Part 1

THE WORKS OF ROBERT G. INGERSOLL,

CONTENTS OF THE 12 VOLUMES

By Robert G. Ingersoll

Edited and Compiled by David Widger

"The Destroyer Of Weeds, Thistles And Thorns Is A Benefactor, Whether He Soweth Grain Or Not." 1900

THE DRESDEN EDITION

VOLUME I.--LECTURES

DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

PUBLISHER'S PREFACE.

THE GODS

HUMBOLDT.

THOMAS PAINE

INDIVIDUALITY.

HERETICS AND HERESIES.

THE GHOSTS.

THE LIBERTY OF MAN, WOMAN, AND CHILD.

LIBERTY OF WOMAN.

THE LIBERTY OF CHILDREN.

CONCLUSION.

ABOUT FARMING IN ILLINOIS

WHAT MUST WE DO TO BE SAVED?

I. WHAT WE MUST DO TO BE SAVED

II. THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW

III. THE GOSPEL OF MARK

IV. THE GOSPEL OF LUKE.

V. THE GOSPEL OF JOHN

VI. THE CATHOLICS

VII. THE EPISCOPALIANS

VIII. THE METHODISTS

IX. THE PRESBYTERIANS

X. THE EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE.

XI. WHAT DO YOU PROPOSE?

DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

THE GODS.

(1872.) An Honest God is the Noblest Work of ManóResemblance of Gods to their CreatorsóManufacture and Characteristics of DeitiesóTheir AmoursóDeficient in many Departments of KnowledgeóPleased with the Butchery of UnbelieversóA Plentiful SupplyóVisitationsóOne God's Laws of WaróThe Book called the BibleóHeresy of UniversalismóFaith an unhappy mixture of Insanity and IgnoranceóFallen Gods, or DevilsóDirections concerning Human SlaveryóThe first Appearance of the DevilóThe Tree of KnowledgeóGive me the Storm and Tempest of ThoughtóGods and Devils Natural ProductionsóPersonal Appearance of DeitiesóAll Man's Ideas suggested by his SurroundingsóPhenomena Supposed to be Produced by Intelligent PowersóInsanity and Disease attributed to Evil SpiritsóOrigin of the PriesthoodóTemptation of ChristóInnate IdeasóDivine InterferenceóSpecial ProvidenceóThe Crane and the FishóCancer as a proof of DesignóMatter and ForceóMiracleóPassing the Hat for just one FactóSir William Hamilton on Cause and EffectóThe Phenomena of MindóNecessity and Free WillóThe Dark AgesóThe Originality of RepetitionóOf what Use have the Gods been to Man?óPaley and DesignóMake Good Health ContagiousóPeriodicity of the Universe and the Commencement of Intellectual FreedomóLesson of the ineffectual attempt to rescue the Tomb of Christ from the MohammedansóThe Cemetery of the GodsóTaking away CrutchesóImperial Reason

HUMBOLDT.

(1869.) The Universe is Governed by LawóThe Self-made ManóPoverty generally an AdvantageóHumboldt's Birth-placeóHis desire for TravelóOn what Humboldt's Fame dependsóHis Companions and FriendsóInvestigations in the New WorldóA PictureóSubjects of his AddressesóVictory of the Church over PhilosophyóInfluence of the discovery that the World is governed by LawóOn the term LawóCopernicusóAstronomyóAryabhattaó DescartesóCondition of the World and Man when the morning of Science DawnedóReasons for Honoring HumboldtóThe World his Monument

THOMAS PAINE.

(1870.) With his Name left out the History of Liberty cannot be WrittenóPaine's Origin and ConditionóHis arrival in America with a Letter of Introduction by FranklinóCondition of the Coloniesó"Common Sense"óA new Nation BornóPaine the Best of Political WritersóThe "Crisis"óWar not to the Interest of a trading NationóPaine's Standing at the Close of the RevolutionóClose of the Eighteenth Century in France-The "Rights of Man"óPaine Prosecuted in Englandó"The World is my Country"óElected to the French AssemblyóVotes against the Death of the KingóImprisonedóA look behind the AltaróThe "Age of Reason"óHis Argument against the Bible as a RevelationóChristianity of Paine's DayóA Blasphemy Law in Force in MarylandóThe Scotch "Kirk"óHanging of Thomas Aikenhead for Denying the Inspiration of the Scripturesó"Cathedrals and Domes, and Chimes and Chants"óScienceó"He Died in the Land his Genius Defended,"

INDIVIDUALITY.

