Part 1

Transcriber's Note

Endnotes have been moved to the end of the scene to which they apply. The following note preceded the printed endnotes:

"In the Quartos there are no divisions of acts and scenes.

A, B, C = 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Quartos."

Italic text is marked by _underscores_, and bold text by ~swung dashes~.

[Illustration]

_THE TEMPLE DRAMATISTS_

ARDEN OF FEVERSHAM

[Illustration]

The text of this edition is nearly that of the first Quarto, the copy of which in the Dyce Library at South Kensington has been carefully collated. I have not noted minute variations. The German editors, Warnke and Proescholt, give the various readings of the three Quartos and of later editions.

[Illustration: _Feversham Abbey._]

ARDEN OF FEVERSHAM

_Edited with a Preface, Notes and Glossary by_

REV. RONALD BAYNE M.A.

J. M. DENT AND CO. ALDINE HOUSE : LONDON 1897

‘Considering the various and marvellous gifts displayed for the first time on our stage by the great poet, the great dramatist, the strong and subtle searcher of hearts, the just and merciful judge and painter of human passions, who gave this tragedy to the new-born literature of our drama ... I cannot but finally take heart to say, even in the absence of all external or traditional testimony, that it seems to me not pardonable merely or permissible, but simply logical and reasonable, to set down this poem, a young man’s work on the face of it, as the possible work of no man’s youthful hand but Shakespeare’s.’

Mr. A. C. SWINBURNE.

PREFACE

~Early Editions.~ On 3rd April, 1592, ‘_The Tragedie of Arden of Feversham and Blackwall_’[A] was entered on the Stationers’ Registers to Edward White. In the same year appeared, ‘_The lamentable and true Tragedie of M. Arden of Feversham in Kent. Who was most wickedlye murdered, by the meanes of his disloyall and wanton wyfe, who for the love she bare to one Mosbie, hyred two desperat ruffins, Blackwill and Shakbag, to kill him. Wherin is shewed the great mallice and discimulation of a wicked woman, the unsatiable desire of filthie lust and the shamefull end of all murderers. Imprinted at London for Edward White, dwelling at the lyttle North dore of Paules Church at the signe of the Gun._ 1592.’ A second Quarto, with the same title, was printed in 1599. A third, ‘_by Eliz. Allde dwelling neere Christs Church_,’ appeared in 1633. The second and third Quartos are founded textually upon the first, and their variations are of no value. The text of the first Quarto is unusually good even when prose and verse are mixed together, although the printer has apparently no scientific knowledge of the nature of metre.

[Footnote A: A misprint for _Blackwill_.]

~Place of the Play in the Elizabethan Drama.~ _Arden of Faversham_ is the finest extant specimen of a kind of play which has been classified as Domestic Tragedy. A picturesque or sensational murder in the sixteenth century was given to the public first in popular ballads or pamphlets, and afterwards, if sufficiently notable, in the more serious Chronicle. From the popular pamphlet, or from the Chronicle, or from both together, it found its way on to the stage. Four of these ‘murder-plays’ have come down to us, and the titles of many others. They form a minor section of the Chronicle plays or Histories. They did not attain any very striking literary development, owing perhaps to the necessary bondage of the poet to his facts. _Arden of Faversham_ is a remarkable instance of the possibilities of this class of play, but it is to be noted that the poet used the narrative of a Chronicler who wrote twenty-seven years after the date of the murder. _A Warning for Fair Women_ and Yarington’s _Two Tragedies in One_ are both inferior to _Arden_, though influenced by it. The fourth ‘murder-play’--_The Yorkshire Tragedy_--is distinct from the other three in style and method. Several famous dramatists produced ‘domestic’ tragedies, but none have survived. _A Late Murder of the Son upon the Mother_, in which Ford and Webster collaborated, must have been a notable piece of work.

