Part 1

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Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE GLUTARIC ACID: "By distillation of the ammonium salt glutarimide, CH2(CH2·CO)2NH ..." 'CH2(CH2·CO)2NH' amended from 'CH2(CH2·CP)2NH'.

ARTICLE GNOSTICISM: "In this respect the opposition to Gnosticism led to a reactionary movement." 'respect' amended from 'repect'.

ARTICLE GODEFROY: "Other members of the family who attained distinction in the same branch of learning were the two sons of Denis Godefroy--Denis (1653-1719) ..." 'Godefroy' amended from 'Godefroi'.

ARTICLE GODWIT: "In Turner's days (1544) it was worth three times as much as a snipe, and at the same period Belon said of it ..." 'period' amended from 'peroid'.

ARTICLE GOITRE: "In exophthalmic goitre the bronchocele is but one of three phenomena, which together constitute the disease, viz. palpitation of the heart, enlargement of the thyroid gland, and protrusion of the eyeballs." 'enlargement' amended from 'elargement'.

ARTICLE GOLD COAST: "In 1907 the export was 292,125 oz., £1,164,676." 'worth' amended from 'wotht'.

ARTICLE GOLDSMITH, OLIVER: "Green Arbour Court and the ascent have long disappeared. Here, at thirty, the unlucky adventurer sat down to toil like a galley slave." 'disappeared' amended from 'diasppeared'.

ARTICLE GOLTZIUS, HENDRIK: "After studying painting on glass for some years under his father, he was taught the use of the burin by Dirk Volkertsz Coornhert, a Dutch engraver of mediocre attainment ..." 'Coornhert' amended from 'Coornlert'.

ARTICLE GOMEZ DE AVELLANEDA, GERTRUDIS: "... for she has neither the monk's mastery of poetic form nor the nun's sublime simplicity of soul." 'nor' amended from 'not'.

ARTICLE GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY: "A third volume of poetry, Bush Ballads and Galloping Rhymes, appeared in 1870." 'third' amended from 'second'.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XII, SLICE II

