Part 10

There can be little doubt of the fact that the excessive precautions taken by the police, with a view to put down political agitation of any kind, have produced the very thing they are intended to prevent. A country squire in talking to me, one day, about a little market-town near his home, said, "They have posted a gendarme there. Until he came nobody ever bothered about politics. Now there is nothing else talked of." Some time ago the young Georgian nobles who were serving in the Russian army became infected with the doctrines of revolutionary socialism, and not a few suffered for their imprudence (e.g. the famous Tsitsianov, in 1877); at the present time the national feeling has become so strong as to leave no room for these ideas. Nevertheless, during my stay in Tiflis, last summer, a rumour was rife to the effect that a large number (a hundred or two) of young noblemen were about to be exiled, in view of the visit of the Tsar, who was expected to arrive at his new palace at Tsinondal, near Telav, in the autumn. The fact that this report was believed by the parties interested, is a powerful testimony to the arbitrary character of the proceedings of the Russian police.

In the rural districts the people only know Russia as a foreign power that sends them tax-collectors, justices of the peace, and other civil servants, who perform obnoxious functions in a manner not calculated to conciliate the ratepayers. It is notorious that the chinovnik has an unpleasant reputation, even among his fellow-countrymen, and those who consent to a temporary exile in Transcaucasia are not precisely the flower of the profession, although their behaviour to Europeans leaves little to be desired. The justices of the peace, as in Poland, are directly appointed by the Minister of Justice at Petersburg; all the evidence has to be translated into the official language, and this accentuates the natural feeling of the litigants that they are being tried by foreign laws arbitrarily imposed from without. The personal character of the judges is, in many cases, not such as to inspire respect for the law; the arrogant, bullying tone of these personages is intolerable at any time, but especially when aggravated by alcoholism. I shall never forget one scene in particular at which I was present; a fine, tall mountaineer came humbly to present a petition to a puny, besotted judge, who was a guest at the house where I was staying; the representative of law and order was drunk, hopelessly drunk, and treated the suppliant in such a manner that I blushed to be in his company; I feared that the petitioner would take summary revenge for the insult, but he restrained his wrath; as he turned away there was on his face a look of hellish hatred, and I do not think that he will trouble the court again as long as he has a sharp kinjal of his own wherewith to settle disputes.

Whatever may be the cause of the awakening, there cannot be any doubt of its reality. Nevertheless, it is hard to give any definite description of the channels into which the national activity is finding its way. In any case it may be safely said that the Georgian people are not likely to imitate the imprudent conduct of their neighbours the Armenians, who have, more than once, unseasonably provoked popular movements which they had not the power to bring to a happy issue. The character of the Georgians is too frank and open for the hatching of plots; however strong their feelings may be, they know how to wait until an opportunity arrives for the satisfaction of those feelings; the perfect unanimity in the aims of the people renders an elaborate organization unnecessary.

It is interesting to notice that the political ideals of the country are borrowed from Western Europe. Excepting in Japan, perhaps, there is no such instance of a people passing directly from feudalism to liberalism. The grandsons of absolute monarchs, the men who little more than a quarter of a century ago were large slaveholders, are now ardent champions of the democratic idea, and loudly proclaim the freedom, the equality, the brotherhood, of prince and peasant, master and man. This is not the only case in which Georgia has turned her back on Asia and opened her arms to Europe--Parisian fashions, German rationalism, English sport and other products of our civilization are beginning to have an influence; however, it is a consolation to remember that the women, in every country the more Conservative and, at the same time, more patriotic half of the community, may be counted upon to restrain their husbands and sons from a too hasty advance in the slippery paths of modern progress.

It must not be supposed that the Georgian people are forgetful of what Russia has done for them in protecting them against Persia and Turkey; they have no hatred for their Slav fellow-subjects, indeed, it is hard to imagine how any one could dislike such an amiable individual as the average Russian, not being an official; but on the other hand, it must be remembered that this military aid is the only benefit Georgia has ever received. It is true that roads have been made, but their construction was only undertaken in order to facilitate the movement of troops, and they are practically worthless for the purposes of trade. The industrial and commercial development of the country has been wholly neglected; and, at the instigation of the late editor of the Moscow News, the transit of foreign merchandise was prohibited. At the present time a few Russian capitalists are endeavouring to get a footing beyond the Caucasus, but they experience some difficulty in doing so, for the Georgians prefer to avail themselves of the services of European investors; among others, the Rothschilds have not been slow to see that Transcaucasian wines, ores and oils are worth attention.

