m._..... rio _f._..... (rarely _m._) stream, river.
2) Feminine to masculine, e.g.,
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
cachaça _f._. cachass _m._ gin, brandy (of sugar-cane). troca _f._... troc _m._... change (of money).
3) Masculine to neuter, e.g.,
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
doce _m._.... doss _n._... candy, confectionery. fosforo _m._. fosforo _n._ match. tatú _m._.... tatú _n._... armadillo. xarque _m._.. xarque _n._. jerked beef.
4) Feminine to neuter, e.g.,
_Brazilian_ _Brazilian_ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
canoa _f._... kanoe _n._.. monoxylon, dugout. farinha _f._. farin _n._.. flour.
From the above examples it will be observed that the gender of the Brazilian German noun is, where there has been a change from that of the original Brazilian Portuguese, as a rule, the same as that of the High German word replaced, e.g.,
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
barranke _f._........ Böschung_f._ cachass _m._......... Schnaps _m._ camarote _f._........ Theaterloge _f._ charute _f._......... Zigarre _f._ doss _n._............ Konfekt _n._ farelle _f._......... Kleie _f._ farin _n._........... Mehl _n._ fosforon _n._........ Streichholz_n._ kaschimbe _f._....... Tabakspfeife _f._ portreere _f._....... Weide _m._ troc _m._............ Wechsel _m._
D. Nouns of mixed origin are quite frequent, e.g.,
_Brazilian German._ _English._
aboboramus........... stewed (and mashed) pumpkin. korbgarrafão......... demijohn. miljekolben.......... cob (of corn). mesclahosen.......... trousers (striped). ochsencarrete........ ox-cart palhazigarrette...... cigarette (with cornhusk wrapper). polizeidelegado...... inspector of police. puschochse........... draught-ox. rocewirtschaft....... agriculture, farming. sellofiskal.......... revenue agent. vendaschuld.......... drinking-score, debt for drink.
II. Verbs.
Brazilian German verbs are commonly formed by adding a weak ending, _'-en'_ or _'-ieren'_ to the Portuguese stem, e.g.,
_Portuguese._ _Brazilian German._ _English._
amolar......... amolieren.......... to grind, sharpen. capinar........ capinen............ to weed. cobrar......... cobrieren.......... to cash, take in (money), laçar ......... lassen............. to throw the lasso. puxar.......... puschen, pussen.... to pull. repousar....... posen.............. to rest. requerer....... rekerieren......... to request. roçar.......... rossieren.......... to clear of weeds. sellar......... sellieren.......... to stamp. tocar.......... tocken............. to beat, strike. trocar......... trocken............ to change (money etc.).
In pronunciation the Brazilian German differs still more from the Portuguese than the printed forms would indicate. The main additional differences in this case are the following:
1) The noun ending '_-ão'_ has the value of _'-ong'_ instead of the Portuguese sound represented by _'-ão.'_ Thus, by phonetic spelling we would have, e.g.,
_Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
algodong for algodão. capong " capão, garrafong " garrafão, patakong " patacão. questong " questão, sertong " sertão, violong " violão.
2) The _'j'_ instead of remaining sonant as in Portuguese, becomes surd.[46] Thus
_Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
feschong for feijão, schakaré " jacaré. Schwong " João.
3) In the case of infinitives the final _'-n'_ is not sounded, particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsrück dialect. These forms are therefore pronounced, e.g.,
_Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
amoliere for amolieren. kapine " kapinen. pusche " puschen. tocke " tocken.
SURNAMES.
As a general rule German family names are retained in their original form in all sections where the German language held its own among the colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,[47] they underwent changes to greater or less extent even in communities where the German element is most strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a form as to be hardly recognizable.
By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below; first, from a section where the German language has almost entirely given way to Portuguese[48], and second, from one of the strongest German-speaking sections of Brazil.[49]
1)
Emmich became _M'_. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is probably one of the shortest family names in existence.[50]
Felippoffsky became _Felippe, Franz,_ or _Franço_. In this instance one branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name and other branches made surnames out of the Christian name of the first immigrant, i.e., Franz Felippoffsky.
Glaser became _Frittenmaku_. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent in meaning to "der lahme Fritz."
Gottfried became _Gottesfried, Gottesfrid_ or _Gottesfritz_.
Helfenstein became _Helfestein_.
Hessel became _Essel_.
Klein became _Cleene_. In this instance a German dialect variant of the original became the new family name.
Reinberg became _Remberg_.
Rochenbach became _Rocumbak_ or _Rocumbaque_.
Roschel became _Rocha_.
Toll became _Doll_ or _Doro_.
Weisshaupt became _Sapateiro_. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family name.
Züllich became _Sills_.
2)
Wächter became _Walter_.
Werner became _Vierne_.
From the above examples it will be noticed that the new family names show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese pronunciation.
BAPTISMAL NAMES.
So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a great extent only where the German language gave way to the Portuguese almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil.[51] Probably the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian, not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of all as Brazilians.[52] While, according to their idea the retention and cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum" and (to use their own expression) "Deutschländerthum."
The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.
_Portuguese form._ _German form._
Adolfo for Adolf. Alberto " Albert. Augusto " August. Bernardo " Bernard. Carlos " Karl. Edmundo " Edmund. Eduardo " Eduard. Emilio " Emil. Ernesto " Ernst. Estevão " Stephan. Ewaldo " Ewald. Francisco " Franz. Frederico " Friedrich. Germano " Hermann. Guilhermo " Wilhelm. Gustavo " Gustav. Henrique " Heinrich. Ignacio " Ignaz. João " Johann. Jorge " Georg. José " Joseph. Julio " Julius. Leopoldo " Leopold. Luiz " Ludwig. Maximiliano " Maximilian Paulo " Paul. Pedro " Peter. Ricardo " Richard. Roberto " Robert. Rodolfo (Rudolfo) " Rudolf. Theodoro " Theodor.
TERMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP IN TITLES.
