CHAPTER XIV

VALEDICTORY

Here my account of the Air Tuareg must close. No one can be better aware than myself of the shortcomings and discrepancies of my story. The task would have been easier had a general survey of an unprejudiced character of the history and ethnology of North Africa existed. Where my account has wandered from the field of the Tuareg of Air, it has had to build both a general and a particular foundation for itself, and I am conscious that the result is not as satisfactory as it should be. The subjects of script and of language have scarcely been touched upon at all; they are too large and specialised matters for this volume. If ever there should come a period of leisure for me, they might be made the subject of a separate study.

I cannot conceal the pleasure that writing this account has afforded me in the course of my researches, by making the scenes which I enjoyed in Air live again before my eyes. Had the time available both in Africa and since my return been commensurate with my interest in the subject, the result would have been better. Intended originally as a book of travel, it has in places become complicated, obscure and overladen with some of the fruits of inquiry in a vast field, namely, the origin and nature of all the peoples of North Africa. I shall feel amply rewarded if another student will allow his curiosity to be sufficiently stimulated to continue the work.

As the writer of a book of travel I must complete the tale of the journey. I came to an end of my wanderings where I had begun them, in Northern Nigeria. My two friends and I had started from there on 27th April, 1922; I returned there alone on the 29th December of the same year. After my tour in Northern Air it became apparent that the time at my disposal must prove too short to achieve the object of crossing the Sahara to the Mediterranean with my companions. At Iferuan I regretfully decided to return home by way of Nigeria. At the commencement of December I turned south and marched to Agellal, a large village of stone houses under a singularly beautiful mountain. From there I went to Tefis to see the mosque, and camped at Anu Wisheran, which means “The Old Well.” There were small deserted settlements at both places. After another camp at Garet I descended into the basin of Central Air, over a barren slope intersected by numerous north and south rivulets between bare stony ridges. I halted in the Anu Maqaran valley near the boulder on which I discovered the chariot drawing. The site of my camp had been purely adventitious, but that obscure rock may well prove to be the most important observation of my whole journey. On the following day, Bila was reached at the spur of the Azamkoran mountains, and then we passed by the sugar-loaf hill of Sampfotchi into the Arwa Mellen and familiar Assada valleys. After a long march from the Tamenzaret wells I came again to Auderas, where I rejoined my companions, but only for a day or two, to sort our belongings and part company, I to return south, they to go on north and after many tedious delays to reach Algiers. The pleasant people of Auderas came to say good-bye. My companions walked a mile or so along my road, over the valley and hill, till we reached the plain sloping down to Taruaji. There they turned back. With me were only Sidi my guide, Amadu my servant, and one camel boy. Sidi had not been to Nigeria for many years and I was anxious for him to see modern Kano. We travelled fast, stopping only one day on the way in order to try to save a camel which had caught pneumonia during the bitterly cold nights in Azawagh. We went by Inwatza, the pool of Tizraet near Turayet, Akaraq, Eghalgawen, Milen, Hannekar and Tanut, and then straight into Nigeria without going to Zinder. On 29th December, the thirty-third day after leaving Iferuan, I reached Kano again after a journey of some 550 miles in twenty-nine marches. Even the Tuareg admitted that it was fast travelling. The camels arrived very fit indeed and were sold. A fortnight later I was embarking at Lagos for England.

PLATE 50

[Illustration: MT. BILA AT SUNSET]

My guide, Sidi, was astonished at the prosperity and development of Kano. I gave him some small presents and a few things to take back to Ahodu of Auderas. He left Kano before I did, as he had found a caravan returning north and did not want to miss the opportunity of travelling with friends. He came to see me in the morning of the day he was due to leave, and we walked round the European quarter of Kano together. I happened to be with a French officer at the time. We met Sidi waiting where I had told him to be, under a certain tree in front of a well-known merchant’s store in the European town of Kano. Sidi got up and greeted me. His hand and mine brushed over one another’s, the fingers being withdrawn with a closing snap. I gave him the usual greeting: “Ma’-tt-uli,” and he replied very solemnly, “El Kheir ’Ras”; which mean, “How do you fare?” and “Naught but good.” When Tuareg meet these hand-clasps and greetings continue to punctuate their conversation for a long time. They are varied with the question, “Iselan?” meaning, “What news?” to which the right answer is, “Kalá, kalá,” “No, no!” since for them any news must be bad news. Then, as I have said, Sidi and I and the Frenchman walked together; the latter looked wonderingly at the demeanour of my friend, whom he did not know. At last it was time for Sidi to join the camels of his caravan. Their number had been increased by one camel which I had given to him. He turned to say good-bye, but did not speak at all. He took my hand and held it with both of his, and then bowed his forehead till his veil touched my fingers. I gave him the thanks of the Lord in Arabic, and he murmured something incomprehensible. My French friend looked on curiously. And then Sidi without glancing at him turned quickly and walked away like a Prince of the Earth striding over the land. He walked erect and swiftly till I lost him to sight. He never turned his head again.

He was in many ways rather a ruffian, but, like his folk, patient, long-suffering and unforgiving. He was a true specimen of the Tuareg race.

These people never become angry or speak loud: I have rarely seen them excited, but they have an indomitable spirit and for that reason will perhaps survive. They say, “Kiss the hand you cannot cut off,” and again, “The path, though it be winding, and the King, though he be old.” So they may have patience after all to wait for the fulfilment of their fate and not throw themselves fruitlessly again on rifles or machine-guns. I remember sitting at Gamram one evening on the ruins of the walls of the town where once their rulers lived as wardens of the marches of the desert on that great Saharan road. In my diary I wrote:

“Last night I sat on the old walls looking west towards the yellow sunset under a blue-black cloud of rain hanging low in the sky. A man had lit a fire which smoked very much, and the west wind was carrying the smoke away over the wall in a horizontal streak between me and the sunset. They have gone, the Tuareg, from history like that streak of smoke. Even the Almoravids are only a name. I wonder why. They have fought with a losing hand so long. They were driven down from the north by the Arabs and by Europe, and harried by everyone. They have also harried others well. Finally, the French have come and have occupied their country. For long it was thought that the Tuareg would be untamable. They fought well and hard. The fire of old remained. In Air it broke again into flame in 1917 with Kaossen’s revolt, but in the end the force of European arms prevailed. The French killed many and punished the people of Air very hardly, too hardly as some of their own officers think, in dealing with a people which is already so small and tending to die out. But though calm and peaceful to-day like the smoke carried away from the fire by the walls of Gamram, the point of flame remains. I could see the heart of the fire from which the smoke was coming. I wonder if the flame will burst forth again. You have fought well, you people. You would not bow your necks, so they have been broken, but perhaps your day may come again. It grew dark on the walls of Gamram and the sunset of rain faded away; the fire continued to burn, but my thoughts turned elsewhere, to my journey, to my riding camel (wondering whether it would survive: I gave it some millet that night as extra fodder), to England, and to what I should have to eat there. I had an omelette which I made myself, and some fresh milk for supper that evening. Thence my thoughts turned to other things as well. . . .”

And here it is better that I close. It is on the knees of the gods how they achieve their destiny. I hope that the gods will be good to them.

They were my very good friends, and I was very pleased to live with them, for they were very agreeable. Perhaps we shall meet again and travel together once more. And so their proverb, which has seemed to me very true, will be fulfilled for them and for me. They say that:

“LIVING PEOPLE OFTEN MEET.”

APPENDIX I

A LIST OF THE ASTRONOMICALLY DETERMINED POINTS IN AIR

The positions given in the following table have been collected from the record of the proceedings of the Foureau-Lamy Mission, from the list given on the second sheet of the “Carte de l’Air” prepared by the Mission Cortier and others on a scale of 1/500,000, and from the observations by the author. Two positions given in Lieut. Jean’s _Les Touareg du Sud-Est_ are also included. The French longitudes have been converted into longitudes east of Greenwich by the addition 2° 20′ 14″.

The author’s observations were carried out with a three-inch transit theodolite by Cary and Porter, and were in all cases stellar sights. The latitudes were in all cases determined from pairs of north and south circum-meridian stars, or from altitudes of Polaris and one south star. The longitudes were determined by calculations based on local mean time derived from pairs of east and west stars, and chronometric differences from points which had previously been determined by French travellers. Where the author’s longitudes for points previously determined by French observers are also given, they are the result of chronometric differences from other points previously or successively visited. The author, however, has not used his own longitudes for determining intermediate points when French observations were available, and his co-ordinates in these instances are only reproduced for purposes of comparison.

The data for the Foureau-Lamy observations are described in the record of the proceedings of the expedition. The source of the positions given on the Cortier map is not stated. The data for Colonel Tilho’s positions are in the record of the delimitation of the northern boundary of Nigeria. The author’s computations are in the records of the Royal Geographical Society in London, where are also the original route reports and prismatic compass traverses made throughout the journey.

Where possible the author’s chronometric differences were checked by opening and closing a series of observations on points previously fixed by French observers. In one unfortunate case, however, the author’s watches stopped as a result of his camels going astray and the series was consequently broken. His watches again stopped at Auderas, where, however, he stayed a sufficient length of time to re-rate them. At this place a number of local mean time observations were taken over a long period.

The author’s longitude observations were carried out as follows:

Series A opened at Fanisau camp near Kano from a position supplied by the Survey school—closed at Tessawa— Dan Kaba (unreliable), intermediate position.

Series B opened at Tessawa—_not_ closed: Urufan-Gangara-Tanut, intermediate positions.

Series C _not_ opened—closed at T’in Wana: Termit—Teskar-Guliski, intermediate positions.

Series D opened at T’in Wana—closed at Auderas.

Series E opened at Auderas—watches rated—closed at Auderas.

Series F opened at Auderas—closed at Auderas: Abarakan-Teginjir-Telia- Teloas, intermediate positions.

Series G opened at Auderas—closed at Auderas: Aggata-Assode-Afis- Iferuan, intermediate positions.

The author’s meteorological record, which was kept for nine months, has not been reproduced. It consists of daily maximum and minimum, actual (twice daily), and wet and dry bulb temperatures; aneroid readings; wind and rainfall, and sunset and sunrise notes. It is at any student’s disposal to consult.

The following abbreviations are used in the ensuing table:

F—Foureau; Ch—Chambrun (see Record of Foureau-Lamy expedition); R—Rodd; T—Tilho; C—Cortier’s Map of Air; J—Jean’s _Touareg du Sud-Est_.

------------------+--------------+----------+-----------+---------- | |Latitude, | Longitude | Place. | Area. | north. | (east of |Authority. | | |Greenwich).| ------------------+--------------+----------+-----------+---------- | | ° ′ ″ | ° ′ ″ | | | | | DAN KABA[433] |Nigeria | 13-12-40 | 7-44-30 | R | | | | TESSAWA |Tessawa |13-45-20·5| 7-59-12·6| T | | | | | | 13-45-50 | 7-59-15 | R | | | | URUFAN |Tessawa | 14-04-50 | 8-06-25 | R | | | | GANGARA |Damergu | 14-36-30 | 8-27-32 | F | | | | | | 14-36-42 | — | Ch | | | | | | 14-36-50 | 8-25-40 | R | | | | TANUT[434] |Damergu | 14-58-20 | 8-47-50 | R | | | | GULISKI |Damergu | 15-00-50 | 9-06-20 | R | | | | TESHKAR |Elakkos | 15-07-40 | 10-35-10 | R | | | | TERMIT |Eastern Desert| 16-04-10 | 11-04-50 | R | | | | ABELLAMA |Tegama-Azawagh| 16-16-32 | 7-47-19 | C | | | | MARANDET |Tegama-Azawagh| 16-22-20 | 7-24-14 | C | | | | AIN IRHAYEN |Tegama-Azawagh| 16-26-40 | 7-55-22 | C | | | | TABZAGUR |Tegama-Azawagh| 16-36-57 | 7-08-17 | C | | | | TIN WANA |S. Air | 16-42-32 | 8-25-19 | C (T’in-Nouana) | | | | | | | | | | 16-42-55 | 8-25-15 | R | | | | IN GALL |S.W. Air | 16-47-08 | 6-54-15 | C | | | | TEBEHIC | S. Air | 16-47-32 | 8-21-14 | C | | | | EGHALGAWEN | S. Air | 16-48-21 | 8-31-19 | C | | | | AGADES (Post) | S. Air | 16-59-19 | 7-57-15 | C | | | | „ (T’in | S. Air | 16-59-02 | (8-24-18) | J Shaman[435]) | | | | | | | | TIN DAWIN | S. Air | 17-00-07 | 8-26-19 | C | | | | TIN TABORAQ | S. Air | 17-01-50 | 8-08-19 | C | | | | TAGIDDA N’ADRAR | W. Air | 17-04-13 | 7-22-21 | C | | | | ANU ARERAN | W. Air | 17-15-27 | 7-43-20 | C | | | | FAGOSHIA | W. Air | 17-16-01 | 6-57-17 | C | | | | TAFADEK | S. Air | 17-23-32 | 7-55-19 | C | | | | TAGIDDA N’T’ISEMT | W. Air | 17-25-38 | 6-34-33 | C | | | | TINIEN | S. Air | 17-26-54 | 8-09-02 | F | | | | | | 17-26-24 | — | Ch | | | | IDIKEL | W. Air | 17-29-42 | 7-37-23 | C | | | | TELOAS-TABELLO | E. Air | 17-34-40 | 8-49-30 | R | | | | EGERUEN |S.W. Air | 17-35-15 | 7-54-22 | C | | | | AUDERAS[436] | C. Air | 17-37-50 | 8-19-00 | R | | | | | | 17-38-00 | 8-18-14 | F | | | | | | 17-37-48 | 8-19-30 | (C) | | | | TELIA | E. Air | 17-47-30 | 8-49-20 | R | | | | IN KAKKAN | W. Air | 17-49-22 | 7-48-23 | C | | | | IN ABBAGARIT |Western Desert| 17-53-47 | 5-59-15 | C | | | | TAMET TEDDERET |Western Desert| 17-54-04 | 6-36-18 | C | | | | ANU N’AGERUF | W. Air | 17-54-46 | 7-24-22 | C | | | | AURERAN | C. Air | 17-56-54 | 8-23-17 | F | | | | | | 17-56-42 | — | Ch | | | | TEGINJIR | C. Air | 17-59-20 | — | R | | | | ABARAKAN | C. Air | 18-03-30 | 8-39-20 | R | | | | AGGATA | C. Air | 18-09-00 | 8-26-40 | R | | | | UFA ATIKIN | W. Air | 18-09-26 | 7-12-21 | C | | | | IN ALLARAM |Western Desert| 18-16-12 | 6-15-19 | C | | | | TAMADALT TAN | W. Air | 18-16-23 | 7-49-18 | C ATARAM | | | | | | | | AFASTO | W. Air | 18-17-08 | 7-17-22 | C | | | | ZILALET | W. Air | 18-23-19 | 7-51-21 | C | | | | ASSODE | C. Air | 18-27-00 | 8-26-50 | R | | | | SIDAWET | C. Air | 18-30-54 | 8-02-20 | C | | | | AFIS | N. Air | 18-37-30 | 8-35-40 | R | | | | AGELLAL | N. Air | 18-43-02 | 8-07-17 | C | | | | | | 18-43-00 | 8-10-02 | F | | | | | | 18-43-00 | 8-07-14 | Ch | | | | FAODET | N. Air | 18-47-20 | 8-34-50 | R | | | | IFERUAN[437] | N. Air | 19-04-10 | 8-22-45 | R | | | | | | 19-04-28 | 8-22-22 | C | | | | | | 19-04-18 | 8-24-32 | F | | | | | | 19-04-12 | 8-21-20 | Ch | | | | | | 19-04-03 | 8-24-24 | J | | | | ZURIKA | N. Air | 19-14-35 | 7-50-15 | C | | | | URAREN |Western Desert| 19-31-44 | 7-08-17 | C | | | | IN GEZZAM |Western Desert| 19-33-10 | 5-44-20 | C ------------------+--------------+----------+-----------+----------

HEIGHTS ABOVE SEA LEVEL.[438]

IFERUAN 681 metres (F)

673 „ (C)

URAREN 485 „ (C)

SIDAWET 554 „ (C)

AGELLAL 613 „ (C)

604 „ (F)

AUDERAS 798 „ (F)

AGADES (T’in Shaman) 500 „ (F)

IN GEZZAM 374 „ (C)

ZILALET 557 „ (C)

NOTE.—The exact positions of the observations in the same localities are not identical in the case of all observers, which accounts for some of the apparent discrepancies.

[Footnote 433: The Dankaba observation is of somewhat doubtful accuracy.]

[Footnote 434: The Tanut longitude depends on only one stellar observation for L.M.T.]

[Footnote 435: Jean’s longitude for T’in Shaman, which is the site of the French post and therefore also of the rest-house where the Cortier observation was taken, differs so materially from the latter that it cannot be accepted. It is described (like the position he gives for Iferuan) as “d’après F. Foureau,” but I can find no record in the account of the proceedings of the Foureau-Lamy Mission to justify this statement.]

[Footnote 436: My camp at Auderas was situated about 400 yards east of the camp site which the Foureau-Lamy Mission occupied and where, therefore, Foureau’s observation was probably made. This difference accounts for the discrepancy in our longitudes. The Cortier map shows an astronomically fixed point at Auderas which, when measured on the copy in my possession, gives these co-ordinates, but they are not recorded in the table on the second sheet of the map, as are the other positions in Air. Foureau’s latitude is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably smaller than the other four; if this result is omitted from the average, the latitude becomes even higher than it is given in the table.]

[Footnote 437: Foureau’s latitude for Iferuan is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably higher than the other four; if this result is omitted the average practically coincides with my observation, which was taken on the identical spot.]

[Footnote 438: The altitudes obtained by me from boiling-point observations and aneroid readings are not given; they are numerous but have not been fully worked out.]

APPENDIX II

THE TRIBAL ORGANISATION OF THE TUAREG OF AIR

DIVISION I. The People of the King.

DIVISION II. The Itesan and Kel Geres.

DIVISION III. The Kel Owi.

DIVISION IV. The Tuareg of Damergu.

DIVISION V. Unidentified tribes, generic names, etc.

The work of Barth and Jean has been incorporated in these tables; further reference to these authors is therefore omitted. Alternative name forms from these and other sources are given in brackets below the spelling which has been adopted to conform as far as possible with the rules of the Royal Geographical Society’s Committee on names.

(N) and (S) respectively signify “noble” and “servile” tribes.

In many cases no territorial identification is given, as tribes have changed their areas very greatly since 1917-18, nor have they settled down permanently to occupy other ranges since then. When Northern Air was cleared by the French patrols, the tribes were moved south, and for the most part they are therefore now in the neighbourhood of Agades, or in the Azawagh or even further south. But they are arranged in a disorderly fashion and are always moving from place to place; any attempt to give their present areas would be fruitless, since they will probably prove to be only temporary. The process of returning north had already commenced in 1922 and has presumably continued since then. Such locations as are given in the tables refer to periods prior to 1917 unless the contrary is stated.

The left-hand column gives the name of the original tribal stock so far as it has been possible to trace one. The next column gives the names of the tribes and sub-tribes formed by the original group. It is often impossible to state for certain whether large tribes are still to be described as such, or whether they have become independent tribes with subsidiary clans. Thus the whole classification must be considered approximate. It is designed to carry one stage further the system commenced by Barth, and continued by Jean. Where these two authorities are stated to have made mistakes or to have been inaccurate, the brevity of such phrases, occasioned as it has been by the use of a tabular form of arrangement, does not denote more than an expression of different opinion. It is intended to convey no disparagement, but merely to obviate circumlocution. The remarks in the right-hand column are intended to be read in conjunction with the relevant parts of the text of this book to which they are supplementary.

DIVISION I. THE PEOPLE OF THE KING.

