CHAPTER XII

THE DECLINE OF ORATORY

Owing to the extraordinary success of the Macedonian arms, Hellenic culture spread rapidly over a great part of the world; but it was beaten out thin in the process.[490]

The conditions of life in Greece underwent a great change in the generations which succeeded the death of Alexander. Athens, which had for so long been the intellectual headquarters of the world, was now only a station of secondary importance. Alexandria, founded by the king himself, became under the divine auspices of the Ptolemies not only the great mart of the world but the greatest centre of learning; Pergamus in the course of time rivalled Alexandria, at any rate in literary resources; while Antioch and Tarsus also became prominent in the history of learning.

From early times men of genius born elsewhere in Greece, in the Ionian cities and in Magna Graecia, had turned to Athens for appreciation of their powers. It is easy to see at a glance how much Athens owed to these aliens for her intellectual advancement—Gorgias of Leontini, Protagoras of Abdera, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, Thrasymachus of Chalcedon. Her dramatic poets were her own, and so were her great orators, with the exception of Lysias; but this is partly due to the fact that the constitution of her laws gave little opportunity for aliens to win distinction on the platform or the stage. Of her great historians, one was not of Athenian birth and even wrote in a foreign dialect; in philosophy no true-born Athenian before Plato won real distinction. In the Macedonian era a distinguished stranger had more prospect not only of appreciation but of material advancement in one of the royal cities than in a city-state which had become little better than a minor satrapy in one of the great empires, and traded only on the fading memories of its former magnificence. Life in the great cities was very different, too, from life in democratic Athens. From the time of Pericles to that of Demosthenes, all citizens had at least a strong corporate feeling; all citizens knew each other. The sculptor fought side by side with the tanner, the Alcmaeonid met the lamp-seller in debate; there were many common grounds in which all could meet under conditions of equality. In the law-courts the orator must satisfy not only the learned few but the unlettered many; in the theatre the poet and his actors appealed to all classes, from the high-priest who must not be allowed to slumber on his central throne to the people who ate sweetmeats in the back rows, and, if dissatisfied, with true Athenian spirit, threw these harmless missiles at the performers.[491] Moreover, all spoke the same language. The diction of tragedy gradually put off its artificiality, and the orators approached nearer and nearer to the idiom of common speech.

In Alexandria, on the other hand, to take one typical example, there was no such unity. Among the Greek inhabitants there were many classes—the court-circle, the scholars of the Museum, the merchants, the mercenary troops, all with different aims and occupations; and these formed but a minority. In addition there would be thousands of Jews, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mesopotamians, and others, to whom Greek was at first a foreign language, and who when they had acquired it spoke, in the κοινή, a dialect corrupted by innumerable foreign elements. Thus, though scholarship persisted and flourished, there must always have been a sharp distinction between the lettered classes and the common people.

Oratory, like all other arts, faded away in Athens after Alexander’s death, partly from the general causes indicated, partly on account of the special conditions of Athenian life.

Forced to submit to Antipater in 322 B.C., Athens was allowed to exist on humiliating terms. She received a Macedonian garrison into Munychia, the democracy was overthrown; 12,000 of the poorer citizens were not only disfranchised but expatriated, and an oligarchy was instituted. Five years later a temporary revival occurred, when Polysperchon (317 B.C.) overthrew the oligarchy; but a few months after this Cassander obtained possession of the city and again established a government on narrower lines, installing as governor a man of great erudition and culture, Demetrius of Phalerum. This Demetrius, though practically a satrap of Cassander, governed the city wisely for ten years; but in 307 B.C. he fled before the approach of Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus. The Besieger made a proclamation of freedom, which the Athenians by this time were unworthy to enjoy; they ascribed to him divine honours, and in 301 B.C. he took up his quarters in the Parthenon. No wonder that Pallas Athene fled in disgust when her shrine was polluted by the licentious orgies of this new war-god.

Phocion, Demades, and Dinarchus, from among the contemporaries of Demosthenes, lived to see their city under Macedonian rule, but they left no successors. There were few opportunities left for an orator. The ecclesia, when it met on sufferance, could debate only on matters of domestic import; and proposals to improve the water-supply, or erect statues to a tyrant, give less scope for eloquence than the great issues of peace and war which had formerly been the subject of their deliberation. Men of political ability had no scope when politics were dead. In the courts, too, there could be no public cases of great interest comparable with the case of the _Crown_ or the impeachment of Demosthenes. Private cases, in which aspiring politicians had hitherto found it convenient to try their strength, were more suited to the attainments of professional lawyers, and these cases must have greatly decreased in numbers and importance when all the dependencies of Athens were taken from her.[492] The oratory of display, brought to perfection by Isocrates, had likewise but few openings. No orator could rise at the Olympic Festival to summon all Greeks to brotherhood in arms; no funeral speech could move a people to tears or exalt them to enthusiasm when battles were waged by mercenaries and war declared not by a nation but by a foreign prince. The art of rhetoric was still practised, but already Aristotle, by going back to first principles, had composed the first and last scientific treatise on this subject, and shown that it must be put into its true place as a branch of philosophy, to be studied in combination with its counterpart, Dialectic.[493] Political theory, which figures prominently in Isocrates and Demosthenes, had likewise become the property of the philosophical schools.

Demetrius of Phalerum, the regent of Cassander, is reckoned by Quintilian as the last of the orators. Such time as he could spare from the management of the city and the contemplation of the 360 statues erected to him by an admiring or subservient populace,[494] was devoted to the study of philosophy, history and oratory. He wrote more than any other Epicurean on record[495]—philosophical dialogues, historical works, erudite researches, literary and rhetorical studies, speeches, all testified alike to his industry and the wide extent of his interests. His _Rhetoric_, which contained personal reminiscences of Demosthenes, is quoted by Plutarch on that account; his treatise on _Demagogy_ contained his ideas of political science; his history of his regency (περὶ τῆς δεκαετείας) might, if we could recover it, add much to our scanty knowledge of that period. So short are the fragments remaining of his work that we must turn chiefly to Cicero and Quintilian for an estimate of his value. We gather that he was an excellent example of the ‘tempered style,’ excelling in grace and brilliance, but deficient in vigour and in real passion. A philosophical treatment of his subject-matter was one of his marked characteristics.[496]

A few facts about his life are known chiefly from Diogenes. He was the son of Phanostratus, an enfranchised slave. He studied under Theophrastus and entered political life about 324 B.C. Belonging to the Macedonian party, he took part in the negotiations after the Lamian war. In 317 B.C., when Phocion was put to death, he fled, but was chosen by the citizens, with the approval of Cassander, to be their governor, and ruled from 317 to 307, when he was superseded by Demetrius Poliorcetes. He retired to Thebes, and twenty years later went to Egypt. Exiled from Alexandria by Philadelphus, he died of a snake-bite in one of the remote demes of Egypt about 280 B.C.

Demochares and Charisius belong also to this period; the former, one of the few Athenians who retained any independence of spirit, was a nephew of Demosthenes, whose style he imitated; Charisius imitated and exaggerated the simplicity of Lysias.[497]

From this time onward, oratory is practically dead; declamations on fictitious subjects took the place of real speeches in the assembly or the courts; oratory became an element in education and nothing more. We need mention only Hegesias of Magnesia (_c._ 250 B.C.), the founder of what was subsequently known as the ‘Asian’ school of rhetoric, the characteristics of which were affected expression, grotesque metaphor, plays upon words, incongruous rhythms, and general lack of ideas.[498] Dionysius quotes an extract, with the remark that it looks as if it had been written for a joke. Hegesias is important only on account of the debasing influence which he exercised over his Greek and Roman followers.

For a genuine revival of oratory we must wait till the last years of the Roman Republic.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _Iliad_, ix. 443.

[2] _Ibid._, ix. 502 _sqq._

[3] Herod., viii. 83.

[4] Thuc., i. 138.

[5] § 42.

[6] _Brutus_, § 28.

[7] _Themistocles_, ch. ii.

[8] _Ibid._, ch. xi.

[9] Ch. xxix.

[10] Plato, _Republic_, i. 330 A.

[11] Plato, _Alcibiades_, 1., 118 C.

[12] Plut., _Pericles_, ch. iv., who quotes Plato (comicus): σὺ γάρ, ὤς φασι, Χείρων ἐξέθρεψας Περικλέα.

[13] p. 270 A, Jowett’s translation.

[14] Antiphon, _Tetral._ ii.

[15] 1. 2. 40.

[16] Plato, _l.c._

[17] Bothe, _Comic Frag._, i. 162. See also Aristophanes, _Acharn._ 530.

‘Then Pericles the Olympian in his wrath Lightened and thundered and confounded Greece.’

[18] Thuc., ii. 65.

[19] Plut., _Pericles_, ch. vii.

[20] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 10. 7 D.

[21] Thuc., i. 115-117; Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 4. 3.

[22] Arist., _ibid._

[23] Herod., vii. 162; Arist., _Rhet._, i. 7. 34. In a later age the orator Demades borrowed it. (Athenaeus, iii. 99 D.)

[24] Plato, _Protag._, 317 C.

[25] Plato, _Protag._, 337 A-C, where Plato parodies his style.

[26] Cicero, _Brutus_, § 46.

[27] Arist., _Rhet._, ii. 24. 11.

[28] _Soph. Elench._, 183 p. 28 _sqq._

[29] _Vide infra_, p. 36.

[30] Quoted by Plato, _Phaedrus_, 273 B.C.

[31] Schol. on Hermogenes; also Sext. Empir. _adv. Mathem._, ii. 96.

[32] κακοῦ Κόρακος κακὰ ὠά.

[33] _Soph. Elench._, 184 a. 1.

[34] Cf. Plato, _Gorgias_, 453 A; _Phaedr._, 259 E.

[35] Isocr., _Antid._, § 155.

[36] If it is true, as Philostratus, _Ep._ ix. says, that Aspasia ‘sharpened the tongue of Pericles’ in Gorgian style, he must have visited Athens in a private capacity at an earlier date, unless his _Olympiac_ and other speeches were widely circulated and read.

