Part 17

Before he closed his eyes, however, he had the satisfaction of driving Cleomenes away from Greece into Egypt. There the young king fell upon his sword, after killing his children, rather than become a slave. Tyrants were now allowed again in many of the Greek cities, in spite of the remonstrances of Aratus, who learned only too late that the Macedonians had come into the Peloponnesus merely for the purpose of making themselves masters of the country.

Aratus' eyes were opened. He saw that all his efforts were vain, and that, owing to his own imprudence, Greece would never again be free. In his grief, his presence of mind quite forsook him. He did not know what steps to take in order to undo all the harm he had done.

The Ætolians now became the champions of freedom, and marched against the Achæans, whom they defeated. In their distress, the Achæans once more begged the Macedonians to interfere, and send troops into Greece.

The contest which followed is known as the War of the Two Leagues, and lasted for some time. In the beginning, the Macedonian king allowed Aratus to take the lead, and followed all his directions; but, growing weary of this subordinate part, he finally poisoned the Achæan leader, and became head of the league himself.

When the Spartans and Ætolians, who had joined forces, found that the Achæans and Macedonians were likely to prove too strong for them, they also began to look around for allies. As the fame of the rising city of Rome had reached them, they finally sent thither for the help they needed.

The Romans were then rapidly extending their territory, and hoped soon to become masters of the world, so they were glad to help the Spartans against the Macedonians, who were already their enemies.

They therefore speedily came to the Spartans' aid, set fire to the Achæan and Macedonian ships, and defeated their armies so sorely, that Philip was obliged to beg for peace and to give them his son as a hostage.

The Spartans, having thus freed themselves from the yoke of the Achæan League, now fell into far worse hands, for they were governed by a tyrant named Na´bis,--a cruel and miserly man, who, in order to increase his treasure, often had recourse to vile stratagems.

He had made a cunning instrument of torture, on purpose to obtain money from any one he wished. This was a statue, the exact image of his wife, clad in magnificent robes. Whenever he heard that any man was very rich, Nabis used to send for him. After treating him with exaggerated politeness, the tyrant would gently advise him to sacrifice his wealth for the good of the state.

If his guest refused to do so, Nabis would invite him to visit his wife, and lead the unsuspecting man close to the statue. This was made so as to move by a system of cunningly arranged springs, and as soon as the victim came within reach, the statue's arms closed tightly around him.

The terrified guest, caught in an irresistible embrace, then found himself drawn closer and closer, and pressed against sharp points and knives hidden under the rich garments.

It was only, when the tortured man had solemnly promised to give up all he owned, that the tyrant Nabis would set him free; but if he resisted, he was killed by slow torture, and allowed to bleed to death in the statue's embrace.

CXIV. THE LAST OF THE GREEKS.

When Aratus died, the principal man in the Achæan army was Phil-o-poe´men, a brave and virtuous young man. He was patriotic in the extreme, and so plain and unassuming that no one would have suspected his rank.

On one occasion, when he had reached the dignity of general, he was invited to dine at a house where the hostess was a stranger to him. When he came to the door, she took him for a servant, on account of his plain clothes, and curtly bade him go and split wood.

Without saying a word, Philopoemen threw aside his cloak, seized an ax, and set to work. The host, on coming up a few minutes later, was horrified to see his honored guest cutting wood, and was profuse in his apologies for a mistake which only made Philopoemen laugh.

When Philopoemen heard how cruel Nabis was, he wanted to free Sparta from his tyranny. So he entered the town at the head of an armed force of men, confiscated the treasures for the benefit of the public, and drove Nabis away.

The Spartans were at first very grateful to the Achæans for freeing them, but they soon began to feel jealous of their power, and again rose up in revolt against them. This time Philopoemen treated the Spartans with the utmost severity, even razing the walls of the city, which were never rebuilt.

Philopoemen was farsighted enough to see from the beginning that the Roman alliance would prove bad for Greece. He soon discovered that the Romans intended to subdue the country, and in order to do so most easily were trying to make the people quarrel among themselves.