~Source of the Play.~ On Sunday, 15th February 1550-1, Thomas Ardern of Faversham, gentleman, ‘was heynously murdered in his own parlour, about seven of the clock in the night, by one Thomas Morsby, a taylor of London, late servant to sir Edward North, knight, chancellor of the augmentations, father-in-law unto Alice Ardern, wife of the said Thomas Ardern.’ Thomas Ardern was Mayor of Faversham in 1548, and his murder made such a stir that in 1577 the first edition of Holinshed’s _Chronicle_ devotes five pages (pp. 1703-8) to an elaborate account of it. The chronicler begins thus:--‘About this time there was at Faversham in Kent a Gentleman named Arden most cruelly murthered and slain by the procurement of his own wife. The which murder for the horribleness thereof, although otherwise it may seem to be but a private matter, and therefore as it were impertinent to this History, I have thought good to set it forth somewhat at large, having the instructions delivered to me by them that have used some diligence to gather the true understanding of the circumstances.’ Our first quotation was from the _Wardmote Book of Faversham_, and proves that Holinshed’s narrative is not minutely accurate. The _Wardmote Book_ gives a curt account of the actual murder on the Sunday evening with the names and fate of the culprits. It tells us nothing of the previous failures of these culprits which give to Holinshed’s tale such a terrible and dramatic interest. We need not speculate on Holinshed’s sources. No doubt there were many contemporary pamphlets and ballads which recounted the murder. We know only of _The Complaint ... of Mistress Arden of Feversham_, preserved among the _Roxburghe Ballads_, and reprinted by Evans and in Miss De Vaynes’ _Kentish Garland_. But this is dated by Mr. Bullen about 1633, when the third Quarto of the play appeared, and was probably occasioned by that re-issue. The important point to bear in mind is the excellence of Holinshed’s narrative. To praise it adequately we must say that it is worthy of the fine play founded upon it, which probably had no other source. The play agrees always with Holinshed when Holinshed differs from the _Wardmote Book_. When the play differs from Holinshed it differs also from the _Wardmote Book_. To the dramatic instinct of the poet we must ascribe his suppression of the fact that Arden winked at his wife’s infidelity. Holinshed and the _Wardmote Book_ both explicitly assert this. Franklin, Arden’s friend, is also an invention of the dramatist.

~Author of the Play.~ The three Quartos are all anonymous. We know of no other edition till 1770, when Edward Jacob, a Faversham antiquary, edited the first Quarto, and boldly claimed the play for Shakespeare. Ludwig Tieck published in 1823 an excellent German translation, accompanied by a discriminating statement of the case for the Shakesperean authorship. Delius, editing the play in 1855, agreed with Tieck, and was followed by the French translator, François Victor Hugo, and more recently by Professor Mézières. Owing to the supposed Shakespearean authorship there have been at least three translations into German, one into French, and one into Dutch. In England opinion has been more divided. Henry Tyrrell,[B] Charles Knight, and Mr. Swinburne[C] have supported the Shakespearean authorship. Professor Ward[D] and J. A. Symonds incline to reject it. Professor Saintsbury considers that ‘the only possible hypothesis on which it could be admitted as Shakespeare’s would be that of an early experiment thrown off while he was seeking his way in a direction where he found no thoroughfare.’[E] Mr. Bullen, who edited a careful reprint of the first Quarto in 1887, suspects ‘that _Arden_ in its present state has been retouched here and there by the master’s hand.’ The latest German editors, Warnke and Proescholt (1888), ‘are of opinion that Shakespeare had nothing to do with _Arden of Faversham_.’

[Footnote B: _Doubtful Plays of Shakespeare._]

[Footnote C: _Study of Shakespeare._]

[Footnote D: _History of English Dramatic Literature._]

[Footnote E: _History of Elizabethan Literature._]