[37] Πολλαχοῦ τῶν ἰάμβων γοργιάζει, Philost., _Lives of the Sophists_, ix. 493.

[38] Plato, _Meno_, 70 B; Philost., _Epist._ ix. 364.

[39] περὶ φύσεως ἢ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος, Sext. Emp., vii. 65. Cicero (_Brut._, § 46) mentions also a collection of _communes loci_ made for instructional purposes.

[40] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 14. 12.

[41] _Symposium_, 194 E, _sqq._, 197 D; the latter contains some excellent examples: πραύτητα μὲν πορίζων, ἀγριότητα δ’ ἐξορίζων· φιλόδωρος εὐμενείας, ἄδωρος δυσμενείας, etc.

[42] Introduction to the Teubner edition of Antiphon (1908), p. xxviii.

[43] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Orators_, Antiphon, § 9.

[44] Thuc., viii. 68.

[45] _Eth. Eudem._, iii. 1232 b. 7.

[46] The Sophistical element is very prominent, especially in the tetralogies. Like Tisias he makes great use of arguments from probability.

[47] _De comp. verborum_, ch. 22.

[48] Such words are, for instance, ἀνατροπεύς; μήνιμα and ἀλιτήριος, separately, as μήνιμα ἀκέσασθαι, δεινοὺς ἀλιτηρίους ἕξομεν, or together, μήνιμα τῶν ἀλιτηρίων προστρίψομαι; θεία κηλίς, γεγωνεῖν, ὀπτήρ, ἀείμνηστος.

[49] Rare but not poetical words are, _e.g._ ὑπῆρκτο, χωροφιλεῖν, καταδοχθείς, ἐπίδοξος, and, from lost Speeches, μοιρολογχεῖν, τριβωνεύεσθαι, ἀστοργία, and many others quoted by lexicographers for their peculiarity.

[50] _E.g._ οἴδαμεν, ᾔδεις, and the remarkable εἰκότερον.

[51] _Vide supra_, p. 16. A striking example of the verbal periphrasis is in Antiphon, _Herodes_, § 94: νῦν μὲν οὖν γνωρισταὶ γίνεσθε τῆς δίκης, τότε δὲ δικασταὶ τῶν μαρτύρων· νῦν μέν δοξασταί, τότε δὲ κριταὶ τῶν ἀληθῶν.

[52] _Rhet._, iii. 9. 1-2.

[53] _Rhet._, iii. 9. 3: λέξιν ἔχουσαν ἀρχὴν καὶ τελευτὴν αὐτὴν καθ’ αὐτὴν καὶ μέγεθος εὐσύνοπτον. _Ibid._, 5: εὐανάπνευστος.

[54] Herod., i. 16-17.

[55] _Id._, iii. 80-81.

[56] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 9. 3.

[57] Dion., _de Lysia_, 6; ἡ συστρέφουσα τὰ νοήματα καὶ στρογγύλως ἐκφέρουσα λέξις.

[58] See Verrall, _Rhyme and Reason_, in _The Bacchants of Euripides_.

[59] _Supra_, p. 20.

[60] Arist., _Rhet._, i.

[61] _E.g._, on the laws, _Herodes_, § 14, and _Choreutes_, § 2, where the same passage of about eight lines occurs with only the alteration of two or three unimportant words.

[62] Jebb (_Attic Orators_, vol. i. pp. 40-41) insists that the prominence given to this kind of argument points to a deep religious feeling in the orator’s heart. However, we meet with the same type of argument in Aeschines, to whom no such depth of feeling is usually imputed.

[63] Cf. the Demosthenic collection of προοίμια.

[64] προκατασκευή.

[65] διήγησις.

[66] πίστεις.

[67] ἐπίλογος.

[68] This is another characteristic of the earlier rhetoricians; _vide supra_, p. 12.

[69] _Herodes_, § 26.

[70] The Introduction amounts to one-fifth of the whole speech.

[71] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Ten Orators_.

[72] _Attische Beredsamkeit_, vol. i. pp. 104-105.

[73] In the similar case discussed by Pericles and Protagoras, the third possibility was considered—the guilt of the javelin. (Plut., _Pericles_, ch. 36.)

[74] ἕνδειξις κακουργίας.

[75] _Supra_, p. 38 _sqq._

[76] _Soph. Elench._, 183 b. 32.

[77] 267 C.

[78] x. 416 A.

[79] _Rhet._, iii. 1. 7.

[80] The word seems to mean _powerful_ or _convincing_; whether τόποι (_commonplaces_ or _passages_) or λόγοι (_arguments_) is the word to be supplied, we cannot even conjecture.

[81] _de Isaeo_, ch. xx.

[82] _de Demosthene_, ch. iii.

[83] _Phaedrus_, 267 C (Jowett).

[84] Book I., 336B.

[85] _Rhet._, iii. 8. 4; iii. 1. 7. The _paeon_ = –⏑⏑⏑ or ⏑⏑⏑–.

[86] Cf. Aristoph., _Frogs_, 866: ἐβουλόμην μὲν οὐκ ἐρίζειν ἐνθάδε.

[87] Aesch. _in Ctes._, § 2.

[88] The reference by Arist., _Rhet._, ii. 23. 28 to ἡ πρότερον Θεοδώρου τέχνη—the _earlier_ treatise of T.—implies others.

[89] Cf. Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 13. 4: διήγησις, ἐπιδιήγησις, προδιήγησις; ἔλεγχος, ἐπεξέλεγχος.

[90] _Phaedrus_, 266 C, λογοδαίδαλος.

[91] Aristoph., _Clouds_, 109.

[92] Thuc., vi. 60.

[93] _de Myst._, §§ 61 _sqq._

[94] _Ibid._, § 4.

[95] Dion., _de Lysia_, ch. 2.

[96] Quint., xii. 10, 21.

[97] Philostratus, _vita Her. Att._, ii. 1, § 14.

[98] Hermogenes, περὶ ἰδεῶν, ch. xi. p. 416. Spengel (_Rhetores Graeci_).

[99] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Ten Orators_.

[100] The following is a list of some of the poetical or unusual words and phrases occurring in the speeches—_de Myst._: § 29 ταῦτα τὰ δεινὰ καὶ φρικώδη ἀνωρθίαζον. § 67 πίστιν ... ἀπιστοτάτην. § 68 ὁρῶσι τοῦ ἡλίου τὸ φῶς. § 99 ἐπίτριπτον κίναδος. § 130 κληδών. § 146 (γένος) οἴχεται πᾶν πρόρριζον.

_de Pace_: § 7 τὸν δῆμον ... ὑψηλόν ἦρε. § 8 and in three other passages κατηργάσατο (_secure, bring about_, cf. Eur. _Her._, 646 πόλει σωτηρίαν κατεργάσασθαι). § 18 κρατιστεύειν. § 31 ἐκτεῖναι τὸν θυμὸν, ἀρχὴν πολλῶν κακῶν.

The _de Pace_ is noticeable for the recurrence of two grammatical forms which do not occur in the other speeches, the use of τοῦτο μὲν, τοῦτο δέ after the manner of Herodotus for the simple μέν and δέ; and the repetition of δέ with a resumptive force, as, _e.g._, § 27 ἃ δὲ πρὸς τούτους μόνους ἐκεῖνοι συνέθεντο, ταῦτα δ’ οὐδεπώποτ’ αὐτούς φασί παραβῆναι.

The illogical use of the plural of οὐδείς in the same sense as the singular (_de Myst._, § 23 οὐδένας, § 147 οὐδένα) is perhaps colloquial. There are many instances of the use of this plural in the later orators, a point which Liddell and Scott did not observe, or, at any rate, failed to make clear. Another phrase which may be colloquial is τῇ γνώμῃ καὶ ταῖν χεροῖν ταῖν ἐμαυτοῦ (_de Myst._, § 144).

[101] _de Myst._, §§ 48-50.

[102] _de Myst._, §§ 37-39.

[103] _de Myst._, §§ 1-3 and 8.

[104] _Ibid._, § 150.

[105] _de Myst._, §§ 4, 5.

[106] _de Myst._, § 57.

[107] _de Myst._, § 126.

[108] _Ibid._, § 95.

[109] ὧ συκόφαντα καὶ ἐπίτριπτον κίναδος, κ.τ.λ., _de Myst._, § 99.

[110] _Ibid._, § 93.

[111] _Supra_, p. 66.

[112] § 8.

[113] _de Myst._, § 112.

[114] _E.g._, the poetical ὑψηλὸν ἧρε. Andoc., § 7; Aesch., § 174. Cf. Euripides, _Supp._, 555, and _Her._ 323.

[115] _de Pace_, §§ 24-26.

[116] Frag. 5 (Blass).

[117] Two lost speeches for Iphicrates, 371 B.C. and 354 B.C., were pronounced spurious by Dionysius; but, as he accepted the date of Lysias’ birth as 459 B.C., he was bound to conclude that these speeches were not by him.

[118] _Against Eratosthenes_, §§ 5-17.

[119] Dion., _de Lysia_, ch. 2: τῆς Ἀττικῆς γλώττης ἄριστος κανών.

[120] καταστρατηγεῖ.

[121] _E.g._ δεινὸν δέ μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι εἰ νῦν μὲν ... τότε δέ, etc., and ἄξιον δ’ ἐνθυμηθῆναι ὅτι ...

[122] Examples are numerous: _e.g._ the speech of Polyaenus (_For the Soldier_, §§ 4-5) shows a simplicity in narrative which Herodotus could not have surpassed.

[123] Ch. ii. pp. 26-7.

[124] _For the Cripple_, § 7.

[125] _For Mantitheus_, §§ 18-21.

[126] _For the Cripple_, §§ 1-3.

[127] _For the Cripple_, parts of §§ 10-12.

[128] _Ibid._, §§ 19-20.

[129] _de Caede Eratosthenis_, §§ 11-14.

[130] _Supra_, p. 76.

[131] _Supra_, p. 62.

[132] _Agoratus_, §§ 39-40.