For the terms of family relationship in titles (business, etc.) the Portuguese forms are commonly used where the German forms would naturally be expected (i.e., in exclusively Brazilian German publications, etc.). Among the forms most frequently used in this manner (in full or abbreviated form, singular or plural) are the following:[53]
_Portuguese form._ _German form._
Filho for Sohn. Irmão " Bruder. Sobrinho " Neffe. Viuva " Witwe.
EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN FROM DOCUMENTS.
The Written Language.
The following is an excerpt made from a short story entitled "Unrecht schlägt seinen eigenen Herrn."[54]
Der reiche Estancieiro[55] João Rodrigues sass eines Tages unter der grossen schattigen Figueira,[56] welche das Wahrzeichen der Estancia[57] São Manoel bildete. Er berechnete eben, wie viel Schlachtvieh er dieses Jahr verkaufen könnte, und fand, dass es mindestens 700 Stück seien. Das gab ein schönes Häufchen Geld; denn die Viehpreise waren dieses Jahr hoch. Unter 60$000[58] sollte ihm kein Stück aus der Invernada[59] fort; das machte rund 42 Contos[60] aus.
... "Compadre,[61] ich habe einen Auftrag, für eine benachbarte Charqueada[62] rund 1000 Stück Schlachtvieh aufzukaufen...."
... Damit war der Handel abgeschlossen, und die beiden Compadres verabschiedeten sich, jeder zufrieden: Der Estancieiro, weil er ein gutes Geschäft gemacht hatte, und der Tropeiro,[63] weil er morgen ein noch besseres zu machen hoffte!
Des anderen Tages stellte sich unser Estancieiro bei guter Zeit im Geschäftshause ein und fand daselbst seinen Compadre Bento schon in angeheiteter Stimmung in der Venda[64] sitzen.
... "Noch für einen Augenblick," stotterte da wieder der betrunkene Tropeiro. "Unter uns beiden braucht's zwar keine Quittung, ich habe dein Vieh und du hast mein Geld; damit ist unsere Sache erledigt. Aber bei den Herren von der Charqueada muss ich etwas Schwarz auf Weiss vorweisen; ..."
... So wollte er gleich heute die ein paar hundert Milréis betragene Vendaschuld begleichen.
... "Einen Moment Gedult, Compadre João, gleich ists prompt."[65] Und wirklich, es dauerte nur einige Minuten, so hatte der Estancieiro seine Rechnung zu Händen, sie betrug 765$000. Er zug 4 von den funkelnagelneuen Zweihunderten heraus und reichte dieselben dem Geschäftsmanne hin. Der beschaute sich die Dinger genau, holte aus seinem Geldschrank einen Schein derselben Estampa[66] heraus, befühlte das Papier, schüttelte nachdenklich den Kopf und sagte nur das eine Wörtchen "falsch"!
EXAMPLES FROM ADVERTISEMENTS.
Advertisements in almanacs, newspapers, etc., appearing in German and intended only for the German reading-public offer a rich source to the student of Brazilian German words and phrases. The following examples are by no means unusual. They set forth the principle which obtains in practically all German publications in Brazil.
1.) FROM ALMANACS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
Luchsinger E. Co.... Import von Fazendas und Molhados....[67]
Selbach e Cia.... Internationale Verlags- u. Sortiments-Buchhandlung, Buchdruckerei, Buchbinderei und Kartonnagen-Fabrik....[68]
Fraeb e Co.... Export von ... Haar, Wolle, Xarque, Gorduras, etc., etc.[69]
Otto Niemeyer. Seccos e Molhados.... Eigenes Armazem und Trapiche....[70]
... José A. Picoral ... Papier-und Palhazigaretten. ... Leichte und starke Charuten....[71]
Fraeb e Co.... Import: Fazendas, Miudezas, Molhados, Ferragens, Salz u.s.w....[72]
Vva. José Müller e Cia. Geschäftshaus in Fazendas, Louça, Miudezas, Seccos und Molhados, Kolonie-Produkten.[73]
... Sattlerei von Jorge Pedro Grub ... Zuggeschirre für Aranhas, Zäume, Caronas, Peitschen u.s.w. ...[74]
Paulo Grötzner, Biscoutosfabrik "Lucinda." ... Leistungsfähigste Fabrik in Biscontos, Bolachas, Bonbons, Konfitüren und allen besseren Backwaaren. Escriptorio und Verkauf en gros: Alto Cabral.[75]
2.) FROM NEWSPAPERS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
Comp. Nac. de Navegação Costeira. Der neue Doppelschraubendampfer _Itajuba_ am Trapiche der Costeira ... Befördert Passageire, Frachten, Encommendas, etc.[76]
Antigo Hotel Koch.... Bevorzugtes Haus der Musterreiter. Eigenes Portreiro. Sorgsame Verpflegung der Reittiere. João Spitteler, Eigentümer.[77]
Hotel do Sul von Felippe Werb Filho. Wird dem reisenden Publikum ... empfohlen.... Gute Stallungen.[78]
Kolonisten pflanzt Aipim, Mandioca, Araruta!...[79]
Aranha in bestem Zustande mit vorzüglichem Pferd zu verkaufen.[80]
Lageado. Carlos Genehr, Zahnarzt, empfiehlt sich den Bewohnern dieser Villa und der umliegenden Pikaden....[81]
... zwischen der Eisenbahnstation und der Villa gelegen, für Kolonisation vermessen und in Lotes von 4 bis 25 Alqueires einteilen lassen ... der darauf befindliche Matebestand ein ganz hervorragender.... Der Eigentümer Bernardo Olsen....[82]
2 Pferde zugelaufen (1 Baio und 1 Zaino) Gegen erstattung der Unkosten abzuholen bein Inspektor Jakob Neuhaus, ...[83]
POETRY.
