CHAPTER XI.
SPHENOPHYLLALES. Pp. 389–414.
I. =SPHENOPHYLLUM= 389–414 A. =The anatomy of Sphenophyllum= 392–406 _a._ _Stems_ 392–398 _Sphenophyllum insigne_ and _S. plurifoliatum_ 397–398. _b._ _Roots_ 399 _c._ _Leaves_ 399 _d._ _Cones_ 401–406 _Sphenophyllostachys Dawsoni_ 402–405. _S. Römeri_ 405–406.
B. =Types of vegetative Branches of Sphenophyllum= 407–412 _Sphenophyllum emarginatum_ 407–408. _S. trichomatosum_ 408–409. _S. Thoni_ 410–411. _S. speciosum_ 411–412.
C. =Affinities, Range and Habit of Sphenophyllum= 412–414
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FRONTISPIECE. TREE STUMPS IN A CARBONIFEROUS FOREST. Drawn from a photograph. (M. Seward.) PAGE 57.
FIG. PAGE 1. _Lepidodendron._ (M. S.) 10 2. Geological section 29 3. Table of strata 32, 33 4. Geological section (coal seam) 44 5. _Neuropteris Scheuchzeri_ Hoffm. (M. S.) 45 6. Submerged Forest at Leasowe. (M. S.) 59 7. Ammonite on coniferous wood. (M. S.) 61 8. Coniferous wood in flint. (M. S.) 62 9. Bored fossil wood. (M. S.) 62 10. Section of an old pool filled up with a mass of _Chara_. (From block lent by Dr Woodward) 69 11. _Equisetites columnaris_ Brongn. (M. S.) 72 12. _Stigmaria ficoides_ Brongn. (M. S.) 73 13. _Cordaites etc._ in coal. (M. S.) 76 14. Crystallisation in petrified tissues 81 15. _Lepidodendron._ (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson of a specimen lent by Mr Kidston) 82 16. Cast of a fossil cell. (M. S.) 84 17. Calcareous nodule from the Coal-Measures 85 18. _Lepidodendron_ from Arran. (M. S.) 89 19. _Trigonocarpon_ seeds in a block of sandstone. (M. S.) 91 20. _Restio_, _Equisetum_, _Casuarina_ and _Ephedra_. (M. S.) 95 21. _Polygonum equisetiforme_ Sibth. and Sm. (M. S.) 96 22. _Kaulfussia æsculifolia_ Blume. (M. S.) 97 23. A branched Lepidodendroid stem (_Knorria mirabilis_ Ren. and Zeill.). (M. S.) 102 24. Partially disorganised petrified tissue 107 25. Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres. (Lent by Messrs Macmillan) 119 26. _Girvanella problematica_ Eth. and Nich. (M. S.) 124 27. Fish-scale and shell perforated by a boring organism. (M. S.) 128 28. _Bacillus Tieghemi_ Ren. and _Micrococcus Guignardi_ Ren. (M. S.) 135 29. _Laminaria_ sp. 140 30. Rill-mark; trail of a seaweed; tracks of a Polychaet. (M. S.) 143 31. _Chondrites verisimilis_ Salt. (M. S.) 146 32. _Lithothamnion mamillosum_ Gümb.; _Sycidium melo_ Sandb.; _Bactryllium deplanatum_ Heer; Calcareous pebble from a lake in Michigan. (M. S.) 155 33. _Cymopolia barbata_ (L.); _Acicularia Andrussowi_ Solms; _Acicularia_ sp.; _A. Schencki_ (Möb.); _A. Mediterranea_ Lamx.; _Ovulites margaritula_ Lamx.; _Penicillus pyramidalis_ (Lamx.) (M. S.) 162 34. _Acetabularia mediterranea_ Lamx. (Photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 165 35. _Diplopora_; _Gyroporella_; _Penicillus_; _Ovulites margaritula_ Lam.; _Confervites chantransioides_ (Born.) 174 36. Torbanite; _Pila bibractensis_ and _Reinschia australis_ 180 37. _Lithothamnion_ sp.; _L. suganum_ Roth.; _Sphaerocodium Bornemanni_ Roth. 186 38. _Solenopora compacta_ (Billings). (M. S.) 189 39. _Nematophycus Logani_ (Daws.) 196 40. _Nematophycus Storriei_ Barb. (Photograph by Mr C. A. Barber) 199 41. Cells of _Cycadeoidea gigantea_ Sew., _Osmundites Dowkeri_ Carr and _Memecylon_ with vacuolated contents; _Peronosporites antiquarius_ Smith; _Zygosporites_ 214 42. Tracheids of coniferous wood attacked by _Trametes radiciperda_ Hart and _Agaricus melleus_ Vahl. 215 43. _Oochytrium Lepidodendri_ Ren.; _Polyporus vaporarius_ Fr. var. _succinea_; _Cladosporites bipartitus_ Fel.; _Haplographites cateniger_ Fel. (M. S.) 217 44. Cells of fossil plants with fungal hyphae 219 45. _Chara Knowltoni_ Sew.; _Chara foetida_ A. Br. (_A_ and _B_, Mr Highley; _C–E_, M. S.) 224 46. _Chara Bleicheri_ Sap.; _Chara_? sp.; _C. Wrighti_ Forbes. (M. S.) 226 47. _Chara Knowltoni_ Sew. (From block lent by Dr Woodward) 227 48. _Tristichia hypnoides_ Spreng.; _Podocarpus cupressina_ Br. and Ben.; _Selaginella Oregana_ Eat. (M. S.) 231 49. _Marchantites erectus_ (Leck.) (M. S.) 233 50. _Marchantites Sezannensis_ Sap. (M. S.) 235 51. _Muscites polytrichaceus_ Ren. and Zeill. (M. S.) 239 52. _Equisetum maximum_ Lam.; _E. arvense_ L. 246 53. _Equisetum palustre_ L. (M. S.) 247 54. Plan of the vascular bundles in an _Equisetum_ stem; _E. arvense_ L. 250 55. _Equisetum variegatum_ Schl.; _E. maximum_ Lam. 252 56. Calamitean leaf-sheath. (M. S.) 260 57. _Equisetites Hemingwayi_ Kidst. (Mr Highley) 262 58. _Equisetites spatulatus_ Zeill.; _E. zeaeformis_ (Schloth.); _Equisetites lateralis_ Phill.; _Equisetites columnaris_ Brongn.; _Equisetum trachyodon_ A. Br. (M. S.) 265 59. _Equisetites platyodon_ Brongn. (M. S.) 267 60. _Equisetites Beani_ (Bunb.). (From a block lent by Dr Woodward) 271 61. _Equisetites Beani_ (Bunb.). (M. S.) 272 62. _E. Beani_ (Bunb.). (M. S.) 274 63. _E. lateralis_ Phill. (M. S.) 275 64. _E. lateralis_ Phill. (M. S.) 278 65. _E. Burchardti_ Dunk. (M. S.) 279 66. _E. Yokoyamae_ Sew. (From a block lent by Dr Woodward) 280 67. _Phyllotheca_? sp. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 285 68. _Phyllotheca Brongniarti_ Zigno; _P. indica_ Bunb.; _Calamocladus frondosus_ Grand’Eury. (M. S.) 287 69. _Schizoneura gondwanensis_ Feist. (M. S.) 293 70. Transverse section of a Calamite stem. (M. S.) 299 71. Transverse section of a young Calamite stem 305 72. Longitudinal and transverse sections of _Calamites_ 308 73. Transverse section of a Calamite stem 310 74. Transverse section of _Calamites_ (_Arthropitys_) sp. 312 75. Longitudinal section (tangential) of _Calamites_ (_Arthropitys_) sp. 313 76. Longitudinal section (tangential) of _Calamites_ (_Arthropitys_) sp. 314 77. Portion of a Calamite stem; partially restored. (M. S.) 316 78.╮ Transverse and longitudinal (radial) sections of a thick 318 79.╯ Calamite stem. (Mr Highley) 319 80. Transverse section of a Calamite showing callus wood 320 81. Longitudinal section of a young Calamite 321 82. Pith-casts of _Calamites_ (_Stylocalamites_) sp. (M. S.) 323 83. _Calamites_ (_Arthrodendron_) sp. Transverse and longitudinal sections 327 84. Transverse section of _Calamites_ (_Calamodendron_) _intermedius_ Ren. 328 85. Leaves of a Calamite. (M. S.) 330 86. Transverse section of a Calamite leaf 331 87. _Calamocladus equisetiformis_ (Schloth.) (Miss G. M. Woodward) 334 88. _Annularia stellata_ (Schloth.) (M. S.) 339 89. _Annularia sphenophylloides_ Zenk. (M. S.) 340 90. Pith-cast of a Calamite, with roots. (M. S.) 343 91. Transverse sections of Calamite roots 345 92. Root given off from a Calamite stem 347 93. _Calamostachys_ sp. (M. S.) 350 94. _C. Binneyana_ (Carr.). (Mr Highley) 352 95. _C. Binneyana_ (Carr.) 354 96. _C. Casheana_ Will. 356 97. _Palaeostachya pedunculata_ Will. (M. S.) 357 98. _P. vera_ sp. nov. 359 99. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) Göpp. (Ett.) (M. S.) 368 100. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) _approximatus_ Brongn. From a photograph by Mr Kidston 370 101. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) sp. (From a block lent by Dr Woodward) 373 102. _Calamites_ (_Eucalamites_) _cruciatus_ Sternb. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 377 103. _Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus_ (Schloth.). (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 385 104. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of _Sphenophyllum_ 393 105. Transverse and longitudinal sections of _Sphenophyllum insigne_ (Will.) and _S. plurifoliatum_ Will. and Scott 394 106. _Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum_ Will. and Scott. (From a photograph by Mr Highley) 398 107. _Sphenophyllum_ strobilus, stem and root 400 108. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of a _Sphenophyllum_ strobilus. (M. S.) 402 109. _Sphenophyllum emarginatum_ (Brongn.) (M. S.) 407 110. _Sphenophyllum Thoni_ Mahr.; _S. trichomatosum_ Stur. (M. S.) 410 111. _Sphenophyllum speciosum_ (Royle). (M. S.) 411
=Note.= The references in the footnotes require a word of explanation. The titles of the works referred to will be found in the Bibliography at the end of the volume. In this list the authors’ names are arranged alphabetically and the papers of each author are in chronological order. The numbers in brackets after the author’s name in the footnotes, and before his name in the bibliographical list, refer to the year of publication. Except in cases where the works were published prior to 1800, the first two figures are omitted: thus Ward (84) refers to a paper published by L. F. Ward in 1884. This system was suggested by Dr H. H. Field in the _Biologisches Centralblatt_, vol. XIII. 1893, p. 753. (_Ueber die Art der Abfassung naturwissenschaftlicher Litteraturverzeichnisse._)
=PART I. GENERAL.=