Should Russia ever become involved in a great war, Georgia would undoubtedly declare her independence, and endeavour to seize the Dariel Road; the Armenians and Lesghians would also revolt, each in their own way. It is idle to speculate as to the result of such a movement, but it may interest the reader to know that it took an army of more than a quarter of a million men to conquer the Lesghians alone, in the time of Shamil. The Russians put so little confidence in the loyalty of their Caucasian army, that they took care to send a large part of it to Poland in January last, when there seemed to be a prospect of war with Austria. This was a prudent measure; but, after all, it does not matter so very much whether Georgian soldiers mutiny in Georgia or Poland, Poles in Poland or Georgia, the essential point at which diplomats hostile to Russia would aim is, of course, to bring about perfectly simultaneous action on the part of all the enemies of that power, both at home and abroad. It is superfluous to add that the Georgian troops are the flower of the Russian army; every schoolboy can ride and shoot like a trained man; their officers are especially good, and there are at present many generals who are worthy successors of Andronikov, Bagration and Loris Melikov.

The sympathy with which the Armenian national movement has been regarded in Western Europe encourages the Georgians to hope that a like feeling will be manifested towards them when the time is ripe for action. It is especially upon England that their hopes are fixed, for they are well aware of the fact that the existence of a strong, independent state between the Black Sea and the Caspian would be an enormous advantage to our country. The possibility of Armenians, Georgians and Lesghians consenting to combine into one homogeneous state is not to be thought of; but there is no reason why the descendants of the three sons of Targamos, great-great-grandson of Noah, should not, if they were free, form a defensive alliance for the protection of common interests; the Lesghians have, in past times, done good service against both Persians and Turks. In any case, Georgia has a frontier which she is quite able to defend, and she could always count upon the assistance of the mountaineers on the northern side of the Caucasus. The Cherkesses (Circassians), whose hatred of Russia is well known, have almost all migrated to Asia Minor.

It is sincerely to be hoped that the present good feeling between the Georgian and Russian peoples may continue. If they were kindly treated, and trusted with some measure of local government, I am sure that the Christian peoples of the Caucasus would never cause the Tsar's ministers any trouble; but if an attempt be made to crush the national spirit, the descendants of the men who fought under Irakli will, at least, show despots how men can die.

APPENDIX.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The standard work on Transcaucasian bibliography is Miansarov (M.), Bibliographia Caucasica et Transcaucasica. S. Pbg., 1874-76, 8vo, 804 pp., 4840 refs. It is rather scarce, as the edition was limited to 600 copies. Only one volume has been published, although a second was promised. Most of the works mentioned are in Russian or Armenian, and as far as European publications are concerned, Miansarov is very incomplete. In the following pages I have referred to comparatively few Russian books.

After Miansarov, the following, among many others, may with advantage be consulted:--

Catalogue de la Section des Russica, published by Bibl. imp. publ. de St. Pbg., 1873. 2 vols. 8vo. Semenov (P.), Geografichsko-statistichskii slovar Rosiiskoi Imperii. Pbg., 1863-1885. 5 vols. 4to. Stuckenberg (J. Ch.), Versuch eines Quellen-Anzeigers ... fuer das Studium der Geographie ... des Russischen Reichs. Pbg., 1849-1852. 2 vols. 8vo.

I am fully conscious of the shortcomings of this essay, and shall be glad to find it extended and corrected by later writers, to whom it may serve as a groundwork.

Works of special interest are marked *.

GEOGRAPHY, TRAVELS, AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE.

* Brosset (M. F.), Description géographique de la Géorgie par le Tsarévitch Wakhoucht. Texte géorgien suivi d'une traduction française. Avec 6 cartes lith. S. Pbg. Acad. Scient., 1842. 4 to.

Wakhoucht wrote to the local authorities all over the country, asking each for information about his own district; the present standard work was the result of his inquiries.

Ancient Geography.

Cf. Apollonius Rhodius, Strabo, Plinius, Arrianus, Ptolemæus, C. Rommel's Caucasiarum Regionum et gentium straboniana descriptio. Lipsiæ, 1804. 8vo.

Luenemann (G. H.), Descriptio Caucasi. Lipsiæ, 1803. 4to.

Carli (Joh. Rinaldi), De expeditione Argonautorum in Colchidem. Venet., 1745. 2 vols. 4to.