A great deal of excellent poetry has been written by representatives of the German element in Brazil. These writers have, however, primarily used High German as their medium of expression and consequently their works do not come in consideration in this study of a dialect. On the other hand, we frequently come across poems where Brazilian German forms are more or less in evidence. The following, in which the Hunsrück dialect forms the Germanic basis is presented by way of example.[84] (Apologies to Goethe!)
_Gutes Geschäft oder eine Pechincha._[85]
Wer reit' lo dorch Storm un Wettergeriesel? Das is der Schrauber auf seime Isel. Der Hut is gebunne fest unner dem Kinne, Der Musterranze bammelt ihm hinne.
"Freund Michel, was machst für ein banges Gesicht?" "'Sein Sie's wahrhaftig? Ich glaabten es nich! "'Der Schrauber wirklich mit Mala[86] un Ranze? "'Das is lo die reine Pikadewanze!'"[87]
"Mein lieber Freund mach' Platz mal hier! "Die schönsten Muster zeige ich dir: "Algodão,[88] Riscado[89] und Druckkattun--" "'Laassen Se zu! Was soll 'ch mit dem Krempel lo tun?'"
Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss 's Hannele sein! Der Schrauber seift dich e sunst jämmerlich ein. "'Halt dei Mund un scher' dich rein in dei Kich,' "'De Schrauber kenn' un seine Schlich!'"
"Willst, lieber Freund, du das Neueste sehn? "Hier hochfeine Ponchos[90] und Kasemir schön, "Korsetts und bunte Strümpf zum Präsent-- "Bei Bahrzahlung zehn Prozent Abatiment"[91]
Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss ja dich nit schnappe, Du hast noch genug an de Meier ze berappe! "Still!" murmelte Herr Michel, "un schwätze mer nit! "So'n Mann als wie eich, der hat je Kredit."
Der Michel kauft und Herr Schrauber notiert, Drei Monate drauf hat der Michel falliert. Der Schrauber hört es: "Sie fassen ihn an! Sie gehen ihm an seine Venda[92] heran!"
Herrn Schrauber grausset's, er steigt auf die Mule,[93] Ihm ist's um zehn Contos[94] am Herzen so schwule, Er tät im Galoppe "zer Venda reite," Er kam, sagt _bom dia!_[95]--Der Michel war pleite!"
THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE.
The dialect under discussion, as spoken in the "pikaden" is practically incomprehensible to the German-speaking person traveling in Brazil for the first time. To the uninitiated it is even harder to understand than the German dialects of North America. The latter developed under the influence of a related language, as has been stated, while the former came into being because of linguistic influences entirely foreign.
In order to give an idea of the spoken Brazilian German the following "Sprachprobe" by Breitenbach[96] is reproduced. While of somewhat peculiar composition, the example below quoted is a good representation of spoken Brazilian German.
Ein Kolonist fährt in seinem mit einer Tolde[97] versehenen Wagen aus, der mit einem Tupiano[98] und einem Zebruno[99] bespannt ist, welche er von einem Tropeiro[100] von der Serra[101] gekauft hat. Er will seinen Compadre[102] besuchen, findet die Porteira[103] zur Pikade[104] verschlossen, öffnet sie und erfährt von der ihm entgegenkommenden Frau seines Compadre, der Mann sei in die Rosse[105] gegangen, um einige Miljekolben[106] für die Mule[107] und einige Bobres[108] für die Schweine zu holen, welche im Poteiro[109] seien. Wenn er den Compadre aufsuchen wolle, so würde er ihn leicht finden, jenseits der Sange,[110] die aber steile Barankas[111] habe, so dass man beim Ueberschreiten derselben vorsichtig sein müsse. Da unser Freund seinen Compadre in der Rosse nicht findet, so geht er in den nahen Wald, aus dem Hundgebell ihm entgegen schallt. Mit seinem Fakong[112] schlägt er einige Taquaras[113] und Zipos[114] nieder, um sich den Weg zu bahnen. Bald trifft er denn auch seinen Compadre, der soeben ein Tatu[115] ausgegraben und mit seinem Fuchs[116] erschlagen hat. Nach den üblichen Begrüssungen begeben sich beide ins Haus und beschliessen, sich am Nachmittag die Carreira[117] anzusehen. Gleichzeitig will der Compadre einige Säcke Farin[118] mitnehmen, um sie dem Vendisten[119] zu verkaufen. Zu diesem Behuf muss eine Mule eingefangen werden was aber nicht ganz leicht ist. Die Mule ist nämlich sehr störrisch und muss gepusst[120] und getockt[121] wereden. Beim Hause angelangt, wird dem Tiere die Cangalje[122] aufgelegt und die Ladung befestigt. Dann geht's fort.
INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOSSARY OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN TERMS.
For reasons previously stated, the language or dialect of the German settlers in Brazil underwent an almost immediate change, not in its syntax, but in its vocabulary. Had the immigrants and their descendants only adopted such words as had no equivalent in their mother-tongue, our case would be much simpler. They went, however, much further, and, as a result even many of the commonest words dealing with the household or farm were replaced at an early date by Brazilian Portuguese terms, or by new formations based on them.
In the following representation of Brazilian German words and phrases an attempt has been made to select only such as have been adopted by German-speaking citizens in all parts of the country in question. In the few cases where words or phrases noted seem characteristic of any particular section of Brazil that fact is indicated. The glossary, moreover, makes no claim to completeness.
The sources[123] of the expressions listed are Brazilian German newspapers, books, almanacs, pamphlets, advertisements, "Festschriften," etc.,[124] as well as conversation with colonists. In the latter instance only such terms as were repeatedly used to the exclusion of the corresponding German terms were noted.[125]
In the glossary is given first the Brazilian German term (in certain cases with variations), followed, by way of comparison as well as definition, by the corresponding High German form. If the Brazilian Portuguese[126] equivalent differs in form or gender it is given in parentheses. If no such parenthetical form appears it signifies that both languages are in the particular instance identical.[127] The German element in mixed compounds being self-evident, such words are treated as the simple Brazilian German forms.