[133] _Vide infra_, p. 92, on the question of authenticity.

[134] _Supra_, pp. 83 _sqq._

[135] Lysias, _Nicomachus_, § 27; Andocides, _de Myst._, § 93, quoted _infra_, p. 96.

[136] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Ten Orators_; Dion., _de Lys._, ch. 17, διακοσίων οὐκ ἐλάσσους δικανικοὺς γράψας λόγους.

[137] However, Socrates, in Plato’s _Menexenus_, 236 B, suggests that Pericles’ famous Funeral Speech was composed for him by Aspasia.

[138] _Epit._, §§ 79-81.

[139] The reference to the Amazons and the general vagueness of the historical setting are closely paralleled by the Funeral Speech in Plato’s _Menexenus_, which is generally regarded as a parody.

[140] _Rhet._, III. 10. 7.

[141] _de Lys._, ch. 32.

[142] Cf. _supra_, p. 90.

[143] _Vide supra_, p. 85.

[144] _Vide supra_, pp. 85-6.

[145] _Supra_, pp. 76-7.

[146] Andoc., _de Myst._, § 90.

[147] _Vide supra_, p. 87.

[148] § 3.

[149] _Vide infra_, p. 150.

[150] _Vide supra_, p. 72.

[151] The second speech with the same title is only an epitome of the first.

[152] Cf. _supra_, p. 90.

[153] Dion., _de Isaeo_, ch. 1.

[154] Jebb, vol. ii. p. 265.

[155] _de Isaeo_, ch. 1.

[156] He is by far the most important; in some cases we can supplement him from Demosthenes, but other authorities are negligible.

[157] §§ 1-11.

[158] § 12. I have translated this section, though not relevant to the matter under discussion, because it gives a good indication of Athenian feeling on the subject of the torture of slaves.

[159] Jebb, _Attic Orators_, vol. ii. p. 277³.

[160] Cleisthenes (_Herod._, vi. 129), in a moment of extreme excitement, remarked to Hippoclides ἀπωρχήσαο τὸν γάμον—‘You have danced away your chances of marriage.’

[161] Cf., too, the use of ὑπωπτιάζω in the New Testament.

[162] _E.g._ γρῦξαι.

[163] It has been already remarked that the speech-writers are, as a rule, ridiculously unsuccessful in their attempt to make their clients speak in the way that is natural to them (_vide supra_, p. 37).

[164] _E.g._ Or. v. 23, ἡγούμενοι οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν βεβαιώσειν, κ.τ.λ. Or. v. 31. ὡμολογήσαμεν ἐμμενεῖν οἷς ἂν γνοῖεν. Or. v. 43, δαπανηθείς (in middle sense).

[165] _E.g._ καθιστάνειν, ψηφίσεσθε, ἄξαντες.

[166] _The Estate of Apollodorus_ (Or. vii.), § 5.

[167] _Ciron_ (Or. viii.), § 28.

[168] _Nicostratus_ (Or. iv.), §§ 7-10.

[169] _de Isaeo_, ch. 3.

[170] _de Isaeo_, ch. 4.

[171] _Ibid._, ch. 5.

[172] Lysias, fr. 46.

[173] Isaeus, fr. 15.

[174] Cf. _de Isaeo_, ch. 14.

[175] _de Isaeo_, ch. 16.

[176] _Ibid._, ch. 3.

[177] Cf. _supra_, p. 38.

[178] _E.g._ Orr. 2, 3, 7, 8, 9.

[179] Or. 8 (_Ciron_), § 46.

[180] _de Isaeo_, ch. 16.

[181] _Antid._, § 161.

[182] _Phaedr._, pp. 278-9.

[183] καὶ ἀρχὰς δὲ [και] (τὰς?) περὶ τὴν Χίον κατέστησε καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν τῇ πατρίδι πολίτειαν. Ps.-Plut., 837 B.

[184] However, if we pressed this passage, we must regard the journey with Timotheus as unhistorical. All the evidence is to be found in Blass, _Att. Ber._, vol. ii. pp. 16-17.

[185] _Antid._, §§ 159 _sqq._

[186] _de Comp. Verb._, ch. xxiii.

[187] _de Comp. Verb._, ch. xxiii. He quotes _Areop._, §§ 1-5.

[188] Isocrates allows elisions of certain short vowels, but he is more sparing than most poets in the use of it. In the epideictic speeches the commonest elision is of enclitics or semi-enclitics (τε, δέ, etc.) and of personal pronouns. Crasis, except of καὶ ἄν is rare. In the forensic speeches (his early work) elision is much less restricted.

[189] Maxim. Planud. _ad Hermog._, v. 469.

[190] Vol. ii. p. 144.

[191] _Rhet._, Book III. 8. 4.

[192] _Ibid._

[193] θαυμάζειν καὶ ζηλοῦν, ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τιμᾶν, etc.

[194] _E.g._ _Paneg._ § 5, ὅταν ἢ τὰ πράγματα λάβῃ τέλος ... ἢ τὸν λόγον ἴδῃ τις ἔχοντα πέρας, where τέλος and πέρας, two words for end or completion, are not really distinguishable, or, at any rate, the distinction is very slight. So in _Evagoras_, § 11, εὐλογεῖν and ἐγκωμιάζειν are used antithetically (to praise—to eulogise).

[195] _E.g._ _Evagoras_, § 10, αὐταῖς ταῖς εὐρυθμίαις καὶ ταῖς συμμετρίαις ψυχαγωγοῦσι τοὺς ἀκούοντας. Elsewhere we find μετριότητες, λαμπρότητες, αὐθάδειαι, ἀργίαι, etc.

[196] Aristoph., _Clouds_, _passim_.

[197] Cf. Isocrates’ reference to this passage in _Antid._, § 193.

[198] _Hel._ (Or. x.), § 1, οἱ δὲ διεξιόντες ὡς ἀνδρία καὶ σοφία καὶ δικαιοσύνη ταὐτόν ἐστι.

[199] §§ 9 _sqq._

[200] _Antid._, §§ 187-189.

[201] §§ 19 _sqq._

[202] _Rhet._, i. 1. 10.

[203] τὸ τολμᾶν, § 192.

[204] _Vide supra_, p. 137.

[205] _Or_ astrology?

[206] _Antid._, Summary of §§ 181-303.

[207] _Antid._, § 11, ἰδέαι.

[208] _Ep._ 1, § 87. This letter is referred to in _Philippus_, § 81; the text of the letter remaining to us is incomplete.

[209] _Philippus_, 346 B.C.

[210] _Ibid._ (Or. v.), §§ 14-17.

[211] Isocrates is said to have spent ten years over the composition of the _Panegyricus_; it was probably published in 380 B.C.

[212] _I.e._ the victory of the 10,000 at Cunaxa.

[213] The truth of this maxim is illustrated by our records of the _impromptu_ performances of Demosthenes, _vide infra_, p. 190.

[214] _de Isaeo_, ch. xix., παχύτερον ὄντα τὴν λέξιν καὶ κοινότερον.

[215] _Rhet._, iii. 3. 3.

[216] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 3. 4.

[217] _Busiris_, §§ 5-6. He endeavoured to make Socrates responsible for the misdeeds of Alcibiades.

[218] _de Isaeo_, ch. xx.

[219] Dion., _de Isocrate_, ch. xviii.: τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν πάνυ θαυμαστὴν ἐν ταῖς πρὸς Ἀριστοτέλη ἀντιγραφαῖς ἐποιήσατο.

[220] See _Timarchus_, § 49, where Aeschines states, in 346 B.C., that he is rather over forty-five years old.

[221] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 147. Dem. (_de Cor._, 129 _sqq._) asserts that he was originally a slave named Tromes (_Coward_), but changed his name to Atrometus (_Dauntless_).

[222] Dem., _de Cor._, §§ 258-259. See further _infra_, p. 249.

[223] However, his elder brother, Philocrates, was elected general three times in succession, and his younger brother, Aphobetus, was sent as an ambassador to the Great King.—Aesch., _de Leg._, § 149.

[224] _de Cor._, § 262, _vide infra_, p. 249.

[225] _de Leg._, § 79; _vide infra_, p. 168.

[226] See _de Pace_ (_passim_) delivered in the same year.

[227] Aesch., _Ctes._, §§ 222-225.

[228] _Dem._, ch. 24, περὶ Ῥόδον καὶ Ἰωνίαν σοφιστεύων κατεβίωσεν.

[229] _de Leg._, § 16, τοῖς γὰρ καιροῖς ἀνάγκη συμπεριφέρεσθαι πρὸς τὸ κράτιστον καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὴν πόλιν.

[230] _Ibid._, § 157, ὁ τῆς μεγίστης σύμβουλος πόλεως.

[231] Hyper., _adv. Dem._, xxiv.

[232] _de Leg._, § 79.

[233] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, §§ 145, 166-177; _de Cor._, § 41.

[234] _Timarchus_, § 174; _Ctes._, § 58.

[235] _Supra_, p. 148.

[236] _de Leg._, § 163.

[237] _Vide supra_, p. 166.

[238] ἐπῆλθέ μοι, Aesch., _Ctes._, § 118, where A. complacently relates the whole incident.

[239] _de Cor._, §§ 129, 262, etc. Further, _de Falsa Leg._, § 246. A tritagonist would ordinarily have to play the parts of kings and tyrants, who must as a rule be majestic characters (cf. ὁ Κρέων Αὶσχίνης, _de Falsa Leg._, § 247).

[240] _Timarch._, § 25.

[241] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, § 252.

[242] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, § 255, σεμνολογεἳ ... φωνασκήσας, etc.; _de Cor._, § 133, σεμνολόγου; and numerous references to τριταγωνίστης.

[243] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 41, τὴν φύσιν μου μακαρίζων, etc. (of the behaviour of Demosthenes during the first embassy).

[244] _Ctes._, §§ 228-229, ἐξ ὀνομάτων συγκείμενος, etc.

[245] _Supra_, pp. 167-170.

[246] Dem., _de Cor._, § 128.