Gloss to Gordon, Charles

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

GLOSS, GLOSSARY GOLDBEATING GLOSSOP GOLDBERG GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF GOLD COAST GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE GOLDEN GLOUCESTER, HUMPHREY GOLDEN BULL GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE GOLDEN-EYE GLOUCESTER, ROBERT GOLDEN FLEECE GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK GOLDEN HORDE GLOUCESTER (city of England) GOLDEN ROD GLOUCESTER (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) GOLDEN ROSE GLOUCESTER CITY GOLDEN RULE GLOUCESTERSHIRE GOLDFIELD GLOVE GOLDFINCH GLOVER, SIR JOHN HAWLEY GOLDFISH GLOVER, RICHARD GOLDFUSS, GEORG AUGUST GLOVERSVILLE GOLDIE, SIR GEORGE DASHWOOD TAUBMAN GLOW-WORM GOLDING, ARTHUR GLOXINIA GOLDINGEN GLUCINUM GOLDMARK, KARL GLUCK, CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD GOLDONI, CARLO GLÜCKSBURG GOLDS GLÜCKSTADT GOLDSBORO GLUCOSE GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN GLUCOSIDE GOLDSMID GLUE GOLDSMITH, LEWIS GLUTARIC ACID GOLDSMITH, OLIVER GLUTEN GOLDSTÜCKER, THEODOR GLUTTON GOLDWELL, THOMAS GLYCAS, MICHAEL GOLDZIHER, IGNAZ GLYCERIN GOLETTA GLYCOLS GOLF GLYCONIC GOLIAD GLYPH GOLIARD GLYPTODON GOLIATH GLYPTOTHEK GOLITSUIN, BORIS ALEKSYEEVICH GMELIN GOLITSUIN, DMITRY MIKHAILOVICH GMÜND GOLITSUIN, VASILY VASILEVICH GMUNDEN GOLIUS, JACOBUS GNAT GOLLNOW GNATHOPODA GOLOSH GNATIA GOLOVIN, FEDOR ALEKSYEEVICH GNEISENAU, AUGUST WILHELM ANTON GOLOVKIN, GAVRIIL IVANOVICH GNEISS GOLOVNIN, VASILY MIKHAILOVICH GNEIST, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH VON GOLTZ, BOGUMIL GNESEN GOLTZ, COLMAR GNOME, and GNOMIC POETRY GOLTZIUS, HENDRIK GNOMES GOLUCHOWSKI, AGENOR GNOMON GOMAL GNOSTICISM GOMARUS, FRANZ GNU GOMBERVILLE, MARIN LE ROY GO GOMER GOA GOMERA GOAL GOMEZ, DIOGO GOALPARA GOMEZ DE AVELLANEDA, GERTRUDIS GOAT GOMM, SIR WILLIAM MAYNARD GOATSUCKER GOMPERS, SAMUEL GOBAT, SAMUEL GOMPERZ, THEODOR GOBEL, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH GONAGUAS GOBELIN GONÇALVES DIAS, ANTONIO GOBI GONCHAROV, IVAN ALEXANDROVICH GOBLET, RENÉ GONCOURT, DE GOBLET GONDA GOBY GONDAL GOCH GONDAR GOD GONDOKORO GODALMING GONDOMAR, DIEGO SARMIENTO DE ACUÑA GODARD, BENJAMIN LOUIS PAUL GONDOPHARES GODAVARI (river of India) GONDWANA GODAVARI (district of India) GONFALON GODEFROY GONG GODESBERG GÓNGORA Y ARGOTE, LUIS DE GODET, FRÉDÉRIC LOUIS GONIOMETER GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY GONTAUT, MARIE JOSÉPHINE LOUISE GODFREY OF BOUILLON GONVILE, EDMUND GODFREY OF VITERBO GONZAGA GODHRA GONZAGA, THOMAZ ANTONIO GODIN, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRÉ GONZÁLEZ-CARVAJAL, TOMAS JOSÉ GODIVA GONZALO DE BERCEO GODKIN, EDWIN LAWRENCE GOOCH, SIR DANIEL GODMANCHESTER GOOD, JOHN MASON GÖDÖLLÖ GOOD FRIDAY GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN GOODMAN, GODFREY GODOY, ALVAREZ DE FARIA, MANUEL DE GOODRICH, SAMUEL GRISWOLD GODROON GOODRICH, THOMAS GODWIN, FRANCIS GOODSIR, JOHN GODWIN, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT GOODWILL GODWIN, WILLIAM GOODWIN, JOHN GODWIN-AUSTEN, ROBERT CLOYNE GOODWIN, NATHANIEL CARL GODWINE GOODWIN, THOMAS GODWIT GOODWIN, WILLIAM WATSON GOEBEN, AUGUST KARL VON GOODWIN SANDS GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN DE GOODWOOD GOES, DAMIÃO DE GOODYEAR, CHARLES GOES, HUGO VAN DER GOOGE, BARNABE GOES GOOLE GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOOSE (bird) GOETZ, HERMANN GOOSE (game) GOFFE, WILLIAM GOOSEBERRY GOFFER GOOTY GOG GOPHER GOGO GÖPPINGEN GOGOL, NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH GORAKHPUR GOGRA GORAL GOHIER, LOUIS JÉRÔME GORAMY GÖHRDE GÖRBERSDORF GOITO GORBODUC GOITRE GORCHAKOV GOKAK GORDIAN GOKCHA GORDIUM GOLCONDA GORDON GOLD GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY GOLD AND SILVER THREAD GORDON, ALEXANDER GOLDAST AB HAIMINSFELD, MELCHIOR GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE

GLOSS, GLOSSARY, &c. The Greek word [Greek: glôssa] (whence our "gloss"), meaning originally a tongue, then a language or dialect, gradually came to denote any obsolete, foreign, provincial, technical or otherwise peculiar word or use of a word (see Arist. _Rhet._ iii. 3. 2). The making of collections and explanations[1] of such [Greek: glôssai] was at a comparatively early date a well-recognized form of literary activity. Even in the 5th century B.C., among the many writings of Abdera was included a treatise entitled [Greek: Peri Homêrou ê orthoepeiês kai glôsseôn]. It was not, however, until the Alexandrian period that the [Greek: glôssographoi], glossographers (writers of glosses), or glossators, became numerous. Of many of these perhaps even the names have perished; but Athenaeus the grammarian alone (c. A.D. 250) alludes to no fewer than thirty-five. Among the earliest was Philetas of Cos (d. c. 290 B.C.), the elegiac poet, to whom Aristarchus dedicated the treatise [Greek: Pros Philptan]; he was the compiler of a lexicographical work, arranged probably according to subjects, and entitled [Greek: Hatakta] or [Greek: Glôssai] (sometimes [Greek: Ataktoi glôssai]). Next came his disciple Zenodotus of Ephesus (c. 280 B.C.), one of the earliest of the Homeric critics and the compiler of [Greek: Glôssai Homêrikai]; Zenodotus in turn was succeeded by his greater pupil Aristophanes of Byzantium (c. 200 B.C.), whose great compilation [Greek: Peri lexeôn] (still partially preserved in that of Pollux), is known to have included [Greek: Attikai lexeis, Lakônikai glôssai], and the like. From the school of Aristophanes issued more than one glossographer of name,--Diodorus, Artemidorus ([Greek: Glôssai], and a collection of [Greek: lexeis opsartutikai]), Nicander of Colophon ([Greek: Glôssai], of which some twenty-six fragments still survive), and Aristarchus (c. 210 B.C.), the famous critic, whose numerous labours included an arrangement of the Homeric vocabulary ([Greek: lexeis]) in the order of the books. Contemporary with the last named was Crates of Mallus, who, besides making some new contributions to Greek lexicography and dialectology, was the first to create at Rome a taste for similar investigations in connexion with the Latin idioms. From his school proceeded Zenodotus of Mallus, the compiler of [Greek: Ethnikai lexeis] or [Greek: glôssai], a work said to have been designed chiefly to support the views of the school of Pergamum as to the allegorical interpretation of Homer.[2] Of later date were Didymus (Chalcenterus, c. 50 B.C.), who made collections of [Greek: lexeis tragôdoumenai kômikai], &c.; Apollonius Sophista (c. 20 B.C.), whose Homeric Lexicon has come down to modern times; and Neoptolemus, known distinctively as [Greek: ho glôssographos]. In the beginning of the 1st century of the Christian era Apion, a grammarian and rhetorician at Rome during the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius, followed up the labours of Aristarchus and other predecessors with [Greek: Glôssai Homêrikai], and a treatise [Greek: Peri tês Hrômaïkês dialekton]; Heliodorus or Herodorus was another almost contemporary glossographer; Erotian also, during the reign of Nero, prepared a special glossary for the writings of Hippocrates, still preserved. To this period also Pamphilus, the author of the [Greek: Leimôn], from which Diogenian and Julius Vestinus afterwards drew so largely, most probably belonged. In the following century one of the most prominent workers in this department of literature was Aelius Herodianus, whose treatise [Greek: Peri monêrous lexeôs] has been edited in modern times, and whose [Greek: Epimerismoi] we still possess in an abridgment; also Pollux, Diogenian ([Greek: Lexis pantodapê]), Julius Vestinus ([Greek: 'Epitomê tôn Pamphilou glôssôn]) and especially Phrynichus, who flourished towards the close of the 2nd century, and whose _Eclogae nominum et verborum Atticorum_ has frequently been edited. To the 4th century belongs Ammonius of Alexandria (c. 389), who wrote [Greek: Peri Homoiôn kai diaphorôn lexeôn], a dictionary of words used in senses different from those in which they had been employed by older and approved writers. Of somewhat later date is the well-known Hesychius, whose often-edited [Greek: Lexikon] superseded all previous works of the kind; Cyril, the celebrated patriarch of Alexandria, also contributed somewhat to the advancement of glossography by his [Greek: Sunagôgê tôn pros diaphoron sêmasian diaphorôs tonoumenôn lexeôn]; while Orus, Orion, Philoxenus and the two Philemons also belong to this period. The works of Photius, Suidas and Zonaras, as also the _Etymologicum magnum_, to which might be added the _Lexica Sangermania_ and the _Lexica Segueriana_, are referred to in the article DICTIONARY.

