Part 5

_Description of shrub._—The moosewood, a shrub belonging to the mezereon family (Daphnaceæ), is from 2 to about 6 feet in height, with tough, fibrous bark, and smooth, yellowish green twigs. The leaves, which are hairy when young, are oval with a blunt apex, rounded or narrowed at the base; they become smoother as they mature, and are from 2 to 3 inches long. The flower clusters are produced from April to May, from brown-hairy, scaly buds and consist of 2 to 4 yellowish, funnel-shaped flowers about one-half inch in length, with stamens and style protruding. (Fig. 39.) The one-seeded fruit, or berry, is small, red, oval oblong, and poisonous.

_Description of bark._—Moosewood bark occurs in long, stringy, or quilled pieces, light brown or grayish brown on the outside, slightly wrinkled lengthwise, marked here and there with warty excrescences and an occasional patch of lichen growth, the inside straw colored and smooth. The bark is exceedingly tough and fibrous, and can not be broken. The odor is rather strong and aromatic, and the taste pungent and acrid.

_Prices and uses._—Moosewood bark brings from 5 to 10 cents a pound.

It has emetic and laxative properties, and in decoction is used as a sudorific and expectorant. The fresh bark applied externally is very irritating to the skin, causing redness and blisters.

WHITE ASH.

_Fraxinus americana_ L.

[Illustration: FIG. 40.—White ash (_Fraxinus americana_), trunk.]

_Synonyms._—_Fraxinus alba_ Marsh; _Fraxinus acuminata_ Lam.

_Other common names._—Ash, American white ash, cane-ash.

_Habitat and range._—The white ash is native in rich woods, occurring from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, but chiefly in the Northern States and Canada.

[Illustration: FIG. 41.—White ash (_Fraxinus americana_), leaves and fruits.]

_Description of tree._—This tree, a member of the olive family (Oleaceæ), sometimes attains a height of 120 feet or so, usually, however, from 60 to 80 feet, the older trees with gray, deeply furrowed bark (fig. 40), and smooth, greenish gray branches. The leaf buds are rust colored, and the white ash is one of the latest trees to put out leaves in the spring. The leaves measure about 12 inches in length and consist of 5 to 9 leaflets; these are oval or lance-shaped oblong, the margins entire, the apex pointed, dark green above and pale green or silvery beneath, or sometimes hairy, 3 to 5 inches long, and somewhat less than half as wide (fig. 41). In autumn they change to yellow, mottled with green, and finally turn black. The small, whitish green flowers are arranged in loose clusters, appearing from about April to June, and the fruits which follow are in the form of clustered winged seeds, or “samaras” (fig. 41), which remain on the branches for a long time. Each samara is from 1 to 2 inches long, narrow, flat, and one seeded. The wood of white ash is brown, hard, and strong.

_Description of bark._—The bark of white ash, as found in the stores, is whitish or inclined to yellowish brown, about one-fourth of an inch thick or less, the outside corky layer generally having been removed, but pieces of it often adhering. The inner surface is smooth and yellow. The fracture is very fibrous. White-ash bark has a faint aromatic odor and a bitter, acrid taste.

_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark of the root is preferred, although that from the trunk is also collected; the outer layer is usually removed. The amount at present paid for white-ash bark ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.

White-ash bark has been employed as an antiperiodic in intermittent fever, and is said to possess tonic and astringent properties. The leaves in infusion have been used in the treatment of gout and rheumatism.

_Another species._—The black ash (_Fraxinus nigra_ Marsh, syn., _Fraxinus sambucifolia_ Lam.) is also a native, inhabiting swamps and wet woods from Canada to Virginia and Arkansas. Other names applied to it are hoop-ash, swamp-ash, water-ash, and basket-ash. Its maximum height is 100 feet, and its bark is darker gray and less fissured than that of the white ash, and its leaves are darker green. The leaves are about 16 inches in length, the 7 to 11 stemless leaflets perhaps a trifle paler green on the lower surface than above, and with rust-colored hairs on the midrib and veins of the lower surface. These leaflets are 3 to 6 inches long, narrow, oblong lance shaped, with long-pointed apex, the margins sharply toothed. The flowers appear from about April to May, and are followed by clusters of winged seeds, each flat, winged, linear-oblong fruit measuring from 1 to 1-1/2 inches in length, narrow, with the winged portion extending all around the seed.

The bark, and also the leaves, are employed in medicine for similar purposes as those of the white ash. The bark brings about 3 to 5 cents a pound.