(1873.) "His Soul was like a Star and Dwelt Apart"óDisobedience one of the Conditions of Progress.óMagellanóThe Monarch and the Hermit-Why the Church hates a ThinkeróThe Argument from Grandeur and Prosperity-Travelers and Guide-boardsóA Degrading SayingóTheological EducationóScotts, Henrys and McKnightsóThe Church the Great RobberóCorrupting the Reason of ChildrenóMonotony of Acquiescence: For God's sake, say NoóProtestant Intolerance: Luther and CalvinóAssertion of Individual Independence a Step toward InfidelityóSalute to JupiteróThe Atheistic Bug-Little Religious Liberty in AmericaóGod in the Constitution, Man OutóDecision of the Supreme Court of Illinois that an Unbeliever could not testify in any CourtóDissimulationóNobody in this BedóThe Dignity of a Unit

HERETICS AND HERESIES.

(1874.) Liberty, a Word without which all other Words are VainóThe Church, the Bible, and PersecutionóOver the wild Waves of War rose and fell the Banner of Jesus ChristóHighest Type of the Orthodox ChristianóHeretics' Tongues and why they should be Removed before BurningóThe Inquisition EstablishedóForms of TortureóAct of Henry VIII for abolishing Diversity of OpinionóWhat a Good Christian was Obliged to BelieveóThe Church has Carried the Black FlagóFor what Men and Women have been BurnedóJohn Calvin's Advent into the WorldóHis Infamous ActsóMichael ServetusóCastalioóSpread of PresbyterianismóIndictment of a Presbyterian Minister in Illinois for HeresyóSpecificationsóThe Real Bible

THE GHOSTS.

(1877.) Dedication to Ebon C. IngersollóPrefaceóMendacity of the Religious Pressó"Materialism"óWays of Pleasing the GhostsóThe Idea of Immortality not Born of any BookóWitchcraft and Demon-ologyóWitch Trial before Sir Matthew HaleóJohn Wesley a Firm Believer in Ghostsó"Witch-spots"óLycanthropyóAnimals Tried and ConvictedóThe Governor of Minnesota and the GrasshoppersóA Papal Bull against WitchcraftóVictims of the DelusionóSir William Blackstone's AffirmationóTrials in BelgiumóIncubi and SuccubióA Bishop Personated by the DevilóThe Doctrine that Diseases are caused by GhostsóTreatmentóTimothy Dwight against VaccinationóGhosts as HistoriansóThe Language of EdenóLeibnitz, Founder of the Science of LanguageóCosmas on AstronomyóVagaries of Kepler and Tycho BraheóDiscovery of Printing, Powder, and AmericaóThanks to the InventorsóThe Catholic Murderer and the MeatóLet the Ghosts Go

THE LIBERTY OF MAN, WOMAN, AND CHILD.

(1877.) Liberty sustains the same Relation to Mind that Space does to MatteróThe History of Man a History of SlaveryóThe Infidel Our Fathers in the good old TimeóThe iron Arguments that Christians UsedóInstruments of TortureóA Vision of the InquisitionóModels of Man's InventionsóWeapons, Armor, Musical Instruments, Paintings, Books, SkullsóThe Gentleman in the Dug-outóHomage to Genius and IntellectóAbraham LincolnóWhat I mean by LibertyóThe Man who cannot afford to Speak his Thought is a Certificate of the Meanness of the Community in which he ResidesóLiberty of WomanóMarriage and the FamilyóOrnaments the Souvenirs of Bondage-The Story of the Garden of EdenóAdami and HevaóEquality of the Sexes-The word "Boss"óThe Cross Man-The Stingy ManóWives who are BeggarsóHow to Spend MoneyóBy the Tomb of the Old NapoleonóThe Woman you Love will never Grow OldóLiberty of ChildrenóWhen your Child tells a LieóDisowning ChildrenóBeating your own Flesh and BloodóMake Home PleasantóSunday when I was a BoyóThe Laugh of a ChildóThe doctrine of Eternal PunishmentóJonathan Edwards on the Happiness of Believing Husbands whose Wives are in HellóThe Liberty of Eating and SleepingóWater in FeveróSoil and Climate necessary to the production of GeniusóAgainst Annexing Santo DomingoóDescent of ManóConclusion

ABOUT FARMING IN ILLINOIS.