------------+---------------+---------------------------------------- Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes. | tribes. | ------------+---------------+---------------------------------------- 1. | | | | Kel FERWAN. |Kel FERWAN |From its present name the group was |(N.). |originally in Iferuan (Ighazar) valley, | |whence probably expelled to W. and S. by | |Kel Owi. Original name unknown. Possibly | |not originally of same stock as others | |in division, and perhaps immigrant from | |W. Tribes ranged over S.W. Air, N.W. | |Damergu, and W. Tegama, but since 1917 | |nearly all the nobles have settled in | |Katsina, leaving Imghad in old areas. | |Great raiders westward. About 4320 souls | |according to Jean. | | |IRAWATTAN (N.).|At T’intabisgi (S. Talak plain). The | |only “I name” tribe recorded in the | |group. | | |Kel AZEL (N.). |At T’intabisgi. | | |Kel TADELE. |Large tribe now partially independent of | |Kel Ferwan group. Described by Jean as | |servile and by others as noble; | |explanation being probably that both | |castes occur as sub-tribes. Apparently | |originally an Ahaggar tribe which with | |its Imghad came to Air; if this was due | |to conquest by an Air tribe, the | |confusion of status is comprehensible. | | | Kel TADELE {| | (N.). {|Talak-Zurika area. They own Zelim and | {|Tuaghet pools in Fadé, a part of which | TEHAMMAM {|is also theirs. Their chief is Rabidin. | (S.). {| | | |IMUZURAK (S.). |W. Tegama and S.W. Air. Some nobles of | |this name in Damergu are wrongly | |described by Jean as Imghad of the | |Ikazkazan. The Imghad Imuzurak were | |probably captured from the noble sept. | | |IMUZURAN (S.). |At T’intabisgi. The name is abusive, | |meaning “Donkey droppings.” Reputed very | |fair skinned. | | |IBERDIANEN (S.)|At Araten. | | | (Berdianen) | | | |JEKARKAREN |At Araten. |(S.). | | | |IGEDEYENAN |At Azel. |(S.). | | | | (Gedeyenan) | | | | (Iguendianna) | | | |ISAKARKARAN |At T’intabisgi. Both names are wrongly |(S.). |given by Jean as separate units. | | | (Zakarkaran) | | | |IDELEYEN (S.). |At T’intabisgi. | | |IKAWKAN (S.). | Do. | | |EGHBAREN (S.). | Do. | | | |The last eight servile tribes represent | |nuclei captured in the W. They are of | |Tuareg, Arab and Moroccan origin, but | |have been assimilated to the People | |of the Veil. | | |IFOGHAS (S.). |Tafadek area. Said by Jean to be Imghad | |of the Kel Ferwan and to have come from | |the Kel Antassar stock (unidentified) S. | |of Timbuctoo. They came to Air about | |1860 and settled under the Amenokal; | |they were allowed to retain noble | |privileges. Their inclusion in the Kel | |Ferwan group indicates that the latter | |may be of W. origin. | | |(IFADEYEN) (?).|Believed to be noble. Included by Jean | |among the Kel Ferwan Imghad, but for a | |more probable attribution see Div. I. | |Group 6. | | 2. | | | | (Kel TADEK).| |No original name is traceable, but that | |of “Tamgak” is suggested. They were | |named from the Tidik (or Tadek) valley | |N. of Tamgak and the Ighazar. One of the | |oldest tribes in Air. They possessed the | |country from Agalenge to Tezirzak in | |Fadé and N. Air. They had the Kel Fares | |to E. and Kel Tamat to W., and covered | |area from Temed to just N. of Ighazar. | |Now scattered all over Air. Their chief | |is Ahodu of Auderas. | | |Kel TADEK (N.).|Tadek valley and Gissat. Now scattered | |and in small numbers. Their original | |name is unknown. | | |Kel UMUZUT |Agades area, and Damergu. Practically |(N.). |separate from the other tribes in the | |division. | (Kalenuzuk) | | | |Kel TEFGUN |At Tefgun mosque, Ighazar. A small |(N.). |personal tribe of Ahodu’s own family; | |keepers of the mosque for at least five | |generations. | | |Kel AGHIMMAT |Probably a sub-tribe of the Kel Tadek. |(?). | | | | (Kelghimmat) | | | |Kel TAKERMUS | |(N.). | | | |Kel GARET. |Garet plain, C. Air. Not to be confused | |with the Kel Garet of the Kel Geres. | Kel GARET |From a place S. of Agellal pronounced | (N.). |“Anigara.” | | | Kel ANIOGARA | | (?). | | | |Kel ANU | |WISHERAN. | | | | Kel |At Anu Wisheran, C. Air. Very nomadic | ANUWISHERAN |and ancient; now in Tegama. | (N.). | | | |Kel EZELU (N.).|Ezelu valley, S. of above. | | |Kel GARET (S.).|A fortuitous collection of Imghad in the | |Garet valley. The existence of two Kel | |Garet may be compared with the two Kel | |Garet in Div. II. Group 5, with whom | |there may be some connection. | | |Kel IZIRZA | |(N.). | | | |IZUMZUMATEN | |(N.). | | | |Kel GIGA (S.). |At Agejir, S. Bagezan. Probably | |assimilated to the Ittegen. | | |ITTEGEN (S.). |Large Imghad section of the Kel Tadek. | |Their “I name” is the only one in the | (Etteguen) |Kel Tadek group, and they are probably | |dependent on some parent tribe, possibly | |the Kel Giga. They have broken away to | |form a new tribal group, the modern Kel | |Bagezan (_q.v._ sub Kel Owi). | | |Kel AGGATA |Have recently joined the Kel Tadek |(?N.). |(Groups 3 and 4). | | 3 and 4. | | | | IMMIKITAN | |The alternative attribution of many and | |tribes to these two groups makes it IMEZEGZIL. | |difficult to distinguish them apart. The | |reason for the confusion is that both | |groups occur in areas predominantly Kel | |Owi, where they form isolated islands of | |extraneous people dependent upon the | |Añastafidet. Both groups were probably | |in occupation of N.E. Air when Kel Owi | |arrived; latter proved unable to | |eliminate them completely, and the | |remnants consequently fell under their | |influence and were thus variously | |described as belonging to one or other | |division. The two groups perhaps | |represent a single stock with the | |IMMIKITAN predominant, but in later | |times certainly acquired, as here shown, | |co-equal status. Immikitan are known to | |have been among first Tuareg in Air. | | |IMMIKITAN. | | | | (Amakeetan) | | | | IMMIKITAN |Also called ELMIKI. Originally, after | (N.). |immigration, in N. Central Air. Now | |isolated nuclei of this division live | |among people of Div. II. There are also | |Immikitan in Div. IV. Jean has rightly | |not accepted popular account that they | |are Kel Owi owing to recent association. | | | Kel TEGIR |At Tegir near Assatartar. | (N.). | | | | (Kel Teguer)| | | | Kel |A geographical synonym for the above. | ASSATARTAR | | (N.). | | | |Kel AGGATA. | | | | Kel AGGATA |Aggata area. This tribe did not move | (N.). |south after the 1917 episode, and thus | |became affiliated to Kel Tadek. Their | |chief is El Haj Saleh at Agades. | | | Kel TADENAK |Placed by Barth at Tadenak, E. of | (N.). |Agellal, and later by Jean at Intayet on | |Anu Maqaran valley. | | | (IKARADAN) |Placed by Jean at Aggata, but the word | (S.). |means Tebu in Air Temajegh; the nucleus | |almost certainly consists of Tebu living | |near their masters and not a separate | |tribe. | | |Kel MAWEN (?). |Placed by Jean at N’Ouajour, which is | |probably In Wadjud near Taruaji. No | (Kel Maouen) |information. | | | (Kel Assarara)|Wrongly placed by Jean in this group | |either on account of confusion with Kel | |Assatartar or perhaps because Kel | |Assarara inhabited Assarara area as | |Immikitan before the arrival of the Kel | |Owi (see above). The only Kel Assarara | |to-day in existence are Kel Owi (_q.v._). | | | | IMEZEGZIL. | |Originally N. of the Immikitan in the | |Agwau-Afis-Faodet area before arrival of | |Kel Owi. Jean thinks only two tribes can | |be assigned to this group, the Kel | |Faodet and Kel Tagunar, but others seem | |to belong. The group is surrounded by | |Kel Owi, who are especially strong in | |the originally most important area of | |the tribe, namely Agwau. They are now | |all in the Agades area. | | |(IMEZEGZIL) |No independent Imezegzil survive, but |(N.). |its existence is remembered in the Agwau | |area. Remnants are probably represented | |by the Kel Afis. | | |Kel AFIS. | | | | (Kel Afess) | | | | Kel AFIS |At Afis, N. Air. They are called the | (N.). |“big men,” the Imezegzil. In the wider | |geographical term, Kel Afis includes | |some Kel Owi living in the village. Jean | |rightly calls Kel Afis a separate tribe | |which probably represents the oldest | |part surviving to the Imezegzil. | | | AZANIERKEN |Imghad of the above, but living further | (S.). |W. at Tanutmolet in Ighazar. Their “I | |name” indicates antiquity, and the fact | |that the Kel Afis possessed such an old | |tribe indicates that the latter were the | |parent stock of group. | | | Kel | | TANUTMOLET | | (S.). | | | | IZARZA. |A group of serfs living among Kel Owi at | |this village, whose population has come | |to be called Kel Tanutmolet, which is | |also used as a variant for the | |Azanierken. I have a note that these Kel | |Tanutmolet serfs are also called Izarza, | |which may be a corrupt form for | |Azanierken. They are now only two or | |three families. | | |Kel FAODET |At Faodet in the upper Ighazar. |(N.). | | | |Kel TAGUNAR |At Tagunet in the upper Ighazar. |(?). | | | 5. | | | | IMAQOARAN. | |Originally in W. Central Air. Although | |belonging to a category of the People of | |the King, they were never much under his | |authority. | | |IMAQOARAN (N.).|In the Agellal area. Very small, only | |five families are said to survive. See | (Immakkorhan) |Kel Wadigi. | | |(Kel AGELLAL) |Are probably in great part Imaqoaran, | |especially when Kel Agellal is used in a | |general or geographical sense (cf. Kel | |Agellal, Div. III. Group 4). | | |Kel WADIGI. | | | | Kel WADIGI |In Wadigi valley, E. of Agellal. Small | (N,). |unimportant group of recent origin, | |consisting of Kel Agellal Imaqoaran, Kel | |Agellal Ikazkazan, and people from | |Ighazar. | | | Kel TEFIS |At Tefis. | (N.). | | | | Kel AREITUN |Imghad of above in Areitun village, W. | (S.). |of Anu Wisheran (not the Areitun N. of | |Agellal). | | |Kel SIDAWET (N.|At Sidawet village. A sedentary group of |and S.). |mixed parentage and doubtful origin. | |Also ascribed to Izeyyakan, but on | (Kel Sadaouet)|account of the established origin of the | |Kel Agellal Imaqoaran and Kel Zilalet, | |whose villages are in same area as | |Sidawet, they are all probably of the | |same parentage. | | |Kel ZILALET (N.|Zilalet village. Wrongly described as an |and S.). |independent tribe by Jean. | | 6. | |Both the last are mixed village groups | |of people of all castes. | | IFADEYEN and| |No more information is available than Kel FADÉ. | |that given in the preceding chapters | |(see pp. 399 and 400). ------------+---------------+----------------------------------------

DIVISION II. THE ITESAN AND KEL GERES.

Note: All these tribes are in the Southland, and their present areas are not, therefore, specified.

------------+---------------+---------------------------------------- Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes. | tribes. | ------------+---------------+---------------------------------------- 1. | | | | ITESAN. | |Probably one of the original tribes of | |the Kel Innek who invaded Air from the | |Chad direction. Being the preponderant | |tribe in Air, the Itesan were driven | |from the country by the Kel Owi when the | |latter arrived. Though now in the | |Southland, the Itesan still play a | |prominent rôle in electing the Amenokal | |of Air. | | |(Kel) |Named from a group of hills N. of |T’SIDDERAK. |Auderas. | | |Kel TAGEI. |“The People of the Dûm Palm,” possibly a | |totemic name or else derived from name | (Kel Tagay) |of a valley so-called. There are many | |such in Air, in particular one N. of | (? also |Auderas is probably responsible for the | Tagayes) |name. Not to be confused with the people | |in Div. III. Group I. | | |Kel BAGEZAN. |Originally inhabiting the mountains so | |called. Not to be confused with other | (Kel Maghzen- |later Kel Bagezan. | Kel Bagezan) | | | |Kel ALLAGHAN. |“The People of the Spears.” | | | (Alaren) | | | |(EMALLARHSEN). |Probably a misreading for “Im” or “In | |Allaghan” (where the prefix takes the | |place of “Kel”), and therefore identical | |with above. | | |(ITZIARRAME). |Probably a corrupt name, perhaps a | |mistake for the above. | | |(Kel) TELAMSE. |The second is probably the right form, | |and is derived from the name of a | (Kel |village and hills near Auderas. | T’ilimsawin) | | | |Kel MAFINET. |Named after a valley tributary to the | |Auderas valley. | | |Kel DUGA. |The second is probably the right form, | |and is derived from Mount Dogam, N. of | (Kel Dogam). |Auderas. | | |Kel UYE. |Kel Wadigi, from a valley E. of Agellal, | |has been suggested as a more correct | |version. In this case the tribe would | |more probably belong to the Kel Agellal | |of the Kel Unnar in Group 3, but the | |derivation is doubtful. | | |Kel MANEN. |Given by Barth as a tribe of the Itesan. | | |IMANEN. |With the two following tribes they seem | |to represent the oldest stock of people | |who invaded Air from the E. These Imanen | |are obviously of the same stock as the | |Imanen of the Azger Lemta division of | |Tuareg in the N. | | |Kel INNEK. |Are given by Barth as a part of the | |Itesan. While the name may have survived | |as a tribal name, it is more properly | |applicable to all the people who came | |from the E. when Air was invaded. The | |existence of such a tribe name among the | |Itesan, whose original name it may have | |been, is, however, proof of the accuracy | |of Bello’s statement. | | |IJANARNEN. |This tribe is given by Bello as one of | |those who originally invaded Air from | (Ijaranen) |the E. The occurrence of such a tribe in | |the Itesan group, according to Barth, | |substantiates the supposition made above | |and in the body of the book. | | 2. | | | | TETMOKARAK. | | | | |TETMOKARAK. | | | | (Tedmukkeren) | | | |Kel TEGHZEREN. |Kel Teghzeren may be a corruption of | |“Kel Intirzawen” derived from the name | |of the Asclepias Gigantica. The Kel | |Teghzeren appear to be the principal | |tribe of the Tetmokarak, and are | |possibly the parent group. | | |Kel AZAR. |Perhaps derived from a place of that | |name in the upper Anu Maqaran valley, C. | |Air. | | |(Kel) UNGWA. |The origin of the name is doubtful, for | |“ungwa” seems in Kanuri to mean | (Oung Oua) |“village.” The name may be a form of Kel | |Unnar (see below), another Kel Geres | (Kel Ungwar) |group. | | |TASHEL. | | | | (Taschell) | | | | (Tashil) | | | |ISHERIFAN. |Of which the Isherifan in Damergu were | |probably a part. | | |Kel ATAN. | | | |TEGAMA. |See also the People of Tegama in the | |Damergu group. The two septs are | |probably of the same stock; they are | |more fully discussed in the body of the | |book. | | |KERFEITEI. |The second version is perhaps more | |correct. | (? Kel Feitei)| | | |(Kel) IGHELAF. |From a group of wells in E. Damergu. | | | (Ighlab) | | | |ESCHERHA. | | | |INARDAF | | | |ZERUMINI. | | | 3. | | | | Kel UNNAR. | |The Kel Ungwa may be the same people, | |but there is no information. | | |Kel UNNAR. | | | |TARENKAT. | | | |ALWALITAN. |A patronymic, from the common personal | |name among the Tuareg, Al Wali. | | |GURFAUTAN. |Probably also a patronymic. | | |Kel AGELLAL. |From Agellal in C. Air, and not to be | |confused with the present Kel Agellal | (Kel Aghellal)|(Div. I. Group 5). | | |Kel TAIAGAIA. |?, unless a corruption in the | |manuscripts of European authors of Kel | |Agellal. | | 4. | | | | Kel ANIGARA.| | | | |(Kel) ANIGARA. |There are two places called Anigara | |(Aniogara) near Agellal, and this group | |might be named from either of them. The | |present Kel Aniogara are a sub-tribe of | |the Kel Garet (in Div. I. Group 2). | | |TAFARZAS. |No information. | | |ZURBATAN. | Do. | | |IZENAN. | Do. | | |TANZAR. | Do. | | 5. | | | | Kel GARET. | |Doubtless originally from the Garet Mts. | |and plain in C. Air, and not to be | |confused with the Kel Garet of Div. I., | |of whom, however, these people may have | |been a part which moved S. when the | |Itesan also went. | | |Kel GARET. |The people originally inhabiting the | |plain of that name. | | |Kel GARET |_I.e._ the “Kel Garet of the Mountain,” |N’DUTSI. |who lived in the mountains in the same | |area. | | |AIAWAN. |No information. | | |TIAKKAR. | Do. | | |IRKAIRAWAN. | Do. | | TADADAWA, | |These are grouped together, largely Kel TAMEI. | |perhaps because not enough is known to | |separate their various tribes. Their | |tribes are given without comment, as | |there is little available on record. | | |TADADAWA. |? the Tadara of Barth. | | |Kel TAMEL. | | | |Kel AMARKOS. | | | |Kel INTADEINI. |Probably from a place Intadeini on the | |Anu Maqaran, C. Air. | | |Kel UFUGUM. | | | |TEGIBBUT. | | | | (Tgibbu) | | | |IBURUBAN. | | | | (Iabrubat) | | | |TOIYAMAMA. | | | |IRMAKARAZA. |Perhaps connected with the name Anu | |Maqaran. ------------+---------------+----------------------------------------

NOTE.—Barth also gives the following unidentified names of Kel Geres tribes: _Kel n’Sattafan_ (the Black People), which is also the name of the family of the Amenokal according to Bello: this tribe, if it is a tribe at all, may be attributed to the Itesan group; _Tilkatine_; _Taginna_; _Riaina_, and _Alhassan_.

The caste of these tribes is not specified, but all the principal units, at any rate, may be assumed noble. The tribes have simply been enumerated here for purposes of record and comparison. They are not adduced as ethnological material comparable with that provided by the lists of tribes in Divisions I. and III.