FRINGE-TREE.

_Chionanthus virginica_ L.

[Illustration: FIG. 42.—Fringe-tree (_Chionanthus virginica_), leaves and flowers.]

_Other common names._—American fringe-tree, white fringe, flowering ash, poison-ash, graybeard-tree, old-man’s-beard, shavings, snowdrop-tree, snow-flower.

_Habitat and range._—The fringe-tree is native in moist thickets and along streams from Delaware to Florida and Texas.

_Description of shrub._—When in full flower this shrub or small tree, with its dense clusters of white, fringelike flowers, is very attractive, and is often cultivated for ornament. It is a member of the olive family (Oleaceæ), and is from 6 to 20 feet in height, the trunk covered with a light-colored bark, the leaves oval or oblong, of a leathery texture, and smooth. The flowers, which from their drooping character give a fringelike appearance, are produced in May and June, and are borne in dense clusters, each flower having four very narrow white petals about an inch in length. (Fig. 42.) The fruits which follow are fleshy, oval, and bluish black, containing a one-seeded nut.

_Description of bark._—The bark of the root is the part employed in medicine, and it is in quilled or curved pieces of unequal size and shape, rather thick, the outside of a yellowish brown color, somewhat wrinkled, the inside yellowish brown or dark brown, marked with lengthwise lines. It breaks with a short, smooth fracture, and has but a faint odor.

_Prices and uses._—At present collectors are paid from about 5 to 8 cents a pound.

It possesses tonic, febrifuge, and laxative properties, and is also said to have a narcotic action.

BITTERSWEET.

_Solanum dulcamara_ L.

[Illustration: FIG. 43.—Bittersweet (_Solanum dulcamara_), leaves, flowers, and fruits.]

_Other common names._—Dulcamara, nightshade, climbing nightshade, woody nightshade, amara-dulcis, fevertwig, violet-bloom, blue bindweed, felonwort, poison-berry, poison-flower, pushion-berry, morrel, snakeberry, wolf-grape, scarlet-berry, tether-devil, dwale, skawcoo.

_Habitat and range._—Bittersweet has been naturalized from Europe, and occurs in low, damp grounds and moist banks of rivers from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Kansas.

_Description of plant._—This climbing, shrubby perennial is often planted as an ornamental, and with its clusters of pretty purplish flowers and branches of berries ranging in color from green to yellow and orange, and finally red, occurring on the vine together, it makes a rather attractive showing. Bittersweet has a climbing, somewhat woody, branched stem, about 2 to 8 feet long, and oval leaves 2 to 4 inches long, pointed at the apex, and somewhat heart shaped at the base. Some of the leaves have one lobe at the base, some three lobes, while others are entire. The purplish flowers, resembling those of the potato (to which family, Solanaceæ, this plant belongs), are produced from about May to September, borne in compound lateral clusters. The fruits, or berries, which ripen in autumn, are oval, red, and juicy, and contain numerous whitish seeds. (Fig. 43.) The berries look very tempting, but they are poisonous, and children have been known to be poisoned by eating them.

_Description of medicinal part._—The young branches of bittersweet are the parts employed in medicine, and were official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890. As found in commerce, they consist of cylindrical pieces of varying length and of not more than about one-fifth of an inch in thickness, with a greenish gray thin bark, marked with lengthwise lines. The woody portion is light, and the center is sometimes hollow, and sometimes shows a spongy pith. There is but a faint, somewhat narcotic odor, and the taste at first is bitter, then sweet—“bittersweet.”

_Collection, prices, and uses._—Bittersweet branches are collected when they are only one or two years old and at a time when the leaves have fallen. The price paid ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.

Bittersweet is used for its diuretic and diaphoretic properties, and, according to the dose employed, has a quieting, hypnotic influence.

BUTTONBUSH.

_Cephalanthus occidentalis_ L.

[Illustration: FIG. 44.—Buttonbush (_Cephalanthus occidentalis_), leaves and flowers.]

_Other common names._—Buttonwood, buttonwood-shrub, button-tree, swamp-dogwood, pond-dogwood, swampwood, river-bush, honey-ball, pinball, whiteball, little snowball, globeflower, mountain-globeflower, crane-willow, wild licorice, crouper-bush.

_Habitat and range._—The buttonbush is indigenous to this country, and flourishes in swamps or damp places from southern Canada to Florida and California.

