CHAPTER VII

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ORDINANCE OF 1787

The name “Old Northwest” implies that the five states included in it share a common historical and social background. Between its southern end, which looks down upon the beautiful Ohio, and its northern extremity, lapped by the blue waters of Huron and Superior, there are wide variations of geographic and economic conditions; yet the teeming millions who now inhabit this region are conscious of an identity of interests, and of a common outlook upon life, which gives to this section an individuality as distinct as that possessed by the people of New England, or of the Old South.

Any explanation of this individuality leads inevitably to the Ordinance of 1787. As mountain peaks overtop the surrounding plain, a few great legislative acts in our history tower above the vast body of statutes which fill the books in our law libraries. Magna Charta, extorted from reluctant King John at Runnymede 700 years ago, is one such document; the Quebec Act of 1774, fateful for the future of Canada and the United States, is another. Of like character are our Federal Constitution, and the Ordinance of 1787, both drafted in the same year; one for the government of the American nation, the other for the government of the land lying north and west of the Ohio River.

The Old Northwest was chiefly a wilderness in 1787, but it was not a vacant wilderness. Everywhere were the native red men, who quite naturally viewed the country as their own, to be defended to the last extremity of their power. At many points—Detroit, Maumee Rapids, Fort Wayne, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, St. Joseph, Prairie du Chien, Green Bay, and Mackinac, to mention a few—were civilized communities which had been founded by the French during the century which ended with the English Conquest of Canada in 1760. Following this, British officials and army officers, traders and adventurers, had entered the western country, and in many instances had inter-married with the older French and Indian population. Although the Treaty of Paris of 1783 had given the West to the new United States, with the Great Lakes and the Mississippi as its northern and western boundaries, the close of the Revolution found Great Britain and the Indians in actual possession of all but the southern tip of the Old Northwest, and this possession she did not surrender until the summer of 1796.

Thus before settlers from the seaboard colonies could occupy the country north of the Ohio, the British government must be expelled from it, and the Indian tribes must be conquered by the United States. The leaders who formed the Ohio Company were substantial New Englanders, many of whom had been officers in the Revolutionary War. They were familiar from infancy with the New England system of local government, and while they were ready to remove to the western country, to develop new homes in the wilderness, they had no thought of abandoning the shelter of organized government. South of the Ohio, settlers had moved into the western country on their individual responsibility, depending upon Virginia and their own resources for protection against savages and wilderness alike. This had been possible because the Kentucky country was not only a rich land of mild climate, but because it had long been a vacant wilderness, where no Indians lived, and no foreign government exercised jurisdiction. So the Boones and Kentons, and their comrades, had moved in before asking permission or protection from any civilized government. The New Englanders, on the contrary, had occupied the wilderness by organized communities, and from ancient habit had organized new towns as fast as they pushed the line of frontier settlement westward and northward. The Indians in the Ohio country were determined to keep the Americans out of it, and they enjoyed the sympathy and support of the British officials. Thus there was every reason why the intruding settlers should insist upon having an organized government go with them into the Northwest.

[Illustration: LAND SURVEYS IN OHIO WITH EARLY POSTS AND SETTLEMENTS]

So their spokesman went to New York, and persuaded the Confederation Congress to give them the government they wished, and the Ordinance of 1787 was passed. It has been described in earlier chapters, and the purpose of this final section is to show how it influenced the future development of the Old Northwest, and the United States.

The object of the Ordinance is fully stated in its title, “An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the Ohio River.” It contains two principal parts; the first describes the actual scheme of the government to be erected, while the second contains six articles which are declared to be a “compact” between the people of the original states and the people of the Northwest Territory. At that time the word “compact” was applied to the most solemn agreement known to political science, and the six articles of the present one were to “forever remain unalterable,” unless changed by the common consent of the two parties concerned in it.

The thirteen colonies, which in 1776 declared their independence from England, all lay east of the Alleghany Mountains, with their settled portions extending barely two hundred miles inland from the seashore. Today our country extends from ocean to ocean, a distance of three thousand miles. It was the governmental conception which first found concrete expression in the Ordinance of 1787 which made possible this vast westward expansion of our country, and its development from a union of thirteen seaboard states into a continent-wide nation of forty-eight.

It came about this way: Before the American Revolution, colonies were universally regarded as dependencies, to be governed by the mother country for the promotion of its own advantage. After the conquest of Canada, the British ministry decided to maintain a standing army in America, and since the colonies were to be protected by it, the ministry determined that they should be taxed to support it. The colonists, however, refused to submit to such taxation, and after a long period of argument and debate, made good their refusal by waging a successful war against their king. This success marked the death of the old British Empire, and led directly to one of the most momentous political discoveries in human history.

The colonists had refused to be treated any longer as mere dependents, subject to the control of a distant parliament, in which they were not represented. But even before independence had been won, they found themselves face to face with the same problem, _how to govern a dependency_, which had baffled the wit of the British ministry. Some of the colonies had claims to portions of land west of the Alleghanies. Other colonies had none, and Maryland in particular demanded that all should share in the ownership of the western country which had been won by the “common blood and treasure” of all the colonies.

[Illustration: “_No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at the Muskingum. I know most of the men personally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a community._”—GEORGE WASHINGTON.

“—_that ordinance was constantly looked to whenever a new territory was to become a state. Congress always traced their course by the Ordinance of 1787._”—ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]

The debate over this issue went on for several years in the Continental Congress, Maryland, meanwhile, stoutly refusing to accept any federal government until her demand concerning the western country should be met. Out of the long debate was gradually evolved a new political conception for the government of dependencies. The states having claims to lands in the western wilderness ceded them to the general government, to be administered for the common benefit of all; and Congress solemnly pledged that the country thus given to the nation should be organized into new states, which would be admitted to the Union _on a basis of equality with the existing states_.

This program for the government of America’s own colonial domain eliminated at a single stroke the grievance which had driven the older colonies into rebellion against their king and country. For their complaint, at bottom, was that they were regarded as politically inferior to their countrymen at home, subject to be governed forever by the latter, without regard to their own views or desires. The American program said, in effect, to the western colonists: “While you are few in numbers, strangers to one another, and menaced by hostile forces outside yourselves, the nation will govern and protect you, as a parent governs and protects his child; but as soon as you reach a state of maturity where you can do these things for yourselves, you will be admitted to the union of states, with the same powers and privileges that all the rest enjoy.”

[Illustration: “_In truth the Ordinance of 1787 was so wide reaching in its effect, was drawn in accordance with so lofty a morality and such far seeing statesmanship, and was fraught with such weal for the nation, that it will ever rank among the foremost of American State papers._”—THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

“—_with respect to that third great charter—the Northwest Ordinance. The principles therein embodied served as the highway, broad and safe, over which poured the westward march of our civilization. On this plan was the United States built._”—FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT.]

