CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE CHĀOTREE.
1835, _April_.
The Chāotree—Timūrian Dance—Churees—Finale of the Wedding—Jhanee Khanum—The Zenāna Doll—Jealousy of the Natives—Meals of the Slave Girls—Tara, the Pretty Slave—Conduct of English Ladies considered extraordinary—Poppy-heads—Devotion of Native Women to their Husbands—Illness of Colonel Gardner—Burial-ground of the Family—My Departure—Death of Colonel Gardner, and of his Begam—Orders of Knighthood—Remarks on the Muhammadān Religion, and the Punishments of the Grave 447
LIST OF PLATES TO VOL. I.
No. To face page
1. Frontispiece—Gănésh, _to face the Title_.
2. Introduction—The Camels vii
3. The Albatross 8
4. Carnicobar 14
5. The Sircar 21
6. The Chŭrŭk Pūja 27
7. Pūja of the Tulsī 43
8. Bengali Woman 60
9. The Ice Pits 77
10. Temple of Bhāwanī, and Suttees, Alopee Bāgh 95
11. A Dhrumsālā, Bene Mahādēo Ghāt 107
12. Adansonia Digitata 116
13. A Kutcherry 121
14. Hindōstanī Song 133
15. A Barkandāz 135
16. The Durwān 142
17. The Thug’s Dice 151
18. Elephant Fights 173
19. Pedigree of the Kings of Oude 186
20. Lachhmī, the Goddess of Beauty 207
21. The Grass-cutter 231
22. Hebrew Hymn 270
23. The Imāms the Leaders of the Faithful 293
24. The Tāj 348
25. Ground-plan of the Tomb of the Tāj 357
26. The Tomb of Akbar Shāh 374
27. Tomb of Shaikh Selim Cheestie 403
28. Pedigree of Colonel William Gardner 420
GLOSSARY.
A.
_Āb_, water. _Ābdār_, water-cooler.
_Abīr_, red powder used in the Holī.
_Ābnūs_, ebony.
_Achchhā_, good.
_Ādāb_, salutation, respects, politeness.
_Adālut_, court of justice.
_Ādam-ḵẖor_, a cannibal.
_Afgan_, overthrowing.
_Afg̱ẖān_, the name of a race of people who inhabit the country to the north-west of Lahore; called also _Pathans_. They are supposed to be of Jewish extraction.
_Afīm_, or _aphīm_, opium.
_Agārī pichhārī_, the ropes with which horses are tied.
_Agast_, æschynomene grandiflora.
_Āghā_, lord master.
_Aghan_, the eighth Hindū solar month.
_Aghorī_, professing _ughorpanth_, an order of religious mendicants, who eat every thing, however filthy, even human carcases; hence, a gross or filthy feeder.
_Ā’īna_, a mirror.
_Ākās_, the sky, the firmament.
_Ākās-bel_, the air-creeper; it has no root nor leaves, but grows on the tops of trees.
_Ākās-diya_, a lamp which the Hindūs hang aloft on a bamboo in the month _Kārtik_.
_Akbar_, very good, greatest.
_Akbarābādī_, of Akbar.
_’Alam_, a spear, a standard.
_’Alam-dār_, standard-bearer (_Abbās_).
_’Ālam-gīr_, conqueror of the universe.
_Allāh_, God. _Allāhu akbar_, God is great!
_Ām_, mango (mangifera Indica).
_Amarī_, a seat with a canopy to ride in on an elephant.
_Ānā_, a copper coin, the sixteenth part of a rupī.
_Anannās_, pine-apple.
_Āndhī_, storm, tempest.
_Angethī_, chafing-dish, brazier.
_Angiya_, a native boddice.
_Ankus_, the elephant goad.
_Arghā_, a vessel shaped like a boat, used by the Hindūs for making libations in their devotions.
_Ārsī_, a mirror, particularly a mirror in a thumb-ring.
_Āsan_, a seat or small carpet.—See Vol. ii. p. 385.
_Asārh_, the third Hindū solar month (June and July).
_Aswina_, the first month of the Hindū lunar year.
_Ātashbāzī_, fireworks.
_Ātash-khwar_, fire-eater; name of a bird, the _chakor_.
_Atr_, perfume. _Atr-dan_, perfume-box.
_Avatār_, a descent.
_Ayb_, or _aib_, spot, mark, defect.
_Ayha_, a lady’s maid.
_Azan_, the summons to prayers, generally proclaimed from the minārs or towers of a mosque.
B.
_Baboo_, a Hindū gentleman, a Calcutta merchant.
_Babūl_, mimosa Arabica.
_Badrī-nāth_, a celebrated place of pilgrimage.
_Badshah_, or _pādshāh_, a king.
_Bāgh_, a tiger.
_Bāgḥ_, a garden.
_Bāghsira_, gryllus monstrosus.
_Bāghīchar_, a small garden.
_’baghnā_, an ornament made of tigers’ claws.
_Bahādur_, champion, boaster.
_Bahangī_, a stick with ropes hanging to each end, for slinging baggage to, which is carried on the shoulder.
_Bahut_, much, most.
_Bā’ī_, mistress, lady amongst the Mahrattas.
_Bailī_, bullock carriage.
_Bairāgī_, a fakīr.