_Description of shrub._—This is usually a widely spreading shrub from 3 to 12 feet in height or occasionally a small tree, with large, shining, dark green leaves, and producing from June to September round heads of creamy white flowers, the protruding, threadlike styles with the small, knoblike stigmas giving them the appearance of inserted pins, whence the name “pinball.” The stems are covered with a rough yellowish bark, while the smaller branches are smooth and tinged with red. Some of the leaves are opposite, others ternate—that is, arranged in threes—and are ovate or ovate lance shaped, pointed, smooth, and glossy, with unbroken margins, and from 3 to 5 inches long. The flower heads, about 1 inch in diameter, consist of numerous creamy white, stemless flowers, densely crowded together in globular form, each flower having a funnel-shaped corolla with 4-toothed margin, from which the slender style with its globular stigma protrudes. (Fig. 44.) The small dry fruit is inversely pear shaped, splitting open into two to four cells, each containing one seed. The buttonbush belongs to the madder family (Rubiaceæ).

_Description of bark._—The bark occurs commercially in small, curved pieces, smooth and grayish brown and marked with fine lines if taken from young trees, furrowed and scaly and of a dull gray color if collected from older trees. The inner root bark, which is also used, occurs in shorter pieces, and is of a reddish brown color. The inner surface of the bark is whitish and smooth, becoming a pale rust color when it is no longer fresh. It breaks with a tough, fibrous fracture, and has no odor, but a bitter and somewhat astringent taste.

_Collection, prices, and uses._—The bark is collected from both stem and root. It brings about 7 cents a pound, but at present there seems to be no very great demand for it.

Buttonbush bark is used in fevers, and the inner bark is employed in coughs and as a diuretic.

CRAMP-BARK TREE.

_Viburnum opulus_ L.

_Pharmacopœial name._—Viburnum opulus.

_Other common names._—Cranberry-tree, high-bush cranberry, wild guelder-rose, gueldres-rose, cherry-wood, dog rowan-tree, whitten-tree, red elder, rose-elder, marsh-elder, water-elder, white elder, gadrise, gaiter-tree, gatten, love-rose, May-rose, pincushion-tree, squawbush, witch-hobble, witch-hopple.

_Habitat and range._—This native shrub occurs in low rich woods and borders of fields from New Jersey, Michigan, and Oregon, northward.

_Description of shrub._—The whitish flower heads of this species are borne on stems about 1 inch in length, and measure from 3 to 4 inches across; the flowers on the outside are large, sometimes an inch in diameter, and sterile (without stamens or pistils), while those on the inside of the flower cluster are considerably smaller and fertile. The cultivated variety of this species, the well-known ornamental “snowball” of the gardens, has all of its flowers sterile.

The cramp-bark tree grows from 8 to 10 feet high, with branches generally erect and smooth, and broadly oval, 3-lobed leaves. The leaves are usually smooth on the upper surface, but with the veins on the lower surface somewhat hairy, and the margins coarsely toothed. The showy white flower clusters appear about June. The red fruits, which ripen rather late in the season and remain on the bush for some time, are roundish or oval, sour, and contain a round, flat stone. As may be inferred from some of the common names applied to this shrub, the fruit in taste and appearance bears some resemblance to the cranberry. The cramp-bark tree is a member of the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceæ).

_Description of bark._—Cramp bark, official in the United States Pharmacopœia under the name “Viburnum opulus,” is in transversely curved pieces, sometimes quilled, one-sixteenth of an inch or less in thickness, the outside grayish brown surface marked with lengthwise wrinkles and brown lenticels, and the inside pale brown, showing lengthwise lines. It breaks with a tough, fibrous fracture. There is practically no odor, and the taste is astringent and bitter.

_Collection, prices, and uses._—Cramp bark is collected in the fall, and at present is paid for at the rate of about 2 to 4-1/2 cents a pound.

Cramp bark, as this name indicates, is of use as an antispasmodic, and is also said to possess nervine, tonic, and astringent properties.

BLACK HAW.

_Viburnum prunifolium_ L.

_Pharmacopœial name._—Viburnum prunifolium.

_Other common names._—Sloe, sloe-leaved viburnum, stagbush.

_Habitat and range._—The black haw occurs in dry woods and thickets and on rocky hillsides from Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan and Texas, but is found in greatest abundance in the South. It is indigenous to this country.