To a special category of technical glossaries belongs a large and important class of works relating to the law-compilations of Justinian. Although the emperor forbade under severe penalties all commentaries ([Greek: hupomnêmata]) on his legislation (_Const. Deo Auctore_, sec. 12; _Const. Tanta_, sec. 21), yet indices ([Greek: indikes]) and references ([Greek: paratitla]), as well as translations ([Greek: ermêneiai kata poda]) and paraphrases ([Greek: hermêneiai eis platos]), were expressly permitted, and lavishly produced. Among the numerous compilers of alphabetically arranged [Greek: lexeis Rhômaïkai] or [Greek: Lateinikai], and [Greek: glôssai nomikai] (glossae nomicae), Cyril and Philoxenus are particularly noted; but the authors of [Greek: paragraphai], or [Greek: sêmeiôseis], whether [Greek: exôthen] or [Greek: esôthen keimenai], are too numerous to mention. A collection of these [Greek: paragraphai tôn palaiôn], combined with [Greek: neai paragraphai] on the revised code called [Greek: ta basilika], was made about the middle of the 12th century by a disciple of Michael Hagiotheodorita. This work is known as the _Glossa ordinaria_ [Greek: tôn basilikôn].[3]

In Italy also, during the period of the Byzantine ascendancy, various glossae (glosae) and scholia on the Justinian code were produced[4]; particularly the Turin gloss (reprinted by Savigny), to which, apart from later additions, a date prior to 1000 is usually assigned. After the total extinction of the Byzantine authority in the West the study of law became one of the free arts, and numerous schools for its cultivation were instituted. Among the earliest of these was that of Bologna, where Pepo (1075) and Irnerius (1100-1118) began to give their expositions. They had a numerous following, who, besides delivering exegetical lectures ("ordinariae" on the _Digest_ and _Code_, "extraordinariae" on the rest of the _Corpus juris civilis_), also wrote Glossae, first interlinear, afterwards marginal.[5] The series of these glossators was closed by Accursius (q.v.) with the compilation known as the _Glossa ordinaria_ or _magistralis_, the authority of which soon became very great, so that ultimately it came to be a recognized maxim, "Quod non agnoscit glossa, non agnoscit curia."[6] For some account of the glossators on the canon law, see CANON LAW.

In late classical and medieval Latin, _glosa_ was the vulgar and romanic (e.g. in the early 8th century Corpus Glossary, and the late 8th century Leiden Glossary), _glossa_ the learned form (Varro, _De ling. Lat._ vii. 10; Auson. _Epigr_. 127. 2 (86. 2), written in Greek, Quint, i. 1. 34). The diminutive _glossula_ occurs in Diom. 426. 26 and elsewhere. The same meaning has _glossarium_ (Gell. xviii. 7. 3 _glosaria_ = [Greek: glôssarion]), which also occurs in the modern sense of "glossary" (Papias, "unde _glossarium_ dictum quod omnium fere partium glossas contineat"), as do the words _glossa_, _glossae_, _glossulae_, _glossemata_ (Steinmeyer, _Alth. Gloss._ iv. 408, 410), expressed in later times by _dictionarium_, _dictionarius_, _vocabularium_, _vocabularius_ (see DICTIONARY). _Glossa_ and _glossema_ (Varro vii. 34. 107; Asinius Gallus, ap. Suet. _De gramm._ 22; Fest. 166^b. 8, 181^a. 18; Quint. i. 8. 15, &c.) are synonyms, signifying (a) the word which requires explanation; or (b) such a word (called _lemma_) together with the interpretation (_interpretamentum_); or (c) the interpretation alone (so first in the _Anecd. Helv._).

Latin, like Greek glossography, had its origin chiefly in the practical wants of students and teachers, of whose names we only know a few. No doubt even in classical times collections of glosses ("glossaries") were compiled, to which allusion seems to be made by Varro (_De ling. Lat._ vii. 10, "tesca, aiunt sancta esse qui glossas scripserunt") and Verrius-Festus (166^b .6, "naucum ... glossematorum ... scriptures fabae grani quod haereat in fabulo"), but it is not known to what extent Varro, for instance, used them, or retained their original forms. The _scriptores glossematorum_ were distinguished from the learned glossographers like Aurelius Opilius (cf. his _Musae_, ap. Suet. _De gramm._ 6; Gell. i. 25. 17; Varro vii. 50, 65, 67, 70, 79, 106), Servius Clodius (Varro vii. 70. 106), Aelius Stilo, L. Ateius Philol., whose _liber glossematorum_ Festus mentions (181^{a}.18).