Thus, and only thus, could the American nation ever have been extended “from sea to shining sea.” The great political discovery which made this extension possible was hammered out in the heat of debate over the formation of our first national union, the government of the Confederation, which came into being in 1781. But it was first given concrete application in the Ordinance of 1787, which provided the form of government for the territory northwest of the Ohio River. This principle, unconfined by the boundaries of the Old Northwest, extends to all the continental expansion of the United States; while Great Britain, profiting by the lessons of experience, has granted self-rule to Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia, and is gradually extending it to India and Egypt.

The ordinance provided for two stages of government. In the beginning, all political control was entrusted to a governor and three judges, appointed by the federal government, who exercised the supreme executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the territory, and were answerable solely to the President and Congress of the United States. The territory in this first stage was a colony, whose citizens were without the powers of self-government.

As soon, however, as there were 5,000 free adult male inhabitants in the territory, the second stage of government was to be set up. This provided for a general assembly of two houses: the members of one elected by the voters; of the other, by a procedure in which both the voters and the national government shared. To resort again to the analogy of the minor child, we may compare the territory in this second stage with a boy of fourteen or fifteen, old enough to govern himself in ordinary matters, but still in need of parental guidance and control whenever more important problems arise. This state of partial self-government was to be terminated whenever the population of any of the future states (for which Article 5 of the compact made provision) should equal 60,000 free inhabitants. At such time the people might frame a state constitution and government, and be admitted to the Union “on an equal footing with the original states in all respects whatever.” The child had now become a man, invested with all the privileges and responsibilities of manhood’s estate.

Turning to the articles of the compact, Article 5 provides that not less than three, nor more than five, states should be formed from the entire territory, and the north-south boundaries of the three were fixed at approximately the present Ohio-Indiana and Indiana-Illinois lines, extended northward to Canada. If Congress should later see fit to do so, however, it might organize either one or two states in that portion of the territory lying north of an east and west line through the southern extreme of Lake Michigan. Congress eventually organized two northern states, but the provision concerning their southern boundary was ignored, and Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois all gained important accessions of territory north of the “Ordinance line,” at the expense, of course, of the two northern states. Although there was much opposition in Michigan and Wisconsin to these changes, in the end the will of Congress prevailed, and the compact of the ordinance with respect to boundaries was disregarded.

Thus, the five great commonwealths of the Old Northwest owe their existence, and the approximate location of their boundaries, to the Ordinance of 1787. All were governed as territories on the plan prescribed by the ordinance before their admission to statehood. The territorial period for each was marked by political discord, and numerous complaints were made against the officials the President placed over the territories. Many of these complaints were well-founded, but one would hesitate to affirm that any other form of government could have been devised to operate better. The inhabitants always had the consolation of knowing that their period of political dependence was but temporary, and that as soon as they should have the necessary population they would be invested with the powers and responsibilities of statehood.

We must now note briefly certain matters which are closely associated with the story of the Ordinance of 1787.

The corner-stone of our civilization is the institution of private property. Before the Northwest could be settled, the government had to provide for the division of the land into suitable tracts, and its sale to settlers. In 1785 the ordinance creating our national land-survey system was passed, and not long thereafter the first survey of federal lands, that of the Seven Ranges in southeastern Ohio, was begun.

Beginning in 1790, the government waged a five-year war in Ohio and Indiana, resulting in the overthrow of the Indian Confederacy. In 1796 the British government withdrew its garrisons, and its _de facto_ government, which had continued until then in all the northern two-thirds of the Old Northwest, ceased to exist. In 1812 the region was reconquered by the British, but their rule this time lasted only a year, when it was ended for all time by the gun-fire of Commodore Perry’s cannon in the battle of Lake Erie. Meanwhile, by a long series of treaties with the Indians, beginning with Anthony Wayne’s Treaty of Greenville in 1795, the red man’s title to the country was quieted. Government surveyors swarmed over the land, preparing it for purchase and occupancy by the oncoming tide of white settlers. Just sixty years after the appearance on the Ohio of the little band of Yankees who founded Marietta, Wisconsin, youngest of the five commonwealths of the Old Northwest, was admitted to the Union of States. The red race had given place to the white; civilization had succeeded barbarism; the wilderness had been transformed into cultivated fields and thriving cities and towns.

Certain of the articles of compact between the old states and the new demonstrate the advanced thought of the men who framed the ordinance. The first article guarantees forever complete freedom of religious belief and worship. Probably most Americans accept this precious privilege as they do the air they breathe, without giving any particular thought to its value or how it came to them. Yet even today, in many parts of the civilized world, freedom of religious belief and worship is conspicuously lacking.

In other important respects, too, the framers of the ordinance were far in advance of their age—in advance, even, of that more famous body of legislators who framed our national constitution. Included in the articles of compact is a provision guaranteeing the sanctity of private contracts—the first appearance of such a guarantee in any charter of government. This was copied into the United States Constitution, where it became the basis of the vast development of private corporations with which we are today familiar. In 1819 the Supreme Court, in the famous Dartmouth College Case, carried this guarantee to its logical conclusion by ruling that a charter or franchise is a contract, which, once granted by a state legislature or other governing body, cannot be withdrawn.

Of tremendous portent to our social system of today was the abolition of the age-old law of primogeniture, the concept that the eldest son alone should inherit the real estate of his parents. Thomas Jefferson had long contended in the Virginia legislature for the adoption of this reform, but it remained for the Ordinance of 1787 to make the first legal provision whereby children should share equally the estates of their parents.

Another provision, well in advance of the age, affords perhaps the most notable sentence in the entire document: “Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” In 1787 “schools and the means of education” found very little encouragement over most of the face of the globe. Today, America is dedicated to the ideal of universal education, and nowhere is more liberal encouragement extended to education than in the five states of the Old Northwest.

In its original contract with the Ohio Company, Congress agreed to give two townships of land for “the uses of a university.” In 1795, with the ink scarcely dry on General Wayne’s treaty with the red men at Greenville, the “college townships” were located and surveyed. In 1802 the legislature of the Northwest Territory passed an act establishing a university in the village of Athens—the first legislative act passed west of the Alleghany Mountains, for the advancement of higher education. Today, each of the five states not only maintains at public expense a great state university, but the pattern set in 1787 has resulted in a nationwide system of colleges and universities aided by grants of public lands. The principle, here originated, of devoting fixed portions of the public lands to the support of schools and education has produced the broadest plan of universal education in the world, providing thereby the most essential aid to the existence of democratic self-government.