_Bājrā_, panicum spicatum.
_Bakāyan_, melia sempervirens.
_Baḵẖshish_, a gift; _bakhshnā_, to give.
_Bakrā_, he-goat.
_Bandar_, a monkey.
_Bandh_, an embankment.
_Banglā_, a thatched house.
_Baniya_, shop-keeper.
_Bāns_, the bamboo.
_Bā’olī_, a large well.
_Barā_, great.
_Barā-dīn_, a holiday.
_Bāra-singha_, twelve-horned stag (cervus elaphus).
_Barāt_, marriage procession.
_Bardār_, a bearer.
_Barha’ī_, a carpenter.
_Bārī_, a garden house.
_Barkandāz_, a native policeman.
_Basantī_, yellow, the favourite colour of Krishna.
_Bastī_, a village.
_Baṭer_, quail.
_Batū’ā_, a small bag.
_Baunā_, a dwarf.
_Bāwarchī_, cook.
_Bayā_, loxia Indica.
_Bāzār_, market.
_Bāzūbands_, armlets.
_Begam_, lady.
_Bel_, ægle marmelos (cratæva religiosa).
_Belā_, jasminum zambac.
_Bengālī_, a native of Bengal.
_Bér_, or _bar_, ficus Indica.
_Besan_, flour or meal of pulse, particularly of _chanā_ (cicer arietinum).
_Betī_, daughter.
_Bhabhūt_, ashes which the fakīrs use.
_Bhagat_, a devotee of a religious order, peculiar to the low tribes, whose initiation consists in putting a necklace of beads around the neck, and marking a circle on the forehead; after which the initiated person is bound to refrain from spirituous liquors, flesh, &c.
_Bhāgulpūr_, the town of.
_Bhagwān_, the Deity, the Supreme Being, fortunate.
_Bhains_, buffalo.
_Bhaiyā_, brother.
_Bhang_, or _bhengh_, cannabis Indica.
_Bhātā_, an extra allowance to troops on service.
_Bhū’a_, a father’s sister.
_Bhūsā_, chopped straw.
_Bichchhū_, the scorpion.
_Bidrī_, a kind of _tutanag_, inlaid with silver, used to make _hukka_ bottoms, cups, &c.
_Bīghā_, a quantity of land, containing 20 _katthās_, or 120 feet square, or 1600 square yards, which is nearly one-third of an English acre; in the Upper Provinces it is nearly five-eighths of an acre.
_Bihisht_, paradise.
_Bihishtī_, a water-carrier.
_Bilva_, or _bilwa_, cratæva marmelos (Linn.).
_Binaulā_, seed of the cotton tree.
_Biskhopra_, lacerta iguana.
_Bismillāh_, in the name of God.
_Boxwālā_, an itinerant merchant with a box of goods.
_Brahm_, or _Brŭmhŭ_, the one eternal God.
_Brahma_, the first person of the Hindū trinity.
_Brahman_, an Hindū priest.
_Brahmand_, the mundane egg of the Hindūs.
_Bṛindāban_, the forest of _Bṛindā_, in the vicinity of _Mathurā_, celebrated as the scene of Krishna’s sports with the Gopīs.
_Burāk_, Muhammad’s steed.
_Burhiyā_, old woman.
_Burj_, a bastion, tower; _burūj_, pl.
_Burjī_, a turret, a small tower.
_Burka_, a dress, a disguise.
C.
_Chabenī_, parched grain.
_Chābuk_, a whip.
_Chabūtāra_, a terrace to sit and converse on.
_Chādir_, _Chādar_, mantle, garment.
_Chakkī_, a mill-stone.
_Chakor_, partridge (perdix chukar).
_Chakwā_, Brāhmanical duck.
_Chakwī_, the female of the _chakwā_.
_Chamār_, currier, shoemaker.
_Champā kalī_, a necklace.
_Chanā_, gram (cicer arietinum).
_Chānd_, the moon.
_Chandnī-chauk_, a wide and public street or market.
_Chandnī kā mār-janā_, a disease in horses, supposed to proceed from a stroke of the moon. “The moonlight has fallen on him,” is said especially of a horse that is weak in the loins.
_Chāotree_, or _chauthī_, a marriage ceremony, the fourth day.
_Chapātī_, a thin cake of unleavened bread.
_Chaprāsī_, a messenger or servant wearing a _chaprās_, badge.
_Chār_, four.
_Charḵẖī_, a spinning-wheel, &c.
_Chārpāī_, bed, four-legged.
_Chatā’ī_, mat.
_Chatr_, umbrella.
_Chauk_, market.
_Chaukīdār_, watchman.
_Chaunrī_, fly-flapper.
_Chhach hūndar_, musk-rat.
_Chhallā_, thumb or great toe ring.
_Chhappar_, a thatched roof.
_Chhat_, roof.
_Chhattak_, about an ounce.
_Chilamchī_, washhand bason.
_Chirāgh_, lamp.
_Chirāgh-dān_, stand for lamps.
_Chiṛi-mār_, bird-catcher.
_Chītā_, hunting leopard.
_Chītthī_, note.
_Chob-dār_, mace-bearer.
_Chor_, or _cho’ār_, thief.
_Chūlee_, a fire-place.