Vivien de St. Martin (Louis), Mémoire historique sur la géographie ancienne du Caucase. Paris, 1848.

---- ----, Etude géographique sur le Caucase de Strabon. In Etudes de Géogr. Anc. Paris, 1852.

Preller (E.), Bedeutung des schwarzen Meeres fuer die Handel und Verkehr der alten Welt. Dorpat, 1842. 8vo.

Mediæval Geography.

Stephanus Byzantinus, Massudi, Abulfeda.

Defrémery, Fragments de géographes et d'historiens arabes et persans inédits, relatifs aux anciens peuples du Caucase. In Nouv. Journ. Asiat., 1849-1851. Paris.

Rubruquis (1253) in Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, by John Harris, D.D., continued by J. Campbell. 2 vols. in fol. London, 1764. In this collection will be found other records of travel in Georgia.

Barbaro (Josafat), Viaggio alla Tana e nella Persia (1436). In Ramusio's Raccolta di Viaggi. Venetia, 1583.

Contarini (Ambroise), Voyage de Perse (1473). In Bergeron's Collection de Voyages. Paris, 1735.

Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

Hakluyt (Richd.), The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation in ... the Empire of Russia, the Caspian Sea, Georgia ... London, 1589. Fol. Also 1600. 3 vols. Fol. New edition, London, 1809-1812. 4to.

Jenkinson (Anthony), Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by A. J. and other Englishmen (in reign of Queen Elizabeth). Hakluyt Soc. London, 1886. 2 vols. 8vo.

Zampi (Giuseppe Maria), Relatione della Cholchida. 1620.

Lamberti (Arcangelo), Relatione della Cholchida, hoggi detta Mengrellia, nella quale si tratta dell' origine, costumi e cose naturali di quei paesi. 2nd edition. Napoli, 1654. 4to.

Olearius (Adam), The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia ... in 1633-1639. Translated from the Dutch by J. Davies. London, 1662. 2 vols. Fol.

Dapper (Olfert), Asia ... beneffens en volkome Beschryving van geheel Persie, Georgie, Mengrelie en andere Gebuur-gewesten. Amsterdam, 1672. Fol.

----, German edition. Nuernberg. Translated by Beern. 2 vols. Fol. 1681.

Novikov, Drevnaya rossiiskaya biblioteka. S. Pbg., 1788. 8vo. For Travels of Russian Ambassadors to Georgia in Seventeenth Century.

Moreri (Ludvig), Relations nouvelles du Levant, ou Traité de la religion, du gouvernement et des coutumes des Perses, des Arméniens et des Gaures. Lyon, 1671. 12mo.

Bruin (C. de) (Dutch painter), Voyages au Levant. Delft, 1700. Fol.

---- ----, Voyages dans la Moscovie et la Perse. Amsterdam, 1718. 2 vols. Fol. And Paris, 1725. 5 vols. 4to.

Struys (Jean), Voyages en Muscovie, en Tatarie, en Perse, etc. Amsterdam, 1720. 3 vols. 12mo.

Tavernier, Six voyages ... en Perse (1663-69). Rouen, 1724.

Chardin (Sir John), The Travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia. London, 1686. Fol. 2 vols.

Tournefort (Pitton de), Rélation d'un Voyage du Levant, contenant l'histoire ancienne et moderne de ... l'Arménie, de la Géorgie ... Paris and Lyon, 1717. 2 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1718. English edition, London, 1718. Dutch edition, Amsterdam, 1737.

Evliya (Effendi), Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century. Translated from the Turkish by J. von Hammer. London, 1846.

Eighteenth Century.

Lerch (Joh. Jacob), Zweite Reise nach Persien. In Buesching's Magazin. 1776.

Reineggs (Jacob), Beschreibung des Kaukasus. Gotha, 1796-97. 8vo. And some other works. Sketches in Pallas's Nordische Beitraege, etc. A General, Historical, and Topographical Description of Mount Caucasus. Translated by Ch. Wilkinson. London, 1807. (Reineggs was a diplomatic agent of the Russian Court, and induced the Ossets to submit, besides preparing the way for the annexation of Georgia.)

Gueldenstaedt (Joh. Ant.), Geografichskoie i statistichskoie opisanié Gruzii (Geographical and Statistical Description of Georgia). S. Pbg., 1809. 8vo.

---- ----, Reisen nach Georgien und Imerethi, ausg. von J. von Klaproth. Berlin, 1815. 8vo.

