CHAPTER VII.

THE RISE OF MOHAMMEDANISM

13. Selections from the Koran

The Koran comprises all of the recorded speeches and sayings of the prophet Mohammed and it has for nearly fifteen centuries been the absolute law and gospel of the Mohammedan religion. The teachings and revelations which are contained in it are believed by Mohammedans to have proceeded directly from God. They were delivered orally by Mohammed from time to time in the presence of his followers and until after the prophet's death in 632 no attempt was made to put them in organized written form. Many of the disciples, however, remembered the words their master had uttered, at least until they could inscribe them on palm leaves, bits of wood, bleached bones, or other such articles as happened to be at hand. In the reign of Abu-Bekr (632-634), Mohammed's successor, it became apparent that unless some measure was adopted to bring these scattered sayings together they were in a fair way to be lost for all time to come. Hence the caliph intrusted to a certain young man by the name of Zaid the task of collecting and putting in some sort of system all the teachings that had survived, whether in written form or merely in the minds of men. Zaid had served Mohammed in a capacity which we should designate perhaps as that of secretary, and so should have been well qualified for the work. In later years (about 660) the Koran, or "the reading," as the collection began to be called, was again thoroughly revised. Thereafter all older copies were destroyed and no farther changes in any respect were ever made.

The Koran is made up of one hundred and fourteen chapters, called _surahs_, arranged loosely in the order of their length, beginning with the longest. This arrangement does not correspond either to the dates at which the various passages were uttered by the prophet or to any sequence of thought and meaning, so that when one takes up the book to read it as it is ordinarily printed it seems about as confused as anything can well be. Scholars, however, have recently discovered the chronological order of the various parts and this knowledge has already come to be of no little assistance in the work of interpretation. Like all sacred books, the Koran abounds in repetitions; yet, taken all in all, it contains not more than two-thirds as many verses as the New Testament, and, as one writer has rather curiously observed, it is not more than one-third as lengthy as the ordinary Sunday edition of the New York _Herald_. The teachings which are most emphasized are (1) the unity and greatness of God, (2) the sin of worshipping idols, (3) the certainty of the resurrection of the body and the last judgment, (4) the necessity of a belief in the Scriptures as revelations from God communicated through angels to the line of prophets, (5) the luxuries of heaven and the torments of hell, (6) the doctrine of predestination, (7) the authoritativeness of Mohammed's teachings, and (8) the four cardinal obligations of worship (including purification and prayer), fasting, pilgrimages, and alms-giving. Intermingled with these are numerous popular legends and sayings of the Arabs before Mohammed's day, stories from the Old and New Testaments derived from Jewish and Christian settlers in Arabia, and certain definite and practical rules of everyday conduct. The book is not only thus haphazard in subject-matter but it is also very irregular in interest and elegance. Portions of it abound in splendid imagery and lofty conceptions, and represent the literary quality of the Arabian language at its best, though of course this quality is very largely lost in translation. The later surahs--those which appear first in the printed copy--are largely argumentative and legislative in character and naturally fall into a more prosaic and monotonous strain. From an almost inexhaustible maze of precepts, exhortations, and revelations, the following widely separated passages have been selected in the hope that they will serve to show something of the character of the Koran itself, as well as the nature of some of the more important Mohammedan beliefs and ideals. It will be found profitable to make a comparison of Christian beliefs on the same points as drawn from the New Testament.

Source--Text in Edward William Lane, _Selections from the Kur-an_, edited by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1879), _passim_.

In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.

[Sidenote: The opening prayer[103]]

Praise be to God, the Lord of the Worlds, The Compassionate, the Merciful, The King of the day of judgment. Thee do we worship, and of Thee seek we help. Guide us in the right way, The way of those to whom Thou hast been gracious, Not of those with whom Thou art wroth, nor of the erring.[104]

Say, He is God, One [God]; God, the Eternal. He begetteth not nor is begotten, And there is none equal unto Him.[105]

[Sidenote: The "throne verse"]

God! There is no God but He, the _Ever_-living, the Ever-Subsisting. Slumber seizeth Him not, nor sleep. To Him belongeth whatsoever is in the Heavens and whatsoever is in the Earth. Who is he that shall intercede with Him, unless by His permission? He knoweth what [hath been] before them and what [shall be] after them, and they shall not compass aught of His knowledge save what He willeth. His Throne comprehendeth the Heavens and the Earth, and the care of them burdeneth Him not. And He is the High, The Great.[106]

[Sidenote: The day of resurrection]

When the earth is shaken with her shaking, And the earth hath cast forth her dead, And man shall say, 'What aileth her?' On that day shall she tell out her tidings, Because thy Lord hath inspired her, On that day shall men come one by one to behold their works, And whosoever shall have wrought an ant's weight of good shall behold it, And whosoever shall have wrought an ant's weight of ill shall behold it.

[Sidenote: The coming judgment]

When the heaven shall be cloven asunder, And when the stars shall be scattered, And when the seas shall be let loose, And when the graves shall be turned upside-down,[107] _Every_ soul shall know what it hath done and left undone. O man! what hath seduced thee from thy generous Lord, Who created thee and fashioned thee and disposed thee aright? In the form which pleased Him hath He fashioned thee. Nay, but ye treat the Judgment as a lie. Verily there are watchers over you, Worthy recorders, Knowing what ye do. Verily in delight shall the righteous dwell; And verily the wicked in Hell [-Fire]; They shall be burnt at it on the day of doom, And they shall not be hidden from it. And what shall teach thee what the Day of Judgment is? Again: What shall teach thee what is the Day of Judgment? _It is_ a day when one soul shall be powerless for another soul; and all on that day shall be in the hands of God.

