CHAPTER XXXIV.

In conclusion, a few words on the Hungarian literary productions outside _belles-lettres_ proper. From the pre-eminently political character of the Magyars, it may be inferred almost _a priori_ that questions bearing on legal and constitutional matters have at all times been a favourite subject with the writers and statesmen of Hungary. Previous to 1830, in round numbers, these questions were treated mostly in Latin works. Since then, however, a very considerable number of politico-legal and politico-historical writers in Magyar has arisen. The most important amongst them, both for the authority they commanded in practical politics, and for the weight and power of their arguments, are Count Stephen Széchenyi; Baron Nicolas Wesselényi; Count Aurelius Dessewffy; Baron Joseph Eötvös (see pp. 142, etc.); the famous Lewis Kossúth, probably the greatest political orator of the century; and Francis Deák. They were all practical statesmen, and not mere scholars. Yet most of their works on the constitution of Hungary, and especially on the constitutional relation of Hungary to Austria, are also valuable as sources of solid and scholarly information. Thus Deák showed the extensiveness of his legal and politico-historical erudition in his famous controversy with the Austrian professor Lustkandl, in no lesser degree than his tact and wisdom in the conclusion of the final treaty between Austria and Hungary in 1867. Eötvös enriched Magyar political literature with an elaborate and thoughtful work on “The Influence of the Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth Century on the State” (“_A xix. század uralkodó eszméinek befolyása az álladalomra_,” 1851-1854). In more recent times a very great number of politico-legal monographs has been published in Hungary. The student will find lists of them in the works of Stephen Kiss and E. Nagy, both entitled “Constitutional Law of Hungary” (“_Magyarország közjoga_,” the former in 1888, the latter, third edition, 1896). Of older works on the constitutional law of Hungary, the most useful are those of count Cziráky (1851, in Latin), and of Professor Virozsil (also in Hungarian and German, 1865). Amongst the numerous Magyar writers on _Jurisprudence_, Professor Augustus Pulszky is well-known in England through his able work, written in English, on “The Theory of Law and Civil Society” (1888).

In the department of _History_, and especially the history of Hungary, the activity of the Magyars has been one of astounding intensity. In the well-known annual bibliography of history, edited by Jastrow, in Berlin (_Jahresberichte_, etc.), the annual report on the historical literature published in Hungary, occupies a conspicuous space. The older historians of Hungary, such as G. Pray (1774, 3 vols. fol.), Katona (1779-1817, 42 vols.), who wrote in Latin; and Engel (1814), Fessler (1825, 10 vols.), count John Majláth (1853, 5 vols.), who wrote in German, can now be used only for occasional reference. Of Magyar writers on the history of Hungary, Bishop Michael Horváth (1809-1878), and Ladislas Szalay (1813-1864), have had the greatest influence on the reading public and Magyar historiography up to the end of the seventies. The bishop treats history in the style of fine and dignified ecclesiastical allocutions. Szalay’s is a talent for the political and legal aspects of history rather than for the personal and military element thereof. In both historians there is a noble patriotism, and their works, even if discarded as wanting in systematic research, will always claim a high rank as literary productions. Hungary is still waiting for the true historian of the whole of her history; but what other country is not? Writers of historic monographs there are many, and they have done excellent work. Some of the most prominent are Count Joseph Teleki (1790-1855); Francis Salomon (born 1825); Anton Csengery (1822-1880); Charles Szabó (1824-1890); Alexander Szilágyi (born 1830), the historian of Transylvania; William Fraknói (born 1843, died recently), on Pázmány and King Matthew; Julius Pauler (born 1841), whose great work on the history of Hungary under the Árpáds (till 1301) is characterised by a most careful study of all the original sources; Coloman Thaly (born 1839), whose “speciality” is the age of Francis Rákóczy II.; Emericus Krajner (very valuable works on constitutional history); Lewis Thallóczy (on relation to Balkan nations); Ignatius Acsády (on civilization and finance of xvi. and xvii. cent.); Henry Marczali (on the age of Emperor Joseph II.); Lewis Kropf, whose domicile is in London, and who, in a long series of accurate and scholarly monographs has elucidated many an important point of Hungarian history; G. Ladányi (constitutional history); Sigismond Ormós (institutional history of the Árpádian period); K. Lányi (ecclesiastical history); Alex. Nagy (institutional history); F. Kubinyi (institutional history); S. Kolosváry and K. Óváry (charters); L. Fejérpataky (charters); Árpád Kerékgyártó (history of Magyar civilization); F. Balássy (institutional history); Professor Julius Lánczy (institutional and Italian history); Baron Béla Radvánszky (Magyar civilization); Emericus Hajnik (constitutional history); Frederick Pesty (constitutional history); Wertner (most valuable works on Hungarian genealogy), etc. Great also is the number of periodicals systematically embracing all the aspects of Hungarian history; and local societies effectively aid in the marshalling of facts, and in the publication of ancient monuments. When the history of Austria, Poland, and the Danubian countries has been written in a manner superior to what we now possess in that respect, the history of Hungary too, will, we have no doubt, find its adequate master among Magyar historians. The progress in Magyar historiography has, in late years, been little short of that made in any other country.