_Chūnā_, lime.
_Chūrī_, bracelets.
_Chŭrŭk-pūja_, a festival.
_Chyūnta_, black ant.
_Compound_, ground around a house.
_Conch_, a shell.
_Corook._ See _Kurk_.
D.
_Dabāo_, pressure.
_Daftarī_, the paper-ruler, penmaker, &c.
_Dāk_, post, post-office.
_Dakait_, or _dākū_, a robber.
_Daldal_, bog, quagmire.
_Dālī_, basket of fruit.
_Damṛī_, a coin, four to a _paisā_.
_Dānd_, oar.
_Dāndī_, boatman.
_Darbār_, hall of audience.
_Dārogha_, head man of an office, inspector.
_Darwāza_, a door; _darwān_, doorkeeper.
_Daryā-i_, or _daryā_, the sea, river.
_Darzī_, a tailor.
_Dastkhatt_, signature.
_Dastūrī_, perquisites paid to servants by one who sells to their master.
_Daulut-khāna_, house of fortune.
_Derā_, a dwelling, a tent.
_Devī_, a goddess.
_Dewālai_, _dewāl_, or _dewālaya_, temple of idols.
_Dewālī_, an Hindū festival, celebrated on the day of the new moon of _Kārtik_; when the Hindūs, after bathing in the Ganges, perform a _shraddhā_, and at night worship Laksḥmī; the houses and streets are illuminated all night; and in Hindostan the night is universally spent in gaming.
_Dhān_, rice before it is separated from the husks.
_Dhanuk_, a bow, a bowman.
_Dhobī_, washerman.
_Dhotī_, a cloth, passed round the waist, passing between the limbs, and fastening behind.
_Dighī_, a large tank or reservoir, in the form of an oblong square.
_Dil_, heart; _dil-kushā_, heart-expanding.
_Dillī_, or _Dihlī_, the metropolis of Hindūstan; generally called by Musalmāns Shah-jehan-abad, and by Europeans Delhi.
_Dinghee_, a small boat.
_Dīwak_, white ant.
_Dīwān-i-am_, public hall of audience.
_Dīwān-i-ḵẖās_, privy-council chamber.
_Dog̱ẖ_, buttermilk.
_Dohā’ī_, or _duhā’ī_, mercy.
_Dolī_, a kind of sedan for women.
_Domra_, the name of a caste of Musalmāns, the males of which are musicians, and the females sing and dance in the company of females only.
_Donī_, a native vessel or boat.
_Dopatta_, or _dupatta_, a sheet of two breadths.
_Do-shāla_, or _du-shāla_, two and shawl, two shawls being always worn together by the natives.
_Dosūtā_, two-threaded cloth.
_Dūb_, name of a grass (agrostis linearis).
_Dūdhiyā_, milky.
_Duldul_, a hedgehog; the name of the horse of ’Ali, the prophet’s son-in-law.
_Dūlhā_, or _dūlha_, bridegroom.
_Dulhān_, bride.
_Dumba_, a kind of sheep with a thick tail.
_Durga_, one of the names of Bhawānī, the goddess Durgā.
_Durga-pūja_, the festival in honour of Durgā.
_Durgah_, a tomb, a shrine.
E.
_Eed_, a festival, a solemnity.
F.
_Fajr_, morning; _barī-fajr_, early dawn.
_Faḵẖr_, glory, nobility.
_Fakīr_, a religious mendicant.
_Falīta_, fusee; _falīta-dār_, a matchlock.
_Fānūs_, a shade to keep the wind from a candle.
_Fatḥ_, victory.
_Fāṭīma_, the daughter of the prophet, and the wife of the caliph ’Ali.
_Fidwī_, devoted (your devoted servant).
_Fīl_, elephant.
_Fīl-ḵẖāna_, elephant shed.
_Fīl-pāī_, elephantiasis.
G.
_Gaddī_, sovereign’s throne.
_Gāgrī_, a water-vessel of brass.
_Gainā_, a species of small bullock.
_Gaini_, a carriage for a _gainā_.
_Galahi_, forecastle.
_Gal’haiya_, boatswain, forecastle-man.
_Gālī_, abuse.
_Gāndar_, a kind of grass, of which _khas-khas_ is the root (andropogon muricatum).
_Ganjha_, or _gānja_, the young buds on the leaves of the hemp-plant.
_Garh_, a fort, as _fatīh-garh_.
_Garī_, a cart, a carriage.
_Garī-wan_, carter, driver.
_Gaur_, an ancient city, formerly the capital of Bengal.
_Ghantā_, a clock.
_Ghar_, a house.
_Gharā_, an earthen water-pot.
_Gharāmī_, a thatcher.
_Gharī_, an instrument for measuring time, a water-clock.
_Gharis_, division of time.
_Ghariyāl_, a crocodile, a plate of brass for beating time.
_Ghariyālī_, the person who attends the _gharī_, and strikes the hours.
_Gharna’ī_, a raft supported by empty pots (_gharā_, an earthen water-pot).
_Ghī_, clarified butter.
_Ghirgut_, or _girgut_, lizard, chameleon.
_Ghulām_, slave.
_Ghunghrū_, a small bell, or little bells on a string for the ankles.
_Ghur_, or _ghorā_, a horse.
