Part 2

By a second operation the glosses came to be arranged in _alphabetical_ order according to the first letter of the lemma, but still retained in separate chapters under the names of authors or the titles of books. Of this _second_ stage the Leiden Glossary contains traces also: ch. i. (_Verba de Canonibus_) and ii. (_Sermones de Regulis_); see Goetz, _Corp._ v. 529 sqq. (from Terentius), iv. 427 sqq. (Virgil).

The third operation collected all the accessible glosses in alphabetical order, in the first instance according to the first letters of the lemmata. In this arrangement the names of the authors or the titles of the books could no longer be preserved, and consequently the sources whence the glosses were excerpted became uncertain, especially if the grammatical forms of the lemmata had been normalized.

A fourth arrangement collected the glosses according to the first two letters of the lemmata, as in the Corpus Glossary and in the still earlier _Cod. Vat._ 3321 (Goetz, _Corp._ iv. 1 sqq.), where even many attempts were made to arrange them according to the first three letters of the alphabet. A peculiar arrangement is seen in the _Glossae affatim_ (Goetz, _Corp._ iv. 471 sqq.), where all words are alphabetized, first according to the initial letter of the word (a, b, c, &c.), and then further according to the first _vowel_ in the word (a, e, i, o, u).

No date or period can be assigned to any of the above stages or arrangements. For instance, the first and second are both found in the Leiden Glossary, which dates from the end of the 8th century, whereas the Corpus Glossary, written in the beginning of the same century, represents already the fourth stage.

For the purpose of identification titles have of late years been given to the various nameless collections of glosses, derived partly from their first lemma, partly from other characteristics, as glossae _abstrusae_; glossae _abavus major_ and _minor_; g. _affatim_; g. _ab absens_; g. _abactor_; g. _Abba Pater_; g. a, a; g. _Vergilianae_; g. _nominum_ (Goetz, _Corp._ ii. 563, iv.); g. _Sangallenses_ (Warren, _Transact. Amer. Philol. Assoc._ xv., 1885, p. 141 sqq.).

A chief landmark in glossography is represented by the _Origines_ (_Etymologiae_) of Isidore (d. 636), an encyclopedia in which he, like Cassiodorus, mixed human and divine subjects together. In many places we can trace his sources, but he also used glossaries. His work became a great mine for later glossographers. In the tenth book he deals with the etymology of many substantives and adjectives arranged alphabetically according to the first letter of the words, perhaps by himself from various sources. His principal source is Servius, then the fathers of the Church (Augustine, Jerome, Lactantius) and Donatus the grammarian. This tenth book was also copied and used separately, and mixed up with other works (cf. Loewe, _Prodr._ 167. 21). Isidore's _Differentiae_ have also had a great reputation.

Next comes the _Liber glossarum_, chiefly compiled from Isidore, but all articles arranged alphabetically; its author lived in Spain c. A.D. 690-750; he has been called Ansileubus, but not in any of the MSS., some of which belong to the 8th century; hence this name is suspected to be merely that of some owner of a copy of the book (cf. Goetz, "Der Liber Glossarum," in _Abhandl. der philol.-hist. Class, der kön. sächs. Ges._ xiii., 1893; _id._, _Corp._ v., praef. xx. 161).

Here come, in regard to time, some Latin glossaries already largely mixed with Germanic, more especially Anglo-Saxon interpretations: (1) the Corpus Glossary (ed. J. H. Hessels), written in the beginning of the 8th century, preserved in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; (2) the Leiden Glossary (end of 8th century, ed. Hessels; another edition by Plac. Glogger), preserved in the Leiden MS. Voss. Q^o. 69; (3) the Épinal Glossary, written in the beginning of the 9th century[8] and published in facsimile by the London Philol. Society from a MS. in the town library at Épinal; (4) the _Glossae Amplonianae_, i.e. three glossaries preserved in the Amplonian library at Erfurt, known as Erfurt¹, Erfurt² and Erfurt³. The first, published by Goetz (_Corp._ v. 337-401; cf. also Loewe, _Prodr._ 114 sqq.) with the various readings of the kindred Épinal, consists, like the latter, of different collections of glosses (also some from Aldhelm), some arranged alphabetically according to the first letter of the lemma, others according to the first two letters. The title of Erfurt² (_incipit II. conscriptio glosarum in unam_) shows that it is also a combination of various glossaries; it is arranged alphabetically according to the first two letters of the lemmata, and contains the _affatim_ and _abavus maior_ glosses, also a collection from Aldhelm; Erfurt³ are the _Glossae nominum_, mixed also with Anglo-Saxon interpretations (Goetz, _Corp._ ii. 563). The form in which the three Erfurt glossaries have come down to us points back to the 8th century.