In the department of _literary history_ we notice the same lack of a satisfactory general history of Hungarian Literature, and the same abundance of meritorious monographs on single points. Francis Toldy (formerly Schedel, 1805-1875), started a comprehensive history of Hungarian Literature, which, however, he never completed. In numerous essays and minor works he worked hard at various sections of such a history, and his relative value as an initiator in that branch cannot be disputed. The laborious works of K. M. Kertbény are purely bibliographical, and as such, useful. His attempts were quite thrown into the shade by the great works on Hungarian bibliography of Charles Szabó, G. Petrik, and J. Szinnyei. The handiest and bibliographically richest history of Hungarian Literature is that by Zsolt Beöthy (sixth edition, 1892). Under Beöthy’s editorship a richly-illustrated history of Hungarian Literature was published, in two volumes, in the year and in honour of the Hungarian Millennium, 1896. Among the better writers of monographs on literary history are Julius Zolnai (philology); J. Szinnyei (biography); Sigism Simonyi (philologist); L. Négyessy (prosody); Alex. Imre (popular humour and mediæval style); R. Radnai (history of Magyar æsthetics); M. Csillagh (on Balassi); Sigism Bodnár (history of Hungarian Literature); H. Lenkei (studies in Petőfi); K. Greska (on the epic of Zrinyi); T. Szana (history of literature), etc.

The study of æsthetics has always been one of the favourite pursuits of Magyar writers during the present century. The most conspicuous of Hungarian students of æsthetics are Augustus Greguss and Paul Gyulai, whose works have advanced not only Magyar views, but the study of æsthetics in general.

The best known students of _Hungarian philology_ are John Fogarasi; Joseph Lugossy; the late Sam. Brassai, who in his multifarious studies reminds us of the great scholars of the seventeenth century; Paul Hunfalvy, Joseph Budenz, Ferdinand Barna (Finnish philology); Gabriel Szarvas and Sigismund Simonyi; and the well-known Arminius Vámbéry.

In the departments of _Science proper_ there has been very considerable progress in Hungary during the last thirty years. Reports of the general results of scientific researches made by Hungarians are also published, for the greater convenience of the western nations, in special periodicals written in German.

THE END.

FOOTNOTES

[1] The above statistics are taken from the _Régi Magyar Könyvtár_.

[2] We may mention, that Bessenyei was, to a certain extent, preceded by two amiable and cultivated writers; Baron Lawrence Orczy (1718-1789), and Count Gedeon Ráday (1713-1792).

[3] No continental writer has described and analysed the social status of the continental peasant with so much charm and truth as has the late Wilhelm Riehl, the Justus Möser of our century.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

For general and accurate information about Hungary:

“_Pallas_” Encyclopædia (in Hungarian) in sixteen volumes, just (March, 1898) completed.

History of Hungarian Literature:

See the chapter at the end of the present work. In German there is the able work of Professor J. H. Schwicker (“_Geschichte der ungarischen Litteratur_,” Leipsic, 1889). In Italian we have the short history of G. A. Zigány, “_Letteratura Ungherese_” (Milan, 1892, one of Hoepli’s “Manuals.”)

Selections from Hungarian poets:

Paul Erdélyi, _A magyar költészet kincsesháza_ (Budapest, 1895).

Complete Catalogues of Hungarian books since the invention of typography:

Charles Szabó and Árpád Hellebrant “_Régi Magyar Könyvtár_” (1879-1896, 3 vols.), comprising the books printed down to 1711.

Géza Petrik, _Bibliographia Hungariæ 1712-1860, catalogus librorum in Hungaria, et de rebus patriam nostram attingentibus extra Hungariam editorum_ (Budapest, 1888-1892), with subject and author’s indexes.

Periodical Literature; index to Hungarian:

Szinnyei József, “_Hazai és külföldi folyóiratok magyar tudományos repertoriuma_,” 3 vols. (1874-1885), two of which give the list of articles, both in Hungarian and foreign periodicals, on Hungarian history, and the third, articles on mathematical and natural sciences. This excellent work comprises even most of the political daily papers.

Periodical devoted to the study of the history of Hungarian Literature:

“_Irodalomtörténeti közlemények_,” edited first by Aladár Ballagi, and now by Aron Szilády (since 1891; full, well edited, with careful indexes).

Literary biography:

Joseph Szinnyei, the younger, “_Magyar irók élete és munkái_.” Most exhaustive, with complete bibliographies to each writer and his works, comprising even articles written in daily papers. (Budapest, since 1891, still unfinished).

The Magyar Language:

The most comprehensive work is by Professor Sigismund Simonyi, “_A magyar nyelv_” (2 vols., Budapest, 1889, 8vo).