DIVISION III. THE PEOPLE OF THE AÑASTAFIDET OR KEL OWI

------------+---------------+---------------------------------------- Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes. | tribes. | ------------+---------------+---------------------------------------- 1. | | | | IMASLAGHA. | |The Kel Azañieres, and therefore the | |Imaslagha, with the Izeyyakan and | |Igururan, are said to be the oldest of | |the Kel Owi division. | | |IMASLAGHA. | | | | Kel | | AZAÑIERES. | | | | Kel |In the Azañieres mountains. | Azañieres | | (N.). | | | | Kel |West of the southern Kel Nugguru in the | Intirzawen |Intirzawen and T’ilisdak valley, S. of | (S.). |Auderas. | | | Kel TAGHMEURT|In the Taghmeurt Mts. It has certain | (N.). |unspecified servile tribes. | | | (Tagmart) | | | | Kel ASSARARA.|In the Assarara and Agwau area, N.E. | |Air, at the places mentioned. Their | |chief in Barth’s day was Annur, | |paramount chief of Air. | | | Kel Assarara|} | (N.). |} | |} | Kel Agwau |} | (N.). |} | |} | Kel Igululof|} | (N.). |} | |} | Kel |} Along the great valley of N.E. Air. | Oborassan |} | (S.). |} | |} | Kel Anu |} | Samed (S.). |} | |} | Kel |} | T’intellust |} | (S.). |} | | | |The last is wrongly placed by Jean in | |Group 2 with the Kel Tafidet. | | |IGURURAN |Apparently now extinct in name. |(Igururan) | |(N.). | | | | Kel FARES |At Fares N. of Agwau; now near Agades. | (N.). |Their position is confirmed by Barth, | |but the place is called Tinteyyat. Their | |original name was probably Igururan, but | |since the extinction of the parent stock | |they rank as connected with the | |Imaslagha group. The “I name” Igururan | |may have been a group name in the first | |place. | | |Kel ZEGEDAN. |Name recorded by Barth but not now | |traceable. May be connected with Kel | |Bagezan, whose position might be | |described as 1½ days from T’intellust. | | |IZEYYAKAN (N.).|By some described as People of the King, | |but placed by Jean, probably rightly, in | |this group. Formerly a noble portion of | |the inhabitants of Auderas. | | |IMARSUTAN (N.).|The same considerations as above apply. | |Wrongly placed at Auderas. Said to have | |come from unidentified place called | |Arsu. | | | IMARSUTAN |A comparatively modern tribe said to | (N.). |have been formed from remnants of the | |old tribe. | | | Kel TAGEI |Perhaps a totemic name, but readily | (S.). |derived from any place abounding in “dûm | |palms.” Perhaps but not necessarily a | (Kel Teget) |conquered part of Itesan Kel Tagei (cf. | |Div. II Group 1). | (? Kel | | Tintagete) | | | |Kel ERARAR. |Name means “People of the Plain,” and | |probably refers to plain N. of | |T’intellust, near which Barth also | |places them. Name may therefore be | |generic and applicable to various | |sections in group. | | 2. | | | | IGERMADEN. | |The name is radically connected with | |Jerma or Garama in the Fezzan. | | |IGERMADEN. | | | | IGERMADEN |At Ajiru, E. of Bagezan. The people of | (N.). |Belkho, paramount chief of Air after | |Annur. | | | Kel AJIRU |Perhaps an alternative name for above, | (N.). |for the sedentary element among them. | | | Kel |The name of the inhabitants of | ASSATARTAR |Assatartar other than the Immikitan | (N.). |element there (see Div. I Groups 3 and | |4). | | | (IMMIKITAN |Of Assatartar; have become to be | (N.)). |considered connected with Igermaden | |owing to propinquity and gradual | |absorption. | | | (Kel TAGERMAT|Perhaps a confusion for Kel Taghmeurt in | (N.)). |Group 1; placed by Barth at unidentified | |place, Azuraiden, E.N.E. of T’intellust, | |corresponding roughly with Taghmeurt | |mountains. | | |IGADEMAWEN. |Wrongly placed by Jean in Imaslagha | |group. | (Ikademawen) | | | | IGADEMAWEN |Afasas and Beughqot areas E. of Bagezan. | (N.). |The name suggests analogies to Kel Mawen | |of Immikitan in Div. I. Groups 3 and 4. | (Kel Mawen?)|Perhaps a part of group was here | |absorbed as in case of Kel Assartartar. | | | Kel NABARO |Nabaro villages near Tabello, E. of | (?). |Bagezan. | | | Kel TAFIDET |Also given, but wrongly I think, as an | (N.). |independent tribe in this group. Lived | |in the Tafidet Mts. with unspecified | Kel Tafidet.|servile tribes. | | | Kel |Anfissac well E. of T’imia massif. | Anfissac. | | | | Kel |A part of the same tribe which is also | INTIRZAWEN |servile to Kel Azañieres in Group 1. | (S.). | | | |Kel AGALAK (?).|Placed by Jean in this group. The name | |is well known but tribe was not | |identified by me. | | | |Jean also places some Ifadeyen, some | |Ikazkazan of Garazu in Damergu, and some | |people with generic name of Kel Ighazar | |in this group; but he is, I think, | |mistaken in doing so. | | 3. | | | | IMASRODANG. | |In the Ighazar, whence they have | |acquired the generic name of Kel Kel | |Ighazar. The latter are placed by Jean IGHAZAR. | |in Group 2, but they are certainly a | |separate stock, namely, the Imasrodang, | |who are co-equal with Igermaden. | | | |The headman of the group is Abdulkerim, | |now living at Azzal near Agades, but | |formerly settled at T’intaghoda. | | | Kel |At T’intaghoda. Reputed to be Holy Men. | T’INTAGHODA | | (N.). | | | | Kel TAMGAK or|Some serfs and some free wild men living | IMEDIDERAN. |in Tamgak, historically belonging to, | |but never subjected by, Kel T’intaghoda. | |Their status is undefined, for their | |inherent nobility is recognised. | | |Kel ELAR (N.). |} | |} |Kel IBERKOM |} |(N.). |} | |} All at various points in the Ighazar | (Kel Abirkom) |} between Iferuan and Iberkom. | |} | (Kel Aberkan) |} | |} |Kel SELIUFET |} |(N.). |} | | |Kel IFERUAN |Not to be confused with Kel Ferwan in |(N.). |Div. I. | | |Kel TEDEKEL |Now believed to be extinct. Originally |(?). |also in Ighazar, but said to have become | |merged with other clans. | (Kel Fedekel) | | | | (Fedala) | | | 4. | | | | IKAZKAZAN. | |The tribe as such of this name has | |disappeared in the various large groups | |into which it has become divided. It is | |considered the junior group of the Kel | |Owi Confederation, the others being | |called from their chief constituent | |parts the Kel Tafidet and Kel Azañieres. | |The use of these territorial names | |corresponds in the Ikazkazan to the use | |of the names of the big subgroups, the | |Kel Tamat, Kel Ulli, etc. | | |Kel TAMAT. |A sub-group named from the Tamat acacia | |tree. It is the great northern sub-group | |of the Ikazkazan, corresponding with the | |Kel Ulli in the south. It would include | |all the northern Ikazkazan had some | |tribes not broken off to virtual | |independent status. | | | Kel TAMAT |In part near Agellal, where it has | (N.). |contributed to form Kel Agellal. Also at | |Ben Guten in W. Air. There is also a | |section in Damergu under the Kel Ulli | |grouping. | | | Kel TUBUZZAT |W. Air. In some respects almost | (N.). |independent. | | | Kel AGELLAL |Agellal village. The local tribe of this | (N.). |name is composed of Kel Tamat, or Kel | |Tubuzzat and of certain People of the | |King (see Div. I. Group 5). | | | (Kel Wadigi) |Formed of certain composite Kel Agellal | |and other People of the King (see Div. | |I. Group 5). | | | IBANDERAN (? |Sakafat in W. Air, and also in S.W. Air. | S.) | | | | Kel LAZARET. |As above. | | | (Kel Azaret)| | | | IGERZAWEN. | Do. | | | ALBURDATAN |At Auderas. | (S.). | | | | IFAGARWAL (? |At Issakanan in S.W. Air. | S.). | | | | (Afaguruel) | | | | ADAMBER. |At T’in Wafara, which is unidentified. | | | AZENATA. |No information. | | |Kel TAKRIZAT |At Takrizat in N. Air. Having |(N.). |unspecified servile tribes, including | |perhaps some of the above. | | |Kel TAGEI (N.).|Distinct from Kel Tagei (S.) in Group 1. | |Possibly, but not necessarily, connected | |with Itesan Kel Tagei (cf. Div. II. | |Group 1), W. Air. | | |Kel GHARUS. | | | | Kel GHARUS |Gharus valley, Lower Ighazar. Very | (N.). |nomadic and perhaps the largest tribe in | |Air. | | | AHAGGAREN |Talak plain. Serfs of Kel Gharus but, | (S.). |having had a noble origin in the north | |in Ahaggar, are considered quasi-noble | |in status. | | |Kel TATTUS. |Unidentified. | | |Kel ULLI. |Meaning the “People of the Goats.” | |Collective name for all the Ikazkazan in | |S. Air and Damergu. | | | Kel ULLI. |Tegama and Damergu. | | | IMUZURAK |Probably a part of older Imuzurak (N.) | (S.). |in Div. IV. | | | (ISHERIFAN |Holy Men. Gamram area (cf. Div. II. | (N.)). |Group 2 and Division IV.). | | | IFADALEN |Damergu. | (N.). | | | | Kel TAMAT | Do. (Cf. above.) | (N.). | | | | |The Kel Ulli group, though nominally | |Ikazkazan and probably including other | |tribes than those given above, seem to | |have absorbed a number of early Tuareg | |in Damergu. Their presence in this group | |has led to the suspicion that the | |latter, instead of being absorbed by an | |extraneous group of Tuareg, namely, the | |Kel Owi, really represent the true | |Ikazkazan stock, which was not in truth | |a Kel Owi family or clan at all, but a | |mass of people who joined forces with | |the latter at an early period of their | |sojourn in Air. | | 5. | | | | Independent | |Among the Kel Owi there are a number of tribes. | |independent tribes of servile status. | |Their existence is not paralleled in the | |other divisions. They owe allegiance, | |not to any particular noble tribe, but | |directly to the Añastafidet. They are | |consequently more emancipated than most | |Imghad, a phenomenon which confirms the | |greater cultural development of the Kel | |Owi. | | |Kel NUGGURU |Divided into two parts. That of the |(S.). |north called the Toshit (part) N’Yussuf | |in the Assada valley is actually under | |Ahodu of Auderas. The southern part | |between Bagezan and Taruaji Mts. is | |under Khodi, who claims to be headman of | |Auderas. | | | Kel Idakka. |A part of, or synonymous with, one of | |above. | | | Kel Taferaut.| Do. | | |Kel BAGEZAN |In Bagezan under Mineru or El Minir. A |(S.). |recent composite tribe, not to be | |confused with Kel Bagezan in Div. I. | Kel Bazezan. |Group 1. Made up of Ittegen of Kel Tadek | |(Div. I. Group 2) and several other | Ittegen. |elements. | | | Kel TOWAR. |A sedentary group, principally of serfs, | |at Towar, S. Bagezan. | | |Kel T’IMIA |Nobles of various, but all Kel Owi, |(N.). |tribal origins living at T’imia village | |under Fugda. | | |Kel TARANET. |Unidentified. | | |Kel TAFASAS. |Unidentified, unless the inhabitants of | |the villages along the Afasas valley, E. | |of Bagezan. ------------+---------------+----------------------------------------

DIVISION IV. THE TUAREG OF DAMERGU

A. People of the King.

B. People of the Añastafidet.

---------------+----------------------------------------- Tribe and sub- | Notes. tribe. | ---------------+----------------------------------------- A. People of |The oldest tribes in Damergu, as might the King. |be expected, are all of the People of |the King. They do not belong to any of |the Air tribes of this category; like |most of the latter, they probably |represent the oldest stock of Tuareg in |these regions. | |It has not been possible to identify the |names of the stock or stocks to which |the tribes belonged, so no larger |grouping has been attempted. | IFOGHAS (N.). |The Ifoghas certainly represent a stock |as well as a tribe, but it has not been |ascertained whether among the Damergu |Ifoghas several tribal divisions are |recognised, nor whether the under- |mentioned tribes were originally of the |Ifoghas group. Though very poor and |fallen on evil days, they are considered |Holy Men, and would be more readily |recognised as noble were their state of |destitution less severe. They are the |Ifuraces of the classics and have |related groups in other parts of the |Sahara. | Kel TAMIZGIDDA |Meaning the People of the Mosque, Holy (N.). |Men. Farak area. (See further note |below.) (Misgiddan) | | (? Mosgu) | | ISHERIFAN (N.).|In Damergu since the earliest time. The |name is equivalent to “Ashraf,” or |Descendants of the Prophet. Gamram area. |(See further note below.) | “MALLAMEI.” |A name given by Jean. It appears to be a |Hausa equivalent of one of the above |names, indicating that the tribe is |holy. | |The last three names (probably only two |names are really involved) are not |really proper names. They are |descriptive names connected with the |attribution of sanctity to the men of |these clans. In view of the well-known |application of such a description to the |Ifoghas wherever this tribe appears, it |is quite justifiable to suppose that |these clans, which incidentally are |known to have inhabited Damergu from |remote times, are really tribes of the |Ifoghas stock. | IZAGARAN. | | (Izagharan) (?|In Damergu from earliest times. N). | | IZARZARAN (? |Name recorded by Jean. N.). | | IGDALEN (N.). |A stock known to have entered these |parts with the very first Tuareg to |arrive. Subdivisions of this stock are |not known unless some of the other |Damergu tribes and Air clans previously |mentioned must so be classed. | |S. of Agades, W. Tegama and N. Damergu. |Holy Men. Very fair. Said not to carry |arms. | (Kel Tadek). |A semi-independent tribe of the Kel Kel UMUZUT |Tadek stock (see Div. I. No. 2). N. (N.). |Damergu. | IFADEYEN (N.). |Now live in Azawagh and Damergu (see |Div. I. No. 6). | B. People of | the | Añastafidet. | | IKAZKAZAN. Kel |Including various unspecified sub-tribes ULLI. |(N.) and (S.). | IFADALEN (S.). |Wrongly placed by Jean as an independent |tribe in Damergu. They are Holy Men and |probably were of the same stock as |tribes in category A (above), but at one |time were subjected by the Ikazkazan. | |The Isherifan are wrongly given by Jean |as a People of the Añastafidet, probably |on the grounds that they were at one |time conquered by Belkho, chief of the |Igermaden (see Div. III. No. 2). | |The Ikazkazan and Immikitan of Elakkos |are specifically referred to at length |in the text of the book. ---------------+-----------------------------------------

DIVISION V

Various unlocated and unidentified tribes; generic tribal names; more important village groups of mixed origins owing to breakdown of tribal organisation under sedentary conditions.

Kel AGELLAL. See Div. I. Group 5 and Div. III. Group 4. Originally an Imaqoaran area, but these, with Ikazkazan of various tribes and people from Ighazar, formed the present Kel Agellal. Principally noble, but also some Imghad. Agellal village.

Kel ZILALET. See Div. I. Group 5. Zilalet village.

Kel SIDAWET. Do. Sidawet village.

Kel AUDERAS. Principally Kel Aggata (_q.v._ Div. I. Groups 2 and 4) and Kel NUGGURU (_q.v._ Div. III. Group 5). All Imghad except three or four families of Kel Aggata and Ahodu’s own dependents from Kel Tadek who came when he was given the chieftainship of the village by the French at the time of the Foureau-Lamy expedition. Auderas village.

Kel T’IMIA. All noble Kel Owi, but derived from many different tribes. Present inhabitants occupied village after the Kel T’imia of the Kel Geres went out. T’imia valley. See Div. III. Group 5.

Kel TOWAR. Mixed Imghad of Kel Owi with one or two nobles from Kel Bagezan and Imasrodang. Towar village.

Kel AGADES. Not a strict term: only used in a geographical sense. The real inhabitants of Agades are called Emagadezi (_vide_ Chap. III). Songhai colony left in the sixteenth century, and people from all other tribes make up population, which is principally Imghad. Since 1917, when they lost their camels, many of the Tuareg from N. Air settled in Agades, or in the neighbourhood.

Kel IN GALL. Population composed of Songhai, Igdalen and some Aulimmiden in addition to Kel Ferwan and Ikazkazan. There are probably some Ifoghas both here and also at the three Tagiddas. In Gall area.

IKARADAN. The Temajegh name for the Tebu, of which there are probably several groups in Air captured on raids; notably one group, a part of the Kel Aggata.

IZERAN. Given by Barth as a tribal name, but as the word (in the correct form, Izghan) means “Kanuri” in Temajegh, the same considerations apply as in the case of the Ikaradan. Many Kanuri groups are known to have been captured on raids.

Kel IGHAZAR. A generic term for all the tribes living in the Ighazar. They are principally Imasrodang Kel Owi.

Kel AGHIL. Given by Barth as Kel Aril. A generic term meaning the “People of the South,” and applied especially to the Kel Geres.

Kel ATARAM. Meaning the “People of the West,” applied especially to the Tuareg and Moors of Timbuctoo, and the Aulimmiden and Tuareg of the Mountain, in the Western Desert.

Kel INNEK. Given by Barth as a tribal name. But it means the “People of the East,” and is similar to the above names.

Kel T’ISEMT. (Kel Tecoum) Meaning the “People of the Salt.” According to Jean it is applied to a tribe in the Telwa valley, but appears to be in the nature of a nickname given to people who made the collecting of Agha a trade. It is given to the southern Kel Nugguru generally (_q.v._ Div. III. Group 5) and to the people of the Tagiddas and the Ifoghas of Damergu. The People of the Tagiddas in any case are probably of the Ifoghas, so that Kel T’isemt may have been the name of a large division of the latter on the analogy of the “Kel Ulli” division of the Ikazkazan.

IDEMKIUN. Seems to be the tribal name of which Tademekka is the feminine form. According to Cortier (Appendix to _D’une Rive à l’Autre du Sahara_) this tribe survives in Air, but I have been unable to trace the name. They are probably a part of the Tuareg who settled in Air and further west during the very first migrations which took place.

Kel TALAK. A generic name for all the tribes which roam about the Talak plain.

APPENDIX III

ELAKKOS AND TERMIT[439]

North of Gure the hills terminate suddenly in a cliff, and the area called Elakkos begins to the north of them. It has an individuality of its very own. A maze of small, closed depressions, that become ponds and lakes after the rainy season, break up the plain into sharp unsystematic undulations, which appear originally to have been sand dunes. They have now become fixed with grass and scanty scrub, but in most cases retain their characteristic shape. Here and there, rising several hundred feet above the plain, are a number of flat-topped hills of red sandstone. They stand alone like islands off a rock-bound coast. The edges of the hills are sheer cliffs, but the lower parts are covered with fallen detritus, which has formed steep slopes above the plain, and the wind has washed the sand up against their sides.

The plain of Elakkos is like a sea floor from which the water has only recently run off. An irregular sand-strewn bottom has been left, churned up by immense waves that, in a succession of cyclonic storms, washed the sand up against the sides of the islands before retreating. When the blinding glare of midday has passed, deep blue shadows in the hills appear, and the country looks very beautiful. The great table-topped hills are blood-red and blue, in an expanse of yellow sea. Little villages are dotted about in the plain with a few trees and some deep green vegetation in the hollows.

[ADDITIONAL PLATE]

[Illustration: TYPICAL TEBU]

[Illustration: TERMIT PEAK AND WELL]

Lying between the desert and the Sudan, Elakkos has suffered greatly. It has been a field of battle where the Tuareg of Air, the Tebu from the north-east and the people of Bornu have met one another in order to do battle. Until the advent of the French it was considered the legitimate playground for the only international sport known in the desert, the gentle occupation of raid and counter-raid. The flat-topped hills, with scarcely a path worthy of the name to ascend the cliffs, were the citadels of the villages which nestle under their slopes. The huts in the villages are built of straw with conical roofs: neither mud buildings nor walled settlements exist. The inhabitants are Kanuri, sedentary Tuareg, and both nomadic and settled Tebu.

While the Tuareg and Tebu live side by side with the Kanuri, the first two are such uncompromising enemies that they never adventure themselves into each other’s territory. The dividing line between them in Elakkos is sharp and clearly defined; it runs just west of the village group of Bultum, which is the last permanent settlement on the caravan road from Damagarim to Kawar by the wells of Termit, where twice a year pass caravans to fetch salt in the east. They leave at the same seasons when the people of Air, whom they join at Fashi, also cross the desert.

The Tuareg of Elakkos to-day are sedentary, but their tribal names, Ikazkazan and Immikitan, belong to noble Air clans of confirmed nomadic habits. As in Damergu, they are the ruling class. Barth,[440] basing himself on hearsay information sixty years earlier than Jean, stated that they were akin to the Tegama people.[441] The Ikazkazan of Garazu in Elakkos, however, according to tradition, are late arrivals, certainly later than the Immikitan, who live rather further east. The latter seem to have come when the first Tuareg arrived from the east and installed themselves in Air. It is not clear which of the two tribal groups Barth proposed to classify as akin to the Tegama, but presumably he meant the Immikitan.

The Ikazkazan of Garazu are grouped by Jean[442] as a sub-tribe of the Kel Tafidet, probably the, if not actually the, principal tribe of the Kel Owi Confederation. While I had no opportunity during my only too short sojourn in Elakkos, in the course of a rapid march to Termit, to collect information on the ethnology of the Tuareg in this area, my experience in Air leads me to doubt the accuracy of Jean’s attribution. It is very improbable that a section of so important a tribe as the Ikazkazan could in any circumstances have come under the control of another tribe within the same Kel Owi Confederation, like the Kel Tafidet, least of all when it had moved so far afield as Elakkos.

Both from Barth’s description of the “Principality of Elakkos,” that “sequestered haunt of robbers and freebooters,” as well as from other indications, there seem to have been more People of the Veil in this area in former days than now. The decrease may be accounted for by a general movement westwards, as a consequence of the encroachments of the Kanuri from Bornu, who were themselves constantly being driven onwards by pressure from the east, by the advent in the Chad area of the Arab tribes from the north, and by raids of the Tebu from Tibesti.[443]

Barth records that Elakkos was celebrated among the hungry people of the desert on account of its grain. The same reputation and source of wealth continue to the present time. More millet is grown in a limited area on the sandy plains of this country than in almost any other part of the belt which marks the transition between the Desert and the Sown. But Elakkos is especially celebrated among the Tuareg all over North Africa for the shields which are used by the People of the Veil and are made in this country. The hide of the white oryx, which with much other game lives in the bush along the border of the desert, is used for their manufacture. Their reputation in Temajegh speech and poetry points to the country of Elakkos having long been essentially Tuareg, for the traditional shape and technique are not found among the neighbouring peoples.

The strong circumstantial evidence regarding the essentially Tuareg character of the country, is further borne out by a reference in Leo to the Lemta Tuareg. This people, we are told, extended over all that part of North Africa which lay immediately east of the Targa people, from the Fezzan as far as Kawkaw. The latter, for reasons which have been discussed, was not Gao or Gago on the Niger, but Kuka on Lake Chad.[444] But there is more than this, Elakkos is alternatively spelt Alakkos, Alakwas, and Ilagwas, which cannot be denied to bear a marked resemblance to the name of the Ilasgwas people of Corippus, who in Byzantine times were fighting in the Fezzan, or in other words in an area, according to Leo, occupied by the Lemta Tuareg. One would in any case have been inclined to accept the tradition that the early Tuareg in Elakkos were formerly more numerous than now, but in the light of this additional evidence I am satisfied that they are identical with the very Ilasgwas who came from the north, and therefore of the same stock as the Tuareg in the Fezzan. It follows that they were of the old Aulimmiden-Lemta stock and that they were a part of the latter group which entered the Chad area from the north and then moved westwards. I further believe that the Ilasgwas gave their name to Elakkos, where some of them stayed while the rest of the Lemta tribes went on, some of them into Air and some of them further west. The origin both of the Immikitan in Elakkos and in Air is due to this movement.

Elakkos is well supplied with water at all times of the year. Tropical summer rains fall in abundance, leaving pools in the depressions, to which most of the inhabitants of the villages migrate for the few weeks which elapse between sowing and reaping the millet, during and directly after the annual break of the weather. As the pools dry up, leaving a luxuriant Sudanese vegetation around the edges, recourse again becomes necessary to the numerous village wells. They are all of considerable depth, and surrounded by large spoil heaps, but the output is not very copious, or rather not sufficiently large to supply numerous thirsty camels in hot weather, when each animal may drink ten gallons or more. I travelled through Elakkos in June 1922 with a section of French Camel Corps, and we found watering a very tedious operation. The wells we used were 150 to 220 feet deep, and in order that the fastidious animals should drink copiously, the water had to be drawn at noon in a “shade temperature” ranging from 105° to 110° Fahr. in places where invariably there was no real shade to be seen.

After leaving the Bultum group of three Kanuri and Tebu hamlets, the road from Damagarim to Kawar crosses a low scarp and plunges into the belt of thick green bush which merges imperceptibly into small thorn scrub and divides the Southland from the desert. The vegetation in this zone ranges from small thorns to largish trees. It is part of the same belt of bush which surrounds Damergu, with this difference, that the latter immediately south of Air extends considerably further north and forms a salient of vegetation into the desert. The Elakkos bush is luxuriant even in the dry season, and abounds in game. If a few more wells were made available it would soon be thickly inhabited by pastoral tribes, now that immunity from the northern raiding parties has more or less been assured. It is a sanctuary for large herds of various species of gazelle, for the white oryx and addax antelope, as well as for numerous ostriches and some giraffes. There are excellent pastures for cattle, goats and camels, but although some of the Damergu Tuareg use the western part for their flocks and a few Tebu use the eastern side, there are few inhabitants in the country at any time of year. The surface of old fixed dunes is undulating, and in the occasional deep hollows are a few wells like those of Tasr[445] and Teshkar[446] on the Termit road, and Bullum Babá and others to the west. The wells belong to the Tebu, who visit them with their cattle in the summer. Immediately around them the vegetation has been eaten bare and the whitish downs under which they lie show up some distance away. The three wells at Tasr are twenty-seven feet deep; they are the last water before the Termit wells are reached, forty hours’ fast marching further on into the desert. The road, it is true, passes by Teshkar, but the output of the single well there, forty-five feet deep, is insufficient for more than a few animals at a time.