The first great glossary or collection of various glosses and glossaries is that of Salomon, bishop of Constance, formerly abbot of St Gall, who died A.D. 919. An edition of it in two parts was printed c. 1475 at Augsburg, with the headline _Salemonis ecclesie Constantiensis episcopi glosse ex illustrissimis collecte auctoribus_. The oldest MSS. of this work date from the 11th century. Its sources are the _Liber glossarum_ (Loewe, _Prodr._ 234 sqq.), the glossary preserved in the 9th-century MS. _Lat. Monac._ 14429 (Goetz, "Lib. Gloss." 35 sqq.), and the great Abavus Gloss (_id., ibid._ p. 37; _id._, _Corp._ iv. praef. xxxvii.).

The _Lib. glossarum_ has also been the chief source for the important (but not original) glossary of Papias, of A.D. 1053 (cf. Goetz in _Sitz. Ber. Akad. Münch._, 1903, p. 267 sqq., who enumerates eighty-seven MSS. of the 12th to the 15th centuries), of whom we only know that he lived among clerics and dedicated his work to his two sons. An edition of it was published at Milan "per Dominicum de Vespolate" on the 12th of December 1476; other editions followed in 1485, 1491, 1496 (at Venice). He also wrote a grammar, chiefly compiled from Priscianus (Hagen, _Anecd. Helv._ clxxix. sqq.).

The same _Lib. gloss._ is the source (1) for the _Abba Pater_ Glossary (cf. Goetz, _ibid._ p. 39), published by G. M. Thomas (_Sitz. Ber. Akad. Münch._, 1868, ii. 369 sqq.); (2) the Greek glossary _Absida lucida_ (Goetz, ib. p. 41); and (3) the Lat.-Arab. glossary in the _Cod. Leid. Scal. Orient._ No. 231 (published by Seybold in _Semit. Studien_, Heft xv.-xvii., Berlin, 1900).

The Paulus-Glossary (cf. Goetz, "Der Liber Glossarum," p. 215) is compiled from the second Salomon-Glossary (_abacti magistratus_), the _Abavus major_ and the _Liber glossarum_, with a mixture of Hebraica. Many of his glosses appear again in other compilations, as in the Cod. Vatic. 1469 (cf. Goetz, _Corp._ v. 520 sqq.), mixed up with glosses from Beda, Placidus, &c. (cf. a glossary published by Ellis in _Amer. Journ. of Philol._ vi. 4, vii. 3, containing besides Paulus glosses, also excerpts from Isidore; Cambridge _Journ. of Philol._ viii. 71 sqq., xiv. 81 sqq.).

Osbern of Gloucester (c. 1123-1200) compiled the glossary entitled _Panormia_ (published by Angelo Mai as _Thesaurus novus Latinitatis_, from Cod. Vatic. reg. Christ. 1392; cf. W. Meyer, _Rhein. Mus._ xxix., 1874; Goetz in _Sitzungsber. sächs. Ges. d. Wiss._, 1903, p. 133 sqq.; _Berichte üb. die Verhandl. der kön. sächs. Gesellsch. der Wiss._, Leipzig, 1902); giving derivations, etymologies, testimonia collected from Paulus, Priscianus, Plautus, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Mart. Capella, Macrobius, Ambrose, Sidonius, Prudentius, Josephus, Jerome, &c., &c. Osbern's material was also used by Hugucio, whose compendium was still more extensively used (cf. Goetz, l.c., p. 121 sqq., who enumerates one hundred and three MSS. of his treatise), and contains many biblical glosses, especially Hebraica, some treatises on Latin numerals, &c. (cf. Hamann, _Weitere Mitteil. aus dem Breviloquus Benthemianus_, Hamburg, 1882; A. Thomas, "Glosses provençales inéd." in _Romania_, xxxiv. p. 177 sqq; P. Toynbee, _ibid._ xxv. p. 537 sqq.).