All his efforts were therefore directed toward keeping peace, and for a time he was quite successful. But the Romans, seeing no other way to bring about a quarrel, at last bribed the Messenians to revolt.

In the course of the war, Philopoemen was led into an artfully arranged ambuscade, and was taken in chains to Messenia, where, notwithstanding his gray hair, he was exposed to the jeers of the common people.

After thus humiliating him, they led him to the place of torture; but when he heard that his army had escaped from the ambush, he fervently cried, "I die happy, since the Achæans are safe."

This only hastened the end of the brave patriot, who has been called the "Last of the Greeks," because he was the last to try to maintain his country's independence.

The Achæans soon after took the town of Messenia, stoned all Philopoemen's murderers on his tomb, and carried his ashes to Meg-a-lop´o-lis, his native city, where they were buried with great pomp.

CXV. GREECE A ROMAN PROVINCE.

For centuries the Greeks had been in the habit of assembling at Corinth every three years for the celebration of the Isthmian games, in honor of Poseidon, god of the sea. Here, as at Olympia, there were races, wrestling and boxing matches, and contests in verse and song; and as usual the prizes were simple crowns of olive leaves, which were considered far more precious than silver or gold.

In 196 B.C. not only were the Greeks present at this celebration, but there were also many Romans who wished to witness the games. The Greeks were then particularly happy because the War of the Two Leagues seemed to be ended, and the country was at peace.

In the midst of the festival, Quin´tius Flam-i-ni´nus, the Roman consul, mounted the orator's block, and proclaimed that the Roman army had just won a great victory over the revolted King of Macedon, and that the Greek states were now indeed free.

These tidings were received with such a tumult of joyful cries, it is said, that a flock of birds that were flying overhead fell to the earth, stunned by the shock of cheers which rent the air.

This joy, however, did not last very long, for the new-won freedom of Greece existed in name only. As soon as the Romans had completed the conquest of Macedon under its last ruler, Perseus, they prepared to annex Greece also.

Their first move was to accuse the Achæans of sending aid to Macedon. Under this pretext, one thousand leading citizens were seized, and sent to Rome to be tried.

Here they were kept in exile for many a year, longing to go home, and fuming against their detention. When they were finally allowed to return, they were so imbittered, that, as the Romans had foreseen, they soon stirred up a revolt among the Achæans.

Æ-mil´i-us Pau´lus, the conqueror of Macedon, then marched into Greece, and swept over the whole country. He took the city of Corinth, and burned it to the ground, after carrying off many of its most precious works of art to adorn his triumph.

Such was the ignorance of the Romans at that time, however, about all matters of art, that the sailors who were to carry these treasures to Rome were warned by the consul to be careful, as they would have to replace any article they had damaged or lost.

The Romans then placed garrisons in the principal Greek towns, and the country became a mere province of Rome, under the name of Achaia.

Thus ends the history of ancient Greece, which, though so small, was yet the most famous country the world has ever known,--the country from which later nations learned their best lessons in art, philosophy, and literature.

INDEX.

PAGE

Academy, gardens of 142

Achæan League 268-270

Achæans exiled to Rome 281

Achilles, avenges Patroclus 50 betrays himself 46 death of 51 in the Styx 45 prophecy regarding 44

Acropolis, captured 88, 96 Parthenon on 149 statue of Athene on 115 temple to Theseus, near 28, 143

Adrastus 37-40

Ægean Sea, derivation of name 27 Persian vessels forbidden to enter 147

Ægeus 27

Ægina, Draco at Island of 88

Æneas, escape of 53

Ætolian League 268, 273

Agamemnon, insults priest of Apollo 48 King of Mycenæ 44

Age of Pericles 146

Agesilaus, at Coronea 189 courage of 185, 199

Agis, condemned to death 275 type of old Spartans 271

Alcibiades, anecdotes of 161, 163, 164 hostility toward 166 killed by Persians 171 shield of 162