_Ghur-daur_, race-course.
_Ghuwā_, a coarse kind of cotton cloth.
_Go-mukhī_, a cloth bag, containing a rosary, the hand being thrust in counts the beads; the chasm in the Himalaya mountains, through which the Ganges issues.
_Gobar_, cow-dung.
_Gola_, a granary.
_Gop_, a cow, a caste.
_Gopī_, feminine of _gwālā_, a cowherd.
_Gor-istān_, burying-ground.
_Gosā’īn_, a holy man.
_Gul-āb_, rose-water.
_Gul-badan_, a kind of silk cloth.
_Gulistān_, rose garden.
_Gun_, track rope.
_Gūnth_, a pony.
_Gurū_, spiritual director.
H.
_Hājī_, pilgrim.
_Hajjām_, a barber.
_Hakīm_, a physician, a learned man.
_Hakrī_, a cart.
_Hammām_, a hot bath.
_Hān_, yes.
_Hāndī_, a pot, a small cauldron.
_Hār_, a necklace of pearls, a wreath, a chaplet of flowers.
_Hargilla_, the adjutant, or gigantic crane.
_Harkāra_, running footman.
_Harphārewrī_, or _harphāraurī_, the name of a sour fruit (averrhoa acida, Linn.).
_Hāth_, the hand, a cubit, or eighteen inches.
_Hāthī_, an elephant.
_Hathī-wān_, elephant-driver.
_Hawāldār_, a native military officer of inferior rank.
_Hāzim_, digestive.
_Hāzir_, present.
_Hāzirī_, breakfast.
_Ḥaẓrat_, a title addressed to the great; majesty; highness.
_Ḥaẓrat’īsā_, Jesus Christ.
_Hinnā_, the tree lawsonia inermis.
_Hirdāwal_, the name of a defect in horses.
_Hisāb_, accounts, computation.
_Howā_, air.
_Howdah_, a seat to ride in on an elephant, without a canopy.
_Hubāb_, a bubble.
_Hubāb-i_, bubbling.
_Hukāk_, stone-cutter, lapidary.
_Huḳḳa_, or _hooqŭ_, a pipe.
_Huḳḳa-bardar_, pipe-bearer.
_Hukm_, order.
_Huzūr_, the presence.
I. J.
_Jādū_, enchantment.
_Jādū-garī_, magic.
_Jafari_, lattice-work.
_Jāgīr_, land given as a reward for service.
_Jahānārā_, world adorning.
_Jahān-gīr_, world-taking.
_Jahān-pannāh_, world protection, his majesty, your majesty.
_Jahannam_, the infernal regions.
_Jahaz_, a ship.
_Jahāzi_, a sailor.
_Jai_, or _jaya_, triumph, victory, bravo! huzza! all hail!
_Ja’ī_, oats.
_Jamadār_, head of the _harkāras_.
_Jān_, life, soul, spirit.
_Janao_, Brāhmanical thread.
_Jangal_, forest.
_Janglī-kawwa_, a raven.
_Janwār_, an animal.
_Jawāb_, an answer.
_Jhaīhar_, cymbals or bells for the ankles.
_Jhāmā_, pumice-stone, bricks burnt to a cinder.
_Jhāmp_, a matted shutter.
_Jhārū_, a broom.
_Jhārū-bardar_, a sweeper.
_Jinn-ī_, genii.
_Ikbal_, good fortune.
_Imām_, a leader in religious affairs.
_Indra_, the Hindū heaven.
_Joār_, or _jwār_, millet (andropogon sorghum).
_Ishk-peshā_, ipomea quamoclit.
_Islām_, the religion of Muhammad.
_Istrī_, a smoothing iron, a wife.
_Jum’a_, Friday.
_Jum’a-rāt_, Thursday, eve of Friday.
_Izār-bund_, the string with which trowsers are tied.
K.
_Ka’ba_, the temple of Mecca.
_Kabr_, a grave, a tomb.
_Ḳabūl_ or _ḳubūl_, consent, assent.
_Kābul_, the capital of Afg̱ẖanistān.
_Kacharī_, or _kacherī_, court of justice, an office.
_Kachchhī_, a horse with a hollow back, from the province of Kachchh, on the banks of the Sind.
_Kachnār_, bauhinia variegata.
_Ḳadam_, a footstep.
_Ḳadam-bos_, one who kisses the feet of a superior.
_Kadam-chūṃṇā_, to kiss the feet, to bid adieu.
_Kāfir_, infidel.
_Kāfūr_, camphor.
_Kāghaz_, paper.
_Kāghazī_, paper-case.
_Kāhan_, an aggregate number, consisting of 17 _pans_, or 1280 _kaurīs_.
_Kahār_, a palkī bearer.
_Kahwa_, coffee.
_Kālā_, black.
_Kālā chor_, an unknown person, a domestic thief.
_Kālā namak_, a kind of rock salt, impregnated with bitumen and sulphur.
_Kālā pānī_, the ocean, the black water.
_Kālā zīra_, the seeds of the nigella Indica.
_Kalam_, a pen, a reed.
_Kalam-dan_, inkstand.
_Kalg̱ẖī_, an ornament on a turban, an aigrette, a plume.