In still another respect the ordinance expressed a noble ideal, which, unfortunately, was destined not to be realized. At a time when the Indians of the Old Northwest were determined to prevent the Americans from ever entering the country, the ordinance held out to them the doctrine of the Golden Rule; they should ever be treated with the utmost good faith, their rights and liberties should be respected, and “laws founded in justice and humanity” should be enacted for preserving peace and friendship with them. If such an ideal could be generally realized between nations today, it would free a war-oppressed world from the greatest menace which threatens the continued existence of civilized society.

Another article in the compact proclaimed navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence to be common highways, “forever free” to the people of the United States. It is this guarantee which permits the humblest citizen of our country to use and enjoy the rivers and lakes of the Old Northwest for purposes of recreation and travel—a freedom which, but for this guarantee, would frequently be denied him by individual and corporate owners of real estate.

One final provision demands our attention. In 1787 the institution of human slavery existed in all but one of the states of the Union. But many humane and far-sighted men recognized its evils, and one in particular, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, was unwearied in his efforts to abate it. Although Jefferson was not the author of the Ordinance of 1787, it was largely because of his influence that its final article dedicated the Old Northwest—then, of course, the _new_ Northwest—to freedom. “There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory ...” the article begins, continuing with certain provisos respecting criminals and fugitives from justice. Several decades were to pass before the soil of the Old Northwest endured its last pollution from the footprints of a slave, but the prohibition proved an effective ban against the widespread expansion of slavery over the territory, and eventually exterminated it here completely. In doing so, the ordinance prepared the way for its ultimate extermination in the nation; for when civil war came and North and South faced each other on the field of battle during four awful years, it was the exuberant might of the free Northwest which decided the issue in favor of permanent Union and human freedom.

In 1787 the United States was a feeble confederacy of less than three million souls, almost all of whom dwelt within two hundred miles of the Atlantic seaboard. Today it stretches from sea to sea with a population of nearly 130,000,000. The thirteen original states have increased to forty-eight great and harmonious commonwealths. In the five states of the Old Northwest dwell 26,000,000 people. Mere numbers do not mean everything, however, else China and India would be the world’s foremost nations. The Old Northwest is today the political and industrial heart of the nation and, although the territory comprises but one-twelfth of the land area, one-fifth of the nation’s population lives within its boundaries.

The time that has elapsed since 1787 may be spanned by the lives of two elderly men, yet the changes which have been wrought in the Old Northwest since the first feeble American beginnings at Marietta would have staggered the imagination of any man then alive. Here began the political expansion of the United States; here the principles which made possible the development of the nation we know today were first concretely applied. Such is the historical significance of the Ordinance of 1787.

[Illustration: FREE SCHOOLS, FREE CHURCHES, FREE SOIL, FREE MEN

_Drawn by Mary Brent Davis, Coshocton, Ohio_]

CONDENSED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS ON THE ORDINANCE OF 1787 AND THE HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY

Compiled by GEORGE J. BLAZIER _Historian to the Commission_

This bibliography comprises general works relating to the Northwest Territory. To students desiring a more complete reference list, an extended bibliography prepared by the Commission will be sent without charge upon request. For additional works on the subject, and for single and local phases thereof, the reader is also directed to the best bibliographical works as follows:

Bradford, Thomas L.; and Henkels, Stanislaus V. Bibliographer’s manual of American history. Philadelphia, Henkels & Co., 1907-10. 5v.

Channing, Edward; Hart, Albert B.; and Turner, Frederick J. Guide to the study and reading of American history. Rev. and augm. ed. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1912. 650p.

Griffin, Grace G. Writings on American history, 1906-date. New York, Macmillan Co.; Washington, Govt. print. off.; etc., 1908-date. v.13-date published as Supplement to the Annual Report of the American Historical Assn., 1918-.

Larned, Josephus H., ed. Literature of American history, a bibliographical guide. Boston, A. L. A. pub. board, 1902. 596p. Supplement for 1900 and 1901, ed. by P. P. Wells. 37p. Supplements for 1902, 1903 appeared in series: Annotated titles of books on English and American history. Boston, A. L. A. pub. board. Supplement for 1904. Boston, A. L. A. pub. board.

McLaughlin, Andrew C.; Slade, William A.; and Lewis, Ernest D. Writings on American history, 1903. Washington, Carnegie Inst., 1905. 172p.

Richardson, Ernest C.; and Morse, Anson E. Writings on American history, 1902. Princeton, N. J., Univ. library, 1904. 294p. Same, 1903. Washington, Carnegie Inst., 1905. 172p.

_The reader is directed especially to the publications of the following historical societies whose publications are not specifically listed here:_

American Historical Association. Mississippi Valley Historical Association. Ohio Valley Historical Association. Illinois Catholic Historical Society. Illinois State Historical Society. Indiana Historical Society. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. Minnesota Historical Society. Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Western Reserve Historical Society. State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

_For information on manuscript collections, address the secretaries of the historical societies listed above._

ABRIDGED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, Henry. History of the United States of America. New York, C. Scribner’s Sons, 1889-91. 9v.

Adams, Herbert B. Maryland’s influence upon land cessions to the United States. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins university, 1885. 102p. (Johns Hopkins university studies in historical and political science. 3rd ser., I) See p. 44-54.

Adams, Randolph G. The papers of Lord George Germain; a brief description of the Stopford-Sackville papers is now in the William L. Clements library. Ann Arbor, William L. Clements library, 1928. 46p.

Alden, George H. New government west of the Alleghanies before 1780. Madison, Wis., The university, 1879. 74p.

Alvord, Clarence W. Centennial history of Illinois. Springfield, Ill., Illinois Centennial commission, 1920. 2v. The Mississippi Valley in British politics. Cleveland, Arthur H. Clark Co., 1917. 2v.

Andrews, Israel W. The Northwest territory. Its ordinances and its settlement. (In Magazine of American history, Aug. 1886, v. 16, p. 133-147.)

Avery, Elroy M. History of the United States and its people. Cleveland, Burrows Bros. Co., 1904-10. 7v.

Baldwin, James. Conquest of the Old Northwest. New York; Cincinnati, etc. American Bk. Co., 1901. 263p.

Bancroft, George. History of the formation of the Constitution. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1882. 2v. History of the United States, from the discovery of the continent. Last revision. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1888. 6v.

Barce, Elmore. The Land of the Miamis; an account of the struggle to secure possession of the Northwest from the end of the Revolution until 1812. Fowler, Ind., Benton review shop, 1922. 422p.