[247] References to himself as πεπαιδευμένος, to his adversaries as ἀπαίδευτοι, to their ἀπαιδευσία, τό ἀμαθές, etc., are very common in the speeches against Timarchus and on the embassy.

[248] _Infra_, pp. 184, 187.

[249] _Timarch._, § 26. Aeschines adds a characteristically Greek touch—‘his body was so horribly out of condition through his drunkenness and other excesses that decent people covered their eyes.’ It was the neglect of the body, rather than the exposure of the arms and legs, which is exaggerated into ‘nakedness,’ that really shocked the spectators, in addition to the ‘rough-and-tumble’ gestures of the orator.

[250] _Timarch._, §§ 37-38.

[251] _Timarch._, § 39. Ἄκυρος is used in a double sense; the early actions of Timarchus are unratified in the sense of not proved; the actions of the Thirty are not ratified by the succeeding governments. It is a looseness of expression which does not spoil the general sense, and there is, perhaps, an implied reference to the _Amnesty_, declared after the expulsion of the Thirty. Similarly Aeschines declares an _amnesty_ for all the offences of Timarchus before a certain date.

[252] _Ibid._, § 55. In § 70 there is a further apology. Cf. also § 76.

[253] _Timarch._, § 53.

[254] Cf. _infra_, p. 191.

[255] _Timarch._, § 48.

[256] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, §§ 2, 257.

[257] ξενία, expressing the mutual relations of host and guest, cannot be adequately translated into English.

[258] _de Cor._, § 51.

[259] _Ibid._, § 284.

[260] Aesch., _de Leg._, §§ 25-33.

[261] _Ibid._, §§ 75-78.

[262] _Ibid._, § 79.

[263] _Ctes._, §§ 119-121.

[264] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 153.

[265] _E.g._, _de Leg._, § 147. His esteem for his mother is expressed, _ibid._, § 148.

[266] _de Leg._, § 152.

[267] p. 178.

[268] _Ctes._, § 218.

[269] Cf. the frequent use of δεινός and δεινῶς—δεινὴ ἀπαιδευσία, ἀναισχυντία; δεινῶς σχετλιάζειν, ἀσχημονεῖν, ἀγνοεῖν, etc., and compounds such as ὑπεραγανακτῶ, ὑπεραισχύνομαι.

[270] _E.g._ the fine passage about Thebes, _infra_, p. 186.

[271] The speech of Lysias against Eratosthenes, for instance, contains many complicated sentences which are unnecessarily obscure.

[272] ὁρώντων φρονούντων βλεπόντων ὑμῶν. _Ctes._, § 94.

[273] Cf. his frequent references to his speeches, _supra_, p. 177.

[274] _E.g._ _de Leg._, § 183, τοὺς εἰς τὸν μέλλοντ’ αὐτῷ χρόνον ἀντεροῦντας. Blass, vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 232, notes that there is more consistent care on this point in the _de Legatione_ than in the other two speeches.

[275] _Ctes._, § 99.

[276] _Ibid._, § 78.

[277] _de Leg._, § 81.

[278] Cf. _Ctes._, § 198, ὅστις μὲν οὖν ἐν τῇ τιμήσει τὴν ψῆφον αἰτεῖ, τὴν ὀργὴν τὴν ὑμετέραν παραιτεῖται, ὅστις δ’ ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ λόγῳ τὴν ψῆφον αἰτεῖ ὅρκον αἰτεῖ, νόμον αἰτεῖ, δημοκρατίαν αἰτεῖ, ὧν οὔτε αἰτῆσαι οὐδὲν ὅσιον οὔτ’ αἰτηθέντα ἑτέρῳ δοῦναι.

[279] _E.g._ iambics, _Ctes._, § 239, ἃ σωφρονῶν ὁ δῆμος οὐκ ἐδέξατο; and _de Leg._, § 66, μίαν δὲ νύκτα διαλιπὼν συνηγόρουν, etc.; anapaestic effect, _ibid._, 223, ἀεὶ τὸ παρὸν λυμαινόμενος, τὸ δὲ μέλλον κατεπαγγελλόμενος; and a curious combination, _ibid._, 91, ἁπάντων μετασχὼν τῶν πόνων τῇ πόλει, ⏑––|⏑––|–⏑–|–⏑–.

[280] _Ctes._, § 135.

[281] _de Leg._, §§ 110, 21.

[282] _Ctes._, §§ 192-193.

[283] _Ctes._, §§ 133-136.

[284] _Ctes._, §§ 99-100.

[285] Dem., _de Cor._, §§ 129, 259.

[286] _Ctes._, §§ 172-173.

[287] _de Leg._, §§ 106-107.

[288] _de Leg._, §§ 34-35.

[289] _Ctes._, § 212, οὐ κεφαλὴν ἀλλὰ πρόσοδον κέκτηται. The play upon words is not easy to reproduce: κεφαλή, of course, suggests κεφάλαιον, ‘principal,’ or ‘capital,’ while πρόσοδος is ‘income’ or ‘revenue.’

[290] _de Falsa Leg._, § 339.

[291] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 1.

[292] _La Litt. Grecque_, iv. 643, with reference particularly to _Ctes._, § 133 (quoted above, p. 186) and §§ 152 _sqq._

[293] _E.g._ on Demosthenes, quoted _supra_, pp. 187-188.

[294] _de Sublim._, ch. xxiv., οὐ γέλωτα κινεῖ μᾶλλον ἢ καταγελᾶται.

[295] Mommsen (Book v., ch. xii. pp. 609-610, Eng. ed. of 1887) could write of Cicero: ‘Cicero had no conviction and no passion; he was nothing but an advocate, and not a good one.’ ... ‘If there is anything wonderful in the case, it is in truth not the orations but the admiration which they excited.’

[296] _E.g._, in particular, §§ 171-176, partly quoted _supra_, p. 188.

[297] Quoted _supra_, p. 185.

[298] _Frogs_, 892, αἰθήρ, ἐμὸν βόσκημα, καὶ γλώττης στροφίγξ, καὶ ξύνεσι, etc.

[299] Aesch. (_Ctes._, § 171) says only ἀφικνεῖται εἰς Βόσπορον, which is ambiguous, as there were several Βόσποροι. The fact that he calls the woman Σκυθίς seems to prove that he meant the Crimea.

[300] Pytheas, quoted by Dionysius.

[301] The last private speeches of which the genuineness is undoubted are dated about 346 and 345 B.C., but others, _e.g._ _Against Phormio_, of which the authenticity was not questioned in ancient times, go down to 326 B.C. or even later. The genuineness of the _Phormio_ is at least probable.

[302] Aesch. (in 345 B.C.) in the _Timarchus_, §§ 117, 170-175, refers to him as a teacher. In the _Embassy_ (343 B.C.) there is no reference to this profession.

[303] _Against Callicles._

[304] _Against Conon._

[305] The speeches _Against Zenothemis_, _Lacritus_, _Dionysodorus_, and _Phormio_.

[306] _E.g._ _Against Boeotus_.

[307] § 61. ‘Pydna and Potidaea, which are subject to Philip and hostile to you.’ Also § 63.

[308] ἐπιστολιμαίους δυνάμεις, § 19.

[309] § 19, δύναμιν ... ἢ συνεχῶς πολεμήσει....

[310] § 21, χρόνον τακτὸν στρατευομένους, μὴ μακρὸν τοῦτον, ἀλλ’ ὅσον ἂν δοκῇ καλῶς ἔχειν, ἐκ διαδοχῆς ἀλλήλοις.

[311] § 23, οὐ τοίνυν ὑπέρογκον αυτήν (οὐ γὰρ ἔστι μισθὸς οὐδὲ τροφή), οὐδὲ παντελῶς ταπεινὴν εἶναι δεῖ.

[312] I have assumed the traditional order of the Olynthiac speeches to be the correct one. The question is much disputed, and is lucidly discussed by M. Weil in his introductions to the speeches (_Les Harangues de Démosthène_).

[313] Isocr., _Philippus_, § 73-74.

[314] _Chers._, §§ 24-26.

[315] § 77.

[316] § 19.

[317] § 20.

[318] §§ 26-27.

[319] The subject is admirably discussed by M. Weil (_Les Harangues de Démosthène_ (2me éd.), pp. 312-316). His arguments should be carefully read by those interested in the subject. I quote only his conclusions: ‘Nous avons déjà vu que plusieurs passages, qui manquent dans S et L, ne pouvaient guère émaner que de Démosthène lui-même’ (p. 314). ‘Le résultat de cet examen, c’est que nous nous trouvons en présence de deux textes également autorisés, et que les additions et les modifications qui distinguent l’un de l’autre doivent être attribuées a l’orateur lui-même....’ (p. 315). These conclusions are adopted by Blass (_Att. Bered._, 1893) and Sandys (1900), who, however, considers that the shorter version was the orator’s first draft. Butcher (_Demosthenes_, 3rd ed., 1911) considers that the shorter text represents ‘the maturer correction of the orator.’

[320] _de Cor._, §§ 169-170.

[321] Philip seems to have had a genuine admiration for Athens, and always treated her with extraordinary consideration. For a full appreciation of this attitude see Hogarth, _Philip and Alexander_.

[322] Plut., _Dem._, ch. xxiii.

[323] See also _infra_, p. 253, _note_ 1, and p. 254.

[324] Hyp., _Against Dem._, fr. 3, col. xiii.

[325] Dinarchus, _Against Dem._, § 1.

[326] Butcher, _Dem._, pp. 124-127.

[327] This account is taken from Plutarch (_Dem._, ch. xxix.).

[328] Lucian, _Dem. Enc._, § 50.

[329] _de Sublimi_, ch. xxxiv.

[330] § 36, οἷον ἐκ μανδραγόρου καθεύδοντας.

[331] Aesch., _Ctes._, §§ 72, 166; _de Leg._, § 21; _Ctes._, §§ 84, 209.

[332] Plut., _Dem._, ch. ix., παράβακχον.

[333] ἐνθουιῶντα. Cf. Aristophanes, _Clouds_, 194:

μὰ γῆν, μὰ παγίδας, μὰ νεφέλας, μὰ δίκτυα.