~The Question of Shakespeare’s Authorship.~ The only reason for ascribing the play to Shakespeare is its merit. It seems incredible that a drama so mature in its art should have been written in 1592 by a writer otherwise unknown to us. In three directions the art of the writer is mature. First, the character of the base coward Mosbie, and of the ‘bourgeois Clytemnestra,’ Alice Arden, are drawn with an insight, delicacy, and sustained power new to English literature in 1592, and not excelled till Shakespeare excelled them. The picture of Arden, as a man fascinated and bewitched by his wife and by his fate, might match that of Mosbie and Alice if the artist had not blurred his conception by the introduction of the jarring motives of avarice and sacrilege. But the poet’s aim is clear; it is his own, and it almost succeeds. Second, the picturesque ferocity and grim humour of Black Will and Shakebag are described with a firmness and ease and restraint of style which critics have not sufficiently noted. I can compare it only with the Jack Cade scenes of the _Contention_ (and _2 Henry VI._). The prose of our poet is excellent. His humour has a clearly defined character and style of its own. The character of Michael, so admired by Mr. Swinburne, is as subtle and well-sustained as Mosbie’s or Alice Arden’s, and it exhibits our poet’s special humorous gift. This gift, excellent as it is, seems to me very definitely not Shakespearean. But thirdly, the terrifying use of signs and omens and of an almost Shakespearean irony--_e.g._ Arden’s words, ‘I am almost stifled with this fog!’--combine to produce as the play proceeds an impressive sense of ‘the slow unerring tread of assassination, balked but persevering, marching like a fate to its accomplishment.’ But the special excellencies of the play are all against Shakespeare having written it by 1592. As Mr. Bullen insists, the weak point in Mr. Swinburne’s criticism is the phrase ‘a young man’s work.’ This play is not ‘a young man’s work.’ The copiousness of the young man Shakespeare’s work is the exact contrary of the deliberate anxious effort which marks the style of _Arden of Faversham_ except in the prose scenes. In none of Shakespeare’s plays can it be perceived that the poet has taken such pains as the poet of _Arden_ takes. Unless Shakespeare wrote this play as soon as he reached London, and then for a year or two wrote nothing else, it is impossible to fit it into his work. And if he wrote the play as soon as he reached London and then took up the studies which resulted in _Venus and Adonis_ and _Lucrece_, would he have written _Love’s Labour’s Lost_ and _Comedy of Errors_ on his way back to work like _Arden_? If Shakespeare wrote _Arden_ it is the most interesting fact in his literary development. To suggest that Shakespeare revised the play is to shirk the question. Its excellence is in its warp and woof, not in its ornaments.

~Literature.~ Mr. Bullen’s _Introduction_ is the best monograph on the play. Warnke and Proescholt’s _Introduction_ should be consulted, but lacks the distinction of style and the critical insight of Mr. Bullen’s essay. Excellent analyses and criticisms of the play are in Charles Knight’s _Doubtful Plays_ (‘Pictorial Shakespere’); J. A. Symonds’ _Shakspere’s Predecessors_; Alfred Mézières’ _Prédécesseurs et Contemporains de Shakspeare_. Mr. Fleay in his _Biographical Chronicle of the English Drama_ (1891) has suggested Kyd as the author of _Arden_.

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ARDEN OF FEVERSHAM

DRAMATIS PERSONÆ

THOMAS ARDEN, Gentleman, of Feversham FRANKLIN, his Friend MOSBIE CLARKE, a Painter ADAM FOWLE, Landlord of the Flower-de-Luce BRADSHAW, a Goldsmith MICHAEL, Arden’s Servant GREENE RICHARD REEDE, a Sailor BLACK WILL } Murderers SHAKEBAG } A PRENTICE A FERRYMAN LORD CHEINY, and his Men MAYOR OF FEVERSHAM, and Watch

ALICE, Arden’s Wife SUSAN, Mosbie’s Sister

ARDEN OF FEVERSHAM

ACT I

_A Room in Arden’s House._

_Enter Arden and Franklin._

_Franklin._ Arden, cheer up thy spirits, and droop no more! My gracious Lord, the Duke of Somerset, Hath freely given to thee and to thy heirs, By letters patents from his Majesty, All the lands of the Abbey of Feversham. Here are the deeds, [_He hands them._ Sealed and subscribed with his name and the king’s: Read them, and leave this melancholy mood.

_Arden._ Franklin, thy love prolongs my weary life; And but for thee how odious were this life, 10 That shows me nothing but torments my soul, And those foul objects that offend mine eyes! Which makes me wish that for this veil of heaven The earth hung over my head and covered me. Love-letters pass ’twixt Mosbie and my wife, And they have privy meetings in the town: Nay, on his finger did I spy the ring Which at our marriage-day the priest put on. Can any grief be half so great as this?

_Franklin._ Comfort thyself, sweet friend; it is not strange 20 That women will be false and wavering.

_Arden._ Ay, but to dote on such a one as he Is monstrous, Franklin, and intolerable.

_Franklin._ Why, what is he?

_Arden._ A botcher, and no better at the first; Who, by base brokage getting some small stock, Crept into service of a nobleman, And by his servile flattery and fawning Is now become the steward of his house, And bravely jets it in his silken gown. 30

_Franklin._ No nobleman will countenance such a peasant.