_Description of shrub._—This shrub or small tree, from 10 to about 20 feet in height, has rather stout, spreading branches. The winter buds are small, short pointed, smooth, or sometimes with reddish hairs. Black haw has broadly oval or roundish-oval leaves, blunt or somewhat pointed at the top, 1 to 3 inches long, with a narrow or rounded base; they are nearly smooth, bright green, and have a finely toothed margin. The numerous stemless flower clusters are from 2 to 4 inches broad, composed of numerous white flowers appearing from April to June. The fruit, which is sweet and edible, is oval or somewhat roundish, about half an inch long, bluish black, covered with a bloom, and ripens in early autumn. It contains a somewhat flattened stone. (Fig. 45.)

[Illustration: FIG. 45.—Black haw and nanny-berry (_Viburnum prunifolium_ and _V. lentago_), leaves and flowers.]

_Description of bark._—The bark of the stem was formerly official, but now the dried bark of the root is the part prescribed by the United States Pharmacopœia, Eighth Decennial Revision. It is in irregular or quilled pieces, of a dull brown color on the outer surface, somewhat scaly and with shallow furrows; the inner surface reddish brown, and the whole breaking with a weak, short, uneven fracture. There is a faint peculiar odor, and a very bitter, somewhat astringent taste.

_Collection, prices, and uses._—Black haw bark is collected in autumn. The present prices to collectors are from 3 to 8 cents a pound.

This bark has nervine, antispasmodic, tonic, and diuretic properties.

_Another species._—The sweet viburnum (_Viburnum lentago_ L.), known also as nanny-berry and sheepberry, is a species which is collected with _prunifolium_, and, with it, considered official. It grows in rich soil from Canada south to Georgia and Kansas.

Sweet viburnum is an indigenous shrub or small tree, sometimes as tall as 30 feet, and somewhat resembling _prunifolium_. The winter buds, however, are longer pointed and smooth, the leaves have longer slender stems and are oval, long pointed at the apex, and generally rounded at the base. They are from 2 to 4 inches long, smooth on both surfaces, and sharply toothed. The stemless flower clusters, 2 to 5 inches broad, appear about May, followed by the oval, bluish black, bloom-covered fruit, which matures about October, becoming sweet and edible. (Fig. 45.) The fruit sometimes remains on the shrub until the following spring. It contains a very flat, round or oval seed. Like the cramp-bark tree, the black haw and sweet viburnum both belong to the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceæ).

The bark of the sweet viburnum is also collected in autumn, and is used like _prunifolium_.

INDEX.

Page.

Aesculus glabra and A. hippocastanum. _See_ Chestnut, horse 37-38

Ague-bark. _See_ Ash, wafer 33-34

tree. _See_ Sassafras 25-26

Alder, American, common, green, notch-leaved, red, smooth, speckled, and swamp. _See_ Alder, tag 18

black, description 34

false, and white. _See_ Alder, black 34

spotted, and striped. _See_ Witch-hazel 27-28

tag, description 18

Allspice, wild. _See_ Spicebush 26-27

Alnus rugosa and A. serrulata. _See_ Alder, tag 18

Amara-dulcis. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Angelica-tree. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Arrowwood, Indian. _See_ Wahoo and Dogwood 35, 41-43

Ash, American mountain, description 29-30

white ash, basket-ash, black ash, cane-ash, hoop-ash, swamp-ash, and water-ash. _See_ Ash, white 44-45

bitter. _See_ Wahoo 35

flowering, and poison. _See_ Fringe-tree 45-46

northern prickly. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

prickly, description 31-33

sea. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

southern prickly. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

stinking. _See_ Ash, wafer 33-34

wafer, description 33-34

white, description 44-45

wild. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

yellow prickly. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Asp, mountain, and quaking. _See_ Aspen 11-12

Aspen, American. _See_ Aspen, description 11-12

description 11-12

Auld-wives’-tongues. _See_ Aspen 11-12

Barks, approximate prices 9

collection 8-9

dealers, communication necessary 9

samples to be sent 9

descriptions 9-49

medicinal, descriptions of trees and shrubs furnishing 9-49

uses 8

methods of drying 8-9

obtaining 8

official and nonofficial 7

time for collecting 8

Basket-ash. _See under_ Ash, white 44-45

Bay, sweet, and white. _See_ Magnolia 21-23

Bayberry, description 14

tallow. _See_ Bayberry, description 14

wax-tree. _See_ Bayberry, description 14

Bearberry-tree. _See_ Cascara sagrada 38-40

Bearwood. _See_ Cascara sagrada 38-40

Beaver-tree. _See_ Magnolia 21-23

Benjamin-bush. _See_ Spicebush 26-27

Benzoin benzoin and B. odoriferum. _See_ Spicebush 26-27

Betula lenta. _See_ Birch, sweet 16-18

Bindweed, blue. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Birch, black, cherry, mahogany, river, and spice. _See_ Birch, sweet 16-18

sweet, description 16-18

Bittersweet, classification with medicinal barks, explanation 9

climbing, and shrubby. _See_ Bittersweet, false 36

description 46-47

_See also under_ Bittersweet, false.