(1877.) To Plow is to Pray; to Plant is to Prophesy, and the Harvest Answers and FulfillsóThe Old Way of FarmingóCooking an Unknown Art-Houses, Fuel, and CropsóThe Farmer's BoyóWhat a Farmer should SellóBeautifying the HomeóAdvantages of Illinois as a Farming StateóAdvantages of the Farmer over the MechanicóFarm Life too Lonely-On Early RisingóSleep the Best DoctoróFashionóPatriotism and Boarding HousesóThe Farmer and the RailroadsóMoney and ConfidenceóDemonetization of Silver-Area of IllinoisóMortgages and InterestóKindness to Wives and ChildrenóHow a Beefsteak should be CookedóDecorations and ComfortóLet the Children SleepóOld Age

WHAT MUST WE DO TO BE SAVED?

(1880.) PrefaceóThe Synoptic GospelsóOnly Mark Knew of the Necessity of BeliefóThree Christs DescribedóThe Jewish Gentleman and the Piece of BaconóWho Wrote the New Testament?óWhy Christ and the Apostles wrote NothingóInfinite Respect for the Man ChristóDifferent Feeling for the Theological ChristóSaved from What?óChapter on the Gospel of MatthewóWhat this Gospel says we must do to be SavedóJesus and the ChildrenóJohn Calvin and Jonathan Edwards conceived of as Dimpled DarlingsóChrist and the Man who inquired what Good Thing he should do that he might have Eternal LifeóNothing said about BeliefóAn InterpolationóChapter on the Gospel of MarkóThe Believe or be Damned Passage, and why it was writtenóThe last Conversation of Christ with his DisciplesóThe Signs that Follow them that BelieveóChapter on the Gospel of LukeóSubstantial Agreement with Matthew and MarkóHow Zaccheus achieved SalvationóThe two Thieves on the CrossóChapter on the Gospel of JohnóThe Doctrine of Regeneration, or the New BirthóShall we Love our Enemies while God Damns His?óChapter on the CatholicsóCommunication with Heaven through Decayed SaintsóNuns and NunneriesóPenitentiaries of God should be InvestigatedóThe Athanasian Creed expoundedóThe Trinity and its MembersóChapter on the EpiscopaliansóOrigin of the Episcopal ChurchóApostolic Succession an Imported ArticleóEpiscopal Creed like the Catholic, with a few Additional AbsurditiesóChapter on the MethodistsóWesley and WhitfieldóTheir Quarrel about PredestinationóMuch Preaching for Little MoneyóAdapted to New CountriesóChapter on the PresbyteriansóJohn Calvin, MurdereróMeeting between Calvin and KnoxóThe Infamy of CalvinismóDivision in the ChurchóThe Young Presbyterian's Resignation to the Fate of his MotheróA Frightful, Hideous, and Hellish CreedóChapter on the Evangelical AllianceóJeremy Taylor's Opinion of BaptistsóOrthodoxy not DeadóCreed of the AllianceóTotal Depravity, Eternal DamnationóWhat do You Propose?óThe Gospel of Good-fellowship, Cheerfulness, Health, Good Living, JusticeóNo ForgivenessóGod's Forgiveness Does not Pay my Debt to SmithóGospel of Liberty, of Intelligence, of HumanityóOne World at a Timeó"Upon that Rock I Stand"

VOLUME II.--LECTURES

DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

PREFACE.

SOME MISTAKES OF MOSES.

SOME REASONS WHY

ORTHODOXY.

MYTH AND MIRACLE.

DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

SOME MISTAKES OF MOSES.