_Arden._ Yes, the Lord Clifford, he that loves not me. But through his favour let him not grow proud; For were he by the Lord Protector backed, He should not make me to be pointed at. I am by birth a gentleman of blood, And that injurious ribald, that attempts To violate my dear wife’s chastity (For dear I hold her love, as dear as heaven) Shall on the bed which he thinks to defile 40 See his dissevered joints and sinews torn, Whilst on the planchers pants his weary body, Smeared in the channels of his lustful blood.

_Franklin._ Be patient, gentle friend, and learn of me To ease thy grief and save her chastity: Intreat her fair; sweet words are fittest engines To race the flint walls of a woman’s breast. In any case be not too jealous, Nor make no question of her love to thee; But, as securely, presently take horse, 50 And lie with me at London all this term; For women, when they may, will not, But, being kept back, straight grow outrageous.

_Arden._ Though this abhors from reason, yet I’ll try it, And call her forth and presently take leave. How! Alice!

_Here enters Alice._

_Alice._ Husband, what mean you to get up so early? Summer-nights are short, and yet you rise ere day. Had I been wake, you had not risen so soon.

_Arden._ Sweet love, thou knowest that we two, Ovid-like, 60 Have often chid the morning when it ’gan to peep, And often wished that dark night’s purblind steeds Would pull her by the purple mantle back, And cast her in the ocean to her love. But this night, sweet Alice, thou hast killed my heart: I heard thee call on Mosbie in thy sleep.

_Alice._ ’Tis like I was asleep when I named him, For being awake he comes not in my thoughts.

_Arden._ Ay, but you started up and suddenly, Instead of him, caught me about the neck. 70

_Alice._ Instead of him? why, who was there but you? And where but one is, how can I mistake?

_Franklin._ Arden, leave to urge her over-far.

_Arden._ Nay, love, there is no credit in a dream; Let it suffice I know thou lovest me well.

_Alice._ Now I remember whereupon it came: Had we no talk of Mosbie yesternight?

_Franklin._ Mistress Alice, I heard you name him once or twice.

_Alice._ And thereof came it, and therefore blame not me.

_Arden._ I know it did, and therefore let it pass. 80 I must to London, sweet Alice, presently.

_Alice._ But tell me, do you mean to stay there long?

_Arden._ No longer there till my affairs be done.

_Franklin._ He will not stay above a month at most.

_Alice._ A month? ay me! Sweet Arden, come again Within a day or two, or else I die.

_Arden._ I cannot long be from thee, gentle Alice. Whilst Michael fetch our horses from the field, Franklin and I will down unto the quay; For I have certain goods there to unload. 90 Meanwhile prepare our breakfast, gentle Alice; For yet ere noon we’ll take horse and away.

[_Exeunt Arden and Franklin._

_Alice._ Ere noon he means to take horse and away! Sweet news is this. O that some airy spirit Would in the shape and likeness of a horse Gallop with Arden ’cross the Ocean, And throw him from his back into the waves! Sweet Mosbie is the man that hath my heart: And he usurps it, having nought but this, That I am tied to him by marriage. 100 Love is a God, and marriage is but words; And therefore Mosbie’s title is the best. Tush! whether it be or no, he shall be mine, In spite of him, of Hymen, and of rites.

_Here enters Adam of the Flower-de-luce._

And here comes Adam of the Flower-de-luce; I hope he brings me tidings of my love. --How now, Adam, what is the news with you? Be not afraid; my husband is now from home.

_Adam._ He whom you wot of, Mosbie, Mistress Alice, Is come to town, and sends you word by me 110 In any case you may not visit him.

_Alice._ Not visit him?

_Adam._ No, nor take no knowledge of his being here.

_Alice._ But tell me, is he angry or displeased?

_Adam._ It should seem so, for he is wondrous sad.

_Alice._ Were he as mad as raving Hercules, I’ll see him, I; and were thy house of force, These hands of mine should race it to the ground, Unless that thou wouldst bring me to my love.

_Adam._ Nay, and you be so impatient, I’ll be gone. 120

_Alice._ Stay, Adam, stay; thou wert wont to be my friend. Ask Mosbie how I have incurred his wrath; Bear him from me these pair of silver dice, With which we played for kisses many a time, And when I lost, I won, and so did he;-- Such winning and such losing Jove send me! And bid him, if his love do not decline, To come this morning but along my door, And as a stranger but salute me there: This may he do without suspect or fear. 130

_Adam._ I’ll tell him what you say, and so farewell.