Barrett, Jay A. Evolution of the Ordinance of 1787; with an account of the earlier plans for the government of the Northwest territory. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891. 94p. (University of Nebraska. Depts. of history and economics. Seminary papers, No. 1) Authorities: p. 89-94.

Beer, George L. British Colonial policy, 1754-1765. New York, P. Smith, 1933. 327p.

Bodley, Temple. George Rogers Clark; his life and public service. Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1926. 425p.

Bond, Beverley W. The civilization of the Old Northwest; a study of political, social, and economic development, 1788-1812. New York, Macmillan Co., 1934. 543p.

Boyd, Thomas A. Mad Anthony Wayne. New York, London, C. Scribner’s Sons, 1929. 351p.

Burnet, Jacob. Notes on the early settlement of the Northwest territory. New York, D. Appleton & Co. Cincinnati, Derby, Bradley & Co., 1847. 501p.

Carter, Clarence E. Great Britain and the Illinois country, 1763-1774. Washington, American Historical Assn., 1910. 223p.

Chaddock, Robert E. Ohio before 1850; a study of the early influence of Pennsylvania and southern populations in Ohio. Ph. D. thesis, Columbia Univ., 1908. 155p.

Channing, Edward. History of the United States. New York, Macmillan Co., 1927-30. 6v.

Coles, Edward. History of the Ordinance of 1787. Read before the Historical society of Pennsylvania, June 9, 1856. Philadelphia, Press of the Society, 1856. 33p.

Cutler, William P. The Ordinance of July 13, 1787, for the government of the territory northwest of the river Ohio. With an appendix containing valuable historical facts. Marietta, O., E. R. Alderman & Sons, printers (1887?) 48p. Read before the Ohio State Archaeological and historical society, Feb. 23, 1887. Life, journals and correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL.D. By his grandchildren. Cincinnati, R. Clarke & Co., 1888. 2v. The Ordinance of 1787, and its history, by Peter Force, v. 2, p. 407-427.

Dane, Nathan. Letters of Nathan Dane concerning the Ordinance of 1787. Indianapolis, Indiana historical society, 1831. 7p.

Darlington, William M., ed. Christopher Gist’s journals. Pittsburgh, J. R. Weldin & Co. 1893. 296p.

Detroit, Public Library. The Burton historical collection of the Detroit Public Library. Detroit, 1928? 16p.

Dillon, John B. History of the early settlement of the Northwestern territory. Indianapolis, Ind., Sheets & Braden, 1854. 456p.

Doddridge, Joseph. Notes on the settlement and Indian wars of the western parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783. Pittsburgh, Pa. J. S. Ritenour & W. T. Lindsey, 1912. 320p.

Donaldson, Thomas. The public domain. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1884. 1343p. The Ordinance of 1787: p. 146-163.

Downes, Randolph Chandler. Frontier Ohio, 1788-1803. Columbus, Ohio, Ohio state archaeological and historical society, 1935. 280p. (Ohio historical collections, v. 3) Bibliography: p. 253-268.

Dunn, Jacob P. Indiana, a redemption from slavery. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1892. 453p. (American commonwealths, ed. by H. E. Scudder. v. 12) See p. 177-218.

English, William H. Conquest of the Northwest, 1778-1783; and life of Gen. George Rogers Clark. Indianapolis, Ind., & Kansas City, Mo., Bowen-Merrill Co., 1896. 2v.

Farrand, Max. Development of the United States from colonies to a world power. Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918. 355p. The legislation of Congress for the government of the organized territories of the United States, 1789-1895. Newark, N. J. W. A. Baker, printer, 1896. 101p. See p. 3-12. The United States. New York, Century Co., 1920-. 3v.

Fiske, John. Critical period of American history, 1783-1789. Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1888. 368p.

Gabriel, Ralph, ed. Pageant of America: a pictorial history of the United States. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 1925-29. 15v.

Galbreath, Charles B. The Ordinance of 1787, its origin and authorship. (In Ohio archaeological and historical quarterly, 1924, v. 33, p. 110-175.)

Gannett, Henry. Boundaries of the United States and the several states and territories. (In U. S. Geological survey. Bulletin, 226.)

Gilmore, William E. The Ordinance of 1787. Some investigations as to the authorship of the famous sixth article. (In Ohio archaeological and historical quarterly, 1905, v. 14, p. 148-157.) In support of the assertion that Nathan Dane was the author of the article prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Haight, Walter C. The binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. Ann Arbor, 1897. 60p. (Publications of the Michigan political science association, vol. II, No. 8) Bibliography: p. 59-60.

Hall, Charles S. Life and letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, chief judge of the Northwestern Territory, 1787-1789. Binghamton, N. Y., Otseningo Pub. Co., 1905. 601p.

Hammell, George M. The Ordinance of 1787 and the Ohio constitution of 1802. (In Twentieth Century magazine, Nov. 1911, v. 5, p. 55-58.)

Hanna, Charles A. The wilderness trail. New York & London, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911. 2v.

Hart, Albert B., ed. The American nation: A history from original sources by associated scholars. New York & London, Harper & Bros., 1904-18. 28v.

Hildreth, Samuel P. Pioneer history. Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & Co. New York, A. S. Barnes & Co., 1848. 525p.

Hinsdale, Burke A. The Old Northwest; the beginning of our colonial system. Rev. ed. Boston, New York, Silver, Burdett and Co., 1899. 430p. See chapters XV-XVI.

Hockett, Homer C. Political and social history of the United States. New York, Macmillan Co., 1925. 438p.

Howard, Timothy E. Our charters. (In state bar association of Indiana. Report, 1911, v. 15, p. 40-50.) On the Declaration of Independence, the Ordinance and the Constitution.

Hulbert, Archer B. Frontiers. Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1929. 266p. Historic highways of America. Cleveland, O., A. H. Clark Co., 1902-05. 16v. Ohio in the time of the confederation. Marietta, O., Marietta historical commission, 1918. 220p. Pilots of the republic. Chicago, A. C. McClurg & Co., 1906. 368p. Washington and the West; being George Washington’s diary of Sept. 1784, kept during his journey into the Ohio basin. New York, The Century Co., 1905. 217p.

Ingraham, Charles A. The Northwest territory and the Ordinance of 1787. (In Americans, Jan. 1918, v. 12, p. 104-113.) The George Rogers Clark papers, 1771. Springfield, Ill., Trustees of the Illinois state historical library, 1926. 572p. (Collections of the Illinois state historical library, v. 19.)

James, James A. The life of George Rogers Clark. Chicago, Ill., Univ. of Chicago press, c1928. 534p.

Jefferson, Thomas. Writings. Washington, Taylor & Maury, 1853-54. 9v.