The great work of Johannes de Janua, entitled _Summa quae vocatur catholicon_, dates from the year 1286, and treats of (1) accent, (2) etymology, (3) syntax, and (4) so-called prosody, i.e. a lexicon, which also deals with quantity. It mostly uses Hugucio and Papias; its classical quotations are limited, except from Horace; it quotes the Vulgate by preference, frequently independently from Hugucio; it excerpts Priscianus, Donatus, Isidore, the fathers of the Church, especially Jerome, Gregory, Augustine, Ambrose; it borrows many Hebrew glosses, mostly from Jerome and the other collections then in use; it mentions the _Graecismus_ of Eberhardus Bethuniensis, the works of Hrabanus Maurus, the _Doctrinale_ of Alexander de Villa Dei, and the _Aurora_ of Petrus de Riga. Many quotations from the _Catholicon_ in Du Cange are really from Hugucio, and may be traced to Osbern. There exist many MSS. of this work, and the Mainz edition of 1460 is well known (cf. Goetz in _Berichte üb. die Verhandl. der kön. sächs. Gesellsch. der Wiss._, Leipzig, 1902).

The gloss MSS. of the 9th and 10th centuries are numerous, but a diminution becomes visible towards the 11th. We then find grammatical treatises arise, for which also glossaries were used. The chief material was (1) the _Liber glossarum_; (2) the Paulus glosses; (3) the _Abavus major_; (4) excerpts from Priscian and glosses to Priscian; (5) Hebrew-biblical collections of proper names (chiefly from Jerome). After these comes medieval material, as the _derivationes_ which are found in many MSS. (cf. Goetz in _Sitzungsber. sächs. Ges. d. Wiss._, 1903, p. 136 sqq.; Traube in _Archiv f. lat. Lex._ vi. 264), containing quotations from Plautus, Ovid, Juvenal, Persius, Terence, occasionally from Priscian, Eutyches, and other grammarians, with etymological explanations. These _derivationes_ were the basis for the grammatical works of Osbern, Hugucio and Joannes of Janua.

A peculiar feature of the late middle ages are the medico-botanic glossaries based on the earlier ones (see Goetz, _Corp._ iii.). The additions consisted in Arabic words with Latin explanations, while Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Arabic, interchange with English, French, Italian and German forms. Of glossaries of this kind we have (1) the _Glossae alphita_ (published by S. de Renzi in the 3rd vol. of the _Collect. Salernitana_, Naples, 1854, from two Paris MSS. of the 14th and 15th centuries, but some of the glosses occur already in earlier MSS.); (2) _Sinonoma Bartholomei_, collected by John Mirfeld, towards the end of the 14th century, ed. J. L. G. Mowat (_Anecd. Oxon._ i. 1, 1882, cf. Loewe, _Gloss. Nom._ 116 sqq.); it seems to have used the same or some similar source as No. 1; (3) the compilations of Simon de Janua (_Clavis sanationis_, end of 13th century), and of Matthaeus Silvaticus (_Pandectae medicinae_, 14th century; cf. H. Stadler, "Dioscor. Longob." in _Roman. Forsch._ x. 3. 371; Steinmeyer, _Althochd. Gloss._ iii.).

Of biblical glossaries we have a large number, mostly mixed with glosses on other, even profane, subjects, as Hebrew and other biblical proper names, and explanations of the text of the Vulgate in general, and the prologues of Hieronymus. So we have the _Glossae veteris ac novi testamenti_ (beginning "Prologus graece latine praelocutio sive praefatio") in numerous MSS. of the 9th to 14th centuries, mostly retaining the various books under separate headings (cf. Arevalo, _Isid._ vii. 407 sqq.; Loewe, _Prodr._ 141; Steinmeyer iv. 459; S. Berger, _De compendiis exegeticis quibusdam medii aevi_, Paris, 1879). Special mention should be made of Guil. Brito, who lived about 1250, and compiled a _Summa_ (beginning "difficiles studeo partes quas Biblia gestat Pandere"), contained in many MSS. especially in French libraries. This _Summa_ gave rise to the _Mammotrectus_ of Joh. Marchesinus, about 1300, of which we have editions printed in 1470, 1476, 1479, &c.