Gender is indicated except in the case of masculine nouns ending in _'-o'_ and feminines ending in _'-a.'_
Terms dealing with weights, measures and coinage have not been noted except in cases where the Brazilian German form shows a modification of the original and in instances where the terms refer to units no longer current.[128]
Special abbreviations:
R. = Rio de Janeiro. R.G. = Rio Grande do Sul.
GLOSSARY.
=A.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
abacaxi _m._ ................. Ananas. abatiment _m._ (abatimento) .. Preisermässigung, abobora _or_ abobra .......... Kürbis. abobora-mus _n._ ............. Kürbis-mus. agrião ....................... Brunnenkresse. R. aipim _m._ (aipim, aipii _m._) ...................... Maniok (süsser). aldeamento _m._ .............. Indianersiedlung. R.G. aldeia (aldeia _or_ aldea) ... Dorf, Weiler. alfandega .................... Zollamt, Steueramt. algodão ...................... Baumwolle. amolieren (amolar) ........... schleifen, schärfen. aranha ....................... Gig (_vehicle_). araruta ...................... Pfeilwurz. armazem _m._ ................. Kaufladen. arroba, arrobe _f._(arroba) .. 14.689 Kg. (_Weight._) arroio ....................... Bach. até a volta .................. bis zur Rückkehr! ateloge _n._ ................. Aufwiedersehen. (_From_ até logo. _Not used as noun in Portuguese._) até logo ..................... auf Wiedersehen!
=B.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
baio ......................... Pferd (castanienbraunes). bakeljau _m._ (bacalhão) ..... Stockfisch, Kabeljau. balse _f._ ................... Fäbre, Floss. banhado ...................... Sumpf. baradi _m.V._ cachaça ........ baranca ...................... Böschung, Uferböschung. baranke _f.V._ baranca ....... barracão ..................... Baracke, Einwandererhaus. barranke _f.V._ baranca ...... barre _f._ (barra) ........... Hafeneinfahrt. barricaria ................... Böttcherei. batata, batate, _f._ (batata) Kartoffel (brasilianische). _(The term "batate" is at times applied to the "Irish" potato, altho the latter is generally called "Kartoffel" or "europäische Kartoffel.")_ batate doce _f._ (batata doce) Süsskartoffel. becco ........................ Gässchen, kleine Gasse. benzedor _m._ ................ Wunderdoktor. benzedura .................... Besprechung der Krankheiten, Beschwörung. bicho ........................ Insekt, Tier. biscouto ..................... Zwieback. boa noite .................... gute Nacht! guten Abend! boas tardes .................. guten Tag! guten Abend! bohre _f. V._ abobora ........ bolacha ...................... Schiffszwieback. bom .......................... gut! bombilha ..................... Materörchen (i.e., Rörchen zum Mate- trinken). bombacha (bombachas _f.plu._) Pluderhose. R.G. bom dia ...................... guten Tag! bond _m._ (bonde _m._) ....... Tram, Strassenbahnwagen. botina ....................... Halbstiefel. brasse _f._ (braça) .......... 2.20 M. _(Measure of length.)_ buger _m._ (bugre _m._) ...... Indianer (Botokude).
C.
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
cabo ......................... Unteroffizier. caboclo ...................... Indianermischling. _(Portuguese and Indian.)_ cabreste _f.V._ kabreste ..... cachaça _m._, cachass _m._ (cachaça) .................. Zuckerrohrschnapps. cacique _m._ ................. Indianerhäuptling. cadea, cade _f._ (cadea, cadeia) .................... Gefängniss. camarão, camarong _m._ (camarão) .................... Krabbe. camarote _f._ (camarote _m._) Theaterloge. campamento (acampamento) ..... Feldlager. campanha ..................... Ebne. campo, camp _m._ (campo) ..... Grassland, Flur. caneca ....................... Wasserbecher. cangalje _f._ (cangalho) ..... Kreuzbocksattel, Packsattel. canna _m.V._ cachaça ......... canne _f._ (canna, cana) ..... Zuckerrohr. canoa, _n._, canu _n._ (canoa _f._) ............... Einbaum. capa ......................... Mantel. capão, capões _m.plu._ ....... Wald (kleiner, ausgerotteter) capataz _m._ ................. Vorarbeiter.[TN2] capinen _V._. kapinen ........ capitão ...................... Hauptmann. capivara ..................... Wasserschein. capoeire _f._ (capoeira) ..... Gebüsch. _(Land which had been cleared, but which is again covered with underbrush.)_ caramba ...................... potztausend! Donnerwetter! carapato (carrapato) ......... Zecke, Holzbock. carcereiro ................... Kerkermeister. careje _f._ .................. Materösterei. cargueiro .................... Lastträger, Lasttier, Lasttierführer. carona ....................... Sattelkissen. carreira ..................... Pferderennen, Wettrennen. carrete _f._ (carreta) ....... Karren. carreteiro ................... Fuhrmann, Kärrner. carroça ...................... Karosse, Kutsche. carroceiro ................... Fuhrmann. carteira ..................... Brieftasche. catuno ....................... Dieb. caspite ...................... potztausend! Donnerwetter! cautela (cautela, cautella) .. Einschreibezettel. cavalheiro ................... Herr, Edelmann. (_Gentleman._) caxeiro ...................... Ladendiener. caxoeira (cachoeira) ......... Wasserfall, Stromschnelle. chacara (chacara, chacra) .... Grundstück, Landhaus. chapeo republicano ........... Hut (der Gauchos). R.G. charque _n.V._ xarque ........ charqueada _f.V._ xarqueada .. charute _f._, cherrute _f._ (charuto, cherruto) ...... Zigarre. chilena ...................... Spore. (_As worn by gauchos._) R.G. chimarrão (chimarra) ......... Ervatee. (_Without sugar._) R.G. churasco (churrasco) ......... Spiessbraten. R.G. cigarro ...................... Zigarette. (_Usually wrapped in palha._") cinema _m._ .................. Lichtbilderhalle. cipó _m._ .................... Liane, Schlingpflanze. cobrança ..................... Einkassierung. cobrieren _V._ kobrieren ..... cochilha ..................... Hügelkette, Hügelland. cochinilhos _m. plu._ ........ Kochenillewaren. compadre _m._ ................ Gevatter, Freund. companheiro .................. Gefährte, Kamerad. coronel ...................... Oberst. corral _m._ .................. Viehhof. couveflor _n._ (couveflor _f._) Blumenkohl. (R.) coxemalade _f._ (coxo = lame _and_ melado = _sap of sugar cane_) ..................... Lecksyrup. coxinilhos _V._ cochinilhos .. cuia, cuja, cuya (cuia, cuya) Matebecher. (_Made of a hollowed gourd._)
=D.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
delegado ..................... Inspektor, Abgeordneter. despaschieren (despachar) .... abfertigen[TN3], aus dem Zollamt holen. devolut (devoluto) ........... vakant, brachliegend. (Devolutes Land == Regierungsland.) diligencia ................... Postwagen, Diligence. dispaschieren _V._ despachieren. .............. doca (doca) .................. Hafendamm, Landeplatz. doce _n._, doss n. (doce _m._) Süssigkeit, Konfekt. dona ......................... Frau, Fräulein.