Jesuit relations and allied documents, Reuben G. Thwaites, ed. Cleveland, Burrows Bros. Co., 1896-1901. 73v. Abridged ed.; Edna Kenton, ed. New York, A. & C. Boni, 1925. 527p.

King, Rufus. The life and correspondence of Rufus King; comprising his letters, private and official, his public documents, and his speeches. Ed. by his grandson, Charles R. King. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894-1900. 6v. See Vol. I, Chaps. II, V, VIII and XV. Ohio; first fruits of the Ordinance of 1787. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1896. 427p. (American commonwealth, v. 13) Loring, G. B. Remarks on Dr. Poole’s address. (In American historical association. Papers, 1888-89, v. 3, p. 300-308.)

Luce, Cyrus G. The Ordinance of 1787. (In Pioneer and historical society of Michigan. Historical collections, 1887, 2d ed., v. II, p. 140-144.)

McCarty, Dwight G. The Territorial governors of the Old Northwest. Iowa City, Ia., State historical society of Iowa, 1910. 210p.

MacKibbin, Stuart. The authority of the Ordinance of 1787. (In State bar association of Indiana. Report, 1916, p. 115-142.)

McMaster, John B. History of the people of the United States. New York & London, D. Appleton & Co., 1927-29. 8v.

Mathews, Lois K. Expansion of New England. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909. 303p.

Merriam, John M. The legislative history of the Ordinance of 1787. (In American antiquarian society. Proceedings, 1888, n. s. v. 5, p. 303-347.)

Minnigerode, Meade. Black Forest. An historical movie of the Ordinance of 1787 and the westward start of America. Farrar & Rinehart. Ready Oct. 1937.

Moore, Charles. The Northwest under three flags, 1635-1796. New York & London, Harper & Bros., 1900. 401p.

Nevins, Allen. American States during and after the Revolution, 1775-1789. New York, Macmillan Co., 1924. 728p.

Ogg, F. A. Old Northwest: a chronicle of the Ohio Valley and beyond. New Haven, Yale Univ. press, 1921. 220p. (Chronicles of America series, v. 19.)

Ohio. Laws, statutes, etc. The statutes of Ohio and of the Northwestern territory, adopted or enacted from 1788 to 1835 inclusive: together with the Ordinance of 1787; numerous references and notes and copious indexes, ed. by Salmon P. Chase. Cincinnati, Corey & Fairbank, 1833-1835. 3v.

Parkman, Francis. France and England in North America. Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1910. 13v.

Patterson, Isaac F., comp. The constitutions of Ohio. Cleveland, O., Arthur H. Clark Co., 1912. 358p.

Paxson, Frederick L. History of the American frontier, 1763-1893. Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1924. 598p.

Pershing, Benjamin H. Winthrop Sargeant, 1753-1820. (In Ohio archaeological and historical quarterly, v. 35, Oct., 1926. p. 583-602.)

Pickering, Octavius; Upham, Charles W. Life of Timothy Pickering. Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1867-73. 4v.

Pierce, James O. Some legacies of the Ordinance of 1787. (In Minnesota historical society. Collections. St. Paul, 1901. v. 9, p. 509-518.)

Poole, William F. The early Northwest; an address before the American historical association, Dec. 26, 1888. New York, The Knickerbocker press, 1889. 26p. (In American historical association. Papers, 1888-89, v. 3, p. 277-300.) Ordinance of 1787, p. 287-294. The Ordinance of 1787, and Dr. Manasseh Cutler was an agent in its formation. Cambridge, Mass., Welch, Bigelow and Co., 1876. 38p. (In North American review, April 1876.) The Ordinance of 1787. A reply. Ann Arbor, Mich., Priv. print., 1892. 15p. (In The Inlander, Jan. 1892.) A reply to an article by Henry A. Chaney in The Inlander for Nov. 1891.

Powell, John W. Physiographic regions of United States. New York; Chicago, etc., American Bk. Co., 1895. (National geographic monographs, v. 1, no. 3.)

Priestly, Herbert L. Coming of the white man, 1492-1846. New York, Macmillan Co., 1929. 411p. (History of American life. v. 1.)

Roberts, Kenneth. Northwest Passage, an historical movie of the Northwest during and after the French and Indian War. New York, Doubleday & Doran, 1937.

Roosevelt, Theodore. Winning of the West; an account of the exploration and settlement of our country from the Alleghanies to the Pacific. New Library ed. New York & London, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1920. 6v. in 3.

Royce, Charles G. comp. Indian land cession in the United States. (In U. S. Bureau of American ethnology. 18th annual report, 1896-97. Washington 1899. Pt. 2, p. 521-997.)

Sato, Shosuke. History of the land question in the United States. Baltimore, Publication agency of the Johns Hopkins University press, 1886. 181p. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science, 4th ser., no. VII-IX) See p. 68-120.

Semple, Ellen C. American history and its geographic conditions. Boston; New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1903. 466p.

Smith, William H., ed. The St. Clair papers. Cincinnati, R. Clarke & Co., 1882. 2v.

Smucker, Isaac. Brief history of the territory northwest of the river Ohio. (In Ohio. Secretary of State. Annual report, 1876. p. 9-34.)

Speed, Thomas. Wilderness Road, a description of the routes of travel by which the pioneers and early settlers came to Kentucky. Louisville, Ky., J. P. Morton & Co., 1886. 75p.

Stone, Frederick D. The Ordinance of 1787. Philadelphia, 1889. 34p. Reprinted from the Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, concerning the part taken by Manasseh Cutler in securing the adoption of the Ordinance.

Swayne, Wager. The Ordinance of 1787 and the War of 1861. New York, Printed by C. M. Burgoyne, 1892. 90p.

Thwaites, Reuben G. Father Marquette. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1902. 244p. Early western travels, 1748-1846; a series of annotated reprints. Cleveland, O., A. H. Clark Co., 1904-07. 32v. Important Western papers. (In Wisconsin, State Historical society, Collections, 1888, v. 11, p. 25-63.) Includes the Ordinance of 1787. Kellogg, Louise P. Documentary history of Dunmore’s war. Madison, Wisconsin historical society, 1905. 472p. The Revolution on the upper Ohio, 1775-77. Madison, Wisconsin historical society, 1908. 275p.

Treat, Payson J. The national land system, 1785-1820. New York, E. B. Treat & Co., 1910. 426p.

Turner, Frederick J. Frontier in American history. New York, H. Holt & Co., 1920. 375p.

U. S. Constitution. The United States Constitution annotated, with references to Corpus juris-Cyc system; also the text of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of confederation, and the Ordinance of 1787. Brooklyn, N. Y., The American Law Book Co., 1924. 280p.