Finally we may mention such compilations as the _Summa Heinrici_; the work of Johannes de Garlandia, which he himself calls _dictionarius_ (cf. Scheler in _Jahrb. f. rom. u. engl. Philol._ vi., 1865, p. 142 sqq.); and that of Alexander Neckam (ib. vii. p. 60 sqq., cf. R. Ellis, in _Amer. Journ. of Phil._ x. 2); which are, strictly speaking, not glossographic. The _Breviloquus_ drew its chief material from Papias, Hugucio, Brito, &c. (K. Hamann, _Mitteil. aus dem Breviloquus Benthemianus_, Hamburg, 1879; id., _Weitere Mitteil._, &c., Hamburg, 1882); so also the _Vocabularium Ex quo_; the various _Gemmae_; _Vocabularia rerum_ (cf. Diefenbach, _Glossar. Latino-Germanicum_).

After the revival of learning, J. Scaliger (1540-1609) was the first to impart to glossaries that importance which they deserve (cf. Goetz, in _Sitzungsber. sächs. Ger. d. Wiss._, 1888, p. 219 sqq.), and in his edition of Festus made great use of Ps.-Philoxenus, which enabled O. Müller, the later editor of Festus, to follow in his footsteps. Scaliger also planned the publication of a _Corpus glossarum_, and left behind a collection of glosses known as _glossae Isidori_ (Goetz, _Corp._ v. p. 589 sqq.; id. in _Sitzungsber. sächs. Ges._, 1888, p. 224 sqq.; Loewe, _Prodr._ 23 sqq.), which occurs also in old glossaries, clearly in reference to the tenth book of the _Etymologiae_.

The study of glosses spread through the publication, in 1573, of the bilingual glossaries by H. Stephanus (Estienne), containing, besides the two great glossaries, also the _Hermeneumata Stephani_, which is a recension of the _Ps.-Dositheana_ (republished Goetz, _Corp._ iii. 438-474), and the _glossae Stephani_, excerpted from a collection of the _Hermeneumata_ (ib. iii. 438-474).

In 1600 Bonav. Vulcanius republished the same glossaries, adding (1) the glossae _Isidori_, which now appeared for the first time; (2) the _Onomasticon_; (3) _notae_ and _castigationes_, derived from Scaliger (Loewe, _Prodr._ 183).

In 1606 Carolus and Petrus Labbaeus published, with the effective help of Scaliger, another collection of glossaries, republished, in 1679, by Du Cange, after which the 17th and 18th centuries produced no further glossaries (Erasm. Nyerup published extracts from the Leiden Glossary, Voss. 69, in 1787, _Symbolae ad Literat. Teut._), though glosses were constantly used or referred to by Salmasius, Meursius, Heraldus, Barth, Fabricius and Burman at Leiden, where a rich collection of glossaries had been obtained by the acquisition of the Vossius library (cf. Loewe, _Prodr._ 168). In the 19th century came Osann's _Glossarii Latini specimen_ (1826); the glossographic publications of Angelo Mai (_Classici auctores_, vols. iii., vi., vii., viii., Rome, 1831-1836, containing Osbern's _Panormia_, Placidus and various glosses from Vatican MSS.); Fr. Oehler's treatise (1847) on the _Cod. Amplonianus_ of Osbern, and his edition of the three Erfurt glossaries, so important for Anglo-Saxon philology; in 1854 G. F. Hildebrand's _Glossarium Latinum_ (an extract from _Abavus minor_), preserved in a Cod. Paris. lat. 7690; 1857, Thomas Wright's vol. of Anglo-Saxon glosses, which were republished with others in 1884 by R. Paul Wülcker under the title _Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies_ (London, 2 vols., 1857); L. Diefenbach's supplement to Du Cange, entitled _Glossarium Latino-Germanicum mediae et infimae aetatis_, containing mostly glosses collected from glossaries, vocabularies, &c., enumerated in the preface; Ritschl's treatise (1870) on Placidus, which called forth an edition (1875) of Placidus by Deuerling; G. Loewe's _Prodromus_ (1876), and other treatises by him, published after his death by G. Goetz (Leipzig, 1884); 1888, the second volume of Goetz's own great _Corpus glossariorum Latinorum_, of which seven volumes (except the first) had seen the light by 1907, the last two being separately entitled _Thesaurus glossarum emendatarum_, containing many emendations and corrections of earlier glossaries by the author and other scholars; 1900, Arthur S. Napier, _Old English Glosses_ (Oxford), collected chiefly from Aldhelm MSS., but also from Augustine, Avianus, Beda, Boethius, Gregory, Isidore, Juvencus, Phocas, Prudentius, &c.