=E.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
egua (egua, egoa) ............ Stute. encommenda, ericommende _f._ (encommenda) ............. Sendung (per Post, Bahn oder Schiff). enfin (enfin, emfim) ......... mit einem Worte, endlich. engenho _m._ ................. Zuckermühle. erva ......................... Paraguaythee (ilex paraguayensis). erva mate _m._ ............... _Ibid._ escriptorio .................. Büreau. eskadron _m._ (esquadão) ..... Schwadron. está bom ..................... es ist gut! estampa ...................... Gepräge, Abdruck. estancia ..................... Landgut, Viehzüchterei. estancieiro .................. Viehzüchter. e tanto ...................... und so und so viel.
=F.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
fac _m._ (facão) ............. Waldmesser. fakong _m. V._ fac ........... farello, farelle _f._ (farelo) Kleie. farinha, farin _n._ (farinha) Mehl, Mandiocamehl. farrapo, farrape _m._ (farrapo) Revolutionär. (_Of 1835._) R.G. fazenda ...................... Landgut fazendas ..................... Schnittwaren, Stoffe, Waren. Landgüter. fazendenloge _f._ (fazendas _and_ loja) ................ Warenladen. feijão ....................... Schminkbohne, schwarze Bohne. feitor _m._ .................. Verwalter, Aufseher. ferragens _f. plu._ .......... Eisenwaren. figueira ..................... Feigenbaum. foice _f._ (foiça, foice, fouce, fouxe) .............. Buschsichel. força ........................ Streitkraft, Revolutionärbande. fosforo _n._ (fosforo) ....... Streichholz. freguéz _m._ ................. Kunde. freguezia .................... Kirchspiel. fuchs _m.V._ foice ........... fumo, fum _m._ (fumo) ........ Tabac.
=G.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
gaita ........................ Dudelsack, Zieharmonica. gallinha ..................... Huhn. galpão ....................... Schuppen, Hütte. garaffe _f._ (garaffa) ....... Flasche. garça ........................ Reiher. garonne _f._ (garonna) ....... Reitdecke, Satteldecke (aus Leder). garrafão, garafão (garrafão) . grosse Flasche. garupa ....................... Kruppe. gateado ...................... schwarzgefleckt (von Tieren). gazose _f._ (gazosa) ......... Brauselimonade. gordura ...................... Fettware (i.e., Schmalz, etc.). governador _m._ .............. Statthalter. gramme _f._ (grama) .......... Weidegras, Hundgras, Quecken. guisada (guisado) ............ Ragout, Würzspeise.
=I.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
intendent _m._ (intendente _m._) .......... Verwalter, Landrat, Intendant. invernada .................... Winterquartier. (_For cattle._)
=J.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
jacaré _m._ .................. Krokodil, Kaiman. jaguatirica .................. Tigerkatze. jatte _f._ (hiate _m._) ...... Segelschiff, Jacht, Zweimaster.
=K=.
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
kabokler _V._ caboclo ........ kabreste f. (cabresto) ....... Halfter. kadee _f.V._ cadea ........... kamp _V._ campo .............. kangalje _f.V._ cangalje ..... kanoe _n._, kanoh _n.V._ canoa kapinen (capinar) ............ gäten, jäten. karrete _V._ carrete ......... kartonnage _f._ (cartonnagens _f. plu._) ................. Pappware, Pappschachtel. kaschass _m.V._ cachaça ...... kaschero, kaschör _m.V._ caxeiro .................... kaschimbe, _f._ (cachimbo) ... Tabakspfeife. kobrieren (cobrar) ........... einkassieren, einnehmen. korbgarrafão (garaffão) ...... Korbflasche.
=L=.
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
laço ......................... Schlinge. ladeira ...................... Abhang (eines Berges), steiler Weg. lagarto ...................... Eidechse (grosse). lancha, lanche _f._ (lancha) . Lastkahn, Boot. larancha, laranche _f._ laranje _f._ (laranja) ..... Orange. lassen (laçar) ............... Schlinge werfen, mit der Schlinge fangen. late _f._, latte _f._ (lata) . Blechbüchse, Dose, Kasten. lelong _f._ (leilão) ......... Versteigerung, Auktion. löge _f._ (loja) ............. Kaufmannsladen. lote _f._ .................... Grundstück, Landparzelle, Lose. louça ........................ Tafelgeschirr.
=M=.