INDEX

Abonyi, Louis. (Folk-Novelist), 241

Academy of Science, founded by Széchenyi and others, 112 its publications, 112

Acsády, Ignatius. (Historian), 253

Alvinczi, Peter. (Controversialist), 55

Amadé, Baron Ladislas. (Poet), 67

America has no epic; the reason of this, 123

American literature hampered by their language, 14 has no _naïveté_, reasons, 198

Andrássy, Count George, a founder of the Academy, 112

Andrew II., King of Hungary, 19

Ányos, Paul. (Poet), 80

Anzengruber. (Austrian Dramatist), 225

Apor, Peter. (Historian), 68

Arany, John—his Hungarian reputation, 194 compared with Petőfi, 195 reason why his work is not bourgeois poetry, 197 a Magyar and a class poet, 200 his charm of language, 200, 201 his position in Magyar literature, 202 his life, 202 his work, 204, 209

Arany, Ladislas. (Poet), 245 his collection of folk-poetry, 247

Árpád Dynasty of Hungary, 18, 124, 126, 129 in the epic, 40, 41

_Athenæum_, Hungarian periodical, 134

Auerbach, Berthold. (German Folk-Novelist), 225

_Aurora_, periodical, 116

Austrian Empire, its heterogeneity, 76

Bacsányi, John. (Poet), 86

Bajza, Joseph. (Critic and Poet), 133

Baksay, Alexander. (Folk-Novelist), 241

Balássy, F. (Historian), 253

Balassi, Baron Valentin. (Poet) (I.), 49 (II.), 58

Balassi stanza, the, 50

Balázs, Alexander. (Novelist), 241

Balzac. His genius not fully recognized, 157 Kemény compared to him, 157, 161 compared to Shakespeare, 158

Baranyi, Ladislas. (Poet), 80

Barcsai, Abraham. (Translator), 80

Bards, 40

Barna, Ferdinand. (Philologist), 256

Báróczi, Alexander. (Translator), 80

Bartók, Lewis. (Dramatist), 222

Batizi, Andreas. (Poet), 46

Beck, Charles. (Poet), 12

Bél, Matthew. His view of Magyar, 37

Bellarmin influences Pázmány, 54

Bem, General, and Petőfi, 190

Beniczky de Benicze, Peter. (Poet), 58

Beöthy, Ladislas. (Humorist), 241

Beöthy, Sigismund. (Poet), 135

Beöthy, Zsolt. His History of Hungarian Literature, 255

Béranger compared to Petőfi, 181

Berczik, Árpád. (Dramatist), 222

Bérczy, Charles. (Novelist), 241

Bernstein, Charles Hugo, _see_ Hugo, Charles

Berzsenyi, Daniel. (Poet), 81, 103, 109, 121

Bessenyei, Alexander. (Translator), 80

Bessenyei, George. (Dramatist, &c.), 79

Bethlens, the, 51, 164

Bible, the, published in Magyar, 46, 55

Bibliography, 254, 255, 257

Biró de Déva, Matthew. (Lutheran “pope”), 46

Blaha, Louise. (Hungarian Actress), 222

Bod, Peter. (Literary Historian), 69

Bodnár, Sigismund. (Literary Historian), 255

Bohemian Music, 236

Bonfini, Anton, at work in Hungary, 43

Brassai, Samuel. (Philologist), 255

Brutus, Michael. (Historian), 164

Budenz, Joseph. (Philologist), 36, 255

Bürger’s influence on Csokonai, 89

Burns compared to Petőfi, 180

Butler, E. D., of the British Museum (the foremost amongst British students of Magyar philology and literature), _Preface_

Cesinge, John. (Hungarian Scholar), 44

Cowley compared to Virág, 80

Critical genius, its part in literature, 92

Crusaders, unfit heroes of epics, 42

Csengery, Anton. (Historian), 253

Csepreghy, Francis. (Dramatist), 225

Cséri de Apáca, John. (Author of Encyclopædia), 62

Cserei, Michael. (Historian), 68

Csiky, Gregory. (Dramatist), 221, 223

Csillagh, M. (Historian), 255

Csipkés, George Komáromi. (Translator of the Bible), 55

Csokonai, Michael Vitéz. (Poet), 88, 211

Csoma de Kőrős, Alexander. (Philologist), 36

Czakó, Sigismund. (Dramatist), 215

Cziráky, Count. (Authority on Hungarian Constitutional Law), 251

Czuczor, Gregory. (Poet and Philologist), 112, 129

Czwittinger, David, his list of Hungarian writers, 68

Dalmady, Victor. (Poet), 245

Dayka, Gabriel. (Poet), 86

Deák, Francis. (Statesman and Author), 26, 27, 250, 251

Debreczen, the Geneva of Hungary, 46

Decsi de Baranya, John. His collection of proverbs, 48

Degré, Aloisius. (Novelist), 241

Dessewffy, Count Aurelius. (Political Writer), 250

Dialects provide new elements of poetic speech, 201

Dobsa, Lewis. (Dramatist), 222

Dóczi, Lewis. (Dramatist), 222, 223

Drama, the, 46, 67, 116, 117, 127 opening of the National Theatre, 113 in the nineteenth century, 207 want of good actors, 207 Hungarian dramas unknown outside Hungary, 221