Verrius Flaccus and his epitomists, Festus and Paulus, have preserved many treasures of early glossographers who are now lost to us. He copied Aelius Stilo (Reitzenstein, "Verr. Forsch.," in vol. i. of _Breslauer philol. Abhandl._, p. 88; Kriegshammer, _Comm. phil. Ien._ vii. 1. 74 sqq.), Aurelius Opilius, Ateius Philol., the treatise _De obscuris Catonis_ (Reitzenstein, ib. 56. 92). He often made use of Varro (Willers, _De Verrio Flacco_, Halle, 1898), though not of his _ling. lat._ (Kriegshammer, 74 sqq.); and was also acquainted with later glossographers. Perhaps we owe to him the _glossae asbestos_ (Goetz, _Corpus_, iv.; _id., Rhein. Mus._ xl. 328). Festus was used by Ps.-Philoxenus (Dammann, "De Festo Ps.-Philoxeni auctore," _Comm. Ien._ v. 26 sqq.), as appears from the _glossae ab absens_ (Goetz, "De Astrabae Pl. fragmentis," _Ind. Ien._, 1893, iii. sqq.). The distinct connexions with Nonius need not be ascribed to borrowing, as Plinius and Caper may have been used (P. Schmidt, _De Non. Marc. auctt. gramm._ 145; Nettleship, _Lect. and Ess._ 229; Fröhde, _De Non. Marc. et Verrio Flacco_, 2; W. M. Lindsay, "Non. Marc.," _Dict. of Repub. Latin_, 100, &c.).

The _bilingual_ (Gr.-Lat., Lat.-Gr.) glossaries also point to an early period, and were used by the grammarians (1) to explain the peculiarities (_idiomata_) of the Latin language by comparison with the Greek, and (2) for instruction in the two languages (Charis. 254. 9, 291. 7, 292. 16 sqq.; Marschall, _De Q. Remmii P. libris gramm. 22_; Goetz, _Corp. gloss. lat._ ii. 6).

For the purposes of grammatical instruction (Greek for the Romans, Latin for the Hellenistic world), we have systematic works, a translation of Dositheus and the so-called _Hermeneutica_, parts of which may be dated as early as the 3rd century A.D., and lexica (cf. Schoenemann, _De lexicis ant._ 122; Knaack, in _Phil. Rundsch._, 1884, 372; Traube, in _Byzant. Ztschr._ iii. 605; David, _Comment. Ien._ v. 197 sqq.).

The most important remains of bilingual glossaries are two well-known lexica; one (Latin-Greek), formerly attributed (but wrongly, see Rudorff, in _Abh.. Akad. Berl._, 1865, 220 sq.; Loewe, _Prodr._ 183, 190; Mommsen, _C.I.L._ v. 8120; A. Dammann, _De Festo Pseudo-philoxeni auctore_, 12 sqq.; Goetz, _Corp._ ii. 1-212) to Philoxenus (consul A.D. 525), clearly consists of two closely allied glossaries (containing glosses to Latin authors, as Horace, Cicero, Juvenal, Virgil, the Jurists, and excerpts from Festus), worked into one by some Greek grammarian, or a person who worked under Greek influence (his alphabet runs A, B, G, D, E, &c.); the other (Greek-Latin) is ascribed to Cyril (Stephanus says it was found at the end of some of his writings), and is considered to be a compilation of not later than the 6th century (Macrobius is used, and the _Cod. Harl._, which is the source of all the other MSS., belongs to the 7th century); cf. Goetz, _Corp._ ii. 215-483, 487-506, praef. _ibid._ p. xx. sqq. Furthermore, the bilingual medico-botanic glossaries had their origin in old lists of plants, as Ps.-Apuleius in the treatise _De herbarum virtutibus_, and Ps.-Dioscorides (cf. M. Wellmann, _Hermes_, xxxiii. 360 sqq., who thinks that the latter work is based on Pamphilus, q.v.; Goetz, _Corp._ iii.); the glossary, entitled _Hermeneuma_, printed from the _Cod. Vatic._ reg. Christ. 1260, contains names of diseases.