false, description 36

Black haw, description 48-49

Blackberry, American, bramble high-bush, high-bush, knee-high, low-bush, low-running, and sand. _See_ Blackberry, description 28-29

description 28-29

Bongay. _See_ Chestnut, horse 37-38

Boxwood, false boxwood, and New England boxwood. _See_ Dogwood 41-43

Brittle willow. _See under_ Willow, white 12-13

Buckeye, fetid, Ohio, and smooth. _See under_ Chestnut, horse 37-38

Burning-bush. _See_ Wahoo 35

Bursting-heart. _See_ Wahoo 35

Butternut, description 15

Buttonbush, description 47-48

Button-tree, buttonwood, and buttonwood-shrub. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

Cabinet-cherry. _See_ Cherry, wild 30-31

Candleberry. _See_ Bayberry 14

myrtle. _See_ Bayberry 14

Cane-ash. _See_ Ash, white 44-45

Canoewood. _See_ Poplar, tulip 23-25

Carpinus virginiana. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

Cascara sagrada, description 38-40

trees used annually for drug production 7

Cedar, Indian. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

Celastrus scandens. _See_ Bittersweet, false 36

Cephalanthus occidentalis. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

Cherry-birch. _See_ Birch, sweet 16-18

cabinet, rum, whisky, and wild black. _See_ Cherry, wild 30-31

wild, description 30-31

wood. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Chestnut, horse, description 37-38

Chionanthus virginica. _See_ Fringe-tree 45-46

Chittem-bark. _See_ Cascara sagrada 38-40

Choke, black. _See_ Cherry, wild 30-31

Cinnamonwood. _See_ Sassafras 25-26

Coffee-berry. _See under_ Cascara sagrada 38-40

wild. _See under_ Cascara sagrada 38-40

Collection of barks 8-9

Cornel, blue-berried, Florida, flowering, silky, round-leaved, and white. _See_ Dogwood 41-43

Cornelian tree, American. _See_ Dogwood 41-43

Cornus, C. amomum, C. circinata, C. florida, and C. sericea. _See_ Dogwood 41-43

Cotton, American Upland, and Levant. _See_ Cotton, description 40-41

description 40-41

Crack willow. _See under_ Willow, white 12, 13

Cramp-bark tree, description 48

Cranberry, high-bush. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Crane-willow. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

Crouper-bush. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

Cucumber tree. _See_ Magnolia, and Poplar, tulip 21-25

Dealers in medicinal barks, communication necessary 9

samples to be sent 9

Deal-pine, American, and soft. _See_ Pine, white 9-10

Deerwood. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

Descriptions of barks 9-49

trees and shrubs furnishing medicinal barks 9-49

Dewberry, one-flowered, and southern. _See_ Blackberry 28-29

Dirca and D. palustris. _See_ Moosewood 43-44

Dog rowan-tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Dogberry. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

Dogwood, American, female, Florida, flowering, round-leaved, and Virginia. _See_ Dogwood, description 41-43

description 41-43

pond. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

swamp. _See_ Ash, wafer, Dogwood, and Buttonbush 33-34, 41-43, 47-48

Duck-willow. _See_ Willow, white 12-13

Dulcamara. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Dwale. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Elder, marsh, red, rose, water, and white. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Elkwood. _See_ Magnolia 21-23

Elm, Indian, moose, red, rock, and sweet. _See_ Elm, slippery 20-21

slippery, description 20-21

Euonymus, E. americanus, and E. atropurpureus. _See_ Wahoo 35

Fagara clava-herculis. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Felonwort. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Feverbush. _See_ Spicebush, and Alder, black 26-27, 34

Fevertwig. _See_ Bittersweet, false; _also_ Bittersweet 36, 46-47

Fever-twitch. _See_ Bittersweet, false 36

Fingerberry. _See_ Blackberry 28-29

Fraxinus acuminata, F. alba, F. americana, F. nigra, and F. sambucifolia. _See_ Ash, white 44-45

Fringe-tree, American, and white. _See_ Fringe-tree, description 45-46

description 45-46

Gadrise. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Gaiter-tree. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Gatten. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Globeflower and mountain-globeflower. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