Dugonics, Andreas. (Novelist), 83

Édes, Gregory. (Versifier), 84

Education in Hungary, _see under_ Hungary

Egressy, Gabriel. (Actor), 208

Ekkehard’s Chronicles record Magyar epics, 41

Endrődi, Alexander. (Poet), 245

Engel. (Historian), 252

England and Hungary, their histories parallel, 19, 21

Eötvös, Joseph. (Novelist), 140, 146, 250, 251 character of his work, 149 his power as an orator, 156

Epic poetry, its character, 122, 126

Erdősi, or Sylvester, John. (Grammarian), 48

Faludi, Francis. (Poet), 67

_Faust_, its points of resemblance with Madách’s “Tragedy of Man”, 219

Fazekas, Michael. (Author of a chap-book), 84

Fejérpataky, L. (Historian), 253

Felix of Ragusa, at work in Hungary, 44

Fessler. (Historian), 12, 252

Fiction in the sixteenth century, 47 in the eighteenth century, 88 in the nineteenth century, 118, 137, 226, 240 (_see also_ Novels)

Fischart, as virtuoso of language, 45

Flygare-Carlén, Mme, her popularity in Hungary, 137

Fogarasi, John. (Philologist), 112, 255

Földi, John. (Writer on Prosody), 84

Folk-Drama in Hungary, 213, 224 compared with the folk-drama in Austria, 225

Folk-Novels and Tales, 241, 242

Folk-Poems of Hungary, 134 the chief inspiration of Hungarian poets, 247 published collections, 247

Fontius, Bartholinus, at work in Hungary, 44

Forgách, Francis. (Hungarian Author), 164

Fraknói, William. (Historian), 253

France, her constitution, 153 her national homogeneity, 159

France, Anatole, his veiled pessimism, 168

Fata Morgana of the Pusztas, 176

French literature compared with Hungarian, 31 its influence on Hungarian, 117 has enjoyed advantages of criticism, 133

Galeotto, Marzio, at work in Hungary, 43

Garay, John. (Poet), 131

Garnett, Richard; the work of Szász resembles his, 244

Gáti, Stephán. (Eighteenth century writer), 83

Gergei, Albert. (Poet), 47

German literature at the Reformation, 45 its influence on Hungarian, 78, 94, 117 influenced by Greek ideas, 96 its _bourgeois_ character, 199

Goethe’s _Hermann und Dorothea_, 204

Golden Bull, the—the Hungarian Magna Charta, 19

Greek not studied in the eighteenth century, 65 Kazinczy’s labours to introduce Greek models, 95 Literature, born of Greek parents, 96 influence on German literature, 96 Hungarian Literature, 128 Greek literature comparatively unknown in Hungary, 132

Greguss, Augustus. (Writer on Æsthetics), 255

Greska, K. (Literary Critic), 255

Grünwald, Béla. (Political Historian), 152

Gvadányi, Count Joseph. (Poet and Novelist), 83

Gyöngyössi, Stephen. (Poet), 58

Győry, William. (Novelist), 241

Gyulai, Paul. (Poet), 244 his collection of folk-poetry, 247 as a writer on Æsthetics, 255