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
macaco ....................... Affe. macho ........................ Maulesel. mais ou menos ................ mehr oder weniger, ungefär. makak _m.V._ macaco .......... mala ......................... Reisetasche, Mantelsack. mamong _m._ (mamão) .......... Rizinus, Wunderbaumfrucht. mandioca ..................... Maniok. mandubi _f., m._ (mandubi _m._, amendoim _m._) ............. Erdnuss. manga ........................ Hofplatz (für Tiere). mangeira (manjeira) .......... Futterstätte, Viehhof. marchador .................... in langsamem Trapp. mascato (mascate _m._) ....... Hausierer, Trödler. mata-bicho _(Slang)_ ......... Schnapps. matungo ...................... Klepper. mellado ...................... Syrup. mercado ...................... Markt. mesclahosen _f. plu._ (mescla = Mischung) ................ gestreifte Hosen. mestizo (mestiço) ............ Mestize, Mischling. mico ......................... Pfeifaffe. milho ........................ Mais. miljekolben _m._ (miljo) ..... Maiskolben. miudezas _f. plu._ ........... Kleinigkeiten, kleine Gegenstände. mula, mule _f._ (mula) ....... Maulesel, Maultier. multe _f._ (multa) ........... Geldstrafe. multieren (multar) ........... zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen. munizip _n._ (município) ..... Kreis, Teil eines Staates.
=N.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
no é? (não é?) ............... nicht wahr? no senhor! (não senhor!) ..... nein, mein Herr!
=O.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
o de fora .................... heida, du draussen! orsament _m._ (orçamento) .... Anschlag, Bauanschlag, Kostenanschlag.
=P.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
paciencia .................... Geduld! paiol _m._ ................... Proviantkammer, Vorratskammer. palha, palje _f._ (palha) .... Maisstroh. palhazigarrette _f._ ......... Zigarette (mit Maisstroh gewickelt). palla ........................ leichter Reitermantel. palpite _m._ ................. Ahnung, Herzklopfen. pancaré _m._ ................. hellbraunes Pferd. past _m._ (pasto) ............ Weide. pataca, patak _f._, patake _f._ (pataca) .............. 320 Reis. (_Old coin._) patacão ...................... Zweimilreistück. (_Old Spanish silver dollar._) patrão ....................... Prinzipal, Vorgesetzter. patte _f._ (pata) ............ Ente. peão ......................... Fussgänger, Reitknecht. pechincha .................... gutes Geschäft, unverhoffter Gewinn. periquito .................... Sittig, kleiner Papagei. persienne _f._ (persianna) ... Sommerladen, Jalousie. perú _m._ .................... Truthahn. picaço ....................... dunkelgefarbtes aber weissfüssiges Pferd. picada, picade _f._, pikade _f._(picada) ............... Waldpfad, Urwaldweg, Koloniestrasse. picapau _m._ ................. Vorderlader, mit Vorderlader bewaffneter Soldat. pikarette _f._ (picareta) .... Picke, Spitzhacke. pimente _f._ (pimenta) ....... Pfeffer, Nelkenpfeffer. pinga ........................ Tropfen (Schnapps). pipa, pipe _f._ (pipa) ....... Tonne, Fass. polizeidelegado .............. Polizei-inspektor. poncho ....................... Reitermantel. portão, portong _m._ (portão) Hauseingang, Torweg. porteira ..................... Eingangator (zur "Pikade"). portreere _f._ (portreiro) ... Koppel, Weideplatz, Viehraum (eingefriedigter). posen (repousar) ............. rasten, ruhen lassen. potro ........................ Füllen, junges Pferd. praça ........................ Platz, Marktplatz. prima ........................ Base, Kousine. primo ........................ Vetter. prompt (prompto, pronto) ..... fertig, bereit puschen (puxar) .............. ziehen. puschochse _m._ .............. Zugochse. pussen _V._ puschen ..........
=Q.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
quero-quero .................. Kiebitz. questão _f._ (questão) ....... Frage.
=R.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
rancho ....................... Kolonistenhaus, Lehmhütte, Hütte. rapadura ..................... Zuckerkuchen, brauner Zucker. rebankieren (arrebanhar) ..... in Herden versammeln, zusammenscharen. rekerieren (requerer) ........ auffordern, bitten, ersuchen. riberong _m._ (riberão) ...... Bach. rio _f. (sometimes m.),_ (rio) Fluss. riscado ...................... Gingan, gestreiftes Baumwollenzeug. roça, roce _f._ (roça) ....... Pflanzung, Lichtung. rocemachen ................... Land urbarmachen. rocewirtschaft _f._ .......... Landwirtschaft. rodeiro ...................... Umweg, Ausflucht. rosse _f.V._ roça ............ rossieren (roçar) ............ ausjäten, urbarmachen.
=S.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
sabiá _m._ ................... Amsel (brasilianische). salto _m._ ................... Wasserfall. sange _f._ (sanga) ........... Graben (wasserhaltiger). scharute _f.V._ charute....... scheegen (chegar) ............ genügen. schikott _m._ (chicote _m._) . Peitsche. seccos und molhados .......... Kolonialwaren (i.e. trockene und nasse Waren). sellieren (sellar) ........... stempeln, besiegeln. sello ........................ Freimarke. serra ........................ Gebirge, Hochland. sertanejo .................... Einwohner der Wildnis. sertão ....................... Wildnis, Einöde, Küstenwälder. si, senhor! (sim, senhor) .... ja, mein Herr! sitio ........................ Grundstück, kleines Landgut, sobrado ...................... Stockwerk, Geschoss. stanz _f.V._ estancia ........ strupiat (estropiado) ........ lahm, verkrüppelt. suspensorios _m. plu._ ....... Hosenträger.