(1879.) PrefaceóI. He who endeavors to control the Mind by Force is a Tyrant, and he who submits is a SlaveóAll I AskóWhen a Religion is FoundedóFreedom for the Orthodox ClergyóEvery Minister an AttorneyóSubmission to the Orthodox and the DeadóBounden Duty of the MinistryóThe Minister Factory at AndoveróII. Free SchoolsóNo Sectarian SciencesóReligion and the SchoolsóScientific HypocritesóIII. The Politicians and the ChurchesóIV. Man and Woman the Highest Possible TitlesóBelief Dependent on SurroundingsóWorship of AncestorsóBlindness Necessary to Keeping the Narrow PathóThe Bible the Chain that BindsóA Bible of the Middle Ages and the Awe it InspiredóV. The PentateuchóMoses Not the AuthoróBelief out of which Grew Religious CeremoniesóEgypt the Source of the Information of MosesóVI. MondayóNothing, in the Light of Raw MaterialóThe Story of Creation BegunóThe Same Story, substantially, Found in the Records of Babylon, Egypt, and IndiaóInspiration Unnecessary to the TruthóUsefulness of Miracles to Fit Lies to FactsóDivision of Darkness and LightóVII. TuesdayóThe Firmament and Some Biblical Notions about itóLaws of Evaporation Unknown to the Inspired WriteróVIII. WednesdayóThe Waters Gathered into SeasóFruit and Nothing to Eat itóFive Epochs in the Organic History of the EarthóBalance between the Total Amounts of Animal and Vegetable LifeóVegetation Prior to the Appearance of the SunóIX. ThursdayóSun and Moon ManufacturedóMagnitude of the Solar OrbóDimensions of Some of the PlanetsóMoses' Guess at the Size of Sun and MoonóJoshua's Control of the Heavenly BodiesóA Hypothesis Urged by MinistersóThe Theory of "Refraction"óRev. Henry MoreyóAstronomical Knowledge of Chinese SavantsóThe Motion of the Earth Reversed by Jehovah for the Reassurance of Ahazó"Errors" Renounced by ButtonóX. "He made the Stars Also"óDistance of the Nearest StaróXI. FridayóWhales and Other Living Creatures ProducedóXII. SaturdayóReproduction InauguratedóXIII. "Let Us Make Man"óHuman Beings Created in the Physical Image and Likeness of GodóInquiry as to the Process AdoptedóDevelopment of Living Forms According to EvolutionóHow Were Adam and Eve Created?óThe Rib StoryóAge of Man Upon the EarthóA Statue Apparently Made before the WorldóXIV. SundayóSacredness of the Sabbath Destroyed by the Theory of Vast "Periods"óReflections on the SabbathóXV. The Necessity for a Good MemoryóThe Two Accounts of the Creation in Genesis I and IIóOrder of Creation in the First AccountóOrder of Creation in the Second AccountóFastidiousness of Adam in the Choice of a HelpmeetóDr. Adam Clark's CommentaryóDr. Scott's GuessóDr. Matthew Henry's AdmissionóThe Blonde and Brunette ProblemóThe Result of Unbelief and the Reward of Faithó"Give Him a Harp"óXVI. The GardenóLocation of EdenóThe Four RiversóThe Tree of KnowledgeóAndover Appealed ToóXVII. The FallóThe SerpentóDr. Adam Clark Gives a Zoological ExplanationóDr. Henry DissentsóWhence This Serpent?óXVIII. DampnessóA Race of GiantsóWickedness of MankindóAn Ark ConstructedóA Universal Flood IndicatedóAnimals Probably Admitted to the ArkóHow Did They Get There?óProblem of Food and ServiceóA Shoreless Sea Covered with Innumerable DeadóDrs. Clark and Henry on the SituationóThe Ark Takes GroundóNew DifficultiesóNoah's SacrificeóThe Rainbow as a MemorandumóBabylonian, Egyptian, and Indian Legends of a FloodóXIX. Bacchus and BabelóInterest Attaching to NoahóWhere Did Our First Parents and the Serpent Acquire a Common Language?óBabel and the Confusion of TonguesóXX. Faith in FilthóImmodesty of Biblical DictionóXXI. The HebrewsóGod's Promises to AbrahamóThe Sojourning of Israel in EgyptóMarvelous IncreaseóMoses and AaronóXXII. The PlaguesóCompetitive Miracle WorkingóDefeat of the Local MagiciansóXXIII. The Flight Out of EgyptóThree Million People in a DesertóDestruction of Pharaoh ana His HostóMannaóA Superfluity of QuailsóRev. Alexander Cruden's CommentaryóHornets as Allies of the IsraelitesóDurability of the Clothing of the Jewish PeopleóAn Ointment MonopolyóConsecration of PriestsóThe Crime of Becoming a MotheróThe Ten CommandmentsóMedical Ideas of JehovahóCharacter of the God of the PentateuchóXXIV. Confess and AvoidóXXV. "Inspired" SlaveryóXXVI. "Inspired" Marriage-XXVII. "Inspired" War-XXVIII. "Inspired" Religious LibertyóXXIX. Conclusion.