Alexander I 197-199

Alexander the Great, birthplace of 227 crosses Libyan desert 245 cuts Gordian knot 238 death of 236, 253 enters Jerusalem 244 generosity of 248 horsemanship of 229, 231 marriage of 252 omens concerning 227 prophecy of 256 self-denial of 251 takes title of "Shah in Shah" 249 tomb of 255 victory of 237, 246 visit of, to Diogenes 235

Alexandria, founded 244 Lighthouse of 264

Ambassador, life of, sacred 111, 120

Amphictyonic Council 20, 217, 224

Anaxagoras, philosopher 151, 152

Antalcidas, treaty of 190

Antigone 36, 40

Antigonus Doson 275

Antigonus Gonatas 269

Antigonus, "the one-eyed" 262

Antipater, governor of Macedon 256, 258, 260

Apollo sends plague 48 statue in honor of 264

Appetite, recipe for good 238

Aratus, leader of Achæan League 269 poisoning of 277

Arbela, battle at 246

Archon, how elected 87 origin of title of 57

Areopagus, court of law 91 Pisistratus before the 95

Aristides, anecdote of 118 burial of 141 discovers plans of Xerxes 133 recall of 124

Aristocrat, derivation of 95

Aristodemus, daughter sacrificed by 72 first ruler of Sparta 61

Aristogiton 99, 102

Aristomenes 73-77

Aristophanes 173-175

Aristotle, teacher of Alexander 231

Arridæus 256, 261

Artaxerxes, befriends Themistocles 140 oath of 147 sends for Hippocrates 155 treachery of 181

Aspasia 152

Aster, an archer 220

Athene, festival in honor of 26 statue of 115, 149, 247 temple to 88, 101, 136, 149, 271

Athene, tree planted by 90, 137

Athenians, at Marathon 113-115 bribery of 189 build statues 102, 179 defeat Spartans 56 extravagance of 141 heroes among 113, 114 ingratitude of 117, 119 last of the 261 thirty-years' peace of 148

Athens, art in 149 becomes an oligarchy 87 burning of 132 called Cecropia 16 chains of Xerxes in 137 Olympic games at in, 1896 80 plague in 155 purification of 90 rebuilt 137 title of king in 56 voting in 91, 103

Athos, Mount 110, 124, 126

Babylon, city of 246 Hanging Gardens of 264

Bessus, treachery of 248

Brennus, leader of Gauls 267

Bucephalus, meaning of 229 monument to 250

Bulis, self-sacrifice of 120

Cadmus 17, 191

Canal dug by Xerxes 124

Cassander 260-263

Cassandra 42

Ceadas, pit of 75

Cecropia. See _Athens_.

Cecrops founds Athens 16

Chæronea, battle at 225

Charilaus educated by Lycurgus 62

Charon, babe of, as pledge 193

Chilo dies of joy 86

Chilonis, self-sacrifice of 273

Chios, Island of 60

Cimon, banishment of 146 death of 147 generosity of 143 son of Miltiades 117

Cleombrotus 195, 273

Cleomenes 275, 276

Cleopatra, last of the Ptolemies 265

Clytus 228, 237, 249

Codrus, heroic death of 56

Coinage of money 24

Colchis, Golden Fleece in 25

Colossus of Rhodes 264

Comedy of "The Clouds" 174, 175

Corinth, city of 280, 281 Isthmus of 17, 131

Coronea 148, 189

Crete, location of 22

Criminals, punishment of 176 self-defense of 91

Crito 177, 179

Croesus, ruler of Lydia 253

Croton, Greek colony 81, 166

Cunaxa, battle at 180

Cyclops, meaning of 14

Cydnus, Alexander bathes in 240

Cylon 88

Cyrus, death of 180

Dædalus invents sails 22

Damocles' sword 209

Damon 204-208

Danaus teaches shipbuilding 17

Darius, army of, routed 113 audience chamber of 106 death of 119, 248 offers peace to Alexander 247 resolves to conquer Greece 108, 117 second army of 110 "The Great King" 104

Decelea, fortification of 168

Delos, Island of 177, 179

Delphi, temple at, rebuilding of 101 robbed 224 saved by thunderstorm 130, 267

Demeter, festival of 17, 191

Demetrius, generosity of 266 imprisonment of 267 "The Preserver" 263

Democedes, court physician 107

Democrat, derivation of 95

Demosthenes, cowardice of 226 joy of, at death of Philip 233 orator 221-223 takes poison 259