---- ----, Beschreibung der Kaukasischen Laender, ausg. von J. von Klaproth. Berlin. 1834. 8vo.

Peyssonnel (French Consul in Smyrna), Traité sur le Commerce de la Mer Noire. Paris, 1787. 2 vols. 8vo.

Memoir of a Map of the Countries comprehended between the Black Sea and the Caspian; with an account of the Caucasian nations, and vocabularies of their languages. London, 1788. 4to.

Howell, Journal of the Passage from India through Armenia, &c.

Wilford (Francis), On Mount Caucasus. In Asiatic Researches. London, 1799.

Potocki (Jean), Voyage dans les steps d'Astrakhan et du Caucase (in 1797) publié par Klaproth. Paris, 1829. 8vo.

Voyages historiques et géographiques dans les pays situés entre la Mer Noire et la Mer Caspienne. Paris, 1798.

Biberstein (Maréchal de), Tableau des provinces situées sur la Côte occidentale de la Mer Caspienne, entre les fleuves Térek et Kour. S. Pbg., 1798. 4to.

Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur les pays situés entre la Mer Noire et la Mer Caspienne. Paris, 1797. 4to.

Natolien, Georgien ... in historischer, geographischer ... politischer Hinsicht. Berlin and Leipzig, 1799. 8vo.

Nineteenth Century.

Zass (de), Description du Caucase, avec le précis historique et statistique de la Géorgie. S. Pbg., 1804. 8vo.

Langen (Jacob), Opisanié Kavkaza s kratkim istorichskim i statistichskim opisaniem Gruzii (Description of the Caucasus, with a short historical and statistical description of Georgia). Translated from the French of J. L. S. Pbg., 1805.

Rommel (V. C.), Die Voelker des Kaukasus. Weimar, 1808.

Lagorio, Extrait du Journal d'un voyage en Mingrélie. In Annales des Voyages. Paris, 1809.

----, Bemerkungen ueber Mingrelien. In Minerva. 1811.

Clarke (E. D.), Voyages en Russie etc., trad. de l'anglais. Paris, 1812. 2 vols. 8vo. I have not seen the English original.

Morier (John), Journey through Persia. London, 1812. 4to. ---- ----, Second Journey through Persia ... with an account of the embassy of Sir Gore Ouseley. London, 1818. 4to.

Kinneir, Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, interspersed with an account of manners and customs. London, 1813. 4to.

----, Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia, &c. London, 1818. 8vo.

Colchis oder Mingrelien. In Hormayr's Archiv. 1813.

Drouville, Voyage en Perse. S. Pbg., 1820. 2 vols. 8vo. With atlas.

Freygang (Wilhelm and Frederica), Lettres sur le Caucase et la Géorgie. Hambourg, 1816. 8vo.

Engelhardt (Moritz von) and Parrot (Friedr.), Reise in die Krymm und den Kaukasus. Berlin, 1815. Parrot also wrote Reise nach Ararat. Berlin, 1830. Translated by W. D. Cooley, London, n.d. 8vo.

Kotzebue (Moritz von), Reise nach Persien im Jahre 1817.

Johnson (John), A Journey from India to England through Persia, Georgia.... London, 1818. 4to.

Ker-Porter (Sir Robt.), Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, &c., during the years 1817-1820. London, 1821. 2 vols. 4to.

Lumsden (Thos.), A Journey from Merut in India to London, through Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia.... London, 1822. 8vo.

Gamba (Jacques Francois), Voyage dans la Russie méridionale, et particulièrement dans les provinces situées au-delà du Caucase, fait depuis 1820 jusqu'en 1824. With an atlas. 2 tom. Paris, 1826. 8vo.

Lyall (Robt.), Travels in Russia, the Crimea, and Georgia. London, 1825. 2 vols. 8vo.

Asiatic Journal. London. Former and Present State of the Road over Mount Caucasus, 1825; Visit to the Caucasian Wall, 1833; The Caucasian Nations, 1837; and other articles.

Bronievskii, Puteshestvié na Kavkazié (Journey in the Caucasus). Moskva, 1825. 2 vols. 8vo.

Henderson, Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia, including ... the Passage of the Caucasus. London, 1826. 8vo.

Halen (D. Juan van), Dos años en Rusia. Valencia, 1849. 8vo. Also Mémoires. Paris and Bruxelles, 1827. 2 vols. 8vo.