[Sidenote: The reward of the righteous]

When one blast shall be blown on the trumpet, And the earth shall be raised and the mountains, and be broken to dust with one breaking, On that day the Calamity shall come to pass: And the heavens shall cleave asunder, being frail on that day, And the angels on the sides thereof; and over them on that day eight _of the angels_ shall bear the throne of thy Lord. On that day ye shall be presented _for the reckoning_; none of your secrets shall be hidden. And as to him who shall have his book[108] given to him in his right hand, he shall say, 'Take ye, read my book;' Verily I was sure I should come to my reckoning. And his [shall be] a pleasant life In a lofty garden, Whose clusters [shall be] near at hand. 'Eat ye and drink with benefit on account of that which ye paid beforehand in the past days.'

[Sidenote: The fate of the wicked]

But as to him who shall have his book given to him in his left hand, he shall say, 'O would that I had not had my book given to me, Nor known what [was] my reckoning! O would that _my death_ had been the ending _of me_! My wealth hath not profited me! My power is passed from me!' 'Take him and chain him, Then cast him into hell to be burnt, Then in a chain of seventy cubits bind him: For he believed not in God, the Great, Nor urged to feed the poor; Therefore he shall not have here this day a friend, Nor any food save filth Which none but the sinners shall eat.'

[Sidenote: "The preceders"]

When the Calamity shall come to pass There shall not be _a soul_ that will deny its happening, [It will be] an abaser _of some_, an exalter _of others_; When the earth shall be shaken with a _violent_ shaking, And the mountains shall be crumbled with a violent crumbling, And shall become fine dust scattered abroad; And ye shall be three classes.[109] And the people of the right hand, what shall be the people of the right hand! And the people of the left hand, what the people of the left hand! And the Preceders, the Preceders![110] These [shall be] the brought-nigh [unto God] In the gardens of delight,-- A crowd of the former generations, And a few of the latter generations, Upon inwrought couches, Reclining thereon, face to face. Youths ever-young shall go unto them round about With goblets and ewers and a cup of flowing wine, Their [heads] shall ache not with it, neither shall they be drunken; And with fruits of the [sorts] which they shall choose, And the flesh of birds of the [kinds] which they shall desire. And damsels with eyes like pearls laid up _We will give them_ as a reward for that which they have done. Therein shall they hear no vain discourse nor accusation of sin, But [only] the saying, 'Peace! Peace!'

[Sidenote: The pleasures of paradise]

And the people of the right hand--what [shall be] the people of the right hand! [They shall dwell] among lote-trees without thorns And bananas loaded with fruit, And a shade _ever-spread_, And water _ever_-flowing, And fruits abundant Unstayed and unforbidden,[111] And couches raised.[112] Verily we have created them[113] by a [peculiar] creation, And have made them virgins, Beloved of their husbands, of equal age [with them], For the people of the right hand, A crowd of the former generations And a crowd of the latter generations.

[Sidenote: The torments of hell]

And the people of the left hand--what [shall be] the people of the left hand! [They shall dwell] amidst burning wind and scalding water, And a shade of blackest smoke, Not cool and not grateful. For before this they were blest with worldly goods, And they persisted in heinous sin, And said, 'When we shall have died and become dust and bones, shall we indeed be raised to life, And our fathers the former generations?' Say, verily the former and the latter generations Shall be gathered together for the appointed time of a known day. Then ye, O ye erring, belying [people], Shall surely eat of the tree of Ez-Zakkoom,[114] And fill therewith [your] stomachs, And drink thereon boiling water, And ye shall drink as thirsty camels drink.-- This [shall be] their entertainment on the day of retribution.

FOOTNOTES:

[103] This prayer of the Mohammedans corresponds in a way to the Lord's Prayer of Christian peoples. It is recited several times in each of the five daily prayers, and on numerous other occasions.

[104] The petition is for guidance in the "right way" of the Mohammedan, marked out in the Koran. By those with whom God is "wroth," and by the "erring," is meant primarily the Jews. Mohammed regarded the Jews and Christians as having corrupted the true religion.

[105] "This chapter is held in particular veneration by the Mohammedans and is declared, by a tradition of their prophet, to be equal in value to a third part of the whole Koran."--Sale, quoted in Lane, _Selections from the Kur-an_, p. 5.

[106] This passage, known as the "throne verse," is regarded by Mohammedans as one of the most precious in the Koran and is often recited at the end of the five daily prayers. It is sometimes engraved on a precious stone or an ornament of gold and worn as an amulet.

[107] These are all to be signs of the day of judgment.

[108] The record of his deeds during life on earth.

[109] The three classes are: (1) the "preceeders," (2) the people of the right hand, i.e., the good, and (3) the people of the left hand, i.e., the evil. The future state of each of the three is described in the lines that follow.

[110] "Either the first converts to Mohammedanism, or the prophets, who were the respective leaders of their people, or any persons who have been eminent examples of piety and virtue, may be here intended. The original words literally rendered are, _The Leaders, The Leaders_: which repetition, as some suppose, was designed to express the dignity of these persons and the certainty of their future glory and happiness."--Sale, quoted in Wherry, _Comprehensive Commentary on the Qur-an_, Vol. IV., pp. 109-110.

[111] The luxuries of paradise--the flowing rivers, the fragrant flowers, the delicious fruits--are sharply contrasted with the conditions of desert life most familiar to Mohammed's early converts. Such a description of the land of the blessed must have appealed strongly to the imaginative Arabs. It should be said that in the modern Mohammedan idea of heaven the spiritual element has a rather more prominent place.

[112] Lofty beds.

[113] The "damsels of paradise."

[114] A scrubby bush bearing fruit like almonds, and extremely bitter. It was familiar to Arabs and hence was made to stand as a type of the tree whose fruit the wicked must eat in the lower world.