Habsburg Dynasty, their work in Hungary, 21, 24, 43, 51, 52, 64, 66, 74, 115

Hajnik, Emericus. (Historian), 254

Haner. (Hungarian Author), 164

Heine compared to Petőfi, 177, 180

Heltai, Caspar. (Chronicler and Translator), 47, 48, 164

Hölty, the Hungarian—Dayka, 86

Horvát de Pázmánd, Andreas. (Poet), 129

Horváth, Ádám. (Poet), 82, 109

Horváth, Bishop Michael. (Historian), 252

Hugo, Charles. (Dramatist), 216

Hunfalvy, Paul. (Philologist), 36, 256

Hungarian bards, 40 constitution, 19, 21 language, its origin, 10, 34 its influence on native literature, 13 its capabilities, 15 made the official language, 25 agglutinative, 33 its characteristics, 34, 201, 245 cultivated by Protestants, 54 its decadence in the eighteenth century, 63 cultivated as national palladium, 77, 87 the labours of Kazinczy, 93 schools of philology, 97 foundation of the Hungarian Academy, 112 the Academy Dictionary, 112 Széchenyi’s work, 113 the vehicle of instruction, 114, 136 used in Parliament, 115 in Vörösmarty’s hands, 126 has no dialects, 201 the influence of Arany, 202 Literature of recent growth, 11 its extent, 11, 12 influenced by want of middle-class, 24, 30 its parallel in Hungarian music, 29 compared with French, 31 its originality impaired, 32 its four periods, 38 its most ancient products, 38 its epics and legends, 39 receives an impulse at the Reformation, 43 influenced by the Renascence, 43, 45 impeding causes at the Reformation, 45 controversial literature, 46 Magyar Bible published, 46 sixteenth century poets, 46, 49 the first drama, 46 early fiction, 47, 48 chronicles, 47 obstacles to progress in the seventeenth century, 51 produced by the nobles only, then, 53 controversial, 54 seventeenth century poets, 56 Kurucz poetry, 60 1711-1772, a period of decline, 63 reason of this decline, 64 poets, 67 historians, 68 revival of 1772, 70 causes of revival, 72 Magyar periodicals, 77, 88 the three “schools”, 79, 85 awakening individuality, 85 a patriotic bulwark against Austria, 87 Kazinczy’s work, 94 the romantic school, 100, 117 loses by patriotism of its exponents, 107 of slow growth, 1772-1825, 108 effect of want of literary centres, 109 hampered by political fetters, 110 brilliant revival, 1825-1850, 110 foundation of the Academy, 112 the “Kisfaludy Society”, 113 epics produced, 124 ballads, 131 want of effective criticism, 132 Bajza’s work, 134 reasons of late development of prose, 136 Petőfi’s pre-eminent work, 169 Hungary’s contribution to typical poetry, 185 literary criticism still crude, 192 rise of the drama in the nineteenth century, 207, 220 recent fiction, 226, 240 recent poetry, 245 folk-poems, 247 political works, 250 history, 252 historical societies, 254 history of, 254, 255 music, 10, 28, 29, 61, 103, 114, 231, 236 its influence on the nation, 30 pedigrees, 36, 254 wit, 237 writers in other languages, 11, 12, 68, 109, 250, 251

Hungarians establish themselves in Hungary, 18 their national character, 28, 147, 217 influenced by their music, 30

Hungary, its natural situation, 17 occupied by divers tribes, 17 the Hungarians establish themselves there, 18 her history resembles English history, 19 her constitution, 19, 153 preserves her liberties, 21 the Turks expelled, 22, 23 effect of their dominion, 22, 23 her want of a middle-class, 23, 30 her history in the eighteenth century, 24 rebellion against Austria, 26 incorporated with the Austrian Empire, 26 national reaction of 1860, 26 her present relations with Austria, 27 her _Parlature_ as compared with her literature, 31, 229 custom of speaking in several languages, 32 detached from the Eastern Church, 41 the Virgin, her patron saint, 41 the Reformation there, 43, 45, 46 the Renascence, 43-45 Universities in, 44, 52 schools, 52, 53, 63, 66 literature left to the nobles, 53 influence of the revolution, 72 character of its population, 72 abolition of serfdom and expansion of civic life, 73 dissolution of monasteries, 75 policy of Joseph II., 76 its effect in awaking Hungarian patriotism, 77 the national stage, 77 lacked literary centres, 109 the Academy supplies this want, 112 Pesth becomes a centre, 113 local learned societies spring up, 114 Parliament, the soul of its body-politic, 115 diversity of types of character, 118, 137 her need of an epic as an incitement, 123 character of the youth, 147 independence of local government, 150 the political training of her people, 153 her national heterogeneity, 159 the horse, the national animal, 176 the rebellion of 1848, 189 the Hungarian peasant, 195 has no _bourgeoisie_ proper, 197 transitional state of society, 1850-1860, 212 the national tendency to pathos, 217 its political strides since 1870, 220 the theatres in Budapest, 222 popularity of lyrical poems, 245

Huszár, Gál. (Poet), 46

Hutten, as an author, 45

Ibsen’s morbid psychology unknown in Csiky’s plays, 224

İlosvai, Peter. (Poet), 48

Improvisation unknown to Teutons and French, 229 in Hungarian, 229 its dangers in literature, 233

Imre, Alexander. (Literary Historian), 255

Istvánffy, Nicolas. (Hungarian Author), 164

Jakab, Ödön. (Folk-Novelist), 241

Jesuits in Hungary, 52 concerned in education, 52, 66

“Jingoism” in Hungary; its influence on literature, 209

Jókai, Maurus. (Novelist), 140 his reputation, 226 his character, 226 his power of work, 227 character of his work, 228 the Liszt of literature, 231 his life, 236

Jones, W. His “Magyar Folk-Tales”, 247

Joseph II. of Austria, 25, 73, 75, 77

Jósika, Nicolas. (Novelist), 44, 140, 228 character of his work, 144

Juhász, Peter. (Pope of the Magyar Calvinists), 46

Kalevala, the Finnish epic, 40

Kálmány, Lewis. His collection of Folk-Poetry, 247

Kármán, Joseph. (Novelist), 86

Károlyi, Caspar. (Translator of the Bible), 46

Károlyi, Count George, a founder of the Academy, 112

Katona. (Dramatist), 210

Katona. (Historian), 252

Kazár, Emil. (Novelist), 241

Kazinczy, Francis. (Translator and Critic), 93, 109 his influence and work, 94, 97