[334] Notably the caricatures of Aeschines’ private life and family history in the _de Corona_, §§ 129-130, 260. Mr. Pickard-Cambridge makes it clear that the habitual members of the law-courts would be of a lower average socially than the ecclesia. The pay in either case was not enough to attract any but the unemployed, but whereas members of the leisured classes would have sufficient motives for attending the ecclesia, and well-to-do business-men might sacrifice valuable time unselfishly for the good of the State, there would be little inducement to such people to endure the wearisome routine of the law-courts (see _Demosthenes_, ch. iii.).

[335] _E.g._ _Conon_, § 4.

[336] _de Cor._, § 263.

[337] _de Falsa Leg._, § 148.

[338] _Midias_, § 91.

[339] _Ibid._, § 105.

[340] On the other hand he often apologizes for metaphors by ὣσπερ or οἷον—ἦν τοῦθ’ ὣσπερ ἐμπόδισμά τι τῷ Φιλίππῳ—though ἐμπόδισμα is probably as natural a form of expression as our ‘obstacle.’

[341] _de Falsa Leg._, § 275.

[342] I _Phil._, § 45; cf. τεθνάναι τῷ φόβῳ Θηβαίους, _de Falsa Leg._, § 81.

[343] _de Cor._, § 296.

[344] _de Cor._, § 169.

[345] _de Cor._, § 208.

[346] _de Thucyd._, ch. 53.

[347] _Against Conon_, §§ 3-5.

[348] _Against Conon_, §§ 8-9.

[349] _de Demos._, ch. xv.

[350] _Demos._, ch. xxii.

[351] _Demos._, chs. liii., liv. So Aeschines, after reading aloud some extracts from Demosthenes, and observing their effect on his hearers, exclaimed, ‘But what if you had heard the brute himself?’

[352] _de Chersoneso_, §§ 69-71, gives an example of a sentence of about twenty-seven lines in the Teubner edition.

[353] _Timocrates_, § 217, οὐδ’ ὁτιοῦν ἂν ὄφελοσ εἴη is a case in point—(⏑⏑⏑⏑––); in this instance no other arrangement of the words was possible; οὐδ’ ὁτιοῦν ἂν εἴη ὄφελος would give a harsh hiatus. Cf. also _First Olynthiac_, § 27, ἡλίκα γ’ ἐστὶ τὰ διάφορ’ ἐνθάδ’ ἢ ’κεῖ πολεμεῖν, where five shorts appear in sequence.

[354] _E.g._ _de Falsa Leg._, § 11, διεξιὼν ἡλίκα τὴν Ἕλλαδα πᾶσαν, οὐχὶ τὰς ἰδίας ἀδικοῦσι μόνον πατρίδας οἱ δωροδοκοῦντες. The position of ἀδικοῦσι is peculiar, but the sentence already contains a preponderance of short syllables, and any other arrangement would give more of them together: _e.g._ the more natural orders τὰς ἰδίας μόνον πατρίδας ἀδικοῦσι (⏒⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑) or ἰδίας μόνον ἀδικοῦσι πατρίδας (⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏒⏑⏑).

[355] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 8. 4.

[356] Super alta vectus Attis celeri rate maria, etc. The ending with five short syllables gives an impression of headlong speed.

[357] Cf. the ‘spondaic’ hymn, Ζεῦ πάντων ἀρχά, πάντων ἅγητορ, Ζεῦ σοὶ σπένδω ταύταν ὕμνων ἀρχάν.

[358] Croiset, _Hist. de la Litt. Gr._, tome iv., pp. 552-553.

[359] See _ad hoc_, Croiset, iv. 553. 1.

[360] _de Symmor._, §§ 24-26.

[361] _Third Olynthiac_, §§ 10-11.

[362] Quoted above, p. 230.

[363] _Supra_, p. 245.

[364] _First Olynthiac_, §§ 25-26.

[365] _Chersonese_, §§ 61-67. The recital of the present condition of Phocis is a simple but impressive piece of argument by description: ‘It was a terrible sight, Gentlemen, and a sad one; when we were lately on our way to Delphi we were compelled to see it all, houses in ruins, walls demolished, the country empty of men of military age; only a few poor women and little children and old men in pitiable state—words cannot describe the depth of the misery in which they are now sunk’ (_de Falsa Leg._, § 65).

[366] Cf. _Third Olynthiac_, §§ 24-26.

[367] Viz., on every meeting of the ecclesia at which legislation was possible.

[368] _Timocrates_, §§ 139 _sqq._

[369] In particular _de Corona_, §§ 129-130, 258-262. Cf. _supra_, p. 164.

[370] _de Corona_, §§ 261-262.

[371] _Vide supra_, pp. 170, 177.

[372] οὐ γάρ πως ἅμα πάντα θεοὶ δόσαν ἀνθρώποισι.

[373] _de Sublimi_, ch. xxxiv.

[374] _de Falsa Leg._, §§ 112-113, with Weil’s note.

[375] § 90.

[376] §§ 9, 196. Weil remarks truly, ‘Les orateurs ne se piquent pas d’être exacts: ils usent largement de l’hyperbole mensongère.’

[377] Mr. Pickard-Cambridge (_Demos._, p. 80) observes: ‘Men who are assembled in a crowd do not think.... The orator has often to use arguments which no logic can defend, and to employ methods of persuasion upon a crowd which he would be ashamed to use if he were dealing with a personal friend.’ This is partly true, but should be accepted with reservations. The arguments in the harangues of Demosthenes will generally bear the light, and the public speeches by distinguished statesmen of this country on the causes of the Great War have frequently appealed to the _higher_ nature of their audiences.

[378] There is a pseudo-epilogue, §§ 126-159, devoted chiefly to the birth and life of Aeschines. Here the speech might have ended, but the orator reverts in § 160 to an examination and defence of his own political life. The real epilogue is contained in §§ 252-324. The disorder is undoubtedly due in part to the peculiar facts of the case, namely, that the issues of the trial were much wider than might have appeared. Demosthenes is not so much concerned to prove the legality of Ctesiphon’s decree as to offer an _apologia_ of his own political conduct during many years.

[379] Quoted _supra_, p. 216.

[380] A plausible answer. In Greece at the present day water-courses are used as roads, and the same is true of the south of Spain. At Malaga, a few years ago, the tram-line actually crossed the river-bed.

[381] _Vide supra_, p. 237.

[382] § 136.

[383] § 167.

[384] §§ 210 _sqq._ ‘A State’s character is reflected in its laws’ (νόμους ... ὑπείληφασι ... τρόπους τῆς πόλεως.).

[385] _Vide supra_, p. 190.

[386] _Ctes._, § 52.

[387] _Vide supra_, pp. 168, 194, 223.

[388] Cf. _supra_, p. 223.

[389] We know from Dinarchus, _Aristogiton_, § 13, that this trial shortly preceded the affair of Harpalus.

[390] _de Cor._, § 313, τραγικὸς Θεοκρίνης.

[391] _Vide supra_, pp. 244-245.

[392] This Hegesippus, an orator of secondary importance, was an ardent supporter of the patriotic party. In 357 B.C. he had brought an accusation against one Callippus in connexion with the affairs of Cardia (_de Halon._, § 43, and the hypothesis to the speech). In 343 B.C. he was one of an embassy sent to Philip (Demos., _de Falsa Leg._, § 331). He was still alive in 325 B.C. (Croiset, vol. iv. p. 621). The extant speech consists of a clear and straightforward discussion of the various points in Philip’s proposal; the style is easy, but without distinction, and Dionysius, who did not doubt that it was the work of Demosthenes, remarks that the orator has reverted to the style of Lysias (_de Demos._, ch. ix.). Hiatus is frequent and there are some monotonous repetitions. Critics were somewhat shocked by the concluding phrase of § 45—‘If you carry your brains in your heads, and not in your heels so as to walk on them.’ Aeschines calls the orator κρώβυλος, from his affected way of wearing his hair in a ‘bun’ on the top of his head.

[393] Dinarchus, _Demos._, § 104, ὁμολογῶν λαμβάνειν καὶ λήψεσθαι.

[394] Plut., _Moralia_, 820 F, κατεχώνευσαν εἰς ἀμίδας.

[395] Demetrius, _de Elocutione_, §§ 282, 284.

[396] _Ibid._, § 286.

[397] For this and other judgments, see Plut., _Demos._, chs. viii.-x.

[398] _Ibid._, ch. viii.

[399] Dionysius, _Isaeus_, ch. iv.

[400] Hypothesis to Demos., _Against Aristogiton_.

[401] In some MSS. of Demosthenes (_Phil._, iii., § 72) his name occurs as a member of an embassy which made a tour of the Peloponnese in 343 B.C. to rouse opposition against Philip.

[402] See (Aristotle) Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, ch. 43, with Sandys’ notes. He must have been either ταμίας τῶν στρατιωτικῶν or president of οἱ ἐπὶ τὸ θεωρικόν, or perhaps he held both these appointments, as the scope of his work seems to imply. Ps.-Plutarch says πίστευσάμενος τὴν διοίκησιν τῶν χρημάτων.

[403] Ptolemy Philadelphus borrowed it in order to have it copied. He deposited a large sum as security, but in the end he sacrificed the deposit, kept the original, and presented Athens with his new copy.

[404] He wore the same clothes in summer and winter, and shoes only in very severe weather (_Ps.-Plut._).

[405] See his condemnation of the advocates of Leocrates, § 135.

[406] οὐ μέλανί ἀλλὰ θανάτῳ χρίοντα τὸν κάλαμον κατὰ τῶν πονηρῶν (_Ps.-Plut._).

[407] Suidas.

[408] Assuming (with Blass) the authenticity of the third letter of Demosthenes, which is doubtful.

[409] This list is taken from Suidas. The list compiled by Blass, from various sources, is different in some details.

[410] §§ 149-150.