SOME REASONS WHY.

(1881.) IóReligion makes EnemiesóHatred in the Name of Universal BenevolenceóNo Respect for the Rights of BarbariansóLiteral Fulfillment of a New Testament ProphecyóII. Duties to GodóCan we Assist God?óAn Infinite Personality an Infinite Impossibility-Ill. InspirationóWhat it Really IsóIndication of ClamsóMultitudinous Laughter of the SeaóHorace Greeley and the Mammoth TreesóA Landscape Compared to a Table-clothóThe Supernatural is the DeformedóInspiration in the Man as well as in the BookóOur Inspired BibleóIV. God's Experiment with the JewsóMiracles of One Religion never astonish the Priests of Anotheró"I am a Liar Myself"óV. Civilized CountriesóCrimes once regarded as Divine InstitutionsóWhat the Believer in the Inspiration of the Bible is Compelled to SayóPassages apparently written by the DevilóVI. A Comparison of BooksóAdvancing a Cannibal from Missionary to MuttonóContrast between the Utterances of Jehovah and those of Reputable HeathenóEpictetus, Cicero, Zeno, Senecaóthe Hindu, Antoninus, Marcus AureliusóThe AvestaóVII. MonotheismóEgyptians before Moses taught there was but One God and Married but One WifeóPersians and Hindoos had a Single Supreme DeityóRights of Roman WomenóMarvels of Art achieved without the Assistance of HeavenóProbable Action of the Jewish Jehovah incarnated as ManóVIII. The New TestamentóDoctrine of Eternal Pain brought to LightóDiscrepanciesóHuman Weaknesses cannot be Predicated of Divine WisdomóWhy there are Four Gospels according to IrenÊusóThe AtonementóRemission of Sins under the Mosaic DispensationóChristians say, "Charge it"óGod's Forgiveness does not Repair an InjuryóSuffering of Innocence for the GuiltyóSalvation made Possible by Jehovah's Failure to Civilize the JewsóNecessity of Belief not taught in the Synoptic GospelsóNon-resistance the Offspring of WeaknessóIX. Christ's MissionóAll the Virtues had been Taught before his AdventóPerfect and Beautiful Thoughts of his Pagan PredecessorsóSt. Paul Contrasted with Heathen Writersó"The Quality of Mercy"óX. Eternal PainóAn Illustration of Eternal PunishmentóCaptain Kreuger of the Barque TigeróXI. Civilizing Influence of the BibleóIts Effects on the JewsóIf Christ was God, Did he not, in his Crucifixion, Reap what he had Sown?óNothing can add to the Misery of a Nation whose King is Jehovah

ORTHODOXY.

(1884.) Orthodox Religion Dying OutóReligious Deaths and BirthsóThe Religion of ReciprocityóEvery Language has a CemeteryóOrthodox Institutions Survive through the Money invested in themó"Let us tell our Real Names"óThe Blows that have Shattered the Shield and Shivered the Lance of SuperstitionóMohammed's Successful Defence of the Sepulchre of ChristóThe Destruction of ArtóThe Discovery of AmericaóAlthough he made it himself, the Holy Ghost was Ignorant of the Form of this EarthóCopernicus and KepleróSpecial ProvidenceóThe Man and the Ship he did not TakeóA Thanksgiving Proclamation ContradictedóCharles DarwinóHenry Ward BeecheróThe CreedsóThe Latest CreedóGod as a GovernoróThe Love of GodóThe Fall of ManóWe are Bound by Representatives without a Chance to Vote against ThemóThe AtonementóThe Doctrine of Depravity a Libel on the Human RaceóThe Second BirthóA Unitarian UniversalistóInspiration of the ScripturesóGod a Victim of his own TyrannyóIn the New Testament Trouble Commences at DeathóThe Reign of Truth and LoveóThe Old Spaniard who Died without an EnemyóThe Wars it BroughtóConsolation should be Denied to MurderersóAt the Rate at which Heathen are being Converted, how long will it take to Establish Christ's Kingdom on Earth?óThe ResurrectionóThe Judgment DayóPious Evasionsó"We shall not Die, but we shall all be Hanged"ó"No Bible, no Civilization" Miracles of the New TestamentóNothing Written by Christ or his ContemporariesóGenealogy of JesusóMore MiraclesóA Master of DeathóImprobable that he would be CrucifiedóThe Loaves and FishesóHow did it happen that the Miracles Convinced so Few?óThe ResurrectionóThe AscensionóWas the Body SpiritualóParting from the DisciplesóCasting out DevilsóNecessity of BeliefóGod should be consistent in the Matter of forgiving EnemiesóEternal PunishmentóSome Good Men who are DamnedóAnother ObjectionóLove the only Bow on Life's dark Cloudó"Now is the accepted Time"óRather than this Doctrine of Eternal Punishment Should be TrueóI would rather that every Planet should in its Orbit wheel a barren StaróWhat I BelieveóImmortalityóIt existed long before MosesóConsolationóThe Promises are so Far Away, and the Dead are so NearóDeath a Wall or a DooróA FableóOrpheus and Eurydice.