Kemény, Sigismund. (Novelist), 140, 157, 235 his Balzacian genius, 157, 158 his pessimism, 161 his erudition, 163 as an historian, 163, 164 his work as a novelist, 164, 166, 168 his journalistic work, 165

Kerékgyártó, Árpád. (Historian), 253

Kerényi, Frederick. (Poet), 135

Kertbény, K. M. (Literary Bibliographer), 254

Kis, John, founds Magyar Literary Society, 77

Kisfaludy, Alexander. (Poet), 101, 109

Kisfaludy, Charles. (Poet), 116, 121, 209, 212 his dramas, 116, 117

Kisfaludy Society, the, 113

Kiss, Joseph. (Poet), 245

Kiss, Stephen. His “Constitutional Law of Hungary”, 251

Klein, J. L. (The Historian of the Drama), a Hungarian, 12

Klopstock’s _Messias_, 123

Kohári, Count Stephen. (Poet), 58

Kölcsey, Francis. (Orator and Poet), 98, 104, 107, 121

Kolosváry, S. (Historian), 253

Komócsy, Joseph. (Poet), 245

Königsberg Fragment, the, 39

Kónyi, John. (Eighteenth Century Writer), 83

Kossúth, Lewis, 250

Krajner, Emericus. (Historian), 253

Kraus. (Hungarian Historian), 164

Kriza, John. His collection of Folk-Poetry, 247

Kropf, Lewis. His “Magyar Folk-Tales”, 247 (Historian), 253

Kubinyi, F. (Historian), 253

Kurucz Poetry, patriotic ditties, 60

Kúthy, Louis, 240

Laborfalvy, Rose. Hungarian actress, wife of M. Jókai, 222, 237

Ladányi, G. (Historian), 253

Lánczy, Julius. (Historian), 253

Language, its influence on literature, 14, 15, 136

Lányi, K. (Historian), 253

Latin used in Hungary, 12, 52, 63, 64, 66, 68, 109, 250

Lauka, Gustavus. (Novelist), 240

Lenau, Nicolaus. (Hungarian-German Author), 12

Lendvay. (Actor), 222

Lenkei, H. (Literary Critic), 255

Leopold II. of Austria, 25

Lessing, a genius both critical and creative, 93, 216

Lévay, Joseph. (Poet), 244

Lewis the Great, of Hungary, 44

Liberty affected by Reformation, 20

Listhy, Baron Ladislas. (Poet), 58

Lisznyay, Coloman. (Poet), 245

Liszt, Francis, 114, 128, 231, 236

Literature of a nation, as compared with its _parlature_, 31 influenced by language, 14 can only thrive in a republic of minds, 52 an urban growth, 72, 109 the influence of critical genius upon, 92 born of Greek parents, 96 universality of great writers, 107

Lugossy, Joseph. (Philologist), 255

Lucretius’ “_De rerum natura_” compared with Madách’s “Tragedy of Man”, 219

Lustkandl. (Austrian Professor), 251

Luther, Martin, as an author, 45

Lytton’s novels, their popularity in Germany and Austria, 137

Madách, Emericus. (Poet), 217

Maeterlinck, his veiled pessimism, 168

Magyar, _see_ Hungarian

Majláth, Count John. (Historian), 252

Marczali, Henry. (Historian), 253

Margit, Saint, daughter of Béla IV., 42 her life extant, 42

Maria Theresa, her government of Hungary, 73, 75

Matthew Corvinus, King of Hungary, 43, 143

Metastasio’s influence on Csokonai, 89

Metres used in Hungarian Poetry, 50, 59, 78, 81, 84, 97, 101, 103, 104, 119, 130

Metternich, Prince, his work in Hungary, 25, 100

Middle Classes, a product of Feudalism, 24

Mikes, Clement, his “Letters”, 67

Mikó, Francis. (Hungarian Author), 164

Mikszáth, Coloman. (The Hungarian Bret Harte), 242

Mirandola, Pico della, 200

Molnár de Szencz, Albert. (Grammarian), 55

“Moralities,” Hungarian, 47

Music, _see_ Hungarian Music

Nagy, Alexander. (Historian), 253

Nagy, E., his “Constitutional Law of Hungary”, 251

Nagy, Emeric. (Poet), 135

Nagy, Francis. (Translator), 83

Nagy, Ignatius. (Novelist), 215, 240

Nagy de Bánka, Matthew. (Poetical Chronicler), 47

_Naïveté_, its origin and _locus_ in life and literature. None in America, little in England, reasons, _ib._, 198