[411] _E.g._ cf. § 3, ἐβουλόμην δ’ ἄν, ὥσπερ ὀυφέλιμόν ἐστι, etc., with Isocr. viii. (_de Pace_), § 36, ἠβουλόμην δ’ ἄν, ὥσπερ προσῆκόν ἐστιν, etc. also § 7 with Isocr. vii. (_Areopagiticus_), § 43, etc.

[412] Cf. _supra_, p. 134.

[413] This circumlocution may have been employed originally for the avoidance of hiatus, as in the example quoted, and in § 111, τὰ καλὰ τῶν ἔργων; it is, however, also used in cases where no such consideration enters, _e.g._ § 48, τοὺς ποιητοὺς τῶν πατέρων.

[414] _E.g._ § 7, οὐ μικρόν τι μέρος συνέχει τῶν τῆς πόλεως, οὐδ’ ἐπ’ ὀλιγὸν χρόνον, where συνέχει | οὐδ’ is deliberately avoided.

[415] _E.g._ §§ 71-73.

[416] _E.g._ § 143, καὶ αὐτίκα μάλ’ ὑμᾶς ἀξιώσει ἀκούειν αὐτοῦ ἀπολογουμένου. § 20, πολλοὶ ἐπείσθησαν τῶν μαρτύρων ἢ ἀμνημονεῖν ἢ μὴ ἐλθεῖν ἢ ἑτέραν πρόφασιν εὑρεῖν.

[417] See the translation on p. 278.

[418] φυγόντα, καὶ ... ἀκούσαντα ..., ἀφικόμενον καὶ ... καταφυγόντα, καὶ οὐδὲν ἣττον ... ἀποθανόντα.

[419] §§ 49-50.

[420] § 51.

[421] § 104.

[422] § 95.

[423] §§ 3, 10; cf. also § 79.

[424] § 150, cf. also § 43. ‘He contributed nothing to the nation’s safety, at a time when the country was contributing her trees, the dead their sepulchres, and the temples their arms.’ And § 17, οὔτε τοὺς λιμένας τῆς πόλεως ἐλεῶν; § 61, πόλεώς ἐστι θάνατος ἀνάστατον γενέσθαι. Hyperides has a similarly bold expression, ‘Condemning the city to death.’

[425] § 11.

[426] § 149.

[427] § 5.

[428] Leocrates was acquitted by one vote only.

[429] § 12. ‘It is so far superior to other courts that even those who are convicted before it do not question its justice. You should take it as your model.’

[430] §§ 11-12.

[431] §§ 1-2.

[432] §§ 92-94.

[433] _Against Lysicles_, fr. 75.

[434] He could not afford to be particular as to the kind of cases which he took up; the affair of Athenogenes is far from respectable on either side, and several of his speeches were in connexion with _hetairai_ of the less reputable sort. His defence of the famous Phryne was his masterpiece.

[435] He mentions these three among the most famous cases in which he has been concerned (_For Euxenippus_, § 28).

[436] Demos., _de Cor._, §§ 134-135.

[437] Fr. 28.

[438] _Vide infra_, p. 295.

[439] The agreement of Blass and Kenyon on this point may be taken as conclusive. Small fragments of another speech _For Lycophron_ have been recently published (_Pap. Oxyrh._, vol. xiii.).

[440] ἀρχαίων κρίσις, v. 6.

[441] ὀβολοστατεῖν was used by Lysias also (fr. 41).

[442] Demetrius, περὶ ἑρμηνείας, § 302.

[443] _Leoc._, § 40.

[444] Fr. 80.

[445] _Epitaphios_, § 5.

[446] Cf. _de Demos._, col. xi, ἐν τῷ δήμῳ ἑπτακόσια φήσας εἶναι τάλαντα, νῦν τὰ ἡμίση ἀναφέρεις, καὶ οὐδ’ ἐλογίσω ὅτι τοῦ πάντα ἀνενεχθῆναι ὀρθῶς, κ.τ.λ. _Ibid._, col. xiii., καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι φίλοι αὐτοῦ ἔλεγον ὅτι ἀναγκάσουσι, κ.τ.λ. _Euxenippus_, § 19, etc.

[447] §§ 1-3, although a full stop occurs in the second line of § 3, are all really one sentence, but in spite of its length it is perfectly lucid.

[448] A good example of a story told by a succession of short sentences joined by καὶ is to be found in _Athenogenes_, § 5.

[449] Frr. 27-28.

[450] _Euxenippus_, §§ 5, 6.

[451] Fr. 173.

[452] _Euxenippus_, §§ 1-3.

[453] _Against Demos._, fr. v., col. xv. 15. The tide in the Euripus, which ebbed and flowed nine times a day, was, of course, proverbial.

[454] _Euxenippus_, col. xxxiv., § 22.

[455] _Against Demos._, col. xii.

[456] Fr. 76.

[457] _Athenogenes_, col. 2, ἄνθρωπον λογόγραφόν τε καὶ ἀγοραῖον.

[458] Lycurgus, _Leocr._, § 11; cf. § 149.

[459] Col. xxxix., the last two fragments of the speech in Blass’ edition.

[460] _Demos._, v., §§ 20-21.

[461] _de Dinarcho_, ch. 6.

[462] περὶ ὕψους, ch. 34.

[463] _Ps.-Plut._, § 15.

[464] _Supra_, pp. 18, 294-296.

[465] _Supra_, p. 225-227.

[466] _Supra_, p. 296.

[467] Date 336-5 B.C.

[468] 322 B.C.

[469] _Epitaphios_, § 10.

[470] _Epitaphios_, §§ 41-43.

[471] Date between 328 and 323 B.C.

[472] Dion. (_de Dinarcho_, ch. iv., _ad fin._) believed that he wrote no speeches during this time, for nobody would take the trouble to go to Chalcis for a speech either in a private or public action—οὐ γὰρ τέλεον ἠπόρουν οὕτω λόγων. Dionysius consequently rejected as spurious all speeches attributed to Dinarchus which were dated between 307 and 292 B.C.

[473] Suidas says that he was appointed Commissioner of the Peloponnese (ἐπιμελητὴς Πελοποννήσου) by Antipater, but this was another Dinarchus. Demetrius Magnes, quoted by Dionysius (_Din._, ch. 1), mentions four men of this name.

[474] In Dionysius, _de Din._, ch. 1.

[475] The curious may collect the titles from Dionysius (_de Din._ chs. x.-xiii.).

[476] Dion., _Din._, ch. 2.

[477] _Demos._, § 58.

[478] _Ibid._, § 35.

[479] _Ibid._, § 83.

[480] _Demos._, §§ 48-63.

[481] _Phil._, § 19.

[482] In such extravagances as ἡ τῶν ἐκ προνοίας φόνων ἀξιόπιστος οὖσα βουλὴ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τἀληθὲς εὑρεῖν (_Demos._, § 6). Cf. also §§ 12, 23, 59, 110, and elsewhere.

[483] _Demos._, § 28; cf. §§ 10, 27, 46, 76, etc.

[484] _Demos._, §§ 18-21 (thirty-six lines without a real stop); _Philocles_, §§ 1-3 (twenty-three lines).

[485] θηρίον, μιαρός, μιαρὸν θήριον, κάθαρμα, γόης, κατάρατος, κλέπτης, προδότης, ἐπιωρκηκώς, δωρόδοκος, μισθωτός, καταπτυστός are culled without any special diligence from his elegant repertory.

[486] _Aristog._, §§ 1, 2, 9-10.

[487] _Demos._, § 24, description of Thebes, from Aeschines. See Weil, _les Harangues de Démosthène_, p. 338, note on _Philippic_, iii., § 41, and Din., _Aristog._, § 24, which is borrowed from it: ‘Il est à son modèle ce que la bière est au vin.’ (This barley-beer was a barbarian drink.)

[488] _E.g._ the passage about Conon’s son, _Demos._, § 14, used again in _Phil._, § 17.

[489] Dion., _de Din_., ch. viii.; Hermogenes, περὶ ἰδεῶν, B, p. 384, iv.

[490] The general decline of taste reacted on literary style, cf. _infra_ pp. 309-10.

[491] Arist., _Eth. Nic._, x. 5. 4, οἱ τραγηματίζοντες. Demos., _de Cor._, cf. _supra_, p. 249.

[492] _E.g._ many of the private speeches of Demosthenes refer to maritime speculations; many of these cases, under Macedon, would be settled in local courts instead of being brought to Athens, and the diminution of Athenian commerce would still further reduce their number.

[493] Arist., _Rhet._, 1. i., _ad init._

[494] Diog. Laert., v. 75.

[495] _Ibid._, v. 80-81.

[496] Cicero, _Brutus_, § 37; _Orator_, § 92; _de Oratore_, ii. § 95; Quint., x. 1, 80; Diog. L., v. 82.

[497] Cicero, _Brutus_, § 286.

[498] He was over-fond of the _ditrochaeus_ (–⏑–⏑) at the end of the sentence, _vide_ Cicero, _Brutus_, § 286; _Orator_, §§ 226, 230; Dion., _de Comp. Verb._, ch. xviii.

INDEX

Achilles, 2.

Administration, speech of Lycurgus on his, 274.

Aegina, 8.

_Aegineticus, the_, of Isocrates, 158.

Aeschines, =163-198=; 35, 70, 71, 200, 201, 203, 220, 224, 229, 231, 247, 249, 255, 263, 265, 267, 307.

Aeschines the Socratic, 90, 112.

Aeschylus, 23.

Agamemnon, 157.

Agathon, 15, 21.

Agesilaus, 145, 147.

Agoratus, speech of Lysias against, 99.

Alcibiades, 7, 10, 54, 158; speech of Lysias against, 100.

Alcidamas, =160-162=.

Alexander the Great, 4, 130, 158, 176-7, 221-2, 225, 228, 268, 271.

Alexandria, 308, 309.

_Allegory_, 2.

Amphictyonic Council, the, 169, 220, 251, 286.

Amphissa, 169, 220.

Anaxagoras, 6, 34, 308.

Andocides, =53-73=; 81, 88, 192.

Andocides, speech of Lysias against, 101.