_Kālī_, the goddess; or, _Kālī Mā_, the black mother.
_Kalsā_, the spire or ornament on the top of a dome, a pinnacle.
_Kam-baḵẖt_, unfortunate.
_Kam de’o_, the god of love.
_Kamān_, a bow.
_Kamān-dār_, an archer.
_Kamarband_, a girdle.
_Kammal_, a blanket.
_Kanāt_, canvas enclosure, walls of a tent.
_Kanauj_, the ancient city.
_Kangan_, an ornament worn on the wrists of Hindū women, a bracelet.
_Kangni_, millet (panicum Italicum).
_Kanhaiyā_, a name of _Kṛisḥṇa_.
_Kans_, or _Kansa_, the tyrant whom _Kṛisḥṇa_ was born to destroy.
_Kapās_, cotton undressed, the cotton plant (gossypium herbaceum).
_Kaprā_, cloth.
_Karbalā_, the name of a place in Irāk, where Ḥusain, the son of ’Ali, was murdered.
_Karbī_, the stalk or straw of _jo’ār_ or _bājrā_ (holcus sorgum and spicatus).
_Kār-khāna_, workshop.
_Kark-nath_, a fool with black bones.
_Karn-phūl_, a kind of ear-ring.
_Karor_, ten millions.
_Kārtik_, a Hindū month, our October and November.
_Karwā-tel_, oil made from mustard-seed, bitter oil.
_Kās_, a kind of grass of which rope is made (saccharum spontaneum).
_Ḳaṣā’ī_, a butcher, cruel, hard-hearted.
_Kāshī_, the city of Benares.
_Kāsid_, courier, a runner.
_Kath_, an astringent vegetable extract.
_Katmiram_, (vulgo: _catamaran_,) a very small raft, used as a fishing boat on the coast of Madras.
_Kaurī_, a cowrie, a small shell used as a coin (cypræa moneta).
_Kāwar_, the baskets in which the holy water is carried.
_Kawwā_, a crow.
_Kāzī_, a judge.
_Ḵẖāla_, mother’s sister.
_Ḵẖalāsī_, a sailor, a native artilleryman, a tent pitcher.
_Khān_, a lord, a title of respect.
_Ḵẖāna_, a house.
_Ḵẖānā_, food.
_Khāna-pīnā_, meat and drink.
_Khānsāmān_, head table-servant.
_Ḵẖarītạ_, bag, a letter.
_Khas-khas_, root of _gāndar_.—See _Gāndar_.
_Kḥatrī_, the second of the four grand Hindū castes, being that of the military.
_Kazānchī_, treasurer.
_Khet_, a field.
_Khidmatgar_, table-servant.
_Khil’at_, dress of honour.
_Khīsā_, a rubber used in baths.
_Khraunchī_, a native carriage.
_Ḵẖudā_, God.
_Ḵẖudā-wand_, master.
_Ḵẖudā-yā_, O God!
_Khūnd_, a well, a spring.
_Khush-bo_, perfume, odour.
_Khusrū_, the king; _Khusrau_, the sultan.
_Kibla-gāh_, the place turned to when at prayer; a father, or the one beloved.
_Kibla_, Mecca, an altar.
_Kimḵẖwab_, silk brocade worked in gold and silver flowers.
_Kishan_, the Hindū god _Kṛisḥṇa_.
_Kishtī_, (prop. _kashtī_), a ship, boat, barque.
_Kismat_, fate, destiny.
_Kitāb_, a book.
_Kohī_, mountain.
_Kohī-nūr_, the mountain of light, the great diamond.
_Kohirawān_, the moving mountain, _i.e._ the elephant.
_Kot_, a fort.
_Krānī_, a clerk.
_Krishna_, a descent of _Vishnŭ_.
_Kū’ā_, a well.
_Kudalī_, a small pickaxe.
_Ḳulfī_, a cup with a cover, in which ice is moulded.
_Kumbhīr_, an alligator.
_Kumhār_, potter.
_Kum’hir_, a crocodile.
_Kur’ān_, (vulgo: _koran_,) the precepts of Muhammad.
_Kurand_, corundum stone (adamantine spar).
_Kurk_, an order made public, that no one may be seen on the road on pain of death.
_Kurtā_, a kind of shirt, a tunic.
_Kurtī_, a short garment for women, jacket for soldiers, coat.
_Kusūr_, fault.
_Ḳuṭb_, the polar star, the north pole.
_Kuttā_, a dog.
_Kutwāl_, native magistrate, head of the police.
L.
_Lachḥman_, the half-brother of Rāmachandra.
_Lachḥmī_, the goddess of beauty.
_Lailī_, also _Lailā_, the beloved of Majnūn.
_Lākh_, one hundred thousand; _gum lac_, a kind of wax formed by the coccus lacca.
_Lāṭ_, or _lāṭh_, obelisk, pillar, club, staff.
_Lāṭhī_, staff, stick.
_Lāw_, a rope, cable.
_Līchī_, a fruit (dimocarpus litchi).
_Līl_, indigo.
_Log_, people.
_Lon_, salt.
_Lota_, a drinking vessel.
_Lubāda_, or _labāda_, a wrapper, great coat.
_Lūnī_, the salt that effloresces from walls.
_Lunj_, or _langrā_, lame.