For more than ten hours’ marching N.N.E. of Teshkar, which is in Lat. 15° 07′ 40″ N., Long. 10° 35′ 10″E.,[447] the country gradually gets more barren, but the character of the bush is maintained by small trees and shrubs on a reddish ground. Then suddenly the track descends into a hollow between bare snow-white dunes. A succession of depressions between them is followed, the path crossing the intervening sand-hills diagonally to their general direction. The sand dunes themselves are loose and shifting, but the hollows curiously enough are permanent and contain small groups of vivid green acacias. When we first entered the dunes there was a thick white mist on all the land and the green trees and white sand looked very mysterious and beautiful in the early dawn. This belt of dunes marks the edge of the desert itself. The long, buff-coloured, whale-back dunes of the latter are covered with very scanty salt grass and scrub; they are typical of the Saharan steppe desert. The surface is fairly good; the form of the dunes is fixed, for the sand is heavy. The occasional small tree is a landmark for miles around. At one point we passed a depression with some larger acacias, but otherwise there were no recognisable marks to guide a caravan to Termit and the north-east.

The heat of the June weather obliged us to travel largely by night, and in the course of one march which commenced at 3 a.m. it soon became apparent that the guide had lost his way. He had mistaken a star to the west of the Southern Cross for the one to the east of Polaris, and was marching S.W. instead of N.N.E. We decided to halt until dawn, but not before many precious hours had been wasted and the prospect of reaching Termit on the third day after leaving Teshkar had completely vanished, the normal distance from there to the wells of Termit being twenty-eight hours’ fast marching, or about thirty-five by caravan.

Under ordinary conditions the mountains of Termit are visible for some time before they are reached; in point of fact on our way south we saw the Centre Peak at a distance of no less than fourteen hours’ marching. Approaching it, however, the intense heat and wind had obscured everything in a dense mist which limited the maximum visibility to under two miles. On this day in camp the thermometer registered 113·9° F. in the shade at 2 p.m. The heat usually appeared to last without appreciable change from 11 a.m. till 3 p.m. Owing to the misadventure of the previous night we were not very sure of our position, and dependent on seeing the mountains to find our next water, which we sorely needed as the supply was rather short. Then suddenly as evening came on the atmosphere cleared and an imposing chain of dark, jagged peaks, with no appreciable foot-hills, appeared suddenly in the east. The range faded out of sight to the north and south beneath the sand of the desert. An isolated group of blue mountains in a sea of yellow sand at evening is one of those unforgettable sights which reward the traveller in the desert. Their beauty is never equalled by any snowy peaks or waterfalls in a more favoured land.

After crossing a narrow belt of shifting sand we camped the next morning in a valley at the foot of the Centre Peak of Termit, near the famous well which is reputed to have been made by Divine agency. The water lies in Lat. 16° 04′ 10″ N., Long. 11° 04′ 50″ E.,[448] forty feet below ground. The bottom of the well has become vaulted owing to the continual collapse of the sides. In the course of a week’s stay another well was dug a few yards from the old one, in spite of the pessimism of the well-diggers, who considered it useless as well as very tiring to emulate the Almighty. But about forty feet down through the packed sand of the valley-bottom water filtering through a bed of loose gravel was duly reached. Some 1½ miles west in a continuation of the valley where it turns towards the north, is another group of several wells. They are almost surrounded by sand dunes, and have latterly in part become silted up. Some of them are likely to be covered entirely in a few years’ time by an encroaching dune. We cleared two of these wells, but they proved very saline in contrast with the excellent water of the main wells; nevertheless they were sufficiently good for camels.

Termit is within the area of the summer rains, which form a pool lasting for about two months to the north of the western group of wells. I marched seven miles north with some Tebu who were based on Termit for their hunting season without reaching anywhere near the end of the range. The vegetation got scantier and the loose sand of the outer desert had been washed higher and higher up the eastern sides of the hills, which here extended in a single chain of no great depth in a north-easterly direction. But I never reached the end of the chain.

The foot-hills around the main peak, where the laterite rock in places is in process of disintegration, carry a certain amount of vegetation, principally of the shrub known as “Abisgi” (_Capparis sodata_), together with several grasses and small acacias. We found many gazelle and antelope were pasturing there. Behind the rugged _contreforts_ rises the steep wall of the main range to a height of over 2000 feet at the main peak, which appears to be about 2300 feet above the sea. To the east, behind the principal chain and some 300 feet higher than the valley where the wells are and surrounding desert, is a small plateau which extends for a distance of some four to five miles as far as a secondary and lower Eastern Chain which divides it from the desert beyond. This narrow plateau tapers away to the north, where the two chains join one another. It is well covered with small trees and scrub and contains several small groups of hillocks. The passes on to this plateau from the west run steeply up to its level; they are, in fact, the ravines formed by the water draining off the plain, which, when we looked down on it from the centre peak, appeared to be the playground of several enormous flocks of antelope and gazelle. The mountain sheep of Air was also found and shot here—the furthest south where this animal has yet been reported.

The rocky slopes of the range are incredibly rough. They are entirely covered with loose pebbles, stones and boulders of all sizes. In some places the black laterite rock has assumed the strangest shapes. At one point on the centre peak the entire slope was apparently covered with stone drain-pipes, whole and broken, including perfectly shaped specimens with ½ in. walls, 15 in. long and 5 in. to 2 in. in internal diameter. In addition to these, plates, bowls, cylinders, small balls and tiles of all shapes were to be seen.

Although capable of supporting the flocks of a limited number of people, there are no traces of inhabitants. Termit never seems to have been anything but a _point de passage_. It was for long a favourite haunt of Tebu raiders from the N.E. and E., for the road from the south branches here both to Fashi and to Bilma. There is also a track to the Chad country by Ido well, and one to Agadem on the Kawar-Chad road. There were traditions of a direct caravan road from Air to Lake Chad, which I was anxious to investigate, but the condition of my camels made it impossible. I am glad to say that connection between the Elakkos Camel Patrol and Air was successfully established in the course of the summer of 1922 by the unit I had accompanied to Termit, and thanks to the courtesy of my friend, its Commanding Officer, than whom I have never met a more perfect travelling companion, I was supplied with full details which I reproduce in his own words, translated into English:

“From Talras (an old well near T’igefen) we marched together (two sections of Camel Corps) to the north for about 80 km. There we were lucky enough in the middle of a truly desert area to chance on a patch of trees, perhaps some 700 to 800 in number, where we parted company. I marched east for thirty-seven hours and made the peak overhanging the walls of Termit with great accuracy. Lieut. X. (with the other section of Camel Corps), after marching thirty-six hours approximately north-west and following a valley bed, arrived at Eghalgawen (in South Air). I made him come back by Tanut. . . . When I return I shall have a well dug where we separated, and the Agades-Termit road will be possible for going direct to Chad, as I know there is a well between Termit and the lake.”

In improving the water supply at Termit we had accomplished our work. I was obliged to give up my idea of going straight to Air, and consequently returned with the Camel Corps to Teshkar, marching twenty-seven hours in three comfortable stages of seven, nine and eleven hours. There we parted company. I proceeded due west with four camels to rejoin my own caravan, marching to the wells of Bullum Babá (two wells forty feet deep), and thence through impenetrable bush without landmarks or visibility until I crossed the Diom-Talras track, along which I passed in a north-west direction. I had intended to water at T’igefen just south of Talras, but found the wells there as well as those at Fonfoni had been filled in. Like those of Adermellen and Tamatut, they were destroyed in 1917 during the revolt in Air to prevent raiding towards the south. Water was eventually obtained in shallow wells at Ighelaf, though a violent and drenching thunderstorm at T’igefen, the first one of the season, would have provided drinking water had I been really short; as it was, it merely made my men and myself very wet and cold and miserable during the ensuing night. I reached the first village of Damergu at Guliski on the fifth day from Teshkar.

[Footnote 439: See also Plates 3 and 4.]

[Footnote 440: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. pp. 549-50.]

[Footnote 441: Cf. Chap. II. _supra_.]

[Footnote 442: Jean, _op. cit._, pp. 102 and 109.]

[Footnote 443: Cf. Chaps. XII. and XIII.]

[Footnote 444: See map, page 331, and Chaps. XI. and XII.]

[Footnote 445: Also pronounced Tars. See map, facing page 36.]

[Footnote 446: Spelt Tashkeur on the French maps.]

[Footnote 447: See Appendix I.]

[Footnote 448: See Appendix I.]

APPENDIX IV

IBN BATUTAH’S JOURNEY

Ibn Abdallah Muhammad, better known as Ibn Batutah, seems to have returned to the north by way of Air from a visit to the Sudan which he made after his better known travels in the East. He left Fez in A.D. 1351 for the countries of the Upper Niger by way of Sijilmasa[449] and Tegaza,[450] and returned to Morocco in 1354. His account[451] of Air and the neighbouring parts is brief but very well worth examining, as it raises several interesting historical points.

After visiting all the Western Sudan as far as Kawkaw (Gao or Gago or Gaogao) on the Niger he went to Bardama, where the inhabitants protect caravans and the women are chaste and beautiful, and “next arrived at Nakda, which is handsome and built of red stone.”[452] The variants of this name are spelt نَكْدَا, Nakda; ثُكْذَا, Thukdha; تَكْدَا, Tukda, and by the learned Kosegarten in his version تَكَدَّا, Takadda. The latter, with a somewhat corrupt text, reads: “_Takadda scorpiis abundat. Segetes ibi raræ. Scorpii morsu repentinum infantibus adferunt mortem, cui remedio occurritur nullo: viros tamen raro perimunt. Urbis incolæ sola mercatura versantur. Ægyptum adeunt, indique vestes pretiosas afferunt; de servorum et mancipiorum multudine inter se gloriunt._” Lee’s translation, after describing the arrival at Tekadda, proceeds: “Its water runs over copper mines, which changes its colour and taste. The inhabitants are neither artisans nor merchants. The copper mine is without Nakda (Tekadda), and in this slaves are employed, who melt the ore and make it into bars. The merchants then take it to the infidel and other parts of the Sudan. The Sultan of Nakda is a Berber. I met him and was treated as his guest, and was also provided by him with the necessaries for my journey. I was often visited by the Commander of the Faithful in Nakda, who ordered me to wait on him, which I did, and then prepared for my journey. I then left this place in the month of Sha’aban in the year 54 (A.D. 1353), and travelled till I came to the territories of Hakar (هكاَر), the inhabitants of which are a tribe of the Berbers, but a worthless people. I next came to Sijilmasa and thence to Fez.” Kosegarten’s version, however, differs somewhat, reading, “. . . and left Tekadda with a band of travellers making for Tuat. It is seventy stages from there, for which travellers take their provisions with them, as nothing is to be found on the road. We reached Kahor, which is the country of the Sultan of Kerker, with much pasture. Leaving there we journeyed for three days through a desert without inhabitants and lacking water; thence for fifteen days we journeyed through desert not lacking water but without inhabitants. Then we came to a place of two roads where the road that goes to Egypt leaves the road which leads to Tuat. Here is a well whose water flows over iron: if anyone washes clothes with these waters they become black. Thence after completing ten days we came to Dehkar[453] (دَهْكاَر). Through these lands, where grasses are scarce, we made our way, reaching Buda, which is the largest of the towns of Tuat.”

Such are the accounts given by the first intelligent traveller in Air, and they are all too brief. The two versions are not contradictory, but in a sense supplementary to one another, and are probably excerpts made by different persons from a longer original work. The discrepancy between “Tekadda” and “Nakda,” and between “Hakar” and “Dehkar” are not difficult to account for in Arabic script. The first in each case seems to be correct. Ibn Batutah says the people of Hakar wore the veil; and “Hakar” is of course Haggar or Ahaggar, the mountains by which it is necessary to pass on the way from Air to Tuat; the Tuareg in Arab eyes are all worthless, as their name implies.

“Kahor” is a variant for “Kahir,” used indiscriminately by Arab writers with “Ahir” for Air. Barth’s[454] explanation of the insertion of an “h” in “Ahir” (اهير), is interesting but unnecessary if, as is clear, it is derived from “Kahir” (كاهير). These variants seem all to be merely Arabic attempts to spell “Air,” which the Tuaregs write in their own script ⵔⵉⴰ (R Y A).

Tekadda has been assumed by Barth[455] and others to be one, or a group, of three localities, Tagidda n’Adrar, Tagidda n’Tagei, Tagidda n’T’isemt,[456] lying some 40, 50 and 100 miles respectively W. or W.N.W. of Agades.[457] But there are good reasons for not accepting this identification. In the first place, though salt deposits are worked at Tagidda n’T’isemt, there are no signs of copper mines at this point, or indeed anywhere in Air. In the second place, it is very unlikely that the ruler of a locality so close as any of the Tagiddas to the important communities in Air, in any one of which the Sultan of that country might have had his throne,[458] should have equalled the latter in importance; but Ibn Batutah’s Sultan of Tekadda seems to have been at least as important a personage as the Sultan of Air, whom he calls the Sultan of Kerker, Ruler of Kahor.

The problem presented by “Kerker” is not easy, but the existence of a district still called Gerigeri, some fifty miles east of the Air mountains, and about forty miles north of Tagidda n’T’isemt, inclines one to regard this Sultan, who was also ruler of Kahor, as one of the Aulimmiden chiefs who are known at various times to have dominated the mountains. If this view is correct the Sultan of Tekadda must certainly have had his being some way further south than the Tagiddas, since two rulers of such an importance as Ibn Batutah makes them out to be would certainly not have lived only forty miles apart.

Lastly, the traveller speaks of seventy stages between Tekadda and Tuat, which is in fact only forty-five stages from Agades,[459] and therefore the same or perhaps rather less from the Tagiddas, which are in the latitude or even somewhat north of the city. Now forty-five marching stages are equivalent to some sixty caravan days, including halts, while seventy stages correspond to about one hundred days’ journeying. As it is clear that he did not delay on the road, the disproportion between the normal time taken to travel from the Tagiddas to Tuat and the time he did take from Tekadda to Tuat makes it impossible not to look for Ibn Batutah’s point of departure at some considerable distance south of Agades.

An examination of the times assigned to the various stages of the journey makes it apparent that in the first part he actually marched rather faster than an ordinary commercial caravan. Considering the actual times he employed, we find that he took one month crossing Ahaggar to Tuat; the usual time for this section on the Agades In Salah road is twenty marching days, and Ibn Batutah probably took about that time, making thirty days with halts. We next find that it took ten days from Hakar (Ahaggar) to the place where the roads to Egypt and Tuat divided. This point is at the wells of In Azawa or Asiu, which are close together on the northern boundary of Air; the distance between them and Ahaggar is in fact ten days’ marching. It is reasonable to assume that Ibn Batutah’s point where the roads divide is, in fact, In Azawa or Asiu, and has therefore remained unchanged for over four centuries. South of these wells he had spent fifteen days in a country which was barren but had numerous watering-points—a good description of Air by a traveller who was used to the fertile and populous Sudan; the period of fifteen days corresponds accurately with the number of stages between In Azawa and Agades by any of the routes through Air.[460] As Agades was probably not founded at this date, Ibn Batutah in coming from the Niger would have no reason to travel as far as the site of the city and probably therefore kept west of the Central massifs and counted this stage from some point west of Agades like In Gall, though the exact locality is immaterial. South of this stage he crossed a desert where there is no water for three days: this is clearly the sterile tract separating Air from the Southland. The total of these times is fifty-eight days, even counting thirty days in Ahaggar instead of twenty; this, at a generous estimate, may be called sixty, from the northern edge of the Southland across Air and Ahaggar to Tuat, and this reckoning coincides with the usual forty-five caravan marching stages to which previous reference has been made. There are, therefore, still at least ten days to be accounted for, and they are referred to in the passage in which he simply states that he left Tekadda and marched for an indefinite time, making no mention of the number of days employed till he reached the domains of the Sultan of Kerker. I would be inclined to look for Tekadda not at any of the Tagiddas, which are rather north of the River of Agades and consequently north of the three days’ desert travelling, but at some point in the direction of Gao, thirteen days’ journey from the southernmost part of Air, or ten days from the northern fringe of the Southland below the desert belt. I have unfortunately no knowledge of the country west of Damergu to suggest an identification, but am convinced that no place in or just west of Air is intended by the description of Tekadda.

[Footnote 449: Sijilmasa (Sigilmasiyah) was the capital of the Tafilelt area in Morocco south of the Atlas. Its ruins in the Wadi Ifli are now called Medinet el ’Amira.]

[Footnote 450: The salt mines of Tegaza were referred to in Chap. XII. They were abandoned in A.D. 1586, and those of Taodenit, where caravans still go from Timbuctoo to fetch salt for the Upper Niger, were opened instead. Vide Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. V. p. 612, and Map No. 14 (Western Sheet) in Vol. V.]

[Footnote 451: _Ibn Batutah_: by Lee in the Oriental Translations Fund, 1829, pp. 241-2, etc.]

[Footnote 452: _Scilicet_, red mud.]

[Footnote 453: Probably another version of Hakar (هَكاَر).]

[Footnote 454: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 336.]

[Footnote 455: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 335.]

[Footnote 456: Tagidda (Cortier, Map of Air—Teguidda) means a small hollow or basin where water collects (De Foucauld, I. 276). The names of the three places therefore mean “Basin of the Mountain,” “Basin of the Dûm palm,” and “Basin of Salt.” Tagidda = basin, is not to be confused with Tiggedi = cliff (as the Cliff S. of Agades), from the root _egged_, “to jump.” De Foucauld, _op. cit._, I. 273, and Motylinski, _Dictionnaire_, etc., 1908.]

[Footnote 457: Not three days south-west, as Barth says.]

[Footnote 458: Agades was probably not founded in Ibn Batutah’s day, or he would certainly have referred to it; there were, however, other large settlements in Air already in existence at this time, such as Assode (see Chap. XVII).]

[Footnote 459: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I., App., and others; also my information.]

[Footnote 460: Cf. Chap. III.]

APPENDIX V

ON THE ROOT “MZGh” IN VARIOUS LIBYAN NAMES

Many authors have assumed that the word “Imajegh” was a generic or even a national name applicable to the whole of the Tuareg race, and perhaps even to most of the Libyans in North Africa. The “MZGh” root of this word, which properly denotes the noble caste of the Tuareg, does indeed appear in the classical names of many tribes or groups of people in North Africa. Among these may be cited the Meshwesh of early Egyptian records and the Macae of Greek historians, the latter being apparently a racial and not a tribal name. The root reappears in several such forms as Mazices, Maxitani, Mazaces, etc., all belonging to a people found principally in the Great Syrtis, in Southern Cyrenaica, and in Tripolitania, both on the coast and in the interior:[461] a more isolated group with radically the same name, the Maxyes, is placed by Herodotus as far west as Tunisia.[462]

In the Air dialect of the Temajegh language the name for the nobles of the Tuareg takes the form of “Imajeghan” with the singular “Imajegh.” In other dialects the word displays some variations including the forms Amazigh, Imazir, Imohagh, Imohaq, Imoshag, etc., according to the local pronunciation. The word is derived according to an informant of Duveyrier[463] from the verb “ahegh,” meaning “to raid” or, by extension of the meaning, “to be free,” or “independent.” De Foucauld, however, gives the form of the word as “Amahar,” a proper name having as its root ⵗⵂ (Gh H), like “Ahegh,” but not necessarily derived from the latter.[464]

As has already been noted, the name does not cover the totality of the race, for it does not include the servile clans, which, whatever their origin, are considered even by the nobles to belong, like themselves, to the Tuareg people. The word “Imajegh” is a caste and not a racial appellation.

I am doubtful if Sergi is justified in using a statement made by Père de Foucauld in 1888,[465] to the effect that the “Berbers” of North Africa generally, and those of the north-west in particular, who are known to the Arabs under various names, used the MZGh root as a name for themselves in such a manner as to indicate that it was a national appellation or the name of a racial stock of wide extension. It would be interesting to know how far de Foucauld, after a long period of residence as a hermit among the Tuareg of Ahaggar, modified the views he expressed in 1888. Subject to correction by any authority having had access to his notes, I take it he would rather have meant that the MZGh root was used in a quasi-national sense in a number of Berber dialects or by a number of Berber-speaking people when talking of themselves, but not in referring generally to the population of North Africa.