----, Narrative of D. Juan van Halen's Imprisonment ... his Campaign with the Army of the Caucasus. Translated from the Spanish. London, 1827. 2 vols. 8vo. Another edition in 1830.

Klaproth (Julius von), Voyage au Mont Caucase. Paris, 1827. 8vo.

----, Extraits d'une topographie de la Géorgie. Paris, n. d. 8vo. And several other works.

Seristori (Comte), Notes sur les provinces russes au-delà du Caucase. Odessa, 1829.

Vetter (J. C. W.), Meine Reise nach Grusien. Leipzig, 1829.

Rottiers, Itinéraire de Tiflis à Constantinople. Bruxelles, 1829.

Jaeger (B.), Reise von St. Petersburg in die Krim und die Laender des Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1830. 8vo.

Pushkin (A. S.), Puteshestvié v Erzerum (Journey to Erzerum). 1829.

Lermontov (M. Y.), Geroi nashevo vremeni (A Hero of our Times). 1839-40.

Kupfer, Voyage dans les environs du Mont Elbrous. S. Pbg. Acad. Scient., 1830.

Jaeger (B.), Versuch einer Darstellung des natuerlichen Reichthums ... der russischen Laender jenseit des Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1830. 8vo.

Marigny (E. T. de), Portulan de la Mer Noire. Odessa, 1830.

Guibal (Paul), Industrie et économie des Abazes in Courrier de la Nouvelle Russie. 25 Dec., 1831. Odessa.

Armstrong (T. B.), Travels in Russia and Turkey.... Itinerary through ... Georgia. London, 1831. 8vo.

Budberg (Leonh., Freiherr von), Galerie der neuesten Reisen von Russen durch Russland. S. Pbg., 1832.

L. S. (Cte.) (? Seristori), Notes statistiques sur le littoral de la Mer Noire. Vienne, 1832. 8vo. 22 pp.

Nouv. Annales des Voyages. Paris. Many articles.

Nouv. Journal Asiatique. Paris. Description géographique du Ghouria. 1832. And many other articles.

Annalen der Erdkunde. Blick auf Georgien. 1832. Georgien und seine Umgebung. 1843. And other articles.

Eichwald (Carl Eduard von), Reise auf dem Caspischen Meere und in den Caucasus. Stuttgard, 1834-38. 2 Bde. 8vo. A scientific work.

Mignan, Journal of a Tour through Georgia.... Asiatic Society. Bombay, 1834.

Smith (Eli) and Dwight (H.), Missionary Researches in Armenia, including a journey ... into Georgia. London, 1834. 8vo.

Conolly (Arthur), Journey to the North of India overland. London, 1834. 2 vols. 8vo.

Famin (César), Region caucasienne in Univers pittoresque. Paris, n. d. 8vo. Caucasien in Weltgemaeldegallerie. Stuttgard, 1835. 8vo.

Hammer (Joseph von), Schwarzes Meer. Wien, 1835.

Evetskii (Orest), Statistichskoé opisanié Kavkaza (Statistical Description of the Caucasus). S. Pbg., 1835.

Obozrenie russkikh vladenii za Kavkazom (Description of the Russian Possessions beyond the Caucasus). S. Pbg., 1836. 4 vols. 8vo. An official publication.

Zubov, Kartina kavkazskavo kraya (Picture of the Caucasian Land). S. Pbg., 1834-35. 4 vols. 8vo.

----, Shest pisem o Gruzii i Kavkazié (Six Letters about Georgia and the Caucasus). Moskva, 1834. 8vo.

Besse, Voyage en Crimée, au Caucase, etc. Paris, 1838. 8vo.

Belanger (Ch.), Voyage aux Indes par ... la Géorgie. Paris, 1838. 8vo. With atlas.

Spencer (Edm.), Travels in the Western Caucasus. London, 1838. 2 vols. 8vo.

Fragmens de lettres écrites de Tiflis en Géorgie. In Bibl. univ. de Genève, 1838.

Wilbraham (Capt. Richard), Travels in the Transcaucasian Provinces. London, 1839. 8vo.

*Dubois de Montpéreux (Frédéric), Voyage autour du Caucase. Paris, 1839-1843. 6 tom. 8vo. A well-written work. I am indebted to Dubois for many bibliographical notes. The same author published an Atlas in five parts in folio, Neuchatel, 1843, to illustrate his book (part 1, Ancient Geography; part 2, Picturesque views; part 3, Architecture; part 4, Archeology; part 5, Geology).