Deucalion 19, 20

Diana, goddess 47 temple of 65, 227, 237, 264

Diocles, traitor 269

Diogenes 234, 235

Dion 210-215

Dionysius the Elder 202-210

Dionysius the Younger 210-216

Dionysus, festival and theater of 92-94

Draco, cruel lawmaker 87, 88, 91

"Earth and water," demand for 110

Ecbatana, a walled city 104

Egyptians, civilization of 12

Epaminondas, as commander 196 dying words of 201 risks own life for Pelopidas 191

Ephesus, founded 56 taken by Alexander 237 temple at 227, 264

Ephialtes, perfidy of 128

Epimenides, long sleep of 90

Erostratus wins immortality 228

Eteocles quarrels with Polynices 37-39

Eurybiades, Spartan king 132-134

Flood of Ogyges 15

Furies, duty of 36

Galatia, how named 267

Golden Fleece, search for 25

Gordian knot, cutting the 240

Gordium 238

Granicus, battle near 237

Great Greece 54

Great King, The (see also _Darius_) 104

Greece, alphabet brought to 17 Egyptians settle in 13 freedom of 281 known as Achaia 282 punishment of criminals in 176 situation of 11

Greeks, at Thermopylæ 127, 128 betrayal of 181 commercial journey by 26 geographical knowledge of 251 gods angry with 54 last of the 280 retreat of 182-184 statue judged by 83 Troy taken by 53 truce of 51 victory of, at Salamis 134

Hanging Gardens of Babylon 264

Harmodius, kills Hipparchus 99 statue in honor of 102

Hector, falls by hand of Achilles 50 kills Patroclus 50 sung by Homer 60

Hecuba, dream of 41

Helen runs away with Paris 43

Helios. See _Apollo._

Hellas, how named (see also _Greece_) 21

Hellen, second son of Deucalion 20

Hellespont, a narrow strait 109 bridging the 121

Helots, Spartan slaves 61 strike for freedom 145 temperance taught by 68

Hephæstion, drinks himself to death 252 friend of Alexander 236 mistaken for Alexander 241

Heracles. See _Hercules_.

Heraclidæ, banishment of 28 regain possessions 55

Heraclides, treachery of 214

Hercules, birthplace of 28 festival instituted by 78 games in honor of 38

Hermes, destruction of statues of 166

Heroic Age 25, 57

Hipparchus 98, 99

Hippias, Athenian ruler 98 capture of 102 Darius' generals guided by 111 killed 113 seeks aid from Darius 105

Hippocrates drives out plague 156

Homer, birthplace of 60 blindness of 57 poems of, collected 97 rank of, as poet 58, 60

Hot Gateway 20, 125

Hymettus, honey of 17

Hyphasis River 251

Icarian Sea, how named 24

Icarus flies too high 24

Ilium. See _Troy_.

Immortals, bodyguard of Xerxes 122 gain Pass of Thermopylæ 129

Inachus teaches Pelasgians 13

Ionia, derivation of name 21 location of 56, 104

Iphigenia rescued by Diana 47

Ipsus, battle of 265

Ismene dies of grief 40

Issus, Persians routed at 241

Isthmian games 280

Ithome, fortified city 72, 73

Jaddua, vision of 244

Jason commands the "Argo" 25

Jocasta, kills herself 35 Queen of Thebes 29

Jove, thunderbolts of 162

Jupiter, festival and statue of 78, 79 temple to 245 See also _Zeus_.