Just as grammar developed, so we see the original form of the glosses extend. If _massucum edacem_ in Placidus indicates the original form, the allied gloss of Festus (_masucium edacem a mandendo scilicet_) shows an etymological addition. Another extension consists in adding special references to the original source, as e.g. at the gloss _Ocrem_ (Fest. 181^a. 17), which is taken from Ateius Philol. In this way collections arose like the _priscorum verborum cum exemplis_, a title given by Fest. (218^b. 10) to a particular work. Further the _glossae veterum_ (Charis. 242. 10); the _glossae antiquitatum_ (id. 229. 30); the _idonei vocum antiquarum enarratores_ (Gell. xviii. 6. 8); the _libri rerum verborumque veterum_ (_id._ xiii. 24. 25). L. Cincius, according to Festus (330^b. 2), wrote _De verbis priscis_; Santra, _De antiquitate verborum_ (Festus 277^a. 2).

Of Latin glossaries of the first four centuries of the Roman emperors few traces are left, if we except Verrius-Festus. Charis, 229. 30, speaks of _glossae antiquitatum_ and 242. 10 of _glossae veterum_, but it is not known whether these glosses are identic, or in what relation they stand to the _glossemata per litteras Latinas ordine composita_, which were incorporated with the works of this grammarian according to the index in Keil, p. 6. Latin glosses occur in Ps.-Philoxenus, and Nonius must have used Latin glossaries; there exists a _glossarium Plautinum_ (Ritschl, Op. ii. 234 sqq.), and the bilingual glossaries have been used by the later grammarian Martyrius; but of this early period we know by name only Fulgentius and Placidus, who is sometimes called Luctatius Placidus, by confusion with the Statius scholiast, with whom the _glossae Placidi_ have no connexion. All that we know of him tends to show that he lived in North Africa (like Fulgentius and Nonius and perhaps Charisius) in the 6th century, from whence his glosses came to Spain, and were used by Isidore and the compiler of the _Liber glossarum_ (see below). These glosses we know from (1) Codices Romani (15th and 16th century); (2) the _Liber glossarum_; (3) the Cod. Paris. nov. acquis. 1298 (saec. xi.), a collection of glossaries, in which the Placidus-glosses are kept separate from the others, and still retain traces of their original order (cf. the editions published by A. Mai, _Class. auct._ iii. 427-503, and Deuerling, 1875; Goetz, _Corp._ v.; P. Karl, "De Placidi glossis," _Comm. Ien._ vii. 2. 99, 103 sqq.; Loewe, _Gloss. Nom._ 86; F. Bücheler, in _Thesaur. gloss. emend._). His collection includes glosses from Plautus and Lucilius.

(Fabius Planciades) Fulgentius (c. A.D. 468-533) wrote _Expositio sermonum antiquorum_ (ed. Rud. Helm, Lips. 1898; cf. Wessner, _Comment. Ien._ vi. 2. 135 sqq.) in sixty-two paragraphs, each containing a lemma (sometimes two or three) with an explanation giving quotations and names of authors. Next to him come the _glossae Nonianae_, which arose from the contents of the various paragraphs in Nonius Marcellus' work being written in the margin without the words of the text; these epitomized glosses were alphabetized and afterwards copied for other collections (see Goetz, _Corp._ v. 637 sqq., id. v. Praef. xxxv.; Onions and Lindsay, _Harvard Stud._ ix. 67 sqq.; Lindsay, _Nonii praef._ xxi.). In a similar way arose the _glossae Eucherii_ or _glossae spiritales secundum Eucherium episcopum_ found in many MSS. (cf. K. Wotke, _Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wien_, cxv. 425 sqq.; = the _Corpus Glossary_, first part), which are an alphabetical extract from the _formulae spiritalis intelligentiae_ of St Eucherius, bishop of Lyons, c. 434-450.[7]