Naláczi, Joseph, (Poet), 80

Nature’s “Laws,” a convenient fiction, 170

Négyessy, L. (Author on Prosody), 255

Neo-Latin poets, the reason of their failure, 14

Novelists of Hungary, 137, 138, 140 popularity of foreign in Hungary, 137

Novels, Hungarian, their peculiarities, 139 reviews of individual works. (_See also_ Fiction), 141, 146, 149, 166, 237

Obernyik, Charles. (Dramatist), 215

Oláh, Nicholas. (Hungarian Author), 164

Orczy, Baron Lawrence. (Eighteenth century writer), 79

Ormós, Sigismond. (Historian), 253

Óváry, K. (Historian), 253

Pálffy, Albert. (Journalist and Novelist), 241

Pannonius, Janus, _see_ Cesinge, John

Pap, Andreas. (Poet), 135

Páriz-Pápai, Francis. (Lexicographer), 62

_Parlature_, as contrasted with Literature, 31, 229

Parliament, the soul of political life in Hungary and England, 115

Pathos, the Hungarian tendency to, 217

Pauler, Julius. (Historian), 253

Pázmány, Peter. (Cardinal and controversialist), 54

Peasantry of Hungary, 195, 213, 225

Pécs University, 44

Pessimism, the outcome of thought, 163

Pesth, suspension bridge connecting it with Buda, 127

Pesty, Frederick. (Historian), 254

Pesti, Gabriel. (Lexicographer and Translator), 47, 48

Péczeli, Joseph. (Translator), 80

Periodical literature in the eighteenth century, 77, 88 the periodical press in the nineteenth century, 113, 116, 134, 237

Petthő, Gregory. (Hungarian History), 164

Petőfi, Alexander, the greatness of his poetry, 169, 172 its spontaneity, 173 character of his work, 177, 181, 183, 190, 200, 233 his objectivity, 177, 183 his humour, 179 ill-judged comparisons with Burns and Béranger, 180 his patriotic poems distributed by Government, 183 appreciated in America, 185, 192 his poetry, the exponent of Hungarian nationality, 185 sketch of his life, 186 his growing European reputation, 192 compared with Arany, 195

Petrarch’s influence on Kisfaludy, 101

Petrik, Géza. (Bibliographer), 255

Petrőczi, Baroness Catherine S. (Poetess), 58

Platen compared to Berzsenyi, as writer of odes, 104

Podhorszky, his view of Magyar, 37

Poetry not inherent in Nature, but a human creation, 171 its greatness to be gauged by objective beauty, 184

Poetry and Poets of Hungary, sixteenth century, 47, 49 seventeenth century, 56 eighteenth century, 67, 79, 80, 84 nineteenth century, 116, 127, 129, 135, 169, 245

Poland, continuity of its liberties, 21

Pope’s influence on Csokonai, 89 European character of his work, 106

Porzó (Dr. Adolph Ágai), prince of feuilletonists, 237

Pozsony University, 44

Pray, G. (Historian), 252

Printing in Hungary, 44

Priscus, the Byzantine, records Magyar epics, 41

Prosody, _see_ Metres

Pulszky, Augustus. (Hungarian Jurist), 251

“Punch,” the Hungarian, 237

Pusztas the, of Hungary, 174 types of the dwellers there, 175 the Fata Morgana, 176

Pyrker, Ladislaus. (Hungarian-German Author), 12

Radákovics, Joseph, _see_ Vas, Gereben

Ráday, Count Gedeon. (Eighteenth century writer), 79

Radnai, R. (Art-historian), 255

Radvánszky, Béla. (Historian), 254

Rajnis, Joseph. (Poet), 80

_Rákóczy March_, the, 60

Rákóczy Francis, II., 23, 144

Rákosi, Eugene. (Dramatist), 221, 223

Ramler compared to Virág, 80

Ranzanus, Peter, at work in Hungary, 43

Realism inimical to art, 165

Reformation, the, in Hungary, 43, 45, 46

Reguly, Anton, his views on Magyar, 36

Reicherstorffer. (Hungarian Author), 164

Renascence, the, its influence in Hungary, 43, 45

Révai, Nicolas. (Philologist), 80, 97

Reviczky, Julius. (Poet), 245

Revivals in dead languages, a failure, 14

Revolutionary spirit in Europe, 70 Hungary, 72

Rhapsody in the music and poetry of Hungary, 185 its dangers, 233

Riehl, Wilhelm, his writings on continental peasantry, 196

Rimay de Rima, John. (Poet), 58

Romantic School, the, in England, France, and Germany, 100

“Sabbatarians,” their religious poetry, 55 in Transylvania, 167

Sajnovics, John. (Philologist, 1770), 36

Sárosy, Julius. (Poet), 135

Salomon, Francis. (Historian), 253

Sand, George, her popularity in Hungary, 137

Schesaeus. (Hungarian Historian), 164

Scott compared to Jósika, 144

Shakespeare better known in Austria than England, 107 his influence on Katona, 211