Androtion, speech of Demosthenes against, 205, 254, 261.

Antalcidas, 152.

Antidosis, speech of Isocrates on the, 14, 127, 137 _sqq._

Antioch, 308.

Antipater, 158, 228, 229, 269, 270, 287, 310.

Antiphon, =19-49=; 3, 7, 12, 16, 17, 51, 59, 66, 105, 112, 199, 200, 280.

Antiphon the poet, 14.

Antiphon the Sophist, 49.

_Antithesis_, 16, 17, 27, 52, 58, 60, 66, 70, 93, 115, 133, 183, 240, 278, 280.

Apaturius, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.

Aphobus, speech of Demosthenes against, 103, 256.

Apollodorus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 104, 115, 123.

_Archaism_, 16.

Archebiades, speech of Lysias against, 102.

Archeptolemus, 20, 93.

Archidamus, 145, 158.

_Archidamus, the_, of Isocrates, 155, 160.

_Areopagiticus, the_, of Isocrates, 131, 154-5, 157.

Areopagus, the, 47, 155, 225, 282, 304.

Argos, 147, 213.

Aristarchus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 104, 124.

Aristides, 154.

Aristocrates, speech of Demosthenes against, 205, 254, 262.

Aristogiton, speech of Demosthenes against, 234, 265; of Lycurgus, 273; of Dinarchus, 303, 306.

Aristophanes, 53, 136, 198, 232, 249.

Aristophanes, speech of Lysias on the property of, 97.

Aristophon of Azenia, 286.

Aristotle, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 21, 25, 32, 50, 133, 161, 162, 272.

Artaxerxes, 92.

Artemisia, 128, 266.

Asia, 130.

Aspasia, 102.

Astyphilus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.

Athenaeus, 50.

Athenogenes, speech of Hyperides against, 288, 295, 300-1.

Athens, 4, 5, 10, 126, 141, 145, 147, 150-2, 154, 219, 267, 308-11.

_‘Austere’ style, the_, 27.

Autolycus, speech of Lycurgus against, 273.

Balance of Clauses (see also _Period_), 30.

Blass, F., 17, 44, 83, 132, 174, 176, 192, 193, 218, 243-4, 273, 276.

Boeotia, 9.

Boeotus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258-9.

Bosporus, 201.

Bribery, 167.

_Busiris, the_, of Isocrates, 134, 156.

Butcher, Prof. S. H., 218, 227.

Byzantium, 216, 219.

Caecilius of Calacte, 44.

Callias, speech of Lysias for, 99.

Callicles, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 257.

Callimachus, speech of Isocrates against, 158.

Callippus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.

Cassander, 302, 310.

Cephisodorus, 162.

Cersobleptes, 183.

Chaeronea, 126, 129, 148, 149, 221, 274-5, 278.

Charidemus, 262.

Charisius, 313.

Chersonese, the, 214, 240, 247, 266; speech of Demosthenes on the, 215-16, 256.

Choreutes, speech of Antiphon on the, 33, 37, 44, 48.

Cicero, 5, 11, 14, 174, 193, 230, 312.

Cinesias, speech of Lysias against, 102.

_Circumlocution_, 24.

Ciron, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 108-112, 115, 123, 125.

Cirrha, 169.

Cleonymus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 123.

Colloquialisms, 23, 31, 78, 113, 232, 234, 289-90.

Companions, speech of Lysias to his, 102.

Conon, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 237-8, 257.

Corax, 12, 13.

Corinthian War, the, 94.

Corn-dealers, speech of Lysias against the, 96-7.

Cripple, speech of Lysias for the, 83, 86-7, 89, 95, 98.

Critias, 10.

Croiset, M., 192, 243, 244, 266, 299.

Crown, speech of Demosthenes on the, 165, 170, 220, 222-4, 248, 254, 263-5, 311.

Ctesiphon, 166, 179, 183, 185, 187-9, 191, 196-8, 221, 222-4, 253.

Cunaxa, 147.

Cyrus, 147.

Damon, 6.

_Death, the praise of_, by Alcidamas, 160.

Deceleia, 20.

_Declamations_, 44.

Demades, =269-270=; 200, 222, 228-9; speech of Lycurgus against, 273, 274, 286, 294.

Demetrius Magnes, 303.

Demetrius of Phalerum, 232, 290, 310, 312-13.

Demetrius Poliorcetes, 310, 313.

Demochares, 313.

Democracy, speech of Lysias on a charge of subversion of the, 98.

Demonicus, letter of Isocrates to, 155-6.

Demosthenes, =199-267=; 2, 3, 16, 29, 32, 35, 68, 78, 80, 81, 103, 104, 130, 133, 144, 154, 163-198 _passim_, 270, 271, 278, 286, 287, 289, 294, 296, 303, 304, 306.

Dicaeogenes, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 104, 107, 124.

Dinarchus, =302-307=; 200, 226, 236, 311.

Dioclides, 56, 63.

Diogenes Laertius, 312.

Diogiton, speech of Lysias against, 100.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 23, 50, 57, 70, 74, 81, 90, 94, 103, 104, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 131, 161, 162, 236, 238-40, 250, 270, 288, 289, 302, 303, 313.

Dionysius I. of Syracuse, 91, 92, 130, 145, 158.

Dionysodorus, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 261.

Diopeithes, 214-15, 246, 286.

Education, Isocrates’ views on, 127, 128, 135-44, 172, 187.

Eleusis, mysteries of, 53-5.

Embassy, speech of Aeschines on the, 166, 167, 179, 182, 191, 194-6; speech of Demosthenes on the, 166, 168, 170, 251, 253, 263-4.

_Encomia_, 15, 16, 156-7.

Epicrates, speech of Lysias against, 96.

_Epideictic style_, 15-16, 93, 135, 200, 234, 243, 276-7, 292.

_Epitaphios, the_, of Demosthenes, 267; of Gorgias, 15, 17; of Hyperides, 292, 299; of Lycurgus, 288; of Lysias, 5, 17, 89, 92-3.

Eraton, speech of Lysias on the property of, 100-1.

Eratosthenes, speech of Lysias against, 77, 79, 98.

Eratosthenes, speech of Lysias on the murder of, 87, 95, 99.

Eratosthenes (criticism of Demosthenes), 232.

Ergocles, speech of Lysias against, 95, 96.

_Eroticus, the_, of Demosthenes, 267; of Lysias, 101-2.

_Ethos_, 37, 67, 84-8, 114, 122, 295.

Eubulides, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.

Eubulus, 196, 211, 263.

Euclides of Megara, 138.

Eucrates, 95.

Euergus and Mnesibulus, speech of Demosthenes against, 259.

Eumathes, speech of Isaeus for, 118-19, 125.

Euphiletus, speech of Isaeus for, 120, 124.

Euphony, 132.

Eupolis, 7.

Euripides, 198.

Eurybiadas, 5.

Euthynus, speech of Isocrates against, 158.

Euxenippus, speech against, of Hyperides, 288, 293-5; of Lycurgus, 273.

_Evagoras, the_, of Isocrates, 135, 157.

Evandrus, speech of Lysias against, 97, 98.

_Falsa Legatione, de_, see _Embassy_.

_Figures of thought_ (see also _Rhetorical devices_), 31, 58, 89, 183, 294.

_‘Florid’ style, the_, 131.

Four Hundred, the, 19-20, 57.

Gelon, 9.

_Glottai_ (rare words), 15, 51.

Gorgias, =12-18=; 19, 21, 22, 30, 51, 52, 91, 93, 127, 135, 160, 240, 243, 278, 308.

Hagnias, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 107, 124.

Halonnesus, speech of Demosthenes on, 266.

Harpalus, 225-7, 287, 302.

Harpocration, 102.

Hegesias, 313.

Hegesippus, 266.

_Helenae encomium_ of Gorgias, 51, 157; of Isocrates, 134, 138, 156-7.

Hellenism, 4, 130, 290.

Hermae, the, 34, 53-4.

Hermogenes, 13, 58, 289.

Herodes, speech of Antiphon on the murder of, 27, 33-4, 36, 37-43, 44, 46, 60.

Herodes Atticus, 58.

Herodotus, 4, 5, 9, 21, 26, 27, 135.

Hesiod, 173, 184, 186.

_Hiatus_, 29, 30, 131-2, 183, 241, 267, 277, 304.

Hippias, 11.

Hippocrates, speech of Lysias against the sons of, 102.

Hogarth, D. G., 221.

Homer, 1, 2, 10, 65, 105, 137, 152, 230, 279.

Hyperbolus, 72-3.

Hyperides, =285-301=; 167, 192, 200, 213, 214, 226-8, 230, 273, 304.

Inheritance, 105-7.

Ionian philosophers, 9, 142.

Isaeus, =102-125=; 81, 171, 192, 202, 244, 270, 303.

Ischyrias, speech of Lysias against, 274.

Isocrates, =125-159=; 4, 14, 16, 51, 81, 91, 100, 104, 112, 113, 114, 160, 162, 177, 199, 200, 204, 212, 231, 234, 238-9, 241, 276, 279, 285, 303.

Jason, letter of Isocrates to the children of, 127, 158.

Jebb, Sir R. C., 34, 101, 102, 128.

Lacedaemon, 92, 145, 147, 150-2, 154, 215.

Lacritus, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 260.

Lamian War, the, 228, 287, 299.

Leochares, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.

Leocrates, speech of Lycurgus against, 273, 274-6, 280, 283-5.

Leodamas, 229.

Leosthenes, 287, 299-300.

Leptines, speech of Demosthenes against, 206-7, 253-4, 261.

Libanius, 271.

Lochites, speech of Isocrates against, 158.

Locrians, the, 248.

Logographi, 34, 84, 92, 200, 202, 286, 295, 302.

Longinus, 192.

Lucian, 229, 230, 246.

Lycophron, 162; speech of Hyperides for, 298; of Lycurgus against, 273, 288, 298.

Lycurgus, 271-285.

Lysander, 126.

Lysias, =73-102=; 2, 51, 61, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 133, 135, 192, 236, 253, 289, 303, 308, 313.