MYTH AND MIRACLE.

(1885.) I. Happiness the true End and Aim of LifeóSpiritual People and their LiteratureóShakespeare's Clowns superior to Inspired WritersóBeethoven's Sixth Symphony Preferred to the Five Books of MosesóVenus of Milo more Pleasing than the Presbyterian CreedóII. Religions Naturally ProducedóPoets the Myth-makersóThe Sleeping BeautyóOrpheus and EurydiceóRed Riding HoodóThe Golden AgeóElysian FieldsóThe Flood MythóMyths of the SeasonsóIII. The Sun-godóJonah, Buddha, Chrisnna, Horus, ZoroasteróDecember 25th as a Birthday of GodsóChrist a Sun-GodóThe Cross a Symbol of the Life to ComeóWhen Nature rocked the Cradle of the Infant WorldóIV. Difference between a Myth and a MiracleóRaising the Dead, Past and PresentóMiracles of JehovahóMiracles of ChristóEverything Told except the TruthóThe Mistake of the WorldóV. Beginning of InvestigationóThe Stars as Witnesses against SuperstitionóMartyrdom of BrunoóGeologyóSteam and ElectricityóNature forever the SameóPersistence of ForceóCathedral, Mosque, and Joss House have the same FoundationóScience the Providence of ManóVI. To Soften the Heart of GodóMartyrsóThe God was SilentóCredulity a ViceóDevelop the Imaginationó"The Skylark" and "The Daisy"óVII. How are we to Civilize the World?óPut Theology out of ReligionóDivorce of Church and StateóSecular EducationóGodless SchoolsóVIII. The New JerusalemóKnowledge of the Supernatural possessed by SavagesóBeliefs of Primitive PeoplesóScience is ModestóTheology ArrogantóTorque-mada and Bruno on the Day of JudgmentóIX. Poison of Superstition in the Mother's MilkóAbility of Mistakes to take Care of ThemselvesóLongevity of Religious LiesóMother's religion pleaded by the CannibalóThe Religion of FreedomóO Liberty, thou art the God of my Idolatry

VOLUME III--LECTURES

DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.

SHAKESPEARE

ROBERT BURNS.*

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

VOLTAIRE.

LIBERTY IN LITERATURE.

THE GREAT INFIDELS.*

CONCLUSION.

WHICH WAY?

ABOUT THE HOLY BIBLE.

DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.