U. S. Continental Congress. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1904-36. 33v. The Ordinance of 1787. An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio. Boston, Directors of the Old South work, 1896. 11p. (Old South leaflets. General series, v. 1, no. 13.)

U. S. Dept. of State. Territorial papers of the United States; Clarence E. Carter, comp. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1934-36, Northwest territory; v. 2-3.

U. S. Northwest Territory. Journal of the convention of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio—1802. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1933. 46p.

Van Tyne, Claude H. Causes of the War of Independence. Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922. 499p.

Volwiler, Albert T. George Croghan and the westward movement, 1741-1782. Cleveland, Arthur H. Clark Co., 1926. 370p.

Wilson, Woodrow. History of the American people. New York & London, Harper & Bros., c1918. 10v.

Winsor, Justin. Cartier to Frontenac. Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1894. 379p. The Mississippi basin. Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1898. 484p. Ordinance of 1787. (In his narrative and critical history of America, v. 7. Boston, 1888. p. 537-539.) Authorship and references.

JUVENILE BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following list of books is selected particularly for younger readers.

The Commission is indebted to Mrs. Katherine Van Fossen, of Columbus, Ohio, and to the Juvenile Departments of the Cincinnati and Cleveland Public Libraries for help in its compilation and checking.

GENERAL

Baldwin, James Conquest of the Old Northwest, 1901. Baldwin, James Discovery of the Old Northwest, 1901. Ferris, Jacob States and Territories of the Great West, 1856. Grinnell, G. B. Trails of the Pathfinders, 1911. Hall, James Romance of Western History, 1857. McKnight, Charles Our Western Border, 1883. Moore, Charles The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1900.

OHIO

Black, Alexander Story of Ohio, 1888. Chaddock, R. E. Ohio Before 1850. Crow, G. H. & Smith, C. P. My State—Ohio, 1936. Downes, R. C. Frontier Ohio, 1788-1803, 1934. Everson, Florence M. & Power, E. L. Early Days in Ohio, 1928. Howells, W. D. Stories of Ohio, 1897. McSpadden, J. W. Ohio; a Romantic Story for Young People, 1926. Palmer, Frederick Clark of the Ohio, 1929. Randall, E. O. & Ryan, D. J. History of Ohio, 1912. 5v. Roseboom, E. H. & Weisenburger, F. P. History of Ohio, 1934. Winter, N. O. A History of Northwest Ohio, 1917.

INDIANA

Bowlus, R. J. Log Cabin Days in Indiana, 1923. Cockrum, W. M. Pioneer History of Indiana, 1907. Duncan, R. B. Old Settlers, 1894. Dunn, J. P. Indiana and Indians, 1919. Esarey, Logan History of Indiana, 1879. Fisher, R. S. Indiana, 1885. Hall, B. R. New Purchase, 1916. Hendricks, T. A. A Popular History of Indiana, 1891. Hodgin, C. W. Short Sketch of the History of Indiana, 1911. Lindley, Harlow Indiana as Seen by Early Travelers, 1916. Levering, Julia H. Historic Indiana, 1909. McSpadden, J. W. Indiana; a Romantic Story for Young People, 1926. Nicholson, Meredith The Hoosiers, 1915. Roll, Charles Indiana, One Hundred and Fifty Years of American Development, 1931. 5v. Smith, W. H. History of Indiana, 1897. Thompson, Maurice Stories of Indiana, 1898.

ILLINOIS

Alvord, C. W. Centennial History of Illinois, 1917-1920. 5v. Blanchard, Rufus History of Illinois, 1883. Brown, Henry History of Illinois, 1844. Conger, J. L. & Hull, W. E. History of the Illinois River Valley, 1932. Davidson, A. & Stuve, B. Complete History of Illinois, 1673-1873, 1874. McSpadden, J. W. Illinois; a Romantic Story for Young People, 1926. Nida, W. L. Story of Illinois and Its People, 1921. Parrish, Randall Historic Illinois, 1905. Pease, T. C. Story of Illinois, 1925. Quaife, M. M. Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673-1835, 1913. Smith, G. W. Student’s History of Illinois, 1921.

MICHIGAN

Cook, Webster Michigan: History and Government, 1905. Cooley, T. M. Michigan: A History of Governments, 1905. Fuller, G. N. Historic Michigan, 1924. Lanham, J. H. History of Michigan, 1839. McSpadden, J. W. Michigan; a Romantic Story for Young People, 1927. Tuttle, C. R. History of Michigan, 1874.

WISCONSIN

Doudna, E. G. Our Wisconsin, 1920. Fitzpatrick, E. A. Wisconsin, 1928. Quaife, M. M. Wisconsin, Its History, and Its People, 1634-1924, 1924. 4v. Skinner, H. M. Story of Wisconsin, 1913. Strong, M. M. History of Wisconsin Territory, 1885. 2v. Thwaites, R. G. Wisconsin in Three Centuries, 1905.

MINNESOTA

Buck, S. J. & E. Stories of Early Minnesota, 1925. Forster, G. F. Stories of Minnesota, 1903. Folwell, W. W. Minnesota, The North Star State, 1908. McSpadden, J. W. Minnesota; a Romantic Story for Young People, 1928. Neill, E. D. History of Minnesota, 1882. Parsons, E. D. Story of Minnesota, 1916.

ANNOUNCING THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY CELEBRATION SCHOOL CONTESTS

Beginning October 15, 1937, and closing on February 15, 1938, the following contests will be held for all college and school students in Northwest Territory.

The contests follow:

CONTEST No. 1—for Grade School Students—4 Divisions.

The pupils in public, private and parochial schools, up to and including the 8th grade may enter. Grades 1, 2, 3, 4 will compete through art classes. Grades 5, 6, 7, 8 through essays.

The following classifications are made for purposes of even competition:

Division I—for Grades 1 and 2.

Each child entering is to submit two drawings or art projects, dealing with each of the following subjects:

(A) The American Bill of Rights—Free Speech—Religious Tolerance—Free Education, etc.

(B) Willingness to undergo suffering and hardships to accomplish one’s purpose (such as the trek of the pioneers across the mountains in the dead of winter, etc.)

Drawings are to be 9 x 12 in size, and award will be made for idea conceived as well as execution.

Division II—for Grades 3 and 4.

Competition will be on same basis as is outlined for Division I—that is, based upon drawings or art projects, and same conditions.

Division III—for Grades 5 and 6.

Competition will be based upon an essay of not less than 600 or more than 1000 words. The subject shall be: “The Ordinance of 1787 and what it means to the United States and me today.”