Lysicles, speech of Lycurgus against, 274, 285.

Macartatus, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.

Macedonia, 128, 129, 311.

πρὸς τὰς Μαντείας, speech of Lycurgus, 274.

Mantitheus, speech of Lysias for, 83-5, 98.

Mausolus, 128.

Megalopolis, 165, 168; speech of Demosthenes for the people of, 206, 255, 266.

Menecles, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.

Menesaechmus, speech of Lycurgus against, 274.

_Menexenus, the_, of Plato, 94, 102.

_Messenian Oration, the_, of Alcidamas, 160-1.

_Metaphor_, 31, 184, 234-5, 290-1, 304.

Midias, 190, 220; speech of Demosthenes against, 253, 262-3.

Mitylene, letter of Isocrates to the rulers of, 158.

Mnesiphilus, 5.

Mommsen, 193.

Mysteries, speech of Andocides on the, 55, 57, 62-5, 69, 71.

_Nais, the Praise of_, by Alcidamas, 160.

Nausimachus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.

Neaera, speech of Demosthenes against, 265.

Nestor, 1.

Nicias, speech of Lysias on the property of the brother of, 97.

_Nicocles, or The Cyprians_, by Isocrates, 140, 156.

Nicomachus, speech of Lysias against, 90, 96.

Nicostratus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 116, 123.

Nicostratus, speech of Demosthenes against, 259.

Odysseus, 2, 6.

_Odyssey, the_, 161.

Olympia, 91, 144, 311.

_Olympiacus, the_, of Gorgias, 15; of Lysias, 77, 91.

Olympiodorus, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.

_Olynthiacs, the_, of Demosthenes, 206, 210, 223, 233, 245, 246, 255.

Olynthus, 210-211, 217, 245, 286, 295.

Onetor, speech of Demosthenes against, 256.

Orphism, 164.

Palamedes, the defence of, by Gorgias, 16, 51.

_Panathenaicus, the_, of Isocrates, 126, 127, 129, 157.

Pancleon, speech of Lysias against, 101.

_Panegyricus, the_, of Isocrates, 91, 134, 140, 144, 146, 149-52, 276, 279.

Pantaenetus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.

Papyri, 4, 113, 288.

_Paradox_, 244-5.

_Paraleipsis_, 32, 174.

_Parallelism_, 17, 29.

_Parenthesis_, 69.

Parmenides, 9, 142.

Pasion, 158.

_Pathos_, 88, 123, 178.

Pausanias, 227.

_Peace, on the_, speech of Andocides, 57, 70; of Demosthenes, 212, 256; of Isocrates, 140, 153-4.

Peloponnesian War, the, 126-7, 135, 201.

Pergamus, 308.

Pericles, 6, 7, 10, 34, 74, 93, 141, 154, 268, 309.

_Period_, 16, 24-6, 82-4, 114, 133.

Persia, 4, 92-3, 144, 147, 150-2, 221.

_Personalities_, 35, 67-9, 122, 164, 170-1, 187-91, 233, 248, 305.

_Personification_, 198, 234, 280-1.

Persuasion, the goddess, 142.

_Phaedrus, the_, of Plato, 7, 50, 127.

Phaenippus, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.

Phanos, speech of Demosthenes for, 256.

Pherenicus, speech of Lysias for, 102.

Philip of Macedon, 81, 126, 129, 130, 145-9, 158, 165, 167-9, 176-7, 189, 206-221, 251, 269, 286, 294-5.

Philip’s letter, Demosthenes’ answer to, 267.

_Philippics, the_, of Demosthenes, 207-10, 213, 216-18, 255-6, 266.

Philippides, speech of Hyperides against, 288, 299.

_Philippus, the_, of Isocrates, 126, 129, 146-9, 215, 279.

Philocles, speech of Dinarchus against, 303-5.

Philocrates, speech of Hyperides against, 214, 286; speech of Lysias against, 96.

Philocrates, the peace of, 146, 168, 212.

Philoctemon, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.

Philon, speech of Lysias against, 98.

Philostratus, 14.

Phocion, =268-269=; 196, 200, 225, 229, 278, 287, 311.

Phocis, 169, 212, 217, 220.

Phœnix, 2.

Phormio, speech of Demosthenes for, 257; do. against, 204, 260.

Phryne, Hyperides’ defence of, 286, 289, 293.

Phrynichus, 20.

Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., 233, 251.

Piraeus, 8, 150, 225, 272.

Pisander, 19.

Piso, 76-7.

_Plataicus, the_, of Isocrates, 152-3.

Plato, 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 20, 50, 51, 74-5, 101-2, 104, 127, 136, 204, 231, 238-9, 285, 309.

Plato _comicus_, 4.

Plutarch, 5, 6, 166, 201, 203, 226, 229, 232, 268.

— Pseudo-, 44, 57, 59, 74-5, 90, 123, 127, 143, 272-3, 285, 298.

_Poetical quotations_, 184, 187, 232, 275, 279, 281.

_Poetical words_, 16, 17, 23, 51-2, 179.

Poisoning, speech of Antiphon on a charge of, 29, 44, 48.

Polemarchus, 99.

Polycles, speech of Demosthenes against, 259.

Polycrates, 162.

Polysperchon, 310.

Polystratus, speech of Lysias for, 95.

Priestess and Priesthood, speeches of Lycurgus on the, 274.

_Probability, argument from_, 36.

Prodicus, 10, 20.

_Prooemia_, of Demosthenes, 267; of Lysias, 82.

_Prose-style_ (see also _Period_, _Style_, etc.), 3, 14, 16, 21, 130, 201, 238-240.

Protagoras, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 22, 127, 136, 308.

Ptolemy Philadelphus, 272.

Pyrrhus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.

Pytheas, 202, 270.

_Pythian speech, the_, of Gorgias, 15.

Pythian Games, the, 212.

Pythoclides, 6.

Questions, rhetorical, 58, 71, 115-16, 293, 304.

Quintilian, 58, 230, 312.

_de Reditu_, speech of Andocides, 54-55, 70.

_Rhetoric and rhetoricians_, 3, 9, 12, 32, 50, 59, 129-30, 133, 138, 161, 162, 181, 199, 312.

_Rhetorical devices_, 33, 64, 69, 93, 183, 244-52, 304.

Rhodians, speech of Demosthenes on the freedom of the, 255, 266.

_Rhyme_, 18, 30-31.

_Rhythm_, 16, 27-30, 52, 132-3, 184, 241-4.

Rome, 314.

Sacred Olive, speech of Lysias on the, 99-100.

Sacred War, the, 166, 169.

_Sacrilege_, 53.

Salamis, 5.

Samos, 8.

Samothrace, 19.

Sandys, Sir J. E., 218.

Sextus Empiricus, 13, 14.

Sicilian expedition, the, 53, 126.

Sicily, 3, 9.

_Simile_, 9, 290-1.

Simon, speech of Lysias against, 99.

_Smooth style, the_, 131.

Social War, the, 153.

Socrates, 127, 136-8, 300.

_Socrates, the Accusation of_, by Polycrates, 162.

Socratics, 138.

Soldier, speech of Lysias for the, 97.

Solon, 141, 173.

Sophists, the, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 22, 135-44, 157, 160.

Sophists, speech of Alcidamas on the, 160.

Sophists, speech of Isocrates against the, 127, 128, 136-144.

Spudias, speech of Demosthenes against, 256.

Stephanus, speech of Demosthenes against, 257, 259.

_Structure_ of sentences, 30, 82, 133-4, 181-2, 292-3; of speeches, 35, 52, 81, 114, 117, 120-2, 191, 252-5.

_Style_, types and characteristics of, 15-16, 21-7, 51, 58, 61, 78, 82, 113, 117, 119, 179-81, 185, 234, 238, 276, 292-3, 303-4.

_Sublime, treatise on the_, 229, 297.

περὶ συντάξεως, speech of Demosthenes, 267.

Symmories, speech of Demosthenes on the, 206, 244-5, 255, 265.

Syracuse, 11.

Tarsus, 308.

_Tetralogies, the_, of Antiphon, 19-43, 44-9, 60.

Thebes, 126, 141, 145, 147, 152, 186, 215, 221, 227, 271.

Themistocles, 5, 6, 141, 154, 198.

Theocrines, speech of Demosthenes against, 265.

Theodorus of Byzantium, 50, 52-3.

Theomnestus, speech of Lysias against, 100.

Theophrastus, 269, 302, 313.

_Theoric Fund, the_, 211, 218, 219, 245-6.

Theramenes, 20, 127.

Thermopylae, 220.

Thessaly, 14, 217, 220.

Thirty, The, 76, 98, 127, 164, 174, 199, 271.

Thrasymachus, =50-52=; 132, 308.

Thucydides, 3, 5, 7, 8, 16, 18-20, 27-9, 51, 52, 55, 105, 114, 199, 203.

Thurii, 74-5.

Timarchus, speech of Aeschines against, 164-6, 168, 170, 173, 176, 193-4.

Timocrates, speech of Demosthenes against, 205, 248, 251, 254, 261.

Timotheus, son of Conon, 128.

Timotheus, letter of Isocrates to, 158.

Tisias, 12-14, 50, 75.

Tisis, speech of Lysias against, 102.

_Torture of slaves_, 47, 110-11, 112.

_Trapeziticus, the_, of Isocrates, 158.

Treaty with Alexander, speech of Demosthenes on the, 267.

Trierarchic Crown, speech of Demosthenes on the, 256.

Trierarchic law, 219.

Verrall, A. W., 31.

_Vocabulary_, 18, 22, 23, 61, 68, 81, 113, 134-5, 179, 289.

Weil, H., 218, 251, 265, 306.

Wounding with intent, speech of Lysias on, 99.

Xenophon, 7.

Xerxes, 6.

Zeno, 7, 9.

Zenothemis, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 259.

περὶ τοῦ ζεύγους, speech of Isocrates, 158.

Ζεὺς Κτήσιος, 111.

Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to His Majesty at the Edinburgh University Press