Gossypium herbaceum and G. hirsutum. _See_ Cotton 40-41

Grape, wolf. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Graybeard-tree. _See_ Fringe-tree 45-46

Guelder-rose, wild. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Gueldres-rose. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Hackmatack. _See_ Tamarack 10-11

Hamamelis and H. virginiana. _See_ Witch-hazel 27-28

Haw, black, description 48-49

Hazel, black. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

snapping. _See_ Witch-hazel 27-28

witch, description 27-28

wych. _See_ Witch-hazel 27-28

Hercules-club. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

yellow. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Hickory-poplar. _See_ Poplar, tulip 23-25

Hippocastanum. _See_ Chestnut, horse 37-38

Honey-ball. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

Hoop-ash. _See under_ Ash, white 44-45

Hop-hornbeam. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

tree and three-leaved hop-tree. _See_ Ash, wafer 33-34

Hornbeam, hop. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

Horse-chestnut, description 37-38

Huntington willow. _See_ Willow, white 12-13

Ilex verticillata. _See_ Alder, black 34

Indian arrowwood. _See_ Wahoo and Dogwood 35, 41-43

cedar. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

elm. _See_ Elm, slippery 20-21

mozemize. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

Introduction to bulletin 7-8

Ironwood, description 15-16

Jacob’s-ladder. _See_ Bittersweet, false 36

Juglans and J. cinerea. _See_ Butternut 15

Kinnikinnick. _See under_ Dogwood 43

Konker-tree. _See_ Chestnut, horse 37-38

Larch, American, black, and red. _See_ Tamarack 10-11

Larix americana and L. laricina. _See_ Tamarack 10-11

Laurel, swamp. _See_ Magnolia 21-23

Laurus benzoin. _See_ Spicebush 26-27

Leatherbush and leatherwood. _See_ Moosewood 43-44

Leaverwood. _See_ Moosewood 43-44

Lemon-walnut. _See_ Butternut 15

Leverwood. _See_ Ironwood and Moosewood 15-16, 43-44

Licorice, wild. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

Life-of-man. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

Lindera benzoin. _See_ Spicebush 26-27

Liriodendron and L. tulipifera. _See_ Poplar, tulip 23-25

Love-rose. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Lyre-tree. _See_ Poplar, tulip 23-25

Magnolia acuminata, M. glauca, M. tripetala, M. umbrella, and M. virginiana. _See_ Magnolia, description 21-23

blue, mountain, and sweet. _See_ Magnolia, description 21-23

description 21-23

Mahogany-birch. _See_ Birch, sweet 16-18

mountain. _See_ Birch, sweet 16-18

Marketing barks for medicinal use, remarks 9

Marsh-elder. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

May-rose. _See_ Cramp-bark tree 48

Medicine, uses of barks 8

Methods of drying barks 8-9

obtaining barks 8

Mezereon, American. _See_ Moosewood 43-44

Missey-moosey. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

Moose-elm. _See_ Elm, slippery 20-21

misse. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

Moosewood, description 43-44

Morrel. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Mountain-ash, American, description 29-30

asp. _See_ Aspen 11-12

globeflower. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48

magnolia. _See_ Magnolia 21-23

mahogany. _See_ Birch, sweet 16-18

sumac. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

Mozemize, Indian. _See_ Ash, American mountain 29-30

Myrica cerifera. _See_ Bayberry 14

Myrtle, candleberry. _See_ Bayberry 14

wax. _See_ Bayberry 14

Nanny-berry. _See under_ Haw, black 48-49

Nature’s-mistake. _See_ Dogwood 41-43

Nightshade, climbing nightshade, and woody nightshade. _See_ Bittersweet 46-47

Northern pine. _See_ Pine, white 9-10

prickly ash. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Oak, stave, and stone. _See_ Oak, white 18-20

white, description 18-20

Oilnut. _See_ Butternut 15

Old-man’s-beard. _See_ Fringe-tree 45-46

Orange-root, climbing. _See_ Bittersweet, false 36

wild. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Osier, golden. _See under_ Willow, white 13

green, and red. _See under_ Dogwood 43

Ostrya virginiana. _See_ Ironwood 15-16

Pegwood. _See_ Wahoo 35

Pellitory-bark. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Pepperwood. _See_ Ash, prickly 31-33

Persiana bark. _See_ Cascara sagrada 38-40

Pickaway-anise. _See_ Ash, wafer 33-34

Pinball. _See_ Buttonbush 47-48