M.
_Mā_, mother.
_Mā-bāp_, mother and father, parents.
_Machh_, or _Machchh_, the name of the first avatār.
_Machchhar_, a gnat.
_Machhlī_, or _Machhī_, a fish.
_Madrasa_, a Muhammadan college.
_Magar_, an alligator.
_Magrela_, a seed (nigella Indica).
_Mahā-bhārat_, the great war.
_Mahādēo_, or _Mahā-deva_, a descent of Shiva.
_Mahā-kalī_, or _Kalī-mā_, a terrific form of Durgā, the consort of Shiva.
_Māhā-nimba_, melia sempervirens.
_Mahārāj_, great king, excellency.
_Mahārājā_, an Hindū emperor.
_Mahạl_, house.
_Mahāwat_, elephant driver.
_Mahū’ā_, or _mahu’ā_, bassia longifolia, bearing flowers which are sweet, and from which a spirituous liquor is distilled; the nuts afford an oil used instead of butter.
_Maidān_, a plain.
_Makka_, vulgo: _Mecca_.
_Makrī_, a spider.
_Mālā_, Hindū rosary, a garland.
_Mālī_, gardener, florist.
_Mālik_, lord, master.
_Manḍap_, or _mandul_, a house, a temple.
_Mangūs_, or _newalā_ (viverra mungo), ichneumon.
_Mānjhī_, master of a vessel, steersman.
_Maṣālaḥ_, spices, drugs, materials.
_Mash’al_, a torch.
_Mash’al-chi_, torch-bearer.
_Mashk_, water bag.
_Masīḥ_, or _Masīḥā_, the Messiah, Christ our Lord.
_Masjid_, mosque.
_Masjid-i-jāmī_, a great mosque.
_Masnad_, a throne, a large cushion.
_Māyā_, idealism, illusion; a deception depending on the power of the Deity, whereby mankind believe in the existence of external objects, which are in fact nothing but idea.
_Melā_, a fair.
_Mem sāhiba_, madam, the lady of the house.
_Menhdī_, lawsonia inermis.
_Mihtaranī_, sweeper’s wife.
_Mik’hal_, the instrument with which collyrium is applied to the eyes.
_Mirg_, a deer.
_Mirg nābbī_, musk, a bag of musk.
_Mirzā_, a prince.
_Misī_, or _missī_, a powder to tinge the teeth black.
_Misrāb_, a steel frame for the fore-finger when playing on the sitar.
_Motī_, a pearl.
_Muazzin_, the call to prayers.
_Mufassal_, the country.
_Mugdar_, a club.
_Muḥammad_, the Arabian prophet.
_Muḥarram_, the first Muhammadan month.
_Mulākāt_, interview.
_Mulk_, kingdom, realm.
_Mumtāz_, distinguished, exalted.
_Mŭn_, a weight, forty ser.
_Mund-māl_, a necklace of human heads.
_Munh_, mouth.
_Muniyā_, amadavat.
_Munkir_, _Nakīr_, the names of the two angels who examine the dead in the tomb.
_Murabbā_, a preserve, confection.
_Musāfir_, a traveller.
_Muṣāhib_, aide-de-camp, companion.
_Muṣallā_, a carpet to pray upon.
_Musalmān_, a Muhammadan.
_Musalmanī_, fem. of _Musalmān_.
_Mushk_, musk.
_Mut’h_, Hindū temple.
N.
_Nāch_, an Indian dance.
_Nadī_, or _naddī_, a river.
_Nadir-shāh_, the king.
_Nā’echa_, a small reed, _hukka_ snake.
_Nāgā_, the holy serpent.
_Nahīn_, or _nā’īch_, not, no.
_Nālā_, a rivulet.
_Nālkī_, a sort of litter used by people of rank.
_Nānd_, a large earthen pan.
_Nārangī_, an orange.
_Nārjīl_, cocoa-nut, or cocoa-nut tree.
_Nasīb_, fortune; _balā-nasīb_, unfortunate.
_Nawab_, vulg. Nabob.
_Nazr_, a gift especially offered to a superior.
_Newala_, mungoose (viverra mungo).
_Newār_, tape.
_N’hut_, a nose-ring.
_Nīl-gāw_, _lil-gā’ī_, or _rojh_, the white-footed antelope of Pennant, antilope picta of Pallos.
_Nīm_, or _neemb_, margosa tree (melia azadirachta).
_Nīmbu_, or _līmu_, a fruit, the lime.
_Nūn_, _non_, or _lon_, salt.
_Nūr_, light.
_Nut-log_, tumblers.
P.
_Pābos_, kissing the feet.
_Pachāsī_, a game, so named from the highest throw, which is twenty-five.
_Padshāh_, a king.
_Pāgal_, fool; _pāgal-i-nāch_, a fancy-ball.
_Pahār_, a mountain.
_Pahar_, a watch of three hours.
_Pahare-wālā_, a sentry.
_Pahār-i_, a hill, a mountain.
_Pā’ī_, the fourth part of an _ānā_.
_Paisā_, copper coin.
_Pājāma_, trowsers, long drawers.
_Pakkā_, exact, expert, built of brick.
_Palang_, couch, cot.
_Palīta_, match (of a gun).