Labyrinth of Crete 22, 27, 264

Lacedæmon, how named 61

Laconia, adjective from 66 clemency shown to 197 location of 61

Laius, killed by OEdipus 31 words of oracle to 29

Lamia, fortress of 258

"Last of the Athenians" 261

"Last of the Greeks" 280

Leæna, courage of 100 honor to 103

Leonidas I., betrayal of 129 guards Thermopylæ 125 reply of, to Xerxes 127

Leonidas II. 270-275

Leuctra, Theban victory at 196

Libya, temple at 245

Long Walls, building of 147 destruction of 170 rebuilding of 172

Lyceum, laying out of 96

Lycurgus, in Spartan history 61 iron money originated by 70 laws of 62-70

Macedon, location of 217

Mantinea, Theban victory at 199

Marathon, battle of 113-115 situation of 111

Mardonius, flight of 134

Mausolus, Tomb of 264

Mediterranean Sea, islands in 13 stretch of 11

Megacles, crime of 89, 101

Megalopolis, tomb in 280

Menelaus 42, 43

Messenia 71, 280

Messenians, bribed by Romans 280 thrown into Ceadas 75 war against Spartans 145

Messina, city and colony of 77, 166 Lighthouse of 264

Midas, cart of 238

Miletus 56, 137

Milo the athlete 81, 82

Miltiades, at Marathon 112 conviction and death of 117

Minerva. See _Athene_.

Mirage 245

Money, coining of 24 institution of iron 70

Morea, why so called 55

Nabis, tyrant 278

Navigation taught 17

Nearchus, exploration of 251

Nemean lion 38

Nemesis, statue of 116

Neptune. See _Poseidon_.

Nestor the wise man 44

OEdipus, answers Sphinx's riddle 34 attempted murder of 29 death of 36 fulfillment of prophecy concerning 31, 34 puts out his own eyes 35

Ogyges, flood of 15

Olympia, temple at 78

Olympiad as measurement of time 80

Olympias 227, 261

Olympic games, bearing arms during 126 excitement at 86 girls in 84 renewal of 80 time reckoned by 80

Ostracize, derivation of 104

Panathenæa, festival of 26

Paris, bringing up of 42

Paros, Island of 116

Parthenon 149, 264

Patroclus, armor of Achilles on 49 killed by Hector 50 sung by Homer 60

Pausanias, patriotism of mother of 139 successor of Leonidas 134 walled in 139

Pelasgians, homes and habits of 12 remains of, in old tombs 18 skill of, in building 14 spinning and weaving by 16

Pelopidæ conquer Heraclidæ 28

Pelopidas, exiled Theban 191 returns in disguise 193 slain in battle 199

Peloponnesian War, end of 170 length of 153

Peloponnesus, derivation of name 24 Dorians settle in 55 key of the 270 laid waste 154 present name of 55

Pelops teaches coinage of money 24

Perdiccas, against Ptolemy 260 receives Alexander's ring 253

Pericles, death of 156, 157 eloquence of 154 idol of the poor 144 improvement of Athens by 149 leader of the Athenians 146

Persepolis, burning of 248

Perseus builds Mycenæ 17

Persian army, route of, to Greece 109

Persian fleet, destruction of 110 retreat of 115

Persian vessels shut out of the Ægean 147

Phalanx, Macedonian 218, 250

Pharnabazus 185-188

Pharos 264

Phidias, death of 149 Parthenon decorated by 149, 264 statues by 79, 116, 149

Philip of Macedon, ambition of 217, 220, 226 at Chæronea 226 early training of 217 formation of Macedonian phalanx by 218 gift from, to Demosthenes 222 left eye of, put out 220 murder of 226 president of Amphictyonic Council 225 wealth of 218

Philippic, origin of 221

Philopoemon, anecdote of 279 "Last of the Greeks" 280

Philoxenus, a philosopher 202-204

Phocion, caution of 257 "Last of the Athenians" 261

Phoenicians, home of 13

Pindar, house of 233

Pisistratidæ, expulsion of 102

Pisistratus, death of 98 hypocrisy of 95 improvement of Athens by 96

Platæa 134, 136

Plato, Olympic crown given to 212 pupil of Socrates 59 words of Socrates preserved by 177, 179