=T.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
tamanduá _m._ ................ Ameisenbär, Ameisenfresser. taquara ...................... Bambus. tarraffe _f._ (tarrafa) ...... Wurfnetz. tatú _n._ (tatú _m._) ........ Gürteltier. 'te logo! _V._ até logo ...... tenente _m._ ................. Leutnant. terral _m._ .................. Landwind. thesouraria .................. Schatzkammer, Zahlamt. tocken (tocar) ............... schlagen, antreiben. tokaio (tocaio) .............. Namensvetter. tolde _f._ (tolda) ........... Verdeck (auf einem Wagen). tostão ....................... 100 Reis. trace _f._ (traça) ........... Spur, Entwurf. trapiche _m._, trapisch _m._ (trapiche _m._) ............ Lagerhaus (am Hafen), Kai. troc _m._ (troca) ............ Wechsel, Tausch, Kleingeld. trocken (trocar) ............. wechseln, tauschen. tropa ........................ Trupp, Maultiertrupp. tropeiro ..................... Viehhändler. tupiano ...................... Scheck. (_Dappled horse._)
=U.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
urubú _m._ ................... Geier.
=V.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
vamos ........................ vorwärts! vaqueano ..................... Führer. vendaschuld _f._ (venda) ..... Zechschuld. venda, vende _f._ (venda) .... Kaufladen, Kram und Schankladen, Schenke. vendeiro, vedist _m._ (vendeiro) ................. Gastwirt, Kleinhändler. ventin _m._ (vintem _m._) .... 20 Reis. (_Coin._) villa ........................ Städtchen. vintem _m._, vinten _m. V._ ventin ..................... violáo ....................... Bratache, Bassgeige. viva ......................... Vivat, Lebehoch.
=W.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
wentin _m. V._ ventin ........ wolte _f._ (volta)............ Spaziergang, Windung (eines Weges oder Flusses).
=X.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
xarque _n._ (xarque _m._) .... Dörrfleisch. xarqueada .................... Schlächterei.
=Z.=
_Brazilian German._ _High German._
zaino ........................ ungeflecktes Pferd (e.g. ganz schwarz). zebruno ...................... Falbe. zigarro _V._ cigarro ......... zipo _V._ cipó ............... zise _f._ (sisa, siza) ....... Accise, Verbrauchssteuer.
APPENDIX.
THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN PRESS.
Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general access to publications of this type.
ALMANACS.
As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.
Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil are:
_Rothermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien_, published in São Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;
_Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender_, published in Rio and Curityba;
_Der Familienfreund_, published in Porte Alegre;
_Riograndenser Marienkalender_, published in Porto Alegre;
and
_Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender_, published in Porto Alegre.
Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was für gebildeten Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]
The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.
In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of those colonists.
NEWSPAPERS.
The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_ appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th, 1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_, a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter Müller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few years.
From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication, the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was founded.
_Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861. _Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862. _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870. _Germania_, São Paulo. Daily. 1877. _Deutsche Post_, São Leopoldo. Daily. 1880. _Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881. _Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881. _Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889. _Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890. _Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892. _Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892. _Deutsche Zeitung für São Paulo._ Daily. 1897. _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901. _Der Kompass_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901. _Volks-Zeitung_, São Bento. Weekly. 1908. _Die Serra Post_, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910. _Brusquer Zeitung_, Brusque. Weekly. 1911. _Deutsche Wacht_, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914. _Deutsches Tageblatt_, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.
From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German journalistic efforts.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The works listed below are important sources for the study of the history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books, important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as the _Alldeutsche Blätter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen, etc._, and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further indicated.
Ackerbaukolonien. _Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Würtemberg und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: _A Journey to Brazil._ Boston, 1868.
Angerami, Domingos. _V._ Fonseca, Antonio.
Auswanderer. _Central Auskunftstelle für Auswanderer. Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
Avé-Lallement, Dr. Robert: _Reise durch Südbrasilien im Jahre 1858._ Leipzig, 1859. (_2 vols._)
Bastos, Travares: _Questões de Immïgração. (Manuscript in National Library. Rio.)_
Blumenau, Dr. Hermann: _Südbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Rudolstadt, 1850.
Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Aus Süd-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und Aufzeichnungen_, Brackwede i/W., 1913.
Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die deutsche Auswanderung._ Heidelberg, 1885.
Burton, Richard F., _V._ Tootal, Albert.
Canstatt, Oscar: _Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen Literatur._ Berlin, 1902.
Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de: _Le Brésil Méridional._ Paris, 1910.
Cunha, Dr. José Bonifacio da: _Commemoração do 50° Anniversario da Fundação de Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.
Dechent, N.: _Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville am 14. August 1916._ Joinville, 1916.
Dettmann, Eduard: _Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung._ Berlin, 1908.
Dilthey, R.: _Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in Südbrasilien, Uruguay und Argentinien._ Berlin, 1882.
Dörffel, Dr. O.: _Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Südbrasilianischen Provinz Santa Catharina._ Joinville, 1882.
Elliott, L.E.: _Brazil Today and Tomorrow._ New York, 1917.
_L'État de São Paulo. Renseignements utiles._ Antwerp, 1914. (_São Paulo State publication. 3d ed._)
_Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend._ São Paulo, 1916. (Apr. 13th.)
_Festschrift zum 50 jährigem Jubiläum der Pfarrei São José do Hortencio._ Porto Alegre, 1899.
Fonseca, Antonio,--et Angerami, Domingos: _Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul._ São Paulo, 1912.
Funke, Alfred: _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1902.
Funke, Alfred: _Deutsche Siedelung über See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul._ Halle a/Saale, 1902.
Gernhard, Robert: _Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau._ Breslau, 1901.
Gerstäcker, Friedrich: _Achtzehn Monate in Südamerika._ Jena, 1862, and Leipzig, 1863.
Giesebrecht, Franz: _Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Südbrasilien._ Berlin, 1899.
Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.A.: _Heimatkunde von Brasilien._ Porto Alegre, 1914.
Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.: _Lehr- und Lesebuch für Schule und Haus._ Porto Alegre, 1914.
Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: _Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo._ Milano-Roma-Napoli, 1914.
_Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande._ Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande. Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)
Historia da Immigração. _Dados para a Historia da Immigração e da Colonização em São Paulo enviados pela Seccão de Informações do Departamento Estadual do Trabalho á Directoria do Serviço de Povoamento._ São Paulo, 1916. (_Govt. publication._)
Imperio do Brazil. _O Imperio do Brazil na Exposição Universal de 1876 em Philadelphia._ Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (_State publication._)
_Impressões do Brazil no Secolo Vinte._ London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company.)