_Pālkī_, or _palkee_, a palanquin.
_Palwār_, a boat.
_Pān_, leaves of piper betel.
_Panchāyāt_, a court of inquiry.
_Pānī_, water.
_Pankhā_, a fan.
_Pā-posh_, slipper.
_Pāras-patthar_, the philosopher’s stone.
_Pārbatī_, _pārvatī_, mountaineer.
_Parbut_, mountain.
_Parda-nishīn_, remaining behind the curtain.
_Parī_, fairy.
_Pāt_, a leaf, ornament worn in the upper part of the ear.
_Pātā_, a plank on which washermen beat clothes.
_Pātāl_, the infernal regions.
_Patelā_, or _patailā_, a flat-bottomed boat.
_Patelī_, a small flat-bottomed boat.
_Pāthur_, or _patthar_, a stone.
_Pattar_, _puttī_, or _pattī_, a leaf.
_Pattū_, a kind of woollen cloth.
_Pera_, a sweetmeat.
_Peshkār_, minister, deputy.
_Peshwā_, Mahratta minister.
_Peshwāz_, a gown.
_Phāns_, a bamboo.
_Phānsī-gār_, a strangler, a _ṭhag_.
_Phānsnā_, to noose.
_Phurr_, the noise of a bird, as a partridge or quail, suddenly taking wing.
_Phuslānā_, to decoy.
_Phuslā’ū_, wheedling.
_Pīlī-bhīt_, the name of a town in Rohilkhand, famous for the smallness and fineness of its rice.
_Pinnace_, a yacht.
_Pīpal_, ficus religiosa.
_Pīr_, a saint.
_Pitārā_, a basket.
_Piyāla_, a glass, a cup.
_Prāg_, the ancient name of Ilāhābād, commonly Allahabad.
_Pūjā_, worship, adoration.
_Pul_, a bridge.
_Pulā’o_, a dish of flesh and rice.
_Pur_, a town, a city.
_Purā_, a large village, a town.
_Purāṇ_ or _purāṇa_, the Hindū mythological books.
_Putla_, a puppet, an image.
_Pūtlī_, a small puppet or image.
_Puwāl_, straw.
R.
_Rahīm_, merciful, compassionate.
_Rahmān_, forgiving.
_Ra’īyat_, tenants, subjects.
_Rāj_, kingdom.
_Rājā_, a prince, a king.
_Rāj-rānī_, a queen, royal consort.
_Rājput_, a descendant of a _rājā_, the name of a celebrated military caste.
_Rākkī_, a bracelet or amulet, which the Hindūs tie on their arms on a certain festival, held in the full moon of _Sāwan_, in honour of _Ḳrisḥṇa_.
_Rām_, the seventh Hindū incarnation.
_Rām-rām_, a Hindū form of salutation.
_Rāmtur’aī_, hibiscus longifolius.
_Rānī_, a Hindu queen or princess.
_Rā’ō_, a prince.
_Rās_, the circular dance performed at the festival of Krishna.
_Rās-dhārī_, a dancing boy.
_Rasūl_, a messenger.
_Rāt-alū_, the yam (dioscorea sativa).
_Rat-aundhā_, blindness at night (nyctalopia).
_Rath_, a four-wheeled carriage.
_Rauza_, mausoleum.
_Rāwtī_, a kind of tent.
_Ṛezai_, or _razā’ī_, a native counterpane.
_Rikhi_ or _ṛisḥi_, a sage, a saint.
_Rohū_, a fish (cyprinus denticulatus).
_Rotī_, wheaten cakes baked on an iron plate, called _tawā_.
_Rūpiya_, a rupee.
_Rustam_, a hero.
S.
_Sach_, truth.
_Sāchak_, hinnā presented to the bride on the day of marriage.
_Sadr’adālut_, supreme court of justice.
_Sāgar_, the sea, the ocean.
_Sāgūn_, teak, a forest tree.
_Sahajnā_, horseradish tree.
_Sāhib_, master, gentleman of the house.
_Sāhiba_, lady.
_Sā’īs_, a groom.
_Sajjāda_, a carpet or mat on which the Muhammadans kneel at prayers.
_Sālagrām_, a stone containing the impression of one or more ammonites.
_Salām_, salutation, peace, safety.
_Salāmut_, salvation, safety.
_Sallam_, cloth.
_Sālotarī_, horse doctor.
_Samāt_, signs.
_Samudr_, the sea.
_Sānchā_, a mould.
_Sang-i-miknātīs_, the loadstone.
_Sang-i-sulaimānī_, agate, onyx.
_Sang-tarāsh_, a stone-cutter, lapidary.
_Sang-i-yashm_, a kind of jasper or agate.
_Sangtara_, an orange (cintra).
_Sankh_, a conch which the Hindūs blow, a shell.
_Sānkho_, shorea robusta.
_Sarā’e_, a native inn.
_Sarā’ī_, a small cover.
_Sārangī_, a musical instrument like a fiddle.
_Sāras_, a species of heron (ardea antigone), saras phenicopteros.
_Sardar_, headman.
_Sarhang_, (corrupt: _serang_,) or _galaiya_, master of a vessel, commander.
_Sarī_, a dress, consisting of one long piece of cloth or silk, worn by Hindū women.