Poliorcetes, "the city taker" 263

Polynices 37-39

Porus, Indian king 250

Poseidon 52, 280

Priam, begs Hector's body 51 desertion of Paris by 41 sung by Homer 60

Prisoners of war as slaves 48, 61

Ptolemy, builds tomb for Alexander 255 conquered by Demetrius 263

Pyramids of Egypt 12, 264

Pyrrha 19, 20

Pythias 204-208

Quarries, The 203

Retreat of the Ten Thousand 185

Rome, Achæans exiled to 281 art in 282 power of 270, 277

Roxana, imprisonment of 261 wife of Alexander 252

Sacred Battalion 195, 226

Sacred War 224

Salamis, victory at 134, 170

Sardis, burning of 109 taken by Alexander 237

Seleucia 265

Seleucus 262, 265, 267

Scyros, Island of, Achilles at 46 Theseus killed at 28, 143

Shipbuilding taught 17

Sicyon joins Achæan League 269

Sisygambis, love of, for Alexander 242, 255

Slaves, prisoners of war as 48, 61

Socrates, accusation against 175 belief and practice of 158, 176 death of 179 defense of 176 greatest philosopher of the world 171 last conversation of 177-179 life of Alcibiades saved by 162 statue of 179

Solon, laws of 91, 103, 170 play acting disapproved by 93 return of, to Athens 97

Sophocles 94

Sparta, earthquake at 144 location of 42 rebuilding of 146 rulers of 55 two kings of 61

Spartan, an expression of courage 66

Spartan babes, fate of 63

Spartan boys, education of 63-66 example of bravery of 65 fidelity instilled in 67 test of courage of 65 trained to steal 65

Spartan girls, carried off by Messenians 71 education of 63, 69

Spartan mother, admonition of 68

Spartans, ask aid of Athenians 74 at Pass of Thermopylæ 129 attack Amphea 71 covet Messenia 71 degeneracy of 172, 270 force way into Thebes 190 freed from Achæan League 277 habits of 67, 68, 136 influence of superstition on 111, 154 join in Olympic games 79 overcome Messenians 75 rout of three thousand by twelve 195 seize Persian ambassadors 111 swear allegiance to Lycurgus 70

Sperthias, self-sacrifice of 120

Sphinx 33, 34

Styx, power of waters of 45

Sun, eclipse of 153, 154

Susa, statue at 247

Sybaris, prosperity of 165

Syracuse 166, 204

Temple, at Delphi, command from 19 at Ephesus 227, 264 at Libya 245 at Olympia 78 of Bel, rebuilding of 247 of Jupiter 246 of Neptune 258 protection by a 88, 139, 258, 271 rebuilding of a 247 saved by thunderstorm 130, 267 test of courage at 65

Theagenes, statue of 83

Theater, the first 93

Thebes, founding of 17 siege of 38-40 supremacy of 197 taking, of 191, 233

Themistocles, Athenian general 112 council planned by 125 courage of 133 exiled by Athenians 140 honor of 140 jealousy of 116

Thermopylæ, Greeks at 127, 128 Pass of 20, 125

Thersander 40, 44

Theseum 143

Theseus, bones of 143 Greek hero 26-28

Thespians, bravery of 130

Thespis builds first theater 93

Thessaly, location of 55

Thirty Tyrants, the 170-172

Thrasybulus, statues to 172

Tigris, Greeks swim the 246

Torture, instrument of 278

Tragedy, Greek meaning of 93 writers of 94

Troy, burning of 53 location of 41 siege of 47-53 sung by Homer 60

Truce, hundred years' 28, 55

Tyrant, meanings of 97

Tyre, burning of 243

Tyrtæus leads Spartans 75

Ulysses, in disguise 46 sung by Homer 60 the crafty king 44 wooden horse of 52

Vine, golden 106, 253

Voting in Athens 91, 103

War, end of Peloponnesian 170 engines of 124, 263 First Messenian 71 length of Peloponnesian 153 of the Epigoni 40 of the Two Leagues 277 Second Messenian 77

Wonders of the world 149, 228, 264

Xanthippe 158

Xenophon 159, 182

Xerxes I., canal dug by 124 defeat of 134 host of 121-124 sorrow of 122 vessels of, wrecked 126

Xuthus rules Athens 21

Zeus (see also _Jupiter_) 77, 151, 162