[_Exit Adam._

_Alice._ Do, and one day I’ll make amends for all.-- I know he loves me well, but dares not come, Because my husband is so jealous, And these my narrow-prying neighbours blab, Hinder our meetings when we would confer. But, if I live, that block shall be removed, And, Mosbie, thou that comes to me by stealth, Shalt neither fear the biting speech of men, Nor Arden’s looks; as surely shall he die 140 As I abhor him and love only thee.

_Here enters Michael._

How now, Michael, whither are you going?

_Michael._ To fetch my master’s nag. I hope you’ll think on me.

_Alice._ Ay; but, Michael, see you keep your oath, And be as secret as you are resolute.

_Michael._ I’ll see he shall not live above a week.

_Alice._ On that condition, Michael, here’s my hand: None shall have Mosbie’s sister but thyself.

_Michael._ I understand the painter here hard by 150 Hath made report that he and Sue is sure.

_Alice._ There’s no such matter, Michael; believe it not.

_Michael._ But he hath sent a dagger sticking in a heart, With a verse or two stolen from a painted cloth, The which I hear the wench keeps in her chest. Well, let her keep it! I shall find a fellow That can both write and read and make rhyme too. And if I do--well, I say no more: I’ll send from London such a taunting letter As she shall eat the heart he sent with salt 160 And fling the dagger at the painter’s head.

_Alice._ What needs all this? I say that Susan’s thine.

_Michael._ Why, then I say that I will kill my master, Or anything that you will have me do.

_Alice._ But, Michael, see you do it cunningly.

_Michael._ Why, say I should be took, I’ll ne’er confess That you know anything; and Susan, being a maid, May beg me from the gallows of the sheriff.

_Alice._ Trust not to that, Michael.

_Michael._ You cannot tell me, I have seen it, I. 170 But, mistress, tell her, whether I live or die, I’ll make her more worth than twenty painters can; For I will rid mine elder brother away, And then the farm of Bolton is mine own. Who would not venture upon house and land, When he may have it for a right down blow?

_Here enters Mosbie._

_Alice._ Yonder comes Mosbie. Michael, get thee gone, And let not him nor any know thy drifts.

[_Exit Michael._

Mosbie, my love!

_Mosbie._ Away, I say, and talk not to me now. 180

_Alice._ A word or two, sweet heart, and then I will. ’Tis yet but early days, thou needst not fear.

_Mosbie._ Where is your husband?

_Alice._ ’Tis now high water, and he is at the quay.

_Mosbie._ There let him be; henceforward know me not.

_Alice._ Is this the end of all thy solemn oaths? Is this the fruit thy reconcilement buds? Have I for this given thee so many favours, Incurred my husband’s hate, and, out alas! Made shipwreck of mine honour for thy sake? 190 And dost thou say ‘henceforward know me not’? Remember, when I lock’d thee in my closet, What were thy words and mine; did we not both Decree to murder Arden in the night? The heavens can witness, and the world can tell, Before I saw that falsehood look of thine, ’Fore I was tangled with thy ’ticing speech, Arden to me was dearer than my soul,-- And shall be still: base peasant, get thee gone, And boast not of thy conquest over me, 200 Gotten by witchcraft and mere sorcery! For what hast thou to countenance my love, Being descended of a noble house, And matched already with a gentleman Whose servant thou may’st be!--and so farewell.

_Mosbie._ Ungentle and unkind Alice, now I see That which I ever feared, and find too true: A woman’s love is as the lightning-flame, Which even in bursting forth consumes itself. To try thy constancy have I been strange; 210 Would I had never tried, but lived in hope!

_Alice._ What need’st thou try me whom thou ne’er found false?

_Mosbie._ Yet pardon me, for love is jealous.

_Alice._ So lists the sailor to the mermaid’s song, So looks the traveller to the basilisk: I am content for to be reconciled, And that, I know, will be mine overthrow.

_Mosbie._ Thine overthrow? first let the world dissolve.

_Alice._ Nay, Mosbie, let me still enjoy thy love, And happen what will, I am resolute. 220 My saving husband hoards up bags of gold To make our children rich, and now is he Gone to unload the goods that shall be thine, And he and Franklin will to London straight.

_Mosbie._ To London, Alice? if thou’lt be ruled by me, We’ll make him sure enough for coming there.

_Alice._ Ah, would we could!