Hamilton (Walter), Researches in Asia Minor, Armenia, &c. London, 1840. 2 vols. 8vo.

Southgate, Horatio. Narrative of a Tour through Armenia. New York, 1840. 12mo.

Samuel (J.), The Remnant found, or the Place of Israel's Hiding discovered ... the Result of Personal Investigation during a Missionary Tour in Georgia. London, 1841. 8vo.

Teule (Jul. C.), Pensées ... extraites du journal des mes voyages dans ... les provinces russes, géorgiennes et tartares du Caucase.... Paris, 1842. 2 vols. 8vo.

Hommaire de Hell, Voyage à la Mer Caspienne. Paris, 1845. 3 vols.

Cameron (Geo. Poulett), Personal Adventures and Excursions in Georgia. London, 1845. 2 vols. 8vo. Cf. United Service Journal. London, 1840-44.

Hagemeister, Zakavkazskie ocherki (Transcaucasian sketches). S. Pbg., 1845. 8vo. Novie (New) do. do. S. Pbg., 1848.

Joselian (Plato), Opisanié Shiomgvimskoi pustini v Gruzii (Description of the Desert of Shiomgvim in Georgia). Tiflis, 1845. 12mo.

---- ----, Puteviya zapiski po Kakhetii (Travel Notes from Kakheti). Tiflis, 1846. 12mo.

Suzannet (Cte. de), Souvenirs de voyage. Les provinces du Caucase. Paris, 1846. 8vo.

Danilevskii (N.), Kavkaz i evo gorskie zhiteli (The Caucasus and its Mountaineers). Moskva, 1846. 8vo.

---- ----, Der Kaukasus. Physisch-geographisch, statistisch, ethnographisch und strategisch. Leipzig, 1847. 8vo.

Kolenati, Die Ersteigung des Kasbek. In Russ. Archiv. S. Pbg., 1848.

Wagner (Moritz), Reise nach Kolchis und nach den deutschen Kolonien jenseits des Kaukasus. Leipzig, 1850. 8vo. And Der Kaukasus und das Land der Kosaken. 2te. Ausg. Leipzig, 1850. 2 Bde. 8vo. Translated into English as Travels in Persia, Georgia, and Koordistan. London, 1856. 3 vols. 8vo.

*Stackelberg (Count Ernst von), Le Caucase pittoresque, dessiné d'après nature par le Prince G. Gagarine; avec une introduction et un texte explicatif par le Comte E. S. Paris, 1847-59. Fol.

*---- ----, Scènes, paysages, moeurs et costumes du Caucase, dessinés d'après nature par le Prince G. Gagarine, et accompagnés d'un texte par le Comte E. S. Paris, 1850, etc. Fol.

Bodenstedt (Fr.), Tausend und ein Tag im Orient. Berlin, 1850. 2 vols. 8vo.

Marmier (X.), Du Danube au Caucase. Paris, 1854. 8vo.

Haxthausen (August, Baron v.), Transcaucasia. Translated into English by J. E. Taylor. London, 1854. 8vo.

Golovine (Ivan), The Caucasus. London, 1854. 8vo.

Spencer (Edm.), Turkey, Russia, the Black Sea. London, 1854. 8vo.

Thuemmel (A. R.), Bunte Bilder aus dem Kaukasus. Nuernberg, 1854-55. 2 vols. 8vo.

Borozdin (K. A.), Zakavkazskiya vospominaniya. Mingrelia i Svanetia s 1854 do 1861 g. S. Pbg.

*Dumas (Alexandre), Le Caucase. Paris, 1859. 4to. A charming book.

Gille (F.), Lettres sur le Caucase.... Paris, 1859. 8vo. Cf.--

Bocage (V. A. B. du), Rapport fait à la Société de Géographie. Paris, 1860. 8vo.

Chodzko (General), Die neuesten Hoehenmessungen im Kaukasus. In Petermann's Mittheilungen. Gotha, 1859.

---- ----, Die russischen Aufnahmen im Kaukasus. Ibid., 1862.

Moynet, Voyage à la Mer Caspienne et à la Mer Noire. In Charton's "Tour du Monde," 1860. 1er. sém. Paris.

Blanchard, Voyage de Tiflis à Stavropol. In Charton's "Tour du Monde," 1861. 2er. sém. Paris.

Lapinskii (T.), Die Bergvoelker des Kaukasus. Hamburg, 1863. 2 vols. 8vo.