Stuhlmann[466] went so far as to talk of “Die Mazigh Völker,” and stated that all the “Berbers” from Tripoli to Western Morocco call themselves Mazigh: this, however, is not the case. As Lenz, supporting the theory of a dual origin for the Libyans, points out, the “Berbers”[467] even of Morocco are divided into two families, to which he gives the names of Amazigh and Shellakh.[468]

Hanoteau, on the other hand, seeking at least a unity of language, says[469] that “plusieurs de ces peuples . . . ont oublié leur nom national. Mais partout où les populations berbères ont été à l’abri du contact et de l’influence arabe, elles ont conservé des noms appartenant à leur idiome,” and he goes on to mention the various dialectical forms of the MZGh root which he has found in different localities. He concludes, “toutes ces dénominations ne sont en realité que des variantes de prononciation d’un même nom.” This certainly is so, but that he is justified in assuming it to be a national name is more doubtful. He next tries to establish that the signification which “some people” have given to the word Imajegh and its derivatives is not substantiated, and that when a Tuareg wishes to refer to a noble or to a free man he calls them “ilelli” or “amunan” and not “imajeghan.” This, however, is not correct. The first two words may indeed signify an abstract quality, but when the nobles are mentioned, “Imajegh” is invariably used. Hanoteau’s statement is misleading. In addition to the use of the term “imajeghan” to denote the Tuareg nobles, with no reference to their characters or qualities, the Tuareg say “imajegh” to qualify any individual, as “imajegh” to denote someone of a certain class either in their own or in another race. They speak of the “Imajeghan n’Arab,” meaning the upper class Arabs as opposed to the slaves and under-dogs of the Arab countries. They describe the British, I am glad to say, as Imajeghan, or the White Nobles, even in every-day conversation among themselves. It is always a class distinction, and not a compliment, an epithet of virtue or a national name. The dictionaries and grammars of Motylinski, de Foucauld,[470] Masquerey and even of Hanoteau himself on the Tuareg language bear out this point.

One of the principal reasons for using the foreign word “Tuareg” to describe this people is that they do not possess a national name. Barth,[471] who is a meticulous observer, makes this very clear: “as Amóshagh (in the plural form I’móshagh)[472] designates rather in the present state of Tawárek society the free and noble man in opposition to A’mghi (plural, Imghad), the whole of these free and degraded tribes together are better designated by the general term ‘the Red People,’ ‘I’dinet n’sheggarnén,’ for which there is still another form, viz. ‘Tishorén.’” I myself did not hear these two terms used in Air, so prefer to adopt the circumlocution Kel Tagilmus, or People of the Veil, which is used and understood by all Tuareg.

Many of the Imghad, or servile people, are themselves of noble origin, but have become the serfs of other noble clans by conquest. It is clear that the former could not use as a national name what is primarily a caste name to which they had lost their right.

The confusion which has arisen around the word “imajegh” and hasty generalisations such as those of Stuhlmann are nevertheless easy to understand, for a superficial observer talking to nobles of the Tuareg race would so readily be impressed by the recurrence and common use of the term as to assume that it really had some national sense. But Sergi[473] in this connection is misleading in citing the authority of Barth when he writes, with a footnote referring to the great explorer and implying that he is quoting him almost textually, “il nome di questi Berberi è quello di Tuareg, plurale di Tarki o Targi. Ma, osserva lo stesso Barth, questo non è il loro nome nazionale. . . . Il vero nome che essi si danno è quel medesimo che già si dava ad alcune tribù del settentrionale d’Africa, conosciuto dai Greci e dai Romani, cioè di Mazi o Macii, Maxitani è dato loro anche dagli scrittori Arabi. Oggi si adopera la forma di Amosciarg al singolare. . . . Questo sembra essere applicato a tutte le frazioni della tribù mentre quel di Tuareg probabilmente deriva dagli Arabi.” Barth, we have seen, does not do so, and Sergi is making the same error as Stuhlmann. It is true that at one point, in discussing the use of the name “Tuareg,” Barth[474] goes so far as to say, “This (the MZGh root) is the native name by which the so-called Tawarek designate their whole nation, which is divided into several families,” but from the context and from the passage generally, as well as from the other passages already quoted, it is manifest that he was referring only to the noble part of the race and not to the Imghad as well, who, he had not then realised, as he later understood, are a part of the nation.[475] The context of the passage just quoted from Barth is one in which he is showing that the Tuareg are not a tribe, but a nation, as has already been pointed out: He corrects his predecessors, saying:[476] “This name (Terga, Targa, Tarki, etc.), which has been given to the Berber inhabitants of the desert, and which Hodgson _erroneously supposed to mean ‘Tribe,’_ is quite foreign to them. . . .” Richardson,[477] in a previous trip to the Central Sahara before travelling to Air and the Sudan with Barth, had already made the same point clear. It is therefore with no shadow of justification that Sergi[478] states: “Barth non fa distinzione alcuna delle popolazioni dando il nome etnico di Tuareg o Imosciarg, e le considera tutte come una grande tribù.” He does nothing of the sort.

Bates[479] goes into the question of the MZGh names very fully. He thinks that it is evidence “of an ethnic substratum of ‘autochthones’ of a single race.” He notes the obviously close connection between the MZGh root used by the Tuareg nobles and the names in the Atlas mountains on the one hand, and the root of the Mazices, Mazaces, Macae, etc., names whose affinity with the Meshwesh of the invasions of Egypt is also obvious on the other hand. He draws the inference that a racial rather than a tribal name is involved.[480]

Nevertheless, some explanation must be sought for the appearance of the root both in a Tuareg caste name in the names of certain Atlas tribes and in classical geographical lists of North African people. Much as one might be tempted, however, to believe with Barth in the existence of a substratum of a single race, there is no real justification for assuming that all the people using the root in one form or another were even closely related. Its adoption may well have become widespread among various peoples by the use of a common language. If in its primary sense it had implied nobility or freedom or some such attribute, it is more than likely that the innate snobbishness of one race in contact with, or at one time subjected to, another race using the root in this sense, would rapidly lead them to adopt it and misuse it as their own national appellation. I am not inclined to consider the use of this root as evidence for anything but community of language. With the mixed origins which we know the Libyans possessed, any other conclusion would be dangerous. It must be remembered that there is plenty of evidence to show that in spite of the diversity of races involved, they had by the time of the Arab conquest all come to speak a common language or a series of dialects linguistically of the same origin. It is only at an early period, when the use of a single language in North Africa was probably not widespread, that the common root in the “Meshwesh” and “Macae” names can be assumed as an indication of the affinity or identification of these peoples with the later Tuareg. And at that time the names are found in the centre of North Africa only and not in the west or even in Algeria. The same considerations apply to the “Temahu”[481] of Egyptian records. The feminine form of Imajegh or Amoshagh, etc., is, of course, Temajegh or Tamahek, etc., which is the name given to the language which the Tuareg speak, though were it not for the physical likeness of the Temahu in Egyptian paintings to the Tuareg the similarity of the names alone would probably be insufficient to draw a conclusion to which, however, nearly all evidence also points.

[Footnote 461: Bates, _op. cit._, Maps III to X.]

[Footnote 462: Herodotus, IV. 191.]

[Footnote 463: Duveyrier, _op. cit._, p. 318.]

[Footnote 464: De Foucauld: _Dict. Touareg-Fraçais_, Alger, Vol. I. p. 451.]

[Footnote 465: De Foucauld: _Reconnaissance du Maroc_, Paris, 1888, p. 10 _seq._]

[Footnote 466: F. Stuhlmann: _Die Mazighvölker_, Kolonial Institut, Band 27.]

[Footnote 467: _I.e._ Libyans.]

[Footnote 468: Lenz: _Timbuktu: Reise durch Marokko_, etc., Leipzig, 1884.]

[Footnote 469: Hanoteau: _Grammaire Kabyle_, p. ix.]

[Footnote 470: De Foucauld: _Dict._, Vol. I. p. 452, _sub_ “Amajer.”]

[Footnote 471: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. V. App. III.]

[Footnote 472: Or in Air “Imajeghan.”]

[Footnote 473: Sergi: _Africa_, etc., pp. 342-3.]

[Footnote 474: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. pp. 222-6.]

[Footnote 475: Where Barth is in apparent contradiction in Volume I with other statements, and especially in Volume V, on this question of the MZGh root as a national name, the explanation, I think, is that he did not apparently consider the Northern Imghad, of whom he was speaking in the first volume, as pertaining to the Tuareg nation. Later on, when this became clear, he corrected himself.]

[Footnote 476: _Loc. cit._]

[Footnote 477: Richardson: _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_, Vol. II. p. 140.]

[Footnote 478: _Loc. cit._]

[Footnote 479: Bates, _op. cit._, p. 42 _seq._]

[Footnote 480: _Ibid._, p. 71.]

[Footnote 481: And therefore of the Tehenu.]

APPENDIX VI

THE KINGS OF THE TUAREG OF AIR

The following list of the kings of Agades was collected by Mr. H. R. Palmer, now Lieutenant-Governor of Northern Nigeria, in a record which has been referred to in the body of this work as the Agades Chronicle. The information was supplied by a learned Hausa scribe and is derived from Tuareg sources, probably in part MSS. The record ranks as “good oral testimony.” It was published in an English translation prepared by Mr. Palmer and printed in the _Journal of the African Society_, Vol. IX. No. XXXVI., July 1910. I am indebted to Mr. H. R. Palmer and to Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., the publishers of the _Journal_, for permission to reproduce the information _in extenso_.

In the following pages little more is given than the bare list of kings with the dates, but much of the other information contained in the Chronicle has been incorporated in the text of the third, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth chapters of this book. The spelling of some of the proper names in the list and in the text has been slightly modified to accord with the system of transliteration adopted.

The genealogical table following the list of kings has been compiled from the information contained in the Chronicle.

-------+-----+----+---------------+--------+-------------------------- | Date. | | Period | +-----+----+ Name. | of | Remarks. |A.D. |A.H.| | reign. | -------+-----+----+---------------+--------+-------------------------- | | | | | I|1406 |809 |Yunis, son of |20 yrs. | | | |Tahanazeta | | | | | | | II|1425 |829 |Akasani |6 „ |Son of the sister of | | | | |Yunis. | | | | | III|1429 |833 |El Haj Aliso |20 „ |He was killed by his | | | | |people. | | | | | IV|1449 |853 |Amati |?4 „ |Brother of the above: he | | | | |also was killed and the | | | | |dynasty ended. | | | | | V| ? | ? |Ibn Takoha |4 yrs. |A new dynasty. | | | |2 mths. | | | | | | VI|1453 |857 |Ibrahim ben |9 yrs. | | | |Hailas | | | | | | | VII| | |Yusif ben |16 „ |Brother of the above. | | |Gashta | | | | | | | VIII|1477 |882 |Muhammad the |10 „ | | | |Great | | | | | | | IX|1486 |892 |Muhammad | |Date confirmed | | |Sottofe | |approximately from | | | | |Nigerian records. He was | | | | |a contemporary of M. | | | | |Rimfa of Kano, 1463-99, | | | | |and Ibrahim of Katsina, | | | | |1493-6. | | | | | X|1493 |899 |Muhammad ben |9 „ |Son of sister of above: | | |Abdurahman el | |he was killed. | | |Mekkaniyi | | | | | | | XI|1502 |908 |The twins Adil | |Known as the children of | | |and Muhammad | |Fatimallat. They reigned | | |Hammat | |together. Their date is | | | | |confirmed by the advent | | | | |of Askia to Air in their | | | | |reign in 1515. | | | | | XII|1516 |922 |Muhammad bin |2 yrs. | | | |Talazar | | | | | | | XIII|1518 |924 |Ibrahim |24-5 |Son of M. Sottofe. | | | |yrs. | | | | | | XIV|1553 |961 |Muhammad el |39-40 „ |Brother of above (name | | |Guddala | |also given as Ghodala | | | | |and Alghoddala). | | | | | XV|1591 |1000|Akampaiya |2½ „ | | | | | | XVI|1594?| — |Yusif |8 & 28 |Son of sister of above. | | | |yrs. | | | | | | XVII|1601?| — |Muhammad bin | |Son of younger brother | | |Mubaraki ibn | |of Yusif’s father, and | | |el Guddala | |presumably grandson of | | | | |No. XIV; deposed Yusif | | | | |and was shortly after | | | | |himself deposed. | | | | | XVIII|1629?| — |Muhammad |2 yrs. |Son of Yusif: his mother | | |Attafrija | |was daughter of No. XIV. | | | | |Deposed. | | | | | XIX|1631?| — |Aukar ibn |1 mth. |Deposed. | | |Talyat | | | | | | | XX|1631 | — |Muhammad |? 31 |For the second time. | | |Attafriya |yrs. | | | | | | XXI|1653 |1064|Muhammad |34 „ |? Son of father of above. | | |Mubaraki | | | | | | | XXII|1687 |1098|Muhammad Agabba|33-4 | | | | |yrs. | | | | | | XXIII|1720 |1132|Muhammad el |9 mths. | | | |Amin | | | | | | | XXIV|1720 |1133|El Wali |1 yr. 2 |Brother of above. | | | |mths. | | | | | | XXV|1721 |1134|El Mumuni |9 mths. | | | |Muhammad | | | | | | | XXVI|1722?| — |Muhammad | |Son of No. XXII. | | |Agagesha | | | | | | | XXVII|1735 |1147|Muhammad Hammad|5 yrs. |Son of No. XXI. Deposed. | | | | | XXVIII|1739 |1152|Muhammad Guwa |4 yrs. |? Son or grandson of No. | | | |7 mths. |XVII. | | | | | XXIX|1744 |1742|Muhammad Hammad| |For the second time. | | | | | XXX|1759 | — |Muhammad Guwa |4 yrs. | Do. | | | |6 mths. | | | | | | XXXI|1763 |1176|Muhammad Hammad|5 yrs. |For the third time. | | | |6 mths. | | | | | | XXXII|1768 |1181|Muhammad |25 yrs. |Son of above. | | |Guddala | | | | | | | XXXIII|1797 | — |Muhammad Dani |5 yrs. |Deposed in A.H. 1212. | | | |7 mths. | | | | | | Interregnum |7 yrs. |Government of chief | |learned men. | | | | | XXXIV|1797 |1212|El Bekri [El |19-20 |Succeeded in 1797, but | | |Bakeri] |yrs. |was not installed till | | | | |later. | | | | | XXXV|1815 |1231|Muhammad Gumma |5 yrs. | | | | |1 mth. | | | | | | XXXVI|1826 | — |Ibrahim Waffa |7 yrs. |Deposed. | | | | | XXXVII|1835 | — |Guma |7 „ |Killed. | | | | | XXXVIII|18-- | — |Abdul Qader |22-3 |Deposed in 1857. | | | |yrs. | | | | | | XXXIX|1857 |1274|Ahmed Rufaiyi |12 „ |Twice deposed, finally | | | | |in 1869. | | | | | XL|about|1286|Sofo el Bekri |? 32 „ |Four times deposed. |1869 | | | | | | | | | XLI|about|1318|Osman Mikitan |4 yrs. | |1900 | | |5 mths. | | | | | | XLII|1904 |1322|Ibrahim Da Sugi|4 yrs. |Three times deposed. | | | | | XLIII|1908 |1336|Tegama |11 „ |Died in prison. | | | | | XLIV|1919 | |Omar |Reigning| -------+-----+----+---------------+--------+--------------------------

[Illustration]

APPENDIX VII

SOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL USED IN THIS BOOK

A great student was showing a friend over his library, and it happened to the friend to ask the obvious question that has occurred to nearly everyone in the same circumstances. The learned man in reply remarked wearily, that neither had he read all the books which adorned his shelves, nor yet were those all the books which he had read. I would say much the same of the lists which are given below. Many as are the works mentioned, those dealing with Air in any detail are very few.

A fuller bibliography of the people and places in the Central Sahara generally will be found in Gsell’s first volume of his _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_ and in Oric Bates’ _Eastern Libyans_.

MAPS

Carte de l’Air: Mission Cortier, Service Géographique des Colonies. Two sheets. 1912. 1/500,000. With a table of astronomical positions.

Territoires Militaires du Chad: Édition Meunier. 1921. 1/4,000,000.

Afrique Occidentale Française: Service Géographique des Colonies. Sheet 3. 1/2,000,000.

Carte du Sahara: Delingette and others, Société d’Éditions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales. 1/4,000,000.

Afrique: Service Géographique de l’Armée. Sheet 19. 1896. 1/2,000,000 with neighbouring parts on other sheets.

Africa settentrionale (Edizione provvisoria). 1917. Ministero delle Colonie. 1/4,000,000.

A geological map and diagrammatic section of Air, in Chudeau’s thesis (see Bibliography).

Map of Air and neighbouring parts, compiled from data collected by the author. _R.G.S. Journal_, Vol. LXII., August 2, 1923. 1/2,000,000.

Original sketch maps and topographical data in the works of Barth, Foureau-Lamy, Jean, Chudeau and Buchanan enumerated in the Bibliography.

The Anglo-French frontier was delimited by the Mission Tilho. There are various sheets covering the frontier from Lake Chad to the Niger, on a scale of 1/500,000, but they do not extend far into Damergu.

General maps of the Sahara are not enumerated. They are many.

GENERAL BOOKS ABOUT THE CENTRAL SAHARA

Duveyrier, H.: _Exploration du Sahara. (Les Touareg du Nord.)_ Two volumes. Paris. 1864.

_Duveyrier_, H.: Biographical sketch by Manoir and Schirmer, 1905.

Carette: “Recherches sur l’Origine et les Migrations des principales tribus de l’Afrique septentrionale.” In _Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie_. Paris, 1853. Vol. III.

Schirmer, H.: _Le Sahara_. 1893.

Gautier, E. F.: _La Conquête du Sahara_. Paris, 1922.

Boissier, G.: _L’Afrique Romaine_. Paris, 1901.

Marmol-Caravajal: _History of Africa_. Three volumes. 1667.

Tissot, C. J.: _Géographie comparée de la province romaine de l’Afrique_. Two volumes and atlas. 1884-8.

Bates, O.: _The Eastern Libyans_. London: Macmillan, 1914.

Gsell, S.: _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_. In course of publication. Four volumes have appeared. Paris, 1921, etc.

Richardson, J.: _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_. London, 1847. Two volumes.

Minutilli, F.: _La Tripolitania_. Rome, 1912.

de Agostini, E.: _Le Popolazioni della Tripolitania_. Tripoli, 1917.

Denham and Clapperton: _Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa_. London: Murray, 1826. Two volumes.

Lyon, G. F.: _Travels in Northern Africa_. London: Murray, 1921.

Bazin, R.: _Life of Charles de Foucauld_. London, 1923.

Hornemann: _Travels in the Interior of Africa_. Commentary by Major Rennell. French edition. Dentu: Paris, 1803.

Rennell’s miscellaneous works and addresses to the African Society, and his Commentary on Herodotus.

Largeau, V.: _Le Sahara_. Paris, 1877.

Desplagnes, L.: _Le Plateau Central Nigérien_. Paris, 1907.

LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL

The contributions of Halévy, Letourneux, Hanoteau, etc. in various periodicals.

Hanoteau, A.: _Grammaire de la Langue Tamachek_. Algiers, 1896.

Masquerey, E.: _Dictionnaire Français-Touareg_. Paris, 1898.

—— _Essai de Grammaire Touareg_. Paris, 1896.

de Foucauld, C.: _Dictionnaire abrégé Touareg-Français_. Two volumes. Algiers, 1918, etc.

—— _Notes pour servir à un Essai de Grammaire Touaregue_. Algiers, 1920.

Freeman, H. Stanhope: _A Grammatical Sketch of the Temahuq Language_. London: Harrison, 1862.

BOOKS DEALING WITH THE TUAREG AND THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE SAHARA GENERALLY

Ripley, W.: _The Races of Europe_. 1900.

Sergi, G.: _The Mediterranean Race_. London, 1901.

—— _Arii ed Italici_. 1898.

—— _Africa, La stirpe camitica_. Turin, 1897.

Keane, A. H.: _Man, Past and Present_. Cambridge, 1920.

Boule, M.: _Fossil Man_. Edinburgh, 1923.

Duveyrier, H.: _Les Touareg du Nord_ (Volume I of the work already cited).

Cortier, M.: _D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara_. Paris, 1908.

Bissuel: _Les Touareg de l’Ouest_.

Aymard, Capt.: _Les Touareg_. Paris, 1911.

Foureau, F.: _Mission chez les Touareg_. 1895.

—— _Une Mission au Tadamayt_. 1890.

King, H.: _A Search for the Masked Tawareks_. London, 1908.

Rinn, L.: _Origines Berbères_. 1889.

Schirmer, H.: _De nomine et genere populorum qui Berberi . . . dicuntur_. 1892.

Buchanan, A.: _Sahara_. Murray, 1926.

Stuhlmann, F.: _Die Mazighvölker_. Kolonial Institut. Band 27.

—— _Ein Ausflug im Aures_. Kolonial Institut. Band 10.

—— _Handwerk und Industrie in Ost-Afrika_. Kolonial Institut. Band 1.

Newberry, Percy: _Beni Hassan_. 1893.

Rosellini, I.: _I Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia_. 1832-44.

Elliot Smith, G.: _The Ancient Egyptians_. 1923.

Maspero, G.: _L’Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’orient_. 1909.

Meyer, E.: _Geschichte des Altertums_.

Rodd, F.: A paper on the Origins of the Tuareg, _R.G.S. Journal_, Vol. LXVII. No. 1. Jan. 1926.

CLASSICAL AND ARABIC AUTHORS

Pliny’s _Natural History_. Various editions.

Strabo’s _Geography_. Various editions.

Herodotus’ _Geography_. Various editions.

Hanno’s _Periplus_ (London, 1797), and _Geographi Græci Minores_ (Editio Mueller).

Sallustius: _De bello Jugurthino_. Various editions.

Ptolemy’s _Geography_ and _Marinus of Tyre_.