_Sarkār_, a superintendent.
_Sarp_, a serpent.
_Sarpat_, a kind of reed or grass (saccharum procerum).
_Sarpesh_, an ornament worn in the turban.
_Sarposh_, cover, lid.
_Satī_, a woman who burns herself on her husband’s funeral pile, chaste, virtuous, constant.
_Sawār_, a horseman.
_Ser_, two pounds.
_Shab-bo_, polianthes tuberosa.
_Shaddā_, the banners that are carried with the Taziya in the Muharram.
_Shādī_, a wedding, marriage.
_Shāh_, king.
_Shāh-bāsh!_ bravo!
_Shāh-zāda_, a prince.
_Shāhī_, kinglike.
_Shaikh_, (vulgo: _Shekh_,) a chief, a venerable old man.
_Sharāb_, wine.
_Sharm_, shame.
_Shāstr_, Hindū scriptures.
_Shatrang-i_ or _sutraengī_, a kind of carpet.
_Sher_, a tiger, a lion.
_Shī’a_, a follower of the sect of ’Alī.
_Shikār_, chase.
_Shīsha_, glass.
_Shīsha-mahul_, a house adorned with glass.
_Shīsham_, dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.).
_Shiva_, the third person of the Hindū triad.
_Sholā_, (commonly pronounced _sola_,) æschynomene paludosa (Roxb.).
_Sihrā_, a chaplet worn on the head by the bridegroom and bride at the marriage ceremony.
_Silā_, the stone on which cooks grind, with the looreea or rolling pin of stone.
_Singhārā_, trapa natans.
_Sipāh’ī_, (whence seapoy,) a soldier.
_Sir_, head.
_Sircar_. See _Sarkār_.
_Sirjāh-tālū_, black mouthed.
_Sītalpatī_, a fine and cool mat.
_Siwālā_, or _shīwālā_, a temple dedicated to Mahadēo.
_Sonā_, gold; _sonahla_, golden.
_Sontā_, a club.
_Sonte-bardār_, a mace-bearer; a person in the retinue of the great, armed with a short curved club, generally covered with silver.
_Sraddha_, funeral obsequies in honour of ancestors.
_Srī_ or _Shrī_, a name of _Laksḥmī_, the wife of _Visḥṇu_. It is written as a mark of respect at the beginning of Hindū proper names of persons.
_Sū’ar_, a hog.
_Sūbadār_, governor of a province.
_Sulaimān_, Solomon.
_Sultān_, king, emperor.
_Sunn_, hemp.
_Sunnī_, an orthodox Muhammadan, who reveres equally the four successors of Muhammad. The Turks are _Sunnīs_, the Persians are _Shī’as_.
_Sūp_, a kind of basket for winnowing corn.
_Supyāri_, betel nut.
_Surāh-ī_, a long-necked goblet.
_Surma_, collyrium.
T.
_Taat_, paper made of hemp, i.e. _sunn_.
_Tāj_, a crown.
_Takā_, a copper coin, equal to two _paisā_.
_Takht_, a throne; _padshah-i-takht_, the king’s throne.
_Taksāl_, the mint.
_Tamāshā_, fun, sport.
_Tana_, a spider’s web.
_Tanjan_, a chair carried by natives.
_Tarāi_, marsh meadows.
_Tasar_, a cloth.
_Tattī_, a screen or matted shutter.
_Tattoo_, a pony.
_Tawā_, the iron plate on which (_rotī_) bread is baked.
_Taziya_, the representation of the tomb of Hasun and Husain, used during the Muharram.
_Thaili_, purse, bag.
_Thiliyā_, water pot.
_Tīkā_, a mark or marks made with coloured earths, or unguents, upon the forehead and between the brows, either as ornament or sectorial distinction; an ornament worn on the forehead.
_Tilak_, a mark the Hindūs make on the forehead.
_Tiriyā_, wife.
_Tiriyā-raj_, Amazon country, petticoat government.
_Top_, cannon.
_Tope_, plantation.
_Tri-benī_, or _tri-venī_, the junction of the three sacred rivers.
_Tūfān_, a hurricane, a storm of wind whirling round.
_Tulsī_, a plant, basil (ocymum sanctum).
U. V.
_Uchchat tilak_, a religious ceremony, see vol. ii. p. 385.
_Visḥṇu_, the second person of the Hindū triad.
_Ulāk_, a small boat.
_Ummed-wār_, an expectant.
_Voirājī_, or _bairāgī_, a religious mendicant.
_Uplā_, cakes of dried cow-dung.
W.
_Walī-uhd_, heir apparent.
Y.
_Yāk_, the small cow of Thibet.
_Yug_, or _yuga_, an age of the world. The Hindūs reckon four _yugas_, or ages, since the creation of the present world.
_Yugānt_, the end of the four _yugas_, or ages, when, according to the Hindūs, a total destruction of the universe takes place.
Z.
_Zaban-i-urdū_, the court language.
_Zāmin_, guarantee.
_Zamīndar_, landlord.
_Zanāna_, or _zenāna_, female apartments, feminine, effeminate.
_Zūl-jana_, the horse of Husain, _i.e._ the winged wolf.
_Zunnār_, the Brahmanical thread.
WANDERINGS OF A PILGRIM.