Jahn, Adalbert: _Die Kolonien von São Leopoldo in der kaiserlich brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen über freie Einwanderung in Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1871.
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FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 41: _V._ note 29, p. 18.]
[Footnote 42: I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and Itapecerica.]
[Footnote 43: _V._ note 27, p. 18.]
[Footnote 44: I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.]
[Footnote 45: In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and São Lourenço] sprechen sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsrücker Dialekt.... Ein Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?" fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."
E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." _Uhle's Kalender_ for 1912, p. 76.]
[Footnote 46: This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German _'j'_ as e.g., where the latter replaces the _'h'_ in _jatte_ (from _hiate_), the _'i'_ or _'y'_ in _cuja_ (from _cuia, cuya_) or the _'lh'_ in _cangalje_ (from _cangalho_). In such cases the _'j'_ has the phonetic value of the English _'y'_.]
[Footnote 47: See note 4, p. 19.]
[Footnote 48: The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in São Paulo. _V._ note 2, p. 19.]
[Footnote 49: Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.]
[Footnote 50: For a further example of a short proper name compare the one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of São Paulo.]
[Footnote 51: This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to native-born German Brazilians.]
[Footnote 52: Political propaganda literature intended to lead the unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.]
[Footnote 53: Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.]
[Footnote 54: By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in the _Familienfreund_ for 1917, P. 39 ff.]
[Footnote 55: _Viezüchter._]
[Footnote 56: _Feigenbaum._]
[Footnote 57: _Landgut._]
[Footnote 58: Read _60 Milreis_.]
[Footnote 59: _Winterquatier._]
[Footnote 60: _Conto_= 1000 Milreis.]
[Footnote 61: _Freund._]
[Footnote 62: _Schlächterei._]
[Footnote 63: _Viehhändler._]
[Footnote 64: _Schenke._]
[Footnote 65: _Fertig._]
[Footnote 66: _Gepräge._]
[Footnote 67: _Uhles Familienkalender_, 1916, p. 318.]
[Footnote 68: Ibid., p. 300.]
[Footnote 69: Ibid., p. 315.]
[Footnote 70: Ibid., p~ 297.]
[Footnote 71: _Familienfreund_, 1917, p. xxv.]
[Footnote 72: Ibid., p. xxvii.]
[Footnote 73: _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, 1917, p. 128.]
[Footnote 74: _Rotermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien_, 1915, p. 410.]
[Footnote 75: _Uhle's Familienkalender_, 1917, p. 170.]
[Footnote 76: _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.]
[Footnote 77: _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.]
[Footnote 78: Ibid.]
[Footnote 79: _Blumenauer Zeitung_, August 22, 1916.]
[Footnote 80: _Brusker Zeitung_, August 12, 1916.]
[Footnote 81: _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.]
[Footnote 82: _Kolonie-Zeitung_, Joinville, August 17, 1916.]
[Footnote 83: _Die Serra-Post_, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15, 1916.]
[Footnote 84: From Funke's _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien,_ p. 167.]
[Footnote 85: _Unverhofftes Gewinn._]
[Footnote 86: _Reisetasche._]
[Footnote 87: _Waldpfadswanze._]
[Footnote 88: _Baumwolle._]
[Footnote 89: _Gingan._]
[Footnote 90: _Reitermäntel._]
[Footnote 91: _Preisermässigung._]
[Footnote 92: _Kaufladen._]
[Footnote 93: _Maulesel._]
[Footnote 94: _10,000 milreis._]
[Footnote 95: _Guten Tag!_]
[Footnote 96: _V._ Breitenbach: _Aus Süd-Brasilien_, p. 247.]
[Footnote 97: _Verdeck._]
[Footnote 98: _Scheck._]
[Footnote 99: _Falbe._]
[Footnote 100: _Tierhändler._]
[Footnote 101: _Hochland._]
[Footnote 102: _Gevatter._]
[Footnote 103: _Tor._]
[Footnote 104: _Waldstrasse._]
[Footnote 105: _Lichtung._]
[Footnote 106: _Maiskolben._]
[Footnote 107: _Maultier._]
[Footnote 108: _Kürbisse._]
[Footnote 109: ="portreiro" (_Weideplats, Koppel_).]
[Footnote 110: _Graben._]
[Footnote 111: _Böschungen._]
[Footnote 112: _Waldmesser._]
[Footnote 113: _Bambus._]
[Footnote 114: _Lianen._]
[Footnote 115: _Gürteltier._]
[Footnote 116: _Buschsichel._]
[Footnote 117: _Wettrennen._]
[Footnote 118: _Mehl._]
[Footnote 119: _Kleinhändler._]
[Footnote 120: _Gezogen._]
[Footnote 121: _Geschlagen._]
[Footnote 122: _Packsattel._]
[Footnote 123: Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer acknowledges as his source for the following the _Verdeutschungsheft_ by G.A. Büchler, Blumenau, 1915: _Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong, multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren, strupiat, wolte, zise._]
[Footnote 124: It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German forms appear relatively rarely.]
[Footnote 125: All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception of _agrião_ and _bond_.]
[Footnote 126: The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here (as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.]
[Footnote 127: This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken language.]
[Footnote 128: I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France, "Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.]
[Footnote 129: _V._ Grimm-Rücker: _Lehr-und Lesebuch_, p. iii.]
[Footnote 130: Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.]
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Transcriber's Notes:
The following corrections regarding the original were made:
[Footnote TN1: The original has here a wrong spelling: COPYWRIGHT instead of COPYRIGHT]
[Footnote TN2: The original has here a wrong spelling: Vorabeiter instead of Vorarbeiter]
[Footnote TN3: The original has here a wrong spelling: abfertitgen instead of abfertigen]