Chapter I

, Paragraph 6, citation Augustin: “One may conceal the truth wisely,” and Cicero: “Dissimulation is absolutely necessary and unavoidable, especially for those to whom the care of the state is entrusted.”

[21] Admiral King, _Report of the American High Command_.

[22] John Chamberlain, “The man who pushed Pearl Harbor,” _Life_, of 1 April 1946.

[23] Manual for Courts Martial U.S. Army, 1928, Page 10.

[24] In this connection I mention the extensive literature dealing with the right of self-preservation in cases of urgent necessity. The surprise attack on the Danish fleet, 1807, as well as the hunger blockade against Germany are based on that.

[25] Freiherr von Freytagh-Loringhoven, _Völkerrechtliche Neubildungen im Kriege_, Hamburg 1941, Page 5.

[26] Quoted from “_Neue Auslese_,” 1946, Number 1, Page 16.

[27] Not always acknowledged by English authors. Compare for instance A. C. Bell, _A History of the Blockade of Germany_, et cetera, London, 1937, Page 213: “The assertion that civilians and the Armed Forces have been treated only since 1914 as a uniform belligerent body is one of the most ridiculous ever made.”

[28] Grenfell, _The Art of the Admiral_, London, 1937, Page 45: “By the early part of 1918, the civil population of Germany was in a state of semistarvation, and it has been calculated that, as a result of the blockade, over 700,000 Germans died of malnutrition.”

[29] See also protest of the Soviet Government to the British Ambassador of 25 October 1939, printed as Number 44 in “_Urkunden zum Seekriegsrecht_,” Volume I, edited by the High Command of the Navy.

[30] See for instance _Wheaton’s International Law_, 5th Edition, Page 727, Liddell Hart, “The Revolution in Naval Warfare,” _Observer_ of 14 April 1946.

[31] Oppenheim, Die Stellung des Kauffahrteischiffes im Seekrieg, _Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht_, 1914, Page 165.

[32] Concerning the execution of these orders in the first World War, Vidaud, in “_Les navires de commerce armés pour leur défense_,” Paris, 1936, Pages 63-64 says as follows: “Les équipages eux-mêmes sont militarisés et soumis à la discipline militaire, ainsi que le capitaine Alfred Sheldon, appartenant à la réserve de la Marine Royale, a été condamné, le 8 Septembre 1915 par le conseil de guerre de Devonport, pour n’avoir pas attaqué un sousmarin allemand.”

[33] Compare for instance “Submarines in the Atomic Era” in the _New York Herald Tribune_, European Edition, of 27 April 1946, Page 2.

[34] A. C. Bell, Historical Section, Committee of Imperial Defense, _A History of the Blockade of Germany and of the Countries Associated with Her in the Great War 1914-1918_—The introduction contains the remark: “This history is confidential and for official use only.” (Quoted from the German edition by Böhmert, _Die englische Hunger-blockade im Weltkrieg_, Essen, 1943).

[35] Hugo Grotius, _De jure pacis ac belli_, Book II, Chapter XXI .

[36] Hugo Grotius, _De jure pacis ac belli_, Book II,