SHAKESPEARE

(1891.) I. The Greatest Genius of our WorldóNot of Supernatural Origin or of Royal BloodóIlliteracy of his ParentsóEducationóHis FatheróHis Mother a Great WomanóStratford Unconscious of the Immortal ChildóSocial Position of ShakespeareóOf his Personal PeculiaritiesóBirth, Marriage, and DeathóWhat we Know of HimóNo Line written by him to be FoundóThe Absurd EpitaphóII. Contemporaries by whom he was MentionedóIII. No direct Mention of any of his Contemporaries in the PlaysóEvents and Personages of his TimeóIV. Position of the Actor in Shakespeare's TimeóFortunately he was Not Educated at OxfordóAn IdealistóHis Indifference to Stage-carpentry and PlotóHe belonged to All LandsóKnew the Brain and Heart of ManóAn Intellectual SpendthriftóV. The Baconian TheoryóVI. Dramatists before and during the Time of ShakespeareóDramatic Incidents Illustrated in Passages from "Macbeth" and "Julius CÊsar"óVII. His Use of the Work of OthersóThe Pontic SeaóA Passage from "Lear"óVIII. Extravagance that touches the InfiniteóThe Greatest Complimentó"Let me not live after my flame lacks oil"óWhere Pathos almost Touches the GrotesqueóIX. An Innovator and IconoclastóDisregard of the "Unities"óNature ForgetsóViolation of the Classic ModelóX. TypesóThe Secret of ShakespeareóCharacters who Act from Reason and MotiveóWhat they Say not the Opinion of ShakespeareóXI. The Procession that issued from Shakespeare's BrainóHis Great WomenóLovable ClownsóHis MenóTalent and GeniusóXII. The Greatest of all PhilosophersóMaster of the Human HeartóLoveóXIII. In the Realm of ComparisonóXIV. Definitions: Suicide, Drama, Death, Memory, the Body, Life, Echo, the World, RumoróThe Confidant of NatureóXV. Humor and PathosóIllustrationsóXVI. Not a Physician, Lawyer, or BotanistóHe was a Man of ImaginationóHe lived the Life of AllóThe Imagination had a Stage in Shakespeare's Brain.

ROBERT BURNS.

(1878.) Poetry and PoetsóMilton, Dante, PetrarchóOld-time Poetry in ScotlandóInfluence of Scenery on LiteratureóLives that are PoemsóBirth of BurnsóEarly Life and EducationóScotland Emerging from the Gloom of CalvinismóA Metaphysical PeasantryóPower of the Scotch PreacheróFamous Scotch NamesóJohn Barleycorn vs. CalvinismóWhy Robert Burns is LovedóHis ReadingóMade Goddesses of WomenóPoet of Love: His "Vision," "Bonnie Doon," "To Mary in Heaven"óPoet of Home: "Cotter's Saturday Night," "John Anderson, My Jo"óFriendship: "Auld Lang-Syne"óScotch Drink: "Willie brew'd a peck o' maut"óBurns the Artist: The "Brook," "Tam O'Shanter"óA Real Democrat: "A man's a man for a' that"óHis Theology: The Dogma of Eternal Pain, "Morality," "Hypocrisy," "Holy Willie's Prayer"óOn the BibleóA Statement of his ReligionóContrasted with TennysonóFrom Cradle to CoffinóHis Last wordsóLines on the Birth-place of Burns.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

(1894.) I. Simultaneous Birth of Lincoln and DarwinóHeroes of Every GenerationóSlaveryóPrinciple Sacrificed to SuccessóLincoln's ChildhoodóHis first SpeechóA Candidate for the Senate against DouglassóII. A Crisis in the Affairs of the RepublicóThe South Not Alone Responsible for SlaveryóLincoln's Prophetic WordsóNominated for President and Elected in Spite of his FitnessóIII. Secession and Civil WaróThe Thought uppermost in his MindóIV. A Crisis in the NorthóProposition to Purchase the SlavesóV. The Proclamation of EmancipationóHis Letter to Horace GreeleyóWaited on by ClergymenóVI. Surrounded by EnemiesóHostile Attitude of Gladstone, Salisbury, Louis Napoleon, and the VaticanóVII. Slavery the Perpetual Stumbling-blockóConfiscationóVIII. His Letter to a Republican Meeting in IllinoisóIts EffectóIX. The Power of His PersonalityóThe Embodiment of MercyóUse of the Pardoning PoweróX. The Vallandigham AffairóThe Horace Greeley IncidentóTriumphs of HumoróXI. Promotion of General HookeróA Prophecy and its FulfillmentóXII.óStates Rights vs. Territorial IntegrityóXIII. His Military GeniusóThe Foremost Man in all the World: and then the Horror CameóXIV. Strange Mingling of Mirth and TearsóDeformation of Great Historic CharactersóWashington now only a Steel EngravingóLincoln not a TypeóVirtues Necessary in a New CountryóLaws of Cultivated SocietyóIn the Country is the Idea of HomeóLincoln always a PupilóA Great LawyeróMany-sidedóWit and HumoróAs an OratoróHis Speech at Gettysburg contrasted with the Oration of Edward EverettóApologetic in his KindnessóNo Official RobesóThe gentlest Memory of our World.