Other sources were the _Differentiae_, already known to Placidus and much used in the medieval glossaries; and the _Synonyma Ciceronis_; cf. Goetz, "Der Liber glossarum," in _Abhandl. der philol.-hist. Cl. der sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss._, 1893, p. 215; id. in _Berl. philol. Wochenschr._, 1890, p. 195 sqq.; Beck, in _Wochenschr._, p. 297 sqq., and Sittls, _ibid._ p. 267; _Archiv f. lat. Lex._ vi. 594; W. L. Mahne, (Leid. 1850, 1851); also various collections of _scholia_. By the side of the scholiasts come the grammarians, as Charisius, or an ars similar to that ascribed to him; further, treatises _de dubiis generibus_, the _scriptores orthographici_ (especially Caper and Beda), and Priscianus, the chief grammarian of the middle ages (cf. Goetz in _Mélanges Boissier_, 224).

During the 6th, 7th and 8th centuries glossography developed in various ways; old glossaries were worked up into new forms, or amalgamated with more recent ones. It ceased, moreover, to be exclusively Latin-Latin, and interpretations in Germanic (Old High German, Anglo-Saxon) and Romanic dialects took the place of or were used side by side with earlier Latin ones. The origin and development of the late classic and medieval glossaries preserved to us can be traced with certainty. While reading the manuscript texts of classical authors, the Bible or early Christian and profane writers, students and teachers, on meeting with any obscure or out-of-the-way words which they considered difficult to remember or to require elucidation, wrote above them, or in the margins, interpretations or explanations in more easy or better-known words. The interpretations written above the line are called "interlinear," those written in the margins of the MSS. "marginal glosses." Again, MSS. of the Bible or portions of the Bible were often provided with literal translations in the vernacular written above the lines of the Latin version (interlinear versions).

Of such glossed MSS. or translated texts, photographs may be seen in the various palaeographical works published in recent years; cf. _The Palaeogr. Society_, 1st ser. vol. ii. pls. 9 (Terentius MS. of 4th or 5th century, interlinear glosses) and 24 (Augustine's epistles, 6th or 7th century, marginal glosses); see further, plates 10, 12, 33, 40, 50-54, 57, 58, 63, 73, 75, 80; vol. iii. plates 10, 24, 31, 39, 44, 54, 80.

From these glossed or annotated MSS. and interlinear versions glossaries were compiled; that is, the obscure and difficult Latin words, together with the interpretations, were excerpted and collected in separate lists, in the order in which they appeared, one after the other, in the MSS., without any alphabetical arrangement, but with the names of the authors or the titles of the books whence they were taken, placed at the head of each separate collection or chapter. In this arrangement each article by itself is called a gloss; when reference is made only to the word explained it is called the _lemma_, while the explanation is termed the _interpretamentum_. In most cases the form of the lemma was retained just as it stood in its source, and explained by a single word (_tesca: sancta_, Varro vii. 10; _clucidatus: suavis, id._ vii. 107; cf. Isid. _Etym._ i. 30. 1, "quid enim illud sit in uno verbo positum declarat [_scil._ glossa] ut conticescere est tacere"), so that we meet with lemmata in the accusative, dative and genitive, likewise explained by words in the same cases; the forms of verbs being treated in the same way. Of this first stage in the making of glossaries, many traces are preserved, for instance, in the late 8th century Leiden Glossary (Voss. 69, ed. J. H. Hessels), where chapter iii. contains words or glosses excerpted from the _Life of St Martin_ by Sulpicius Severus; chs. iv., v. and xxxv. glosses from Rufinus; chs. vi. and xl. from Gildas; chs. vii. to xxv. from books of the Bible (Paralipomenon; Proverbs, &c., &c.); chs. xxvi. to xlviii, from Isidore, the _Vita S. Anthonii_, Cassiodorus, St Jerome, Cassianus, Orosius, St Augustine, St Clement, Eucherius, St Gregory, the grammarians Donatus, Phocas, &c. (See also Goetz, _Corp._ v. 546. 23-547. 6. and i. 5-40 from Ovid's _Metam._; v. 657 from Apuleius, _De deo Socratis_; cf. Landgraf, in _Arch._ ix. 174).