The Works of Diodorus Siculus.

Corippus: _Libri qui supersunt_. Berlin, 1879.

The Works of Aulus Gellius.

Silius Italicus: _Œuvres complètes_. 1850.

Leo Africanus: _History and Description of Africa_. Hakluyt Society. London, 1896. Three volumes.

Ibn Batutah’s _Travels_. Translation of Defrémery and Sanguinetti. Paris: Société Asiatique. 1893. Four volumes.

—— Lee’s edition in the Oriental Translations Fund, with references to Kosegarten’s edition, 1929.

Ibn Khaldun’s _History of the Berbers_. Translation by Slane. Algiers, 1852-4. Four books.

Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim’s _History of the Conquest of Egypt_. In the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.

El Noweiri: Extracts in the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.

Abdallah abu Obeid Ibn Abd el Aziz el Bekri: _A Description of North Africa_. Edition Slane. Algiers, 1913.

—— Wüstenfels _Das Geographische Wörterbuch des Abu Obeid el Bekri_. 1876.

Abu el Hassan Ali Mas’udi: _The Meadows of Gold_. Oriental Translations Fund, 1841.

Sultan Bello’s History. See Denham and Clapperton’s journey.

WORKS DEALING MORE PARTICULARLY WITH AIR

Barth, H.: _Travels in Central Africa_. Five volumes. London, 1857. (For Air, see principally Vol. I. Historical and ethnological references to the Tuareg are contained in all the volumes.)

Jean, C.: _Les Touareg du Sud-Est; L’Air_. Paris, 1909.

_Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Foureau-Lamy_. Paris.

Buchanan, A.: _Out of the World North of Nigeria_. London: Murray, 1921.

_Novitates Zoologicæ_, the Journal of the Tring Museum, Vol. XXVIII. pp. 1-13, 75-77. 1921.

Rodd, F.: A paper (with map) on Air, _R.G.S. Journal_, Vol. LXIII. 2, August, 1923.

von Bary, E.: his Diary edited by Schirmer. Paris (Fischbacher), 1898.

Chudeau, R., and Gautier, E. F.: _Missions au Sahara et au Soudan_. Two volumes (especially Vol. II.). Paris, 1908.

Palmer, H. R.: “Some Asben Records.” (The Agades Chronicle), _Journal of the African Society_, No. XXXVI. Vol. IX., 1910.

INDEX

“A” names, tribal, 128

“A type” of Tuareg houses, 244-6, 247, 248, 249, 253, 255, 258, 260, 302, 316; ornamentation of, 246, 247, 248

“A’ada” (right of passage), 237

Abadarjan, Ridge of, 70, 71, 78

Abalkoran, the, 379

“Abandoned of God,” the, 274

Abarakan, 216, 217, 238, 241, 243, 299; position of, 425

Abattul, 213, 214, 388; Itesan defeated at, 391; mosque of, 213, 214, 291

Abattul, Mount, 156, 213

Abd el Jelil (Selma I), 372, 373

Abd el Qader, Sultan, 93, 99, 100, 108-9, 117, 379, 467

Abd el Rahman, 290

Abdallah, King of Bornu, 374

Abdallah, Abu, 405

Abdallah ibn Yasin, 405

Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim, 468

Abdominal strain of camel riding, 180, 194

Abdulkerim, 122, 436

Abellama, 60, 69, 70, 75; position of, 424

Aberkan, Kel, 437

“Abesagh” acacia, 226

Abeshan, Sultan, 103

Abirkom, Kel, 437

“Abisgi” bush, 82, 449; leaf as condiment, 160

Ablutions, Tuareg remiss in, 273, 274

“Aborak” tree, 226; articles made from wood of, 229

Abscess, native treatment of, 82

Absen (Air), 17, 28

Absenawa (people of Air), 17

Abu Abdallah, 405

Abu Bakr Dau, 409

Abu Muhammad, 176

Abyssinia, Semitic influence in, 342

Acacia, People of the, 307, 437

Acacia trees, 58, 67, 86, 211, 226, 447, 449; eaten by camels, 199; a defence from insects, 121; thorns of, 165, 166, 199

Adalet, Al, Sultan of Agades, 409-10

Adamber, the, 437

Adar, Kel Geres move to, 390, 391

Adaudu, 242, 243

Addal, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363

Addax antelopes, 446

Aderbissinat, 69-70; fort, 70; well, 75

Adermellen well, 451

Adesnu, spirits of, 279

“Adghar,” 18 _n._[18], 254

Adghar n’Ifoghas, 18 _n._[18], 209, 260, 399

Adil, Sultan, 409-10, 464

Adjeur, _see_ Azger.

Adoral valley, 242

Adrar Ahnet, tribes of, 351

Adultery not common among Tuareg, 177

Adze, Tuareg, 229

Aerwan wan Tidrak, 156 _n._[150]

Æthiopia; matriarchate in, 152 _n._[144]; Romans in, 323

Afaguruel (Ifagarwal), the, 437

Afasas, 241, 250, 436; valley, 210 _n._[200], 243, 439

Afasas-Tebernit groups, houses in, 248, 250, 251

Afasto, position of, 425

Afaza grass, 158, 160, 212

Afis, 315, 430; inscription on grave at, 260; position of, 425

Afis mountains, 308, 314, 315

Afis, Kel, 430

Africa, partition of, 20, 22, 25; problem of introduction of camel into, 206-8

Africa, North, _see_ North Africa.

“Africa Minor,” 1

“Ag Ali” (son of Ali), 350 _n._[338]

Ag Malwal, 408

Ag Mastan, 169, 353

Aga (salt), 125, 441

Agadem, 333-4, 450; road to, 32; well, 58

Agades, 19, 84, 298, 303, 405, 413, 426, 440; Air administered from, 115-16, 383; decline of, 411, 414; foundation of, 102, 364, 365, 409; population of, 113, 402; position of, 424, 425; prosperity of, former, 411; quarters of, 91; races and languages of, 117, 118; revolt of 1917 and, 84, 85, 86, 98, 189-90; sanitary system of, 91; site of, peculiar, 110, 112-16, 364; Songhai colonisation of, 410, 440; Songhai element in people of, 117; Sudanese in aspect, 87, 90

Amenokal of, _see_ Amenokal; Añastafidet’s residence at, 92, 100, 145; Barth’s journey to, 23; battle at, 392; blacksmith-jewellers of, 229-30; earth from, daubed on women’s faces, 173; exchange rates at, 221, 414; French occupation of, 27, 52; French post at, 86, 91, 118, 218; gaol of, 107; Hole of Bayazid at, 281; Holy Men of, 290; House of Kaossen at, 92-3; houses of, 87, 90, 91, 92, 246; King of, _see_ Amenokal; Kings of, list of, 463-5; leather-working at, 164, 165, 174, 227, 228; markets at, 91; merchants of, 410; minaret of, 87, 93-4, 302; measures of, 221; mithkal of, 221-2; Mosque, Great, of, 86, 87, 93-4, 257, 258; pots made near, 160, 161; prostitution in, 177; sandals made in, 164, 165; Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal; tribal history kept at, 362; weights of, 221-2; wells at, 90; wireless station at, 188; women of, 118

Agades Chronicle, the, 53, 93 _n._[81], 100 _n._[86], 102, 103, 303, 362, 363, 369, 379, 387, 388, 396 _n._[411], 414, 415; list of kings of Air compiled from, 463-5; on selection of first Amenokal, 397-8

Agades Cross, the, 44, 277, 283, 284

Agades, Kel, 117, 130, 440

Agades, River of, 33, 34, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 115, 119, 121, 123, 127, 183, 189, 258, 456; plain of, 79, 82-3, 85-6

Agades-Tabello road, 85-6

Agades-Taberghit road, 62

Agades-Tanut road, 69-70

Agades-Termit road made practicable, 451

Agajida, 290

Agalak mountains, 216, 299, 301

Agalak well, 300

Agalak, Kel, 436

Agalenge, 428

Agamgam, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321; pool, 219

Agaragar, 239, 264, 315

Agate, ornaments made of, 282, 283

Agdalar, the, 368

Agejir, 239, 240, 241, 429; houses in, 248, 252; mosque of, 255

Agellal, 26, 290, 299, 302, 418, 431, 437, 440; houses in, 248, 254; position of, 425

Agellal, Kel: of the Kel Unnar, 380, 381, 432, 433; Ikazkazan, 437; Imaqoaran, 431; present, mixed, 440

Agerzan valley, 243

Agewas, 320

Aggata mountain, 33, 216, 299, 300; spirit drums of, 279, 300

Aggata well, 299, 300, 430; position of, 425

Aggata, Kel, 290, 429, 430, 440, 441

“Agha” (salt), 125, 441

Aghalwen, 412

“Aghelam,” 219

Aghelashem wells, 9

“Aghil” (measure of length), 222

Aghil, Kel, 441

Aghimmat, Kel, 429

Aghmat well, 66, 74

“Agilman” (pool) of Taghazit, 23

Agisymba Regio, attempt to identify with Air, 318, 322, 324, 326; derivation and application of name, 364

“Agoalla,” 147

Agoalla Kel Tagei, 397

Agoalla Mafinet, 397

Agoalla T’Sidderak, 397

Agoras, the, of Assode, 301, 304, 308, 309

Agram (Fashi), 413

Agriculture: in Air, 131-4, 135; despised by noble Tuareg, 127, 134, 174, 360

Agumbulum, the, 369, 397

“Agwalla,” 147

Agwau, 262, 314, 315, 319, 430, 435; valley, 314

Agwau, Kel, 304, 314, 435

Ahaggar, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 18, 334, forms of the name, 128

Amenokal of, 169, 352-3; camels of, 196; De Foucauld in, 11-12, 13; Hawara occupy, 359; Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456; language of, 12, 387; mountains, 2, 3, 4, 6, 18, 332

Ahaggar, Kel, 17, 139; _see_ Ahaggaren.

Ahaggaren (Imghad of Kel Gharus), 308, 438

Ahaggaren (Tuareg of Ahaggar), 109, 148, 209, 345, 350, 384 _n._[402], 402; works on, 8-9, 20

Originally Auriga, 270, 348, 349, 352; Azger and, their origin and connection, 349-53; caravan roads controlled by, 353; dialect of, 270; French occupation resisted by, 10, 13, 328, 350, 352-3; polytheistic traces among, 275; as raiders, 182, 350, 354; tribal divisions of, 350-51

Ahamellen, Kel, 351, 352, 353, 355, 359, 370

Ahawagh, 347

“Ahel” and “Kel,” 129

Ahir (Air), 454

Ahitagel, 352

Ahmadu, of the Kel Tagei, 197, 210, 211

Ahmadu ag Musa, 210

Ahmed Rufaiyi, Sultan, 99

Ahnet mountains, 17, 260, 351, 352, 354

Ahnet, Kel, 351, 354

Ahodu, chief of the Kel Tadek, 26-7, 127, 149, 154, 155, 161, 172, 180, 181, 182, 215, 266, 269, 270, 278, 298, 305, 419, 428, 438, 440; disputed headship of Auderas, 142-3; female descent exemplified in family of, 149, 150, 151; French assisted by, 26-7, 142, 290; on the Kel Owi, 149, 387, 389; on Queen Kahena, 170, 265; raiding reminiscences of, 191-3; his son, 150, 151, 165; his sword, 233; tribal history in possession of family of, 361-2; on the Veil, 289; his wife, 150, 161, 172, 284

Aiawan, the, 434

Ain Irhayen, position of, 424

Air, 5, 6, 18-19, 112, 115, 334; as a geographical term, 28; attempted identification with Agisymba Regio, 318, 322, 324, 325; origin of name of, 28; original inhabitants of, 138, 363-4, 365-6; not penetrated by Romans, Arabs or Turks, 327

Air, accounts of, 18-19, 452-3, 456; agriculture in, 5, 131-4; Askia’s conquest of, 409-10, 411; astronomically determined points in, 422-5; Azger and, women sent to ensure friendship between, 384; Bornu and, war between, 406-7, 412; boundaries of, 28-33; camels of, 195, 196-7; caste system of, 136, 137-8, _see_ Nobles and serfs; civilisation of, pre-Tuareg, 365; climate of, 28, 123; cotton of, 132; Damergu economically part of, 47; disease in, 178, 179-80; dialect of, 270, 347, 349; distribution of, 394; drainage system of, 23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242; economics of, 133-4, 218-20; European penetration of, 8-14, 19-27; evacuation of, 1918, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426; exploration of, 23-4, 24-5, 27; fair tribes of, 162; fauna and flora of, 27-8, 119, 120; French occupation and annexation of, 26, 27, 50, 52, 99, 114 _n._[104], 361, 420; revolt against, _see below_ revolt in, 1917; geology of, 27, 31, 33-5, 76, 78, 79, 183, 215, 216, 241-2; Goberawa in, 364, 365-6, 379, 403; graves and tombs of, 259-63; history of, 17, 360-416; Holy Men of, 290, 293; holy tribes of, 290-91, 306; houses and huts of, 89, 90, 244-55; infant mortality high in, 178; Lemta invasion of, 356, 358, 359; Libyan influence in, 403; lions in, 119, 120; live-stock of, 202, 204-5, 361; mosques of, 255-8; mountains of, 2, 4, 5, 16, 23, 27, 83-4, 156-7, 332, 334; negroid original inhabitants of, 363-4, 365-6; oases of, 32; population of, 402; raids from, 190-91; raids on, 113-14, 188, 189, 350; rains in, 79, 120-21, 123-4; revolt in, 1917, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420; roads of, 32, 37, 38, 353-4; rock drawings and inscriptions in, 207, 213, 216, 260, 263-5, 269, 271, 276, 315, 318, 319, 321-2, 360; rocks of, 72, 76, 78, 126; Roman campaigns near, 322, 323, 324, 325-6; Sanhaja in, 364, 365, 368, 375, 405; scale of life in, former, 411; Senussiya in, 290; spirits of, 278-81; tribal names in, 128, 129; tribal warfare in, 101; Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal.

Tuareg of, _see_ Tuareg of Air; invasion of Air by, 359, 366-93, 394, 395, 396, 397, 403, 404, 405-6; its date, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404; their vicissitudes in, 401-16; Tuareg symbol for name of, 454

Air, Central, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126

Air, Eastern, Kel Owi in, 394

Air, North-eastern: houses of, 252, 254; unnamed valley of, 304

Air, Northern, 298-329; ancient monuments in, 263; evacuation of, 1918, 309; houses of, 252, 309-11, 316; Kel Owi tribes of, 303-8, 394; palm groves of, 317; roads traversing, 318-22; salt caravan route from, 315

Air, Southern: Goberawa in, 379; graves in, 263; servile tribes in, 394; _see_ Tegama.

’Aisha-Kel Eghrarmar, 412

Ajaraneen, the, 368

Ajiru, 24, 129 _n._[117], 146, 243, 305, 436

Ajiru, Kel, 436

Akaraq, 71, 77, 79, 82, 183, 189, 418; valley, 77-8, 258, 263

Akasani, Sultan, 102

“Akel,” meaning of, 134 _n._[123], 136, 367 _n._[370]

Akil, 408, 409

Akir (Air), 28

Akri, 47

Akritan hills, 47

Alagwas, Alakkos, Alakwas (Elakkos), 357, 445

Alali, Bir, 51, 52, 92

Alamt (Lemta) Tuareg, 376

Alaren (Allaghan), Kel, 432

Alarsas, 121

Albes, well of, 243

Alburdatan, the, 437

Alfalehle plant, 10

Alfalehle river, 30-31

Algeria, 41; Christianity in, 294; the Circumcelliones, 328; French expedition from, 25, 26-7; French occupation of, 22; funerary monuments in, 261; rock drawings in, 318

Algeria, Southern, 332, 334; French operations in, 11; native Camel Corps in, 189

Algeria-Ahaggar caravan road, 353

Algiers, 418

“Alguechet,” 6 _n._[5]

Alhassan, the, 434 _n._

Ali, King of Bornu, 410

Ali ben el Haj Omar ben Idris, King of Bornu, 413, 414

Ali ibn Tama el Ghati, 96, 154-5, 191, 192, 193, 280, 282

Ali Killun, 408

Aliso, El Haj, Sultan, 102, 463

“Alkarhat,” game of, 281

“Allagh” (spear), 234

Allaghan, Kel, 432

“Allelthrap” (ghosts), 281

Alliances, tribal, 147-8

Alluvial soil, Air, 31; plain of River of Agades, 79, 121

Almoravids, the, 405, 420

Almoubari, Sultan, 102 _n._[91], 391

Alms-houses, 255

Almubari (El Mubaraki), 102 _n._[91], 391

Alphabet, Tuareg, 266, 267-8

Alwali, 96, 209-10, 211

Alwalitan, the, 433

“Alwat” plant, 77, 210, 211

Amadu, 154, 180, 315, 418

Amahar (form of Imajegh), 457-8

Amakeetan (Immikitan), the, 368, 370, 429

“Amán” (peace), 237

Amarkos, Kel, 434

Amati, Sultan, 102, 463

Amazigh (form of Imajegh), 457

Amazigh, the, 458

Amazons, suggested explanation of story of, 152, 170, 288

Ameluli, 91

Amenokal, the (Sultan of Agades), 54, 96, 97-100, 134, 144, 304, 387, 409; deputation sent to Constantinople for the first, 101, 102, 104-5, 396-7; list of his successors, 463-5

election of, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 391, 393, 432; family of, foreign appearance of, 117; family name of, 434 _n._; female descent of, 151; first, possibly a Byzantine prince, 102, 104; legend of Imanen women sent to, 384; installation of, 99-100, 101-2, 383, 384, 391, 393, 396-7, 432; Itesan and election of, 100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432; judicial functions of, 107, 110, 141, 390; Kel Geres and election of, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392, 393, 397; Kel Owi and election of, 100, 108, 383, 396-7; officials and courtiers of, 106-7; palace of, 97, 100; People of, 374, 384, _see_ People of the King; position of, 101, 104-5, 107-8, 109-10, 116, 141, 144, 145, 146; precarious tenure of office, 99, 368, 392; revenue of, 110; second, Agades mosque presented to, 257, 258

Amenokal of Ahaggar, the, 169

Amenokal, Kel, _see_ People of the King.

Amezegzil, the, 430

“Amghid” (singular of “Imghad”), 140 Amidera valley, 84

Amin, Muhammad el, Sultan, 413, 464

“Amitral” (measure of length), 222

Amjid, wells of, 10

Ammianus, 356

Amon, Egyptian deity, 295

Amosciarg (form of Imajegh), 460

Amóshagh (form of Imajegh), 459-60, 462

Amulet cases, leather, 228

Amulets, Tuareg, 282, 284

“Amunan,” 459

“Amzad” (mandoline), 272

Anai (S.W. of Murzuk), 318, 319, 320, 321, 324

Anai (Kawar), 318

Añastafidet, the, 96, 107, 144, 239, 290, 301, 302, 303, 374; origin of authority of, 384, 386; election of, 145; freed slaves of, 139; house of, 92, 100, 145, 301; position and duties of, 107, 145-6

Añastafidet, people of the, 374, 384, 386, 394, 429; numbers of, 402; tribes and subtribes of, 435-9, 440

Anfissak valley, 242; well, 242, 436

Anfissak, Kel, 243, 436

Angels, Tuareg belief in, 278

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1 _n._[1]

Anglo-French boundary, Northern Nigeria, 41

Anglo-German Convention, 1890, 25

Anigara, 433

Anigara, Kel, 380, 381, 433

Animals, domestic, Air, 202-6; rock drawings of, 264-5

Animistic view of nature, Tuareg, 295

Aniogara, Kel, 429, 433

Ankh, the Agades Cross and the, 285

Annur, chief of the Kel Owi, 23, 24, 108, 134, 135, 146, 304-5, 308, 312, 313, 435

Ansaman (T’in Shaman), 364-5

Ansatfen, family of, 368, 369

Ant-bear secured by Buchanan, 121

Antassar, Kel, 428

Antelopes, 446, 449, 450

Antimony, women’s eyes darkened with, 173

Anu Areran, position of, 424

Anu Maqaran, 215, 216, 238, 243, 299, 418, 434; rock drawing, 321-2

Anu n’Ageruf, position of, 425

Anu n’Banka, 62, 66, 74

Anu Samed valley, 311; houses in, 248

Anu Samed, Kel, 435

Anu Wisheran, 248, 418, 429

Anu Wisheran, Kel, 429

Aouror well, 74, 75

Aowjal, _see_ Aujila, 368, 369

“Ara” (salt), 125, 127 _n._[115]

Ara valley, 183, 184, 216, 240

Arab authors: the Veil first mentioned by, 328-9; works by, 468

Arab country, meaning of term in Air, 385 _n._[405]

Arab element among Imghad, 138, 139

Arab geographers and historians, 61, 468; _see_ Bekri, Ibn Khaldun, etc.