VOLTAIRE.

(1894.) I. Changes wrought by TimeóThrone and Altar Twin VulturesóThe King and the PriestóWhat is Greatness?óEffect of Voltaire's Name on Clergyman and PriestóBorn and BaptizedóState of France in 1694óThe Church at the HeadóEfficacy of Prayers and Dead SaintsóBells and Holy WateróPrevalence of Belief in Witches, Devils, and FiendsóSeeds of the Revolution Scattered by Noble and PriestóCondition in EnglandóThe Inquisition in full Control in SpainóPortugal and Germany burning WomenóItaly Prostrate beneath the Priests, the Puritans in America persecuting Quakers, and stealing ChildrenóII. The Days of YouthóHis EducationóChooses Literature as a Profession and becomes a DiplomatóIn Love and DisinheritedóUnsuccessful Poem CompetitionóJansenists and MolinistsóThe Bull UnigenitusóExiled to TulleóSent to the BastileóExiled to EnglandóAcquaintances made thereóIII. The Morn of ManhoodóHis Attention turned to the History of the ChurchóThe "Triumphant Beast" AttackedóEurope Filled with the Product of his BrainóWhat he MockedóThe Weapon of RidiculeóHis TheologyóHis "Retractions"óWhat Goethe said of VoltaireóIV. The Scheme of NatureóHis belief in the Optimism of Pope Destroyed by the Lisbon EarthquakeóV. His HumanityóCase of Jean CalasóThe Sirven FamilyóThe Espenasse CaseóCase of Chevalier de la Barre and D'EtallondeóVoltaire Abandons FranceóA Friend of EducationóAn AbolitionistóNot a SaintóVI. The ReturnóHis ReceptionóHis DeathóBurial at Romilli-on-the-SeineóVII. The Death-bed ArgumentóSerene Demise of the InfamousóGod has no Time to defend the Good and protect the PureóEloquence of the Clergy on the Death-bed SubjectóThe Second ReturnóThroned upon the BastileóThe Grave Desecrated by PriestsóVoltaire. A Testimonial to Walt WhitmanóLet us put Wreaths on the Brows of the LivingóLiterary Ideals of the American People in 1855ó"Leaves of Grass"óIts reception by the Provincial PrudesóThe Religion of the BodyóAppeal to Manhood and WomanhoodóBooks written for the MarketóThe Index ExpurgatoriusóWhitman a believer in DemocracyóIndividualityóHumanityóAn Old-time Sea-fightóWhat is Poetry?óRhyme a Hindrance to ExpressionóRhythm the Comrade of the PoeticóWhitman's Attitude toward ReligionóPhilosophyóThe Two Poemsó"A Word Out of the Sea"ó"When Lilacs Last in the Door"ó"A Chant for Death"ó The History of Intellectual Progress is written in the Lives of InfidelsóThe King and the PriestóThe Origin of God and Heaven, of the Devil and HellóThe Idea of Hell born of Ignorance, Brutality, Cowardice, and RevengeóThe Limitations of our AncestorsóThe Devil and GodóEgotism of BarbariansóThe Doctrine of Hell not an Exclusive Possession of ChristianityóThe Appeal to the CemeteryóReligion and Wealth, Christ and PovertyóThe "Great" not on the Side of Christ and his DisciplesóEpitaphs as Battle-criesóSome Great Men in favor of almost every SectóMistakes and Superstitions of Eminent MenóSacred BooksóThe Claim that all Moral Laws came from God through the JewsóFearóMartyrdomóGod's Ways toward MenóThe Emperor ConstantineóThe Death TestóTheological Comity between Protestants and CatholicsóJulianóA childish Fable still BelievedóBrunoóHis Crime, his Imprisonment and

LIBERTY IN LITERATURE.

(1890.) "Old Age"ó"Leaves of Grass"

THE GREAT INFIDELS.

(1881.) MartyrdomóThe First to die for Truth without Expectation of RewardóThe Church in the Time of VoltaireóVoltaireóDiderotóDavid HumeóBenedict SpinozaóOur InfidelsóThomas PaineóConclusion.

WHICH WAY?