There are a very great number of glossaries still in MS. scattered in various libraries of Europe, especially in the Vatican, at Monte Cassino, Paris, Munich, Bern, the British Museum, Leiden, Oxford, Cambridge, &c. Much has already been done to make the material contained in these MSS. accessible in print, and much may yet be done with what is still unpublished, though we may find that the differences between the glossaries which often present themselves at first sight are mere differences in form introduced by successive more or less qualified copyists.

Some Celtic (Breton, Cornish, Welsh, Irish) glossaries have been preserved to us, the particulars of which may be learnt from the publications of Whitley Stokes, Sir John Rhys, Kuno Meyer, L. C. Stern, G. I. Ascoli, Heinr. Zimmer, Ernst Windisch, Nigra, and many others; these are published separately as books or in Zeuss's _Grammatica Celtica_, A. Kühn's _Beiträge zur vergleich. Sprachforschung, Zeitschr. für celtische Philologie, Archiv für Celtische Lexicographie, the Revue celtique, Transactions of the London Philological Society_, &c.

The first Hebrew author known to have used glosses was R. Gershom of Metz (1000) in his commentaries on the Talmud. But he and other Hebrew writers after him mostly used the Old French language (though sometimes also Italian, Slavonic, German) of which an example has been published by Lambert and Brandin, in their _Glossaire hébreu-français du XIII^e siècle: recueil de mots hébreux bibliques avec traduction française_ (Paris, 1905). See further _The Jewish Encyclopedia_ (New York and London, 1903), article "Gloss."

AUTHORITIES.--For a great part of what has been said above, the writer is indebted to G. Goetz's article on "Latein. Glossographie" in Pauly's _Realencyklopädie_. By the side of Goetz's _Corpus_ stands the great collection of Steinmeyer and Sievers, _Die althochdeutschen Glossen_ (in 4 vols., 1879-1898), containing a vast number of (also Anglo-Saxon) glosses culled from Bible MSS. and MSS. of classical Christian authors, enumerated and described in the 4th vol. Besides the works of the editors of, or writers on, glosses, already mentioned, we refer here to a few others, whose writings may be consulted: Hugo Blümner; _Catholicon Anglicum_ (ed. Hertage); De-Vit (at end of Forcellini's _Lexicon_); F. Deycks; Du Cange; Funck; J. H. Gallée (_Altsächs. Sprachdenkm._, 1894); Gröber; K. Gruber (_Hauptquellen des Corpus, Épin. u. Erfurt Gloss._, Erlangen, 1904); Hattemer; W. Heraeus (_Die Sprache des Petronius und die Glossen_, Leipzig, 1899); Kettner; Kluge; Krumbacher; Lagarde; Landgraf; Marx; W. Meyer-Lubke ("Zu den latein. Glossen" in _Wiener Stud._ xxv. 90 sqq.); Henry Nettleship; Niedermann, _Notes d'étymol. lat._ (Macon, 1902), _Contribut. à la critique des glosses latines_ (Neuchâtel, 1905); Pokrowskij; Quicherat; Otto B. Schlutter (many important articles in _Anglia, Englische Studien, Archiv f. latein. Lexicographie_, &c.); Schöll; Schuchardt; Leo Sommer; Stadler; Stowasser; Strachan; H. Sweet; Usener (_Rhein. Mus._ xxiii. 496, xxiv. 382); A. Way, _Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum_ (3 vols., London, 1843-1865); Weyman; Wilmanns (in _Rhein. Mus._ xxiv. 363); Wölfflin in _Arch. für lat. Lexicogr._; Zupitza. Cf. further, the various volumes of the following periodicals: _Romania_; _Zeitschr. für deutsches Alterthum_; _Anglia_; _Englische Studien_; _Journal of English and German Philology_ (ed. Cook and Karsten); _Archiv für latein. Lexicogr._, and others treating of philology, lexicography, grammar, &c. (J. H. H.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The history of the literary gloss in its proper sense has given rise to the common English use of the word to mean an interpretation, especially in a disingenuous, sinister or false way; the form "gloze," more particularly associated with explaining away, palliating or talking speciously, is simply an alternative spelling. The word has thus to some extent influenced, or been influenced by, the meaning of the etymologically different "gloss" = lustrous surface (from the same root as "glass"; cf. "glow"), in its extended sense of "outward fair seeming."