Arab merchants, Agades, 96, 106; caravan raided by Ahodu, 192-3

Arab raiders, 12, 13, 14, 188

Arabia, 266; question of introduction of camels from, 207; invasions from, 371

Arabian origin of Tuareg, Bello on, 368, 369, 371

Arabic: Temajegh and, 271; used by Tuareg, 268, 269

Arabs: Air not invaded by, 324; head-cloths worn by, 286; Kaossen believed killed by, 98; North Africa conquered by, 293-4, 346, 356, 371, 375-6, 404; patriarchal system of, 339; raids by, 12, 13, 14, 188; robes of, 285 _n._[253]; Southland invaded by, 325, 326, 376, 403, 444; Spain conquered by, 376

Tuareg (Muleththemin, _q.v._) and, 14-15, 273, 274, 287, 294, 364; Arab influence on, 324-5; Arab opinion of, 454; connection with Arabs claimed in order to establish descent from the Prophet, 339, 342; Arab tribes assimilated by, 347 _n._[329], 354; Arabs considered newcomers by, 170; Arabs called “white” by, 162; upper-class Arabs considered nobles by, 459

Arakieta, 238, 243

“Araruf,” 200

Araten valley, 78, 428

Archean rocks, Air, 33, 34, 35, 78

Architecture, Tuareg, 184, 241, 244-59; ascribed to the Itesan, 253, 377, 378

“Areg,” 274 _n._[243]

Areitun, 431

Areitun, Kel, 431

“Argem” (funerary monuments), 260-62, 263

Arguin, 332 _n._[301]

Arharkhar valley, 156 _n._[152]

Aril, Kel, 441

Arki, King of Kanem, 372

Arm daggers, Tuareg, 234

Arm rings, Tuareg, 91, 285-6, 289

Armes blanches, Tuareg allegiance to, 55, 235-6, 328

Ar’rerf Ahnet, the, 351

Arrow-heads, conventionalised, as ornaments, 283

Arrows, poisoned, used by bush folk, 45

Arsu, 304

Art, Tuareg, 246, 263-5

Arwa, Mount, 216, 300, 321

Arwa Mellen, 215, 299, 418

“Aryan,” the word, 339

Arzuges, the, 356, 358

Asaki, the, 291

Asawa, 347

Asben (Air), 17, 28, 313 _n._[274], 363-4, 369, 403; derivation of, 363-4

Asben horses, 202

Asbenawa (people of Air), 17, 202, 313

Asbytæ, 364 _n._[362]

Asclepias, use of juice of, 180

Asclepias, People of the, 307, 433

Ashanti, matriarchal survivals in, 152, 171; religious feasts, 274

Ashegur well, 32, 219, 315, 318, 320, 321, 414

Ashraf (descendants of the Prophet), 339-40, 439

Asiu, 23, 30, 31, 354, 367, 455, 456

Askar, _see_ Azger.

Askia, Ishak, 411

Askia Ismael, 291

Askia, Muhammad el Haj, 291, 409-10; conquests of, 116, 117, 409-10; pilgrimage of, 409, 411

Asnagho, peak, 300

Assa, 125

Assada valley, 34, 214-15, 218, 298, 418

Assadoragan, 309

Assarara, 247, 314, 315, 435

Assarara mountains, 314

Assarara, Kel, 134, 303, 304, 314, 430, 435

Assatartar, 308, 314, 436

Assatartar, Kel (Igermaden), 436

Assatartar, Kel (Immikitan), 430

Assawas swamp, 31, 78

Assingerma, 241 _n._[217]

Assode, 145, 233, 299, 300-303, 314, 413, 454 _n._[458]; first real capital of Air, 303; houses of, 248, 254, 302; mosque of, 255, 257, 301-2; position of, 425

Astacures, the, 356, 358

Astronomically determined points in Air, list of, 422-5

Atagoom, 185, 239; amulets worn by, 282; cases of possession in family of, 279-80

Atan, Kel, 433

Atara, the, 155

“Ataram” (west), varying sense of, 244, 247

Ataram, Kel, 129, 441

Atkaki, 239

Atlas languages, 270

Atlas mountains, 2; MZGh names in, 461, 462

Atrebisa, 412

Attafriya, Muhammad, Sultan, 391, 464

Audaghost, Libyan kings of, 404, 405

Auderas, 26, 33, 155-7, 161, 214, 241, 253, 404 _n._[418]; author’s stay at, 123, 127, 154-5, 157, 158-62, 171-2, 178, 275, 279-80, 418, 423, 424 _n._[436]; basin of, 34, 131, 156, 213; cemetery at, 181; headship of, disputed, 142-3; houses of, 213, 248; Itesan “Kel names” derived from, 380, 381; Kel Ataram of, 129 _n._[117]; lion killed near, 119-20; measures of, 221; plough seen at, 133; position of, 424, 425; possession, case of, at, 279-80; rainy season at, 123-4; village organisation in, 131, 142-3

Auderas, Kel, 440

Augela (Aujila), 336

Augila, people of, 282

Aujila, 318, 334, 336; story of compulsory migration from, 366, 368, 369; trade with Kawar, 369, 370

Aulimmiden, the, 18, 101, 109, 408, 441; the Abalkoran and, 379; Amenokal and, 144; El Baghdadi attacked by, 292; horses of, 202; Ibn Batutah’s possible reference to, 455; Ilemtin a form of the name, 355; Kel Geres defeated by, 391, 415; identical with the Lemta, 341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; matriarchal inheritance system disliked by, 152 _n._[149]; origin of, 341, 377, 379; position of, explained, 357-8; raids on, 139, 190; Tademekka occupied by, 345, 348, 357, 387, 414

Aulus Gellius, 468

Auraghen, the, 347, 348, 352, 354, 355; noble in Azger, servile in Southland, 348; noble Kel Owi once belonged to, 387

Auraghiye dialect, 270, 347, 349, 387 Aureran well, 215, 299; position of, 425

Aures, people of, 294

Aures, Queen of the (Kahena), 170, 265, 294

Auriga, the, 270, 340, 341, 343, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352; Auriga-Hawara represented by Ahaggaren, 353, 355, 387

Ausa, 415

Austria, “talhakim” made in, 282

Austuriani (or Ausuriani), the, 356, 357, 358

Autochthonous significance of MZGh root, 461

Awa, tomb of, 281

Awelimmid (Aulimmiden), the, 357

Axe, Tuareg, 229

“Azalai,” the, 219

Azamkoram mountains, 418

Azañieres mountains, 157, 308, 314 _n._[276]

Azañieres, Kel, 145, 147, 148, 243, 303, 304, 435, 436, 437; legend of the mother of, 384

Azañierken, the, 430, 431

Azanzara valley, 84

Azar valley, 243

Azar, Kel, 433

Azaret, Kel, 437

Azawad, 61

Azawagh (Asawa), 347

Azawagh, the, 32, 49, 54, 61, 62-3, 80, 114, 115, 242, 309, 347 _n._[333], 426; cold encountered in, 63, 167, 418; deserted sites in, 64; millet cultivation in, 74; Ifadeyen move into, 209, 399; population decreasing in, 64; Sanhaja in, 364; Tegama of, 54; valleys of, 61-2, 63, 66-7, 71, 76; wells of, 74-5; wind prevalent in, 63

Azawagh, Kel, 64, 65, 80; name disappears, 65

Azawak, 31

Azbin (Air), 17

Azel, 428

Azel, Kel, 427

Azelik valley, 71

Azenata, the, 437

Azger country, the, 9, 18, 335, 353, 355, 356; Aulimmiden return to, 387; Auraghen noble in, 348; Ifoghas of, 54

Azger Tassili, the, 260, 261

Azger Tuareg, 17, 148, 331, 335, 347, 402; Ahaggaren and, origin and connection of, 348, 349-53, 359, 402; Ausuriani identified with, 356, 358; camel brands of, 201-2; caravan roads controlled by, 353; courage of, 354; divination by women of, 281; European contact with, 8, 9; fort built to watch, 12; French penetration and, 12, 18, 350, 354; Imanen of, 348 _n._[385], 432; Imanen kings of, 352, 353; inheritance, system of, 153; Kaossen sheltered by, 92; Kel Ahamellen break from, 352, 359; old Lemta stock represented by, 341, 348, 350, 355-9, 432; migrations of, 18, 350; purity of stock of, 18, 354; raids by, 350, 354; tribes of, noble and mixed caste, 354-5; warlikeness of, 353, 354; women sent by, to first Sultan of Air, 384

Azger-Auraghen, the, 348, 387

Azjer Tuareg, _see_ Azger, 17

Azuraiden, 436

Azzal, 121, 122, 436

“B type” of Tuareg houses, 246-8, 249 _n._[221], 250, 252, 254, 309, 310-11, 314, 315, 316

“Bab Ras el Hammada,” 323

Babies, Tuareg method of carrying, 179

Bacos valley, 216

Badge of office, Añastafidet’s, 145

Bagai, 328

Bagezan horses, 202

Bagezan mountains, 23, 33, 34, 84, 85, 123, 126, 127, 156, 183, 216, 238-40, 299, 319, 384, 385, 389; an unknown area, 238; houses of, 239, 240-41; limes found in, 160, 239; lions in, 120; name of, connected with Agisymba, 324; Tuareg stronghold against Bornuwi, 414

Bagezan, Kel; Itesan sub-tribe, 381, 385, 432; Kel Owi group, 184, 385, 429, 435; present, composite, 239, 240, 438-9

Baghdadi, El, 213, 214, 215, 291, 292, 293

Baghzen, Kel, 129

Bagirmi, 26

Bahr Bela Ma, 3

Bairam, feast of, 274

Bakeir, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363, 465

Bakiri, Sultan, 99; _see_ Bekri.

Bandages, abdominal, worn by Tuareg riders, 180, 194

Bangles, women’s, 283-4

“Barbars,” the term, 371, 372

Barca, 334; food taboos in, 295; the Hawara in, 345

Bardai, 327, 335, 336

Bardamah, the, 406; women of, 452

Bardetus mountain, 327

Barkasho, 169-70

Barth, Dr. Heinrich, 8, 9, 21, 22-3, 28, 31 _n._[36], 36, 49, 118, 127 _n._[115], 128, 132, 180 _n._[172], 214, 243, 299, 362, 392; _Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa_ by, 14, 23, 106 _n._[96], 277 _n._[247], 410 _n._[423], 412 _n._[425], 452 _n._[450], 455 _n._[459], 460, 461, 468; expeditions of, 8, 9, 18, 20, 21, 23-4, 36, 59, 60, 61, 215; attempts on his life, 290, 304, 312

account of Air by, 18, 28; origin of name of, 28, 454; Tuareg invasion of, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386, 387, 391

on Abd el Qader, 108, 117; on site of Afasas, 241; his journey to Agades, 23, 70, 71, 78, 80 _n._[75], 122; at Agades, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 117, 118; on date of foundation of Agades, 116; on the Amenokal and Añastafidet, 100, 105, 108, 145 _n._[135], 146; Annur and, 304-5, 312, 313; on Assode, 301; at Auderas, 133, 156 _n._[150]; in the Azawagh, 49, 63, 67, 70, 71, 78, 80 _n._[75]; on Bardamah women, 406; on El Maghili, 291-2; on Elakkos, 444; on exchange rates, 222; on Gamram, 49, 334 _n._[309]; on Ibn Batutah’s journey, 406, 454, 455; Kanem and Bornu chronicle collected by, 372-3; lion’s prints seen by, 120; on population of Murzuk, 113; on the MZGh root in North African names, 460-61, 462; as an ox-rider, 203; rock drawings discovered by, 265, 319; Roman remains discovered by, 322; on site of T’in Shaman, 364; at T’intellust, 308, 312-13; his quarters there still known as the House of the Christians, 312-13

on the Tuareg: etymology of word, 273-4; absence of national name, 459-60; Air invaded by, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386-7; date of invasion, 382-3, 386, 391, 404; the Aulimmiden, origin of, 341, 357-8, 377; the Auraghen (Oraghen), 347-8, 387; Azger tribes, 355; Damergu tribes, 53, 54; Elakkos tribes, 444; female descent system, 152-3; Imghad and slaves, mistakes regarding, 134-5, 142 _n._[133]; the Kel Fadé, 399; the Kel Owi, their arrival in Air, 382-3, 386, 387, 391; their earlier habitat, 387; their language, 270; the Kel Wati, 412; Lemta migrations, mistakes regarding, 344-5, 359; tribal names, 129, 130; tribal organisation, 380 _n._[396], 393, 426, 427; women, fatness of, 118, 172

Bary, Erwin von, 24-5, 146, 241, 321, 355 _n._[344], 468; Air explored by, 24-5; boundary fixed by, 31; detained at Ajiru, 24, 243-4; on disease among Tuareg, 179, 180; on the Imajeghan, 139 _n._[128]; on laws of succession among Kel Owi, 151; on lions in Air, 120; on rains in Air, 123 _n._[114]; on social distinctions lost among Kel Owi, 144 _n._[134]; prevented from entering Sudan, 24, 244; on tribal names, 129 _n._[117]

Basalt boulders, 210, 215, 216, 217

Basalt flows, Air, 33, 34, 119, 126, 183, 216

Basin formations, 3, 32, 43

Basket, grain measures in, 221

Basset, 206

Bates, Oric: _Eastern Libyans_ by, 6 _n._[3], 145 _n._[136], 166 _n._[160], 176, 267 _n._[236], 294 _n._[259], 336 _n._[314], 364 _n._[362], 466, 467; references to, on: the Ausuriani, 356; cross symbol among Tuareg, 276, 278; cross-belts, Libyan, 194; eating of dogs, 295; female descent, 151; funerary monuments, 260, 262; Imghad and Imajeghan, 137; Lebu and word Libyan, 337; MZGh root of Libyan names, 457 _n._[461], 461; the “penistasche,” 164 _n._[158]; religious beliefs, 275; sun worship, 276, 278, 295

Battles, Saharan, small numbers involved, 11

Bayazid, the Hole of, 281

Bazin, R.: _Life of Charles de Foucauld_, 12 _n._[9], 271 _n._[240], 467

Beds, nomads’, 212

Beduaram, 21

Bekri, El, Sultan, 99, 293, 325, 336 _n._[316], 345, 372, 404 _n._[417], 465, 468

“Bela,” 134

Belkho, paramount chief of Air, 24, 146, 191, 243, 244, 305-6, 436; defeat of the Isherifan by, 50, 75, 440

Bello, Emir of Sokoto, 362, 372; on “Barbar” invasion of Air, 371; on Goberawa Copts, 294, 363; on rise of Kanuri in Kanem, 369-70, 374; on Sultan of Agades, 99, 108

on Tuareg invasion of Air, 364, 368, 369-70; the original five tribes, 368, 369, 394, 397, 400, 432, 433; their modern representatives, 394-5, 397, 400

Bells, camel, the Prophet’s ban on, 293

Belly of the Desert, the, 30, 347 _n._[333]

Belts, Libyan, 194, 265; Tuareg, 180, 194

Ben Guten, the, 131 _n._[120], 437

Ben Hazera, 282 _n._[252]

Ben Mubarak, Muhammad, 413

Benghazi, 110

Beni Abbes, 333, 344

Beni Dugu dynasty, 372, 375

Beni Ghalgha, 372-3

Beni Hume dynasty, 372, 373, 374, 378

Beni Itisan, 377

Beni Khattab, 347; conquest of Zuila by, 112

Benue, the, 30

Beranes Libyans, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346

Berber, linguistic sense of word, 339

Berber languages, 270, 271; camel names in, 206; MZGh root in, 458

“Berbers”: confused use of term, 371-2; applied to Libyans and Tuareg, 338, 371, 372, 458, 461; Jewish tribes of, 294

Berbers of North Africa, 16; arrival in N. Africa, 262; Arab invasion resisted by, 170; former Christianity of, suggested, 273; funerary monuments of, 261; Ibn Batutah on, 453; Ibn Khaldun’s _History_ of, 295, 330, 338; matriarchal inheritance system of, 152-3; MZGh root, significance of, among, 458; origins of, 7; robes of, 285 _n._[253]; sun worship by, 295; Tuareg and, 7, 16, 371, 372, 458, 461; element of, in Tuareg Imghad, 138

Berdeoa, country of the, 334, 335-6

Berdianen, the, 428

“Beriberi,” applied to Kanuri, 371, 373 _n._[386]

Bettina plant, the, 10 _n._[7]

Beughqot, 242, 390; valley, 71, 209, 210 _n._[200], 218, 238, 243, 244, 390, 436

Beurmann, 9

Bianu, feast of, 274-5

Bibliographical material, list of, 466-8

Bight of Benin, 22, 30

Bila, Mount, 157, 214, 215, 216, 299, 418

Bilalen, 143

Bilasicat valley, 243

Bilet, 157

Bilma, 21, 305, 413; French fort at, 320; wireless station at, 188

salt caravan, 69, 85, 114, 115, 195, 210, 217, 218-20, 443; Amenokal’s revenue from, 110; number of camels in, 218; French escort for, 84, 218, 219; Minister accompanying, 106; raids on, 218, 219, 450; route of, 32, 114, 145, 219, 264, 315, 320, 450

salt trade, 133, 218, 219-20; struggles between Air and Bornu for, 407, 415

war of, 407, 415

Bir Alali, 51, 52, 92

Bir Gharama, disaster to French at, 9-10, 236

Birds, taboo on, 294

Birjintoro, 46

Births, among Tuareg, 179, 181

Bishoprics, North African, 293

Bissuel: _Les Touareg de l’Ouest_, 10 _n._[7], 351, 467

“Black” and “White” Tuareg, 139-40

Blacksmith, Tuareg, 155, 228-9, 230, 283-4

Blanket carried by some Tuareg, 166

Bleeding, remedy for donkey disease, 203

Blemmyes, the, 376

“Blood in the head,” camel and donkey disease, 200-201, 203

“Blue,” negroes spoken of as, 162

Blue-eyed Tuareg, 161

Boghel valley, 122

Bomba, Gulf of, 260

Books, Tuareg, 269; lost during revolt, 360, 361-2; fragments of, discovered, 385

Booz, 320, 321

Borgu, 336

Borku, 336

Bornu, 26, 191, 192, 336, 369; on early maps, 336, 410

Beni Hume dynasty in, 372, 373, 374, 378; Bulala conquest of, 374; Christian influence in, 294; history of, chronicle of, 372-3, 374

Empire of, 37, 47, 374, 406, 410, 412; decline of, 407; war with Air, 407, 415, 443

Kanuri in, 335, 371, 403, 407

Tuareg arrival in, problem of, 375-6; their ascendancy in, 372-4, 375, 376, 403-4, 406; expulsion of, from, 335, 358, 372, 374, 375, 403-4; migration into Air from, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376-7, 403-4; Tuareg besiege, 413

Bornu Chronicle, 372-3, 374, 413

Bornuwi, 44

Bororoji Fulani, 57-8

Borrow pits, Sudanese, 90

Boucle du Niger, La, 30

Boulders, basalt, 34, 183, 210

Boule, M.: _Fossil Man_, 339 _n._[322], 467

Boundaries of Air, 28-33

Bourgou, 336

Bouthel, Sergeant, 50-51

Bows and arrows used by Kanuri, 55; not used by Tuareg, 235, 236

Boys, Tuareg, circumcision of, 179; dress of, 177; upbringing of, 177-8

Bracelets, women’s, 283-4

Brahim, Sultan, 52, 99, 108

Brands, tribal, on camels, 201-2

Branes, Libyan family of, 338, 339, 340, 341

Brass, decorative work in, 310

Braun, 320

Bridle, camel, 193, 231

Bridle stand, 309

Brigands, 122

British described as White Nobles, 459

British part in exploration of Central Sahara, 20, 313; in penetration of West Africa and Sudan, 36-7

British tendency to belaud obscure races, 401

Broking centres for desert traffic, 110, 111

Buchanan, Captain Angus, 20, 68, 110, 120, 121, 155, 164, 238, 299; fauna of Air collected by, 27; _Out of the World North of Nigeria_, 27 _n._[31], 70 _n._[67], 468

Buda, 453

Buddei valley, 127 _n._[115]

Buddei-Telwa drainage system, 183

“Bugadie,” 134

Building methods: Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 88-9; Tuareg, 89, 90, 248-50, 251-2

Bulala, the, conquest of Bornu by, 374

Bulls, 203

Bullum Babá well, 446, 451

Bullum village group, 443, 446

Bundai hills, 308 _n._[272]

Burials, Tuareg, 181-2

Burin, 9

Burr grass, 45, 58-9, 62, 164, 165, 226, 227; seeds ground and eaten, 158, 160, 211

Bush, Central African, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Damergu, 58-9, 446; Elakkos, 446, 447, 451; the Southland, 42, 43

Bush folk, poisoned arrows used by, 45

Bushman drawings, 264

Bustard, 43, 265

Butter, Tuareg, 158

“Buzu,” 134, 135-6, 159

Byzantine origin of first Sultan of Air discussed, 102, 104

Byzantines: emigration from North Africa, 376 _n._[390]; encounters with Tuareg, 327

“C type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251-2

Ca’da Mosto, 404 _n._[417]

Cæsar, camels captured by, 206

Caillé, 19

Cairns, memorial, 292-3

Cairo, 20; Arab rottl in, 222

Cairo-Timbuctoo road, 318

Calabashes, rare in Air, 161; as grain measures, 221; as drums, 272

Camel bells, the Prophet’s ban on, 293

Camel Corps, French, 10, 11, 68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198; camels stolen from, 188; rate of travel of, 193

Camel skeletons, palæolithic, 207

Camel-borne trade, decline of, 38

Camel-riding, abdominal strain of, 180, 194; position for, 232

Camels, 38, 95, 194-5, 354; their arrival in Africa, problem of, 206-8; breeds of, 195-7; delicacy of, 198; diseases of, 72, 199-201; equipment of, Tuareg, 193-4, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; fodder of, 62, 64, 199; herding of, 135-6, 141-2; a popular investment, 134; loading and unloading, 198, 223, 224-5; numbers of, 204-5, 361; prices of, 204; raids for, 188, 190, 191; rock drawings of, 265; saddles of, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; salt needed by, 125; with salt caravans, 218, 219, 220; sores of, 72, 199, 201; technique of travel with, 193, 198-9; Temajegh names for, 197; thirst of, 72, 198-9, 445-6; tribal marks on, 201-2; rarely trotted, 193

Canaan, 339

Caravan roads, 5, 6-7, 30, 32, 43-4, 48, 62, 114, 145, 219, 242, 264, 308-9, 315, 320, 325, 443, 450; abandoned owing to destruction of wells, 60-61; closed during war, 361; controlled by Azger and Ahaggaren, 353-4; controlled by Kel Owi, 390, _see_ Kel Owi road; evacuation policy and, 361; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20; junction at Iferuan, 318; Roman garrisons on, 208; and sites of cities, 110, 111, 112, 114

Caravan trade: Añastafidet’s position and, 145; breakdown of, during war, 142, 146

Caravan wells, 74-5, 80; rights over, 75

Caravans: large, formed for safety’s sake, 11; camels for, supplied by Arabs, 354; raids on, 50, 51, 52, 59, 80, 191-3, 218, 219, 450; salt, _see_ under Bilma.