Shelley studied by Petőfi, 181

Simonyi, Sigismund. (Philologist), 35, 255

Sobieski, John, King of Poland, 22

Somogyi (Ambrosius). (Hungarian Author), 164

Sonnets first written by Kazinczy, 97

Stephen, Saint, King of Hungary, 18, 41

Sylvester, John, _see_ Erdősi

Szabó, Baróti David. (Poet), 80, 81

Szabó, Charles. (Historian), 253, 255

Szalárdi, John. (Chronicler), 62

Szalay, Ladislas. (Historian), 252

Szalóczy, Bertalan. (Folk-Novelist), 241

Szamosközy, Stephen. (Hungarian Historian), 164

Szana, T. (Literary Historian), 255

Szarvas, Gabriel. (Philologist), 256

Szász, Béla. (Poet), 245

Szász, Charles. (Poet). (The Hungarian Richard Garnett), _ib._, 244

Szathmáry, Charles. (Novelist), 241

Szatmáry, Joseph, _see his assumed name_, Szigligeti, Edward

Széchenyi, Count Stephen, 37, 250 his patriotism and political views, 111 a founder of the Academy of Science, 112 connects Buda and Pesth with a suspension bridge, 127

Székely, Alexander. (Preacher and Poet), 122

Székely, Joseph. (Poet), 245

Székely de Bencéd, Stephen. (Chronicler), 48

Szekér, Joachim. (Educationalist), 83

Szemere. (Joint Author of _Felelet_), 98

Szendrey, Juliet, wife of Petőfi, 188

Szigeti, Joseph. (Dramatist), 222

Szigligeti, Edward. (Dramatist), 211

Szilády’s Collection of Hungarian Poets, 39

Szilágyi, Alexander. (Historian), 253

Szinnyei, József. (Bibliographer), 255

Sztárai, Michael. (Dramatist), 47

Teleki, Count Joseph. (Historian), 99, 253 first President of the Academy, 112

Teleky, Count Ladislas. (Dramatist), 215

Temesváry, Stephen. (Poetical Chronicler), 47

Tennyson, not popular abroad, 139

Thackeray, not popular abroad, 139

Thallóczy, Lewis. (Historian), 253

Thaly, Coloman. (Historian), 253 his collection of Folk-poetry, 247

Tinódy, Sebastian, his “Chronicle”, 47, 164

Toldy, Francis. (Historian of Literature), 134, 254

Toldy, Stephen. (Dramatist), 222

Tolnai, Lewis. (Novelist and Poet), 241, 245

Tompa, Michael. (Poet), 206

Tóth, Andrew. (Poet), 245

Tóth, Coloman. (Poet), 245

Tóth, Edward. (Dramatist), 221, 224

Tóth de Ungvárnémet, Ladislas. (Poet), 105

Town life necessary to develop a literature, 72, 109

Translations from Magyar, 192, 238, 239, 242, 247 into Magyar, 47, 48, 55, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 94, 112, 128, 206, 244

Transylvania, her efforts for independence, 51 the home of patriotism, 140 her history in Kemény’s novels, 163

Turks driven out of Hungary, 22, 23, 56 effect of their dominion, 22, 23, 51

Ugoletus, Thaddeus, at work in Hungary, 44

Ugrian group of languages, 35

United States, its constitution, 152

Vachott, Alexander, 135

Vadna, Charles. (Novelist), 241

Vajda, John. (Dramatist and Poet), 222, 245

Vámbéry, Arminius. (Philologist), 36, 256

Várady, Anton. (Dramatist), 222

Varjas, John. (Versifier), 84

Vas, Gereben (Joseph Radákovics). (Humorist), 240

Vay, Baron Abraham, a founder of the Academy, 112

Verantius. (Hungarian Historian), 164

Verseghy, Francis. (Poet), 85, 98

Vértesi, Arnold. (Novelist), 241

Vienna, siege of, 1683, 22

Viennese, character, 87

Virág, Benedictus, 80

Virozsil, Professor. (Authority on Hungarian Constitutional Law), 251

Vitkovics, (Folk-Poet), 109

Vörösmarty, Michael, his character as a poet, 120, 127 his epic poem, 124 his power of language, 126, 127 his dramas, 127 contributor to the _Athenæum_, 134

Wertner. (Genealogist), 254

Wesselényi, Baron Nicolas. (Political Writer), 250

Wit of Hungary, 237

Wohl, Stephania. (Novelist), 241

Zalár, Joseph. (Poet), 245

Zichy, Count Peter. (Poet), 58

Zolnai, Julius. (Philologist), 255

Zrinyi, Count Michael. (Poet and Patriot), 56

“Zrinyiad,” the, 56 its national influence, 57

Zsámboky. (Hungarian Author), 164

_Jarrold and Sons, Printers, Norwich, Yarmouth, and London._