[2] See Matthaei, _Glossaria Graeca_ (Moscow, 1774/5).

[3] See Labbé, _Veteres glossae verborum juris quae passim in Basilicis reperiuntur_ (1606); Otto, _Thesaurus juris Romani_, iii. (1697); Stephens, _Thesaurus linguae Graecae_, viii. (1825).

[4] See Biener, _Geschichte der Novellen_, p. 229 sqq.

[5] Irnerius himself is with some probability believed to have been the author of the Brachylogus (q.v.).

[6] Thus Fil. Villani (_De origine civitatis Florentiae_, ed. 1847, p. 23), speaking of the Glossator Accursius, says of the Glossae that "tantae auctoritatis gratiaeque fuere, ut omnium consensu publice approbarentur, et reiectis aliis, quibuscumque penitus abolitis, solae juxta textum legum adpositae sunt et ubique terrarum sine controversia pro legibus celebrantur, ita ut nefas sit, non secus quam textui, Glossis Accursii contraire." For similar testimonies see Bayle's _Dictionnaire_, s.v. "Accursius," and Rudorff, _Röm. Rechtsgeschichte_, i. 338 (1857).

[7] The so-called _Malberg_ glosses, found in various texts of the Lex Salica, are not glosses in the ordinary sense of the word, but precious remains of the parent of the present literary Dutch, namely, the Low German dialect spoken by the Salian Franks who conquered Gaul from the Romans at the end of the 5th century. It is supposed that the conquerors brought their Frankish law with them, either written down, or by oral tradition; that they translated it into Latin for the sake of the Romans settled in the country, and that the translators, not always knowing a proper Latin equivalent for certain things or actions, retained in their translations the Frankish technical names or phrases which they had attempted to translate into Latin. E.g. in chapter ii., by the side of "_porcellus lactans_" (a sucking-pig), we find the Frankish "_chramnechaltio_," lit. a stye-porker. The person who stole such a pig (still kept in an enclosed place, in a stye) was fined three times as much as one who stole a "_porcellus de campo qui sine matre vivere possit_," as the Latin text has it, for which the Malberg technical expression appears to have been _ingymus_, that is, a one year (winter) old animal, i.e. a yearling. Nearly all these glosses are preceded by "_mal_" or "_malb_," which is thought to be a contraction for "_malberg_," the Frankish for "forum." The antiquity and importance of these glosses for philology may be realized from the fact that the Latin translation of the Lex Salica probably dates from the latter end of the 5th century. For further information cf. Jac. Grimm's preface to Joh. Merkel's ed. (1850), and H. Kern's notes to J. H. Hessels's ed. (London, 1880) of the Lex Salica.

[8] Anglo-Saxon scholars ascribe an earlier date to the text of the MS. on account of certain archaisms in its Anglo-Saxon words.

GLOSSOP, a market town and municipal borough, in the High Peak parliamentary division of Derbyshire, England, on the extreme northern border of the county; 13 m. E. by S. of Manchester by the Great Central railway. Pop. (1901) 21,526. It is the chief seat of the cotton manufacture in Derbyshire, and it has also woollen and paper mills, dye and print works, and bleaching greens. The town consists of three main divisions, the Old Town (or Glossop proper), Howard Town (or Glossop Dale) and Mill Town. An older parish church was replaced by that of All Saints in 1830; there is also a very fine Roman Catholic church. In the immediate neighbourhood is Glossop Hall, the seat of Lord Howard, lord of the manor, a picturesque old building with extensive terraced gardens. On a hill near the town is Melandra Castle, the site of a Roman fort guarding Longdendale and the way into the hills of the Peak District. In the neighbourhood also a great railway viaduct spans the Dinting valley with sixteen arches. To the north, in Longdendale, there are five lakes belonging to the water-supply system of Manchester, formed by damming the Etherow, a stream which descends from the high moors north-east of Glossop. The town is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 3052 acres.

Glossop was granted by Henry I. to William Peverel, on the attainder of whose son it reverted to the crown. In 1157 it was gifted by Henry II. to the abbey of Basingwerk. Henry VIII. bestowed it on the earl of Shrewsbury. It was made a municipal borough in 1866.