All essays shall be submitted on white paper 8½ x 11 sheets, written legibly on one side only. All sheets to be neatly fastened at the top.

Division IV—for Grades 7 and 8.

Competition also on essays, of not less than 1000 nor more than 1500 words. Essays are to be submitted as above under Division III.

CONTEST No. 2—for High School Students.

Students of public, private and parochial schools may enter.

There shall be two divisions of the contest for high school students.

Division I—for Students of the 9th and 10th Grades.

Competition shall be based upon essays of not less than 1500 nor more than 2000 words. Subject of essays to be your choice of the two following:

“Advent of the principles of the ‘rights of men’ into government and effect of their expression in the Ordinance of 1787 upon our nation today.”

“The development of public lands and colonial policies in America and our debt to the Ordinance of 1787.”

Division II—for Students of the 11th and 12th Grades

of public, private and parochial schools.

Competition to be based upon essays of not less than 1800 nor more than 2500 words. Subjects same as in Division I of Contest No. 2.

CONTEST No. 3—for College Students.

Open to all regularly entered undergraduates in the colleges and universities of Northwest Territory.

There will be but one division in this contest. Freshman to seniors compete in the same class. Competition will be based upon essays of 2500 to 3000 words. The subject chosen is optional with the entrant, but must relate to the Ordinance of 1787 and establishment of Northwest Territory.

Any angle or phase of that history; or combination of phases may be treated. Specialized theses, particularly premises and original research (while not necessary) are encouraged.

GENERAL CONTEST RULES

for all divisions of Contest

No. 1. These contests will begin October 15, 1937, and close February 15, 1938. Begin now on your reading and study. On or before February 15, 1938, submit your drawings or essay (as provided for your division) to your teacher or professor.

Read and follow the rules below very carefully.

No. 2. At the top right-hand corner of the front page put the _grade_ you are in. Do not put your name on the essay where it can be read.

The student shall put his or her name, age, grade, teacher, name of school, with home street address, city and state, into an envelope; seal the envelope and paste it firmly to the back of his or her essay or drawing, as the case may be.

No. 3. All essays must be legibly and neatly written or typed, and on the last page show the number of words contained (in the case of essays) and the contest number and division for which entry is made.

No. 4. You may if you wish, and the Commission will appreciate it if you do, append a list of the books you have read and the adults you have talked to about Northwest Territory history in preparation for your essay. This list is not _required_, and if submitted, is to be in _addition_ to your essay.

No. 5. The preparation of your drawing or essay must be your own work. Read all you will, discuss the subject with others, but prepare your own submission. Right is reserved for the judges to refuse consideration to any entry which shows sufficient evidence of not being prepared by the student. When any sentence or other quotation from other source is made, be sure to use quotation marks around the quotation and to “indent” the lines quoted at least one inch from left margin of your own copy.

No. 6. Illustrations may be used in essays if desired but will not replace words. They may be either hand drawn or pasted-in illustrations clipped from other sources.

No. 7. Submit your essay or drawings (as the case may be) to your teacher by February 15, 1938. Announcement of awards will be made as soon as possible, probably before June 15th, by the Northwest Territory Celebration Commission.

No. 8. The recommendations of the judges will be final and entries submitted become the property of the Commission, with full rights of publication. The Commission assumes no responsibility for acts of the judges or miscarriage of mails, etc.

PRIZES

For Contest No. 1—Divisions I, II, III, IV.

That is for all grade students.

The winning entrant in each division of the contest, from each state of Northwest Territory, will receive a trip to Washington, D. C. and other points of interest along the route, under the following conditions:

A. The trip will be made by railroad train, with air-cooled Pullman from Chicago and return.

B. Special chaperons will be provided from each state to accompany the four children from that state. The chaperon will be the teacher in grades 1 to 8 inclusive, whose room turns in the highest percentage of entrants as related to scholars, in that particular state. In case of ties the chaperon will be chosen by lot or agreement.

C. All meals, berths, rail fare, sight seeing buses and proper expenses of both winning students and chaperons will be paid by the Commission.

D. Three full days in Washington, Mount Vernon, Arlington, and all the sights of the Nation’s Capital.

E. The chaperons will take charge of the four winners from each state at the state capital. The Commission will pay the rail fare of each winner from his or her home to the state capital. Also the rail fare necessary for one parent of each winner to take the winner to and from the state capital where the chaperons take charge.

F. An engraved certificate of achievement will be given each child by a high officer of the United States Government while the party is in Washington.

G. There will be four winners from each state, or twenty-four from the territory, with six chaperons.

For Contest No. 2—Divisions I and II.

That is for all high school students.

The cash prizes offered in this contest are territory-wide. The scholarship prizes will be awarded within the states where the cooperating colleges are located.

Division I—9th and 10th Grades

1st cash prize to boy $125.00 1st cash prize to girl $125.00 2nd “ “ “ “ 75.00 2nd “ “ “ “ 75.00 3rd “ “ “ “ 37.50 3rd “ “ “ “ 37.50 4th “ “ “ “ 25.00 4th “ “ “ “ 25.00 5th “ “ “ “ 12.50 5th “ “ “ “ 12.50

Ten cash prizes $550.00 total

Division II—11th and 12th Grades.

1st cash prize to boy $125.00 1st cash prize to girl $125.00 2nd “ “ “ “ 75.00 2nd “ “ “ “ 75.00 3rd “ “ “ “ 37.50 3rd “ “ “ “ 37.50 4th “ “ “ “ 25.00 4th “ “ “ “ 25.00 5th “ “ “ “ 12.50 5th “ “ “ “ 12.50

Ten cash prizes $550.00 total

Besides this, the following universities and colleges have offered scholarships amounting to $15,000 in value. These will be distributed first to winners in each state. If certain winners prefer a scholarship at a school listed but outside their own state, this will be available only if the scholarship has not been claimed by a winning contestant from the state where the college is located; and provided the entrant from another state is acceptable to the college.

Some of the scholarships offered are subject to prescribed high school standings and entrance requirements. These will be explained to the winning competitors. Most of the scholarships can be deferred if you are only a freshman, sophomore, or junior in high school, and will be available when you graduate.

INDIANA

Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$100.00 a year, subject to entrance requirements.

Hanover College, Hanover, Ind. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$100.00

Huntington College, Huntington, Ind. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$150.00

Indiana Central College, Indianapolis, Ind. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$100.00—freshman year, B average or better.

Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Co-ed 4 four-year scholarships—freshman to senior.

St. Marys College, Notre Dame, Ind. Girl 1 scholarship—$250.00

St. Marys of the Woods College, St. Marys of the Woods, Ind. Girl 1 scholarship—$250.00 a year and renewable for 3 remaining years for students with A record and satisfactory character.

Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind. Boy 1 four-year scholarship—$200.00 a year.

Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Ind. Co-ed 2 scholarships—full tuition for 1 year, subject to entrance requirements.

ILLINOIS

Carthage College, Carthage, Ill. Co-ed 1 scholarship—4 years, $100.00 a year.

College of St. Francis, Joliet, Ill. Girl 1 scholarship—$150.00 a year, renewable if student’s work is satisfactory.

Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Ill. Co-ed 1 four-year scholarship, subject to selective requirements for renewal.

Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Ill. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$275.00—1 year, subject to entrance requirements.

McKendree College, Lebanon, Ill. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$50.00 a semester for 1 year, extension of 3 years at $25.00 a semester for satisfactory record.

Monmouth College, Monmouth, Ill. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$100.00, extended for at least two years.

Rockford College, Rockford, Ill. Girl 1 scholarship—$250.00—a girl with satisfactory entrance requirements—in upper third of her high school class.

MICHIGAN

Alma College, Alma, Mich. Co-ed 1 scholarship—1 year, $100.00

Battle Creek College, Battle Creek, Mich. Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year—$100.00, subject to ability of student.

Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Mich. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$100.00 per year toward degree.

University of Detroit, Detroit, Mich. Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year—$200.00, subject to entrance requirements.

MINNESOTA

Augsberg Theological Seminary & College, Minneapolis, Minn. Co-ed Scholarship to high school student who might take first place in contest.

College of St. Benedict, St. Joseph, Minn. Girl Complete tuition for one year.

College of St. Catherine, St. Paul, Minn. Girl 1 scholarship, 1 year—$150.00, renewable on B average or better.

Hamline University, St. Paul, Minn. Co-ed $75.00—payable second semester.

Macalester College, St. Paul, Minn. Co-ed $75.00—one semester.

OHIO

Ashland College, Ashland, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1st year—$100.00, each year after, $80.00, subject to achievement.

Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio Co-ed 1 four-year scholarship—$100.00 a year, B average or better.

Bluffton College, Bluffton, Ohio Co-ed $100.00 to be distributed over a period of two years.

Cedarville College, Cedarville, Ohio Co-ed 1 four-year scholarship—$50.00 a year.

College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship—$110.00, subject to renewal each year on B average for 4 years.

Findlay College, Findlay, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship for 4 years—$100.00 a year.

Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year.

Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year—$100.00.

Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio Boy 2 scholarships—$150.00, must meet entrance requirements.

Lake Erie College, Painesville, Ohio Girl 1 four-year scholarship—$300.00 a year.

Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, $100.00 a year for two years.

Miami University, Oxford, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year, extension beyond one year depends upon rank of recipient.

Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year—$100.00, subject to entrance requirements, also entrant must reside within 50 miles of school.

Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, 4 years—$50.00 a year.

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Co-ed 2 two-year scholarships for high school seniors—$60.00 a year.

University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year—$100.00.

Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Co-ed 1 scholarship, tuition for 1 year for boy. 1 scholarship, tuition for 1 year for girl. Both subject to entrance requirements.

Wilmington College, Wilmington, Ohio Co-ed 1 four-year scholarship—$160.00 a year.

Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio Co-ed One tuition scholarship.

WISCONSIN

Carroll College, Waukesha, Wisc. Co-ed 1 scholarship, 1 year—$100.00 a year.

Lawrence College, Appleton, Wisc. Co-ed 2 scholarships—$100.00 each, renewal subject to entrance requirements.

Ripon College, Ripon, Wisc. Co-ed 1 scholarship, 2 years—$150.00 a year.

Contest No. 3—College Students.

This contest is Territory wide also.

1st prize to boy $300.00 1st prize to girl $300.00 2nd “ “ “ 200.00 2nd “ “ “ 200.00 3rd “ “ “ 100.00 3rd “ “ “ 100.00 4th “ “ “ 75.00 4th “ “ “ 75.00 5th “ “ “ 50.00 5th “ “ “ 50.00 6th “ “ “ 25.00 6th “ “ “ 25.00

12 prizes $1500.00 total in cash

Also:

University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Co-ed 1 scholarship—$300.00 for post-graduate work, to one of first four winners in College Division.

METHOD OF JUDGING—FOR GRADE SCHOOL CONTEST—CONTEST No. 1

Each school principal will be in charge of judging the entries from that school. The actual work can be parcelled out among the teachers under the principal’s supervision.

The _two best_ entries from _each division_ of this contest should be selected and forwarded within two weeks of the close of the contest, February 15, 1938, to either the city superintendent or the county superintendent as the case may be. This _individual school_ judging should be completed by March 1st, 1938. In the case of city schools the city superintendent of schools will arrange for judging the entries selected by school principals and will submit the one best _in each of the four divisions_ from his city, to the State Department of Education in his state. This city judging should be completed within two weeks or by March 15, 1938.

In the case of country schools, the county superintendent will provide for the judging of the school winners in each division submitted by principals, and will forward the _one_ best in each of the four divisions to the State Department of Education in his state. As in the case of city schools, this should be accomplished by March 15th, 1938.

The State Departments of Education will judge the winners as submitted by county and city superintendents, and notify the Northwest Territory Celebration Commission (Federal) at Marietta, Ohio, as to the one winner in each of the four divisions of the grade schools within that state. This advice should reach the Commission by May 15th, and awards will be made at once. Parochial and private schools shall follow the procedure outlined above, submitting to city or county superintendents of public instructions and through them to State Departments of Education, etc. There will thus be four winners, one from each division of the contest, within each state.

METHOD OF JUDGING—FOR HIGH SCHOOL CONTEST—CONTEST No. 2

The procedure for judging the two divisions of high school students shall be the same as in Contest No. 1—except that the _two winners from each division of the contest_ should be sent by county superintendents to the State Department of Education.

From these essays the State Department of Education shall submit the _twenty-five_ best essays from that state to the Northwest Territory Celebration Commission by May 15th, 1938.

This Commission will select cash prize winners from each state of the territory and will award scholarship prizes in accordance with population of state and number of colleges and universities in each state which offer scholarship prizes.

METHOD OF JUDGING COLLEGE ENTRIES

Each college will appoint its own board of judges of its own entries and the board shall choose the best entry made by a male and the best entry made by a female student and shall submit them to the Northwest Territory Celebration Commission (Federal), Marietta, Ohio, by May 15th, 1938.

GENERAL

This division of the work of judging does not place an extreme burden on anyone and yet is fair.

The Commission assumes no responsibility for the failure of any of the judges to perform their functions properly and promptly.