CHAPTER XVI.
SOCIETY 401
Social Stages, 401—Family, 402—Morals of Lower Races, 405—Public Opinion and Custom, 408—Moral Progress, 410—Vengeance and Justice, 414—War, 418—Property, 419—Legal Ceremonies, 423—Family Power and Responsibility, 426—Patriarchal and Military Chiefs, 428—Nations, 432—Social Ranks, 434—Government, 436.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1. Later Stone Age (neolithic) implements 27
2. Earlier Stone Age (palæolithic) flint picks or hatchets 29
3. Sketch of mammoth from cave of La Madeleine (Lartet and Christy) 31
4. Sketch of man and horse from cave (Lartet and Christy) 32
5. Skeletons of apes and man (after Huxley) 39
6. Hand and foot of chimpanzee and of man 42
7. Brain of chimpanzee and of man 46
8. Patagonian and Bushman 58
9. Top view of skulls 61
10. Side view of skulls 62
11. _a_, Swaheli; _b_, Persian 63
12. Female portraits 64
13. African negro 65
14. Section of negro skin, much magnified (after Kölliker) 66
15. Sections of hair, highly magnified (after Pruner) 73
16. Race or Population arranged by Stature (Galton’s method) 76
17. Race or Population arranged by Stature (Quetelet’s method) 77
18. Caribs 78
19. (_a_) Head of Rameses II., Ancient Egypt, (_b_) Sheikh’s son, Modern Egypt (after Hartmann) 79
20. Malay Mother and Half-caste Daughters 81
21. Cafusa Woman 82
22. Cairene 84
23. Andaman Islanders 88
24. Aheta (Negrito) Philippine Islands 90
25. Melanesians 91
26. South Australian (man) 92
27. South Australian (woman) 92
28. Australian (Queensland) women 93
29. Dravidian hill-man (after Fryer) 94
30. Kalmuk (after Goldsmid) 95
31. Goldi (Amur) 96
32. Siamese actresses 97
33. Cochin-Chinese 98
34. Coreans 99
35. Finn (man) 100
36. Finn (woman) 100
37. Malays 101
38. Malays 101
39. Dayaks 103
40. Kingsmill Islander 104
41. Colorado Indian (North America) 106
42. Colorado Indian (North America) 107
43. Cauixana Indians (South America) 108
44. Georgians 110
45. Swedes 111
46. Gypsy 112
47. Picture-writing, rock near Lake Superior (after Schoolcraft) 168
48. _Pater noster_ in Mexican picture-writing (after Aubin) 169
49. Chinese ancient pictures and later cursive forms (after Endlicher) 170
50. Chinese compound characters, pictures and sounds 171
51. Egyptian hieroglyphic and hieratic characters compared with letters of Phœnician and later alphabets (after De Rougé) 176
52. Gunflint-maker’s core and flakes (after Evans) 185
53. Stone Flakes 186
54. Later Stone Age (neolithic) implements 187
55. Earlier Stone Age (palæolithic) flint picks or hatchets 187
56. Stone Axes, &c. 188
57. _a_, Egyptian battle-axe; _b_, Egyptian falchion; _c_, Asiatic sabre; _d_, European sheath-knife; _e_, Roman culter; _f_, Hindu bill-hook 189
58. _a_, Stone spear-head (Admiralty Is.); _b_, stone spear-head or dagger-blade (England); _c_, bronze spear-head (Denmark); _d_, bronze dagger; _e_, bronze leaf-shaped sword 191
59. Australian spear thrown with spear-thrower (after Brough Smyth) 194
60. Bows 196
61. Ancient bullock-waggon, from the Antonine Column 199
62. Corn-crusher, Anglesey (after W. O. Stanley) 201
63. Hebrides women grinding with the quern or hand-mill (after Pennant) 202
64. _a_, Australian digging-stick; _b_, Swedish wooden hack 216
65. Ancient Egyptian hoe and plough 217
66. Natives of Lepers’ Island (New Hebrides) 239
67. Hand of Chinese ascetic 241
68. Botocudo woman with lip- and ear-ornaments 242
69. _a_, Australian winder for hand-twisted cord; _b_, Egyptian woman spinning with the spindle 247
70. Girl weaving. From an Aztec picture 248
71. Ancient Nile-boat, from wall-painting, Thebes 258
72. Bushman drilling fire (after Chapman) 262
73. Ancient Egyptian Potter’s Wheel (Beni Hassan) 275
74. Ancient Egyptian Glass-blowing (Beni Hassan) 277
75. Development of the Harp 295
76. Ancient Egyptian and Assyrian numeration 313
77. Mode of calculation by counters and by figures on Abacus 315
78. Rudimentary practical Geometry 318
ANTHROPOLOGY.