Cardinal points, Temajegh names for, 244

Carpentry, 228

Carthaginians, camels not used by, 206

Casamicciola, 242

Caste, mixed, of some Azger tribes, 355

Caste system, Air, 103-4, 108, 136, 137-8; _see_ Noble and servile tribes.

Cattle, Air, 133-4, 202, 203, 204, 205; horns of, anointed by Bororoji, 58

Cats, Air, 203

Cave paintings, European, 264

Cemeteries, Nubian, 260; Tuareg, 181, 216, 259-63; urn cemetery, Marandet, 121, 161, 263

Central Africa: Arab influence in, 325; Arab invasion of, 376; bush of, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Empires of, 47 (_see_ Bornu, Melle, Sokoto, Songhai); French scheme for occupation of, 25-7; history of, in relation to that of Air, 358, 401, 403-16; huts of, 87, 89; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, 401; trend of migration towards, 39, 342

Central Air, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126

Central Empires, unrest in North Africa fomented by, 12-13, 93

Central Sahara, 2; bibliography of, 467; British part in exploration of, 20-24; caravan road, 318; drainage system of, 4, 28-34; allocated to French, 20, 22; guides of, 185, 186; mountain groups of, 2; rains in, 28; Roman penetration of, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326-7

Central Sudan, caravan route to, 7

Centre Peak, Termit, 448, 450

“Cercles,” 41

Chad, Lake, 3, 21, 23, 266; caravan road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333, 334, 335, 369; diversion of water from, 30; French expeditions to, 25-6, 50-51; Lemta extend to, 345; track from Termit to, 450

Chad area: Arab invasion of, 444; early home of the Lemta, 376; Tuareg migration into Air from, 376-7, 378, 379, 396, 403, 432, 445

Chad road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333, 334, 335, 369

Chanoine, Lieut., 26

Chariots, discussion of ancient use of, in Air, 318-19, 320, 321-2, 324

Cheese, Tuareg, 157, 158

Chemical incrustation, line of valley marked by, 68

Chickens, 206

“Chief of the Market Place,” 106

“Chief of the White People,” 106

Childbirth among Tuareg, 179

Children, Tuareg, 174, 177-9; belong to the mother, 148-9; education of, 268, 400; naming of, 181; suckled late, 178-9

Chosroes, invasion of North Africa by, 375

Christianity: question of its existence in Air, 256-7, 363; former Berber religion, 273, 274; among the Tegama, 53, 54; possibly former religion of Tuareg, 275-8, 293-4; traces of its influence among Tuareg, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4

Christians, House of the, 312-13

Chudeau, R., 27, 32, 257, 468; on Assode, 301 _n._[266]; _Le Sahara Soudanais_, 27 _n._[30], 31 _n._[34], 34-5, 41 _n._[45], 94 _n._[82], 102 _n._[89],[91], 205, 402 _n._[416]

“Cidamus, the people of,” 336 _n._[314]

Cillaba (Cilliba), 323

Cillala (Zuila), 112

Cinerite, Auderas basin, 34, 183

Circumcelliones, the, 12, 328

Circumcision, practised by Tuareg, 179

Cities, North African, caravan roads and sites of, 110, 111, 112, 114

Cities of the Desert, 110-13, 114

Citroën Motor Expedition, 271 _n._[239]

Clapperton, Captain H., 8, 20, 21; death of, 21; _Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa_ (Denham and Clapperton), 99 _n._[85], 362, 363 _n._[359], 368 _n._[372], 371 _n._[380], 374 _n._[387], 413, 467

Classical authors, references in, possibly indicate early Tuareg, 376; bibliography of, 468

Clay amphoræ, grain stored in, 317

Climate, of Air, 28, 123; of the Sahara, 4-5

Cloth, native, 164, 166, 167, 194

Cochia, 404 _n._[417]

Coins, Air, 221-2

Cold weather, encountered in Azawagh, 63, 167, 418; scantiness of Tuareg dress for, 166-7

Colocynth, use of juice of, 180

Colour, used on houses of Agades, 92; not used in Tuareg dress, 95, 96

Colouring of Tuareg, 161-2, 173, 367, 460

Concubinage in Air, 170, 171; the caste system and, 136; impossible for noble women, 160, 171

Congo, French expedition from, 25, 26

Congress of Berlin, 25

Constantinople, delegation from Air seeks a Sultan from, 101, 102, 104, 396-7; list of tribes sending the delegation, 397

Cooley, _Negroland of the Arabs_, 116 _n._[106]

Copper mines, Tekadda, 452-3, 454

Coptic Christianity, influence of, in Air, 294, 363

Corippus, 207, 295, 327 _n._[294], 357, 445, 468

Cornelius Balbus, 322, 323

Cornish, V., 66 _n._[63]

Cortier: _D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara_, 209 _n._[198], 277 _n._[247], 441, 467; history of Ifoghas n’Adghar, 398-9; Geographical Mission, maps of Air, 27, 71, 131 _n._[120], 156 _n._[152], 183, 210 _n._[200], 214 _n._[206], 215 _n._[207], 218 _n._[208], 238, 241, 311 _n._[273], 314, 422, 424-5, 454 _n._[456], 466

Cosmetics used by Tuareg women, 173

Cotton cultivation, Air, 132, 227

Cottonest, Lieut., 10

Counting, Tuareg method of, 191

Courage of Tuareg, 11, 169-70, 236, 237, 354; of Tuareg women, 169-70

Cow-camels, 197, 201

Cowrie-shell currency discarded, 221

Cows, scarce in Air, 203

Crescentic type of sand dunes, 66-7, 68

Criminals, gaol for, Agades, 107

Cross, Tuareg use of, as ornament, 235, 276-7, 278, 289, 293; the Agades Cross, 44, 277, 283, 284; cross-hilted swords, 233, 234, 276, 289; on pommel of saddle, 230, 276-7, 289; on shields, 235

Crows, camels attacked by, 199

Cruciform design, Tuareg use of, _see_ Cross.

Crusaders, the, 233, 276

Cubes on women’s bracelets, 284

Currency, Air, 221-2

Currie, Sir J., 132 _n._[121]

“Cursed,” the (Muhammad Askia), 410

Curzon, Lord, 279

Cydamus, 323

Cyrenaica: camels introduced into, 207; the Lebu in, 337; raids into, in classical times, 356; steppes and desert of, 335

“D type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251

Dabaga, 122, 125

Daggers, Tuareg, 234

Dala, King of Bornu, 374

Damagarim, 42, 43, 44, 48, 150, 218, 320, 361, 443, 446; date of Tuareg occupation of, 415 _n._[432]

Dambansa, 46

Dambida, 46

Damergu, 23, 32, 41, 43, 44-62, 209, 309; an appanage of Air, 47; Agades Cross in, 284; Barth in, 23; bush of, 45-6, 58-9, 446; cattle supplied from, 203; cultivation in, 47, 48, 132, 133, 217; drainage system of, 46; French entry into, and events leading to occupation of Air, 50-52; Fulani of, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; geology of, 46; granary of Air, 47; hills of, 46-7; measures of, 221; negroid inhabitants of, 415; oryx hide shields from, 235; oxen used in, 203; population of, 48, 64; raiders in, 50, 51, 188, 189; rains in, 124; revolt, 1917, in, 85; Sanhaja in, 364, 405; villages of, 48

Tuareg of, 47-8, 52-3, 303, 400, 446; evacuated from Air to, 360-61; their predominance in, 54-5; their migration into, 377, 396, 404, 415; Sendal possibly ancestors of, 396; Sultans of, 47-8; tribes and sub-tribes of, 18 _n._[18], 400, 426, 427, 428, 433, 436, 437, 438, 439-40

Dan Gudde, King of Gober, 392

Dan Kaba, 55; position of, 424

Dancing, Tuareg, 44, 272

Danda, ruler of the Imuzuraq, 50, 51

Dani, Muhammad, Sultan, 392

D’Anville, 336

Darfur, Tuareg in, 51

Date-palms: cultivation of, 131, 155, 216, 217, 239, 317; disputed ownership of, 298; scarcity of, 224

Dates, 160; date of ripening, 157; preserved, 160; trade in, 218, 220

Daud, King of Kanem, 407

Daura, 41; people of, 363

Daza, the, 336

De la Roncière, Charles, 19 _n._[19],[20]

Deformation of body not practised among Tuareg, 179

Dehkar, mentioned by Ibn Batutah, 453

Demmili, 47, 48

Denham, D., Oudney, and Clapperton expedition, 8, 20, 21; _Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa_ (Denham and Clapperton), 99 _n._[85], 362, 363 _n._[359], 368 _n._[372], 371 _n._[380], 374 _n._[387], 413, 467

Depopulation of Air, results of, 361

Descent, Tuareg system of, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398

Desert between Air and Southland, 456

Desert, steppe and true, 2, 332, 333, 334

Desert vegetation, 64, 70, 226; hardiness of, 67; rain and, 124; Elakkos and Termit, 445, 446, 449

Desert warfare: small numbers involved in, 11; tactics of, 236-7

Desiccation, of the Sahara, 4; of upper reaches of Niger, 30

Desplagnes: _Le Plateau Central Nigérien_, 261, 467

Devil, the, Tuareg belief in, 278

Dianous, Captain, 10

Dibbela well, 21

Dickson, 9

“Diffa” (reception), 272

Diodorus Siculus, 152, 468

Diom-Talras track, 451

Dirki, 413

Disease in Air, 178, 179-80

Diseases of camels, 199-201

Distance, no measure of, Air, 222

Distances covered by raiders, 188, 189-90

Divination, methods of, 281-2

Divorce among Tuareg, 176-7

Doctor, author as, 171-2, 178, 180, 186

Dogam village, 184

Dogam, Kel, 381, 432

Dogam, Mount, 33, 131, 156, 183, 213, 214, 215, 216, 432

Dogs: Air, 203, 205-6; eaten by Eastern Libyans, 295

Domestic animals, Air, 202-6

Donatist heresy, the, 328

Donkeys: Air, 202, 203-4; wild, 204

Doors of Tuareg houses, 245-6, 247, 277, 309

Drainage system of Air, 23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242; of Sahara, 3-4, 9, 28-33

Draughts, game of, 281

Drawings, rock, 263-5, 269, 315, 318, 319; of camel, 265; of ox-drawn vehicles, 321-2; of shield with cruciform design, 276

Dress, Tuareg, 14, 15, 95-6, 163-7, 177, 265, 289; simplicity of, 164; of women, 172

Drought, former administrative measures against, 47, 48

Drugs, Tuareg, 180

Drum as badge of office, 145

Drums, spirit, legends of, 278, 279, 300

Drums, Tuareg, 272

Dryness of air in the Sahara, 4

Dual administration of empire of Melle, 407-8

Dubreuil, 271 _n._[239]

Duga, Kel, 432

Dûm Palm, People of the, 307, 398 _n._[413], 432, 435

Dûm palms, 87, 122, 125, 131, 156, 158, 226; rope made of fronds of, 224; sandals made of fronds of, 165; wood used in building, 88, 93, 245, 249

Duguwa dynasty, the, 372, 373, 375

Dunama I, 373

Dunama II, 374, 406

Dunes, sand, 4, 58, 62, 63-4, 66-7, 70, 442, 446, 447

Duveyrier, H., 8-9, 266, 271, 322; explorations and work of, 8-9; _Les Touareg du Nord_ by, 9, 28-9, 54 _n._[54], 169, 180, 282 _n._[252], 467; on Ahaggaren and Azger, 350-52, 353, 354, 355 _n._[346], 356; on Bir Gharama disaster, 10; on dogs of Air, 206; on food taboos, 206; on the “Garamantian way,” 203, 318-19, 320, 321, 324; on derivation of Imajegh, 457; on marriage system of Tuareg, 171; on origin of Oraghen, 347, 348; on religion of Tuareg, 274, 275; on shields of Tuareg, 234 _n._[215]; on T’ifinagh alphabet, 266

Dzianara, the, 397

“E type” of Tuareg houses, 250

“Early Period” rock drawings, 264

Earthenware, Tuareg, 160-61

Eastern Air, Kel Owi in, 394

Eastern Desert, roads across, 320

Eastern origin of camel, theory of, 207, 208

Eastern origin of the Libyans, probability of, 340

Eastern Sahara, 2-3; drainage system, 3

Ebesan, El Haj, 102-3

Economic issues between Kel Owi and Kel Geres, 390

Economics of Air, 133-4, 218-20

Education, Tuareg, 174, 177-8, 268, 400

Efaken, Mount, 156, 213

Efale, the guide, 125, 149, 187, 225, 320

Egeruen, position of, 424

Eghalgawen, 68, 69, 347, 412, 418, 451; position of, 424; valley, 76, 77 _n._[72]; watering points, 76, 80, 114

Eghalgawen-T’in Wana massif, 71, 77, 78; fossil trees in, 259 _n._[226]

Eghbaren, the, 428

Egypt: Arab conquest of, 404; invasions of, by Libyans and Sea People, 337, 340; matriarchate in, 152 _n._[145]; raids into, in classical times, 356; weights in, 222

Egyptian Coptic church, influence of, in Air, 294, 363

Egyptian oases, the, 334, 337

Egyptian paintings, of Libyans, 194, 265; figures like Tuareg on, 462

Egyptian records, possible references to Tuareg in, 376, 462

El Golea, 9

El Suk, 394

El Suk, Kel, 355, 377

Elakkos, 42, 49, 51, 81, 357, 358, 442-8; as battle-ground, 396, 442-3; bush of, 49, 58, 446, 447, 451; Camel Patrol of, 450; grain of, 444, 445; name of, its origin, 357, 445; oryx hide shields of, 235, 444; plain of, 442; rains in, 445; wells of, 445-6, 447

Tuareg of, 51, 303, 307, 308, 370, 396, 400, 440; their migration into, 376, 377, 404, 415 _n._[432]; their predominance in, 443, 444, 445

Elakwas (Elakkos), 357

Elar, Kel, 129, 437

Elattu, 96

Elazzas, hut foundations at, 262-3; valley, 216

Elijah, the cave of, 321 _n._[280]

Elijinen, the, Tuareg tales of, 278-81; amulets against, 282

Elmiki (Immikitan), the, 429

Elmina, Portuguese factory at, 409

Elnoulli, 241

“Em” names, tribal, 130

Emagadezi people, the, 107, 117, 130, 410, 440

Emallarhsen, the, 432

Emilía, 243

Emirates of Nigeria, 37, 38, 41; French administration of, 42; _see_ Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto.

Emululi, 239, 241

En Nitra, the, 350

“Enad” (smith), 155, 228-9, 230

Enclosures: funerary monuments, 260-62, 263; places of worship, 258-9, 292-3; round Tuareg houses, 250, 251, 262-3

“English Hill,” the, 313

English tendency to extol obscure races, 401

Ennedi, 92

Entrepôts of the desert, 110, 111

Envelopes, leather, 228

Equatorial Africa, 2, 21; Arab pressure in, 376; French, annexed, 26; operations against French in, 92; rainfall belt of, 4; Tuareg migration to, 375

Erarar, Kel, 436

Erarar n’Dendemu, 156, 214, 292, 293

Erdi, 335

Erosion in valleys of Air, 34; of sandstone formations, 77, 79, 81

“Ers” (eresan), 213

“Ers, Rodd’s,” 243

Esbet, 364 _n._[362]

Escherha, the, 433

Etaras valley, 183, 243

Ethical standards, Tuareg, pre-Moslem source of, 296

Ethnology of Air, 28

Eti, Kel, 412

Etteguen, the, 429

Eunuchs, negro, 179

European affairs, knowledge of, in Sahara, 266

European penetration, of the Sudan, 36-7, 38, 41-2; of Tuareg country, 8-14, 19-27

European salt competing with Bilma product, 219

Europeans, Tuareg hostility to, 23, 24, 154; Holy Men and, 290

Evacuation of Air during revolt, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426

Exchange, rates of, 221, 222

Exorcism of spirits, 280

Exploration of Tuareg country, 8-14, 19-27

Eye troubles common in Air, 179

Eyes, Tuareg, colour of, 161

Ezelu valley, 429

Ezelu, Kel, 429

Faces of Tuareg: man’s, seen without veil, 187; women’s, daubed with earth or ochre, 173

Factions in Libyan villages, 338-9

Fadé, 23, 317, 319, 320, 321, 399, 400, 427

Fadé, Kel, 169, 318, 399, 400, 431

Fadeangh, Barth’s name for Fadé, 23 _n._[25]

Fagoshia, position of, 424

Fairness of skin among Tuareg, 161-2; a social distinction, 162, 173

Faji, Tuareg village, 39

Faken, Mount, 213

Falezlez, Wadi, 30-31

Fall, 51

Family system, Tuareg: authority of heads of families, 147; female descent, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398

Famine, the War of, 414

Faodet, 253, 254, 315-16; position of, 425

Faodet, Kel, 430, 431

Farak, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 62, 439; disasters at, 59; hill north of, 60; water supply at, 59

Fardi, Wadi, 3

Fareg, Wadi, 3

Fares, 304, 314, 316, 319

Fares, Kel, 149, 304, 428, 435

Fasher, El, 51

Fashi, 32, 68, 160, 191, 218, 219, 220, 315, 413, 414, 443, 450

Fashi road, 320

Fatimite era, the, 346

Fatness of Tuareg women, 118, 172, 406; a sign of affluence, 172

Fauna of Air, 27-8

Feast of the Sheep, Sidi Hamada, 95-7

Feast of the Veil, 289

Feasts, religious, 274-5

Fedala, the, 437

Fedekel, Kel, 437

Feet, insensitive skin of Tuaregs’, 165

Feitei, Kel, 433

Female descent, rule of, among Tuareg, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398; of kings of Kanem, 373

_Femmes douairières_, Tuareg, 169

Ferwan, Kel, 102, 104, 119, 129, 150, 415, 441; described as heathen, 258, 386; Imghad of, 139, 398; numbers of, 427; origin of, 395, 396, 398-9, 427; among original invaders of Air, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of, 427-8; women of, status of, 174

Festivals, Tuareg, 181, 274-5

Fevers, value of quinine against, 178

Fez, 343, 452, 453

Fezzan, the, 8, 9, 20, 112, 145, 334, 335; Ahaggaren and Azger migrate into, 350; Arab conquest of, 325, 376; Azger of, 350, 354; British geographical work in, 8, 20; cattle trade between Air and, 203; date palms of, 317; exploration of, 8, 9, 20, 248; French and British factions in, 22; anti-French and -British activities in, during war, 84, 92; Hawara of, 347, 379; houses of, 248, 254, 255; conquered by Kanem, 112, 374, 406; Kel Innek of, 400; Lemta Tuareg of, 376, 403, 445; oases of, 6; Okba’s invasion of, 376; Oraghen of, 347; racial mixture in, 16; raiders of, 12, 13, 187, 188, 350; road from Air to, 318-21; Roman occupation of, 322, 323, 324, 326, 403, 445; wheat exported from Air to, 133

Fezzan, Eastern, the, 112, 335; story of compulsory migration from, 366, 375

Fezzan, Southern, mountains of, 2, 3, 4

Fezzan mountains, unknown area between Air and, 32

Fezzanian branch of Tuareg, 254

Fida, Abul, 374 _n._[389]

Fire-making, nomads’ method of, 212

Firing, camel diseases treated by, 201

Fish, taboo on, 294

Flagged road (the “Garamantian way”), its existence discussed, 318-20

Flammand: _Les Pierres Ecrites_, 264 _n._[232]

Flat arm-rings, 286

Flatters, Colonel, 26; French expedition under, 9-10, 236

Flies, a pest, during rains in Air, 120-21, 125, 126

Flora of Air, 27

Flour, millet, preparation of, 159-60

Flowers rare in Air, 226

Fonfoni, wells filled in at, 451

Food, Tuareg, 157-60, 174, 211, 212

Food taboos, totemic, 294-5

Footgear, Tuareg, 164-6

Foreign Affairs, Tuareg Minister for, 106, 145

Foreign origin and servile status, 354

Foreign races, administration of, by empire of Melle, 407-8

Fort Laperrine, 12

Fort Motylinski, 12, 13

Fort Pradie, 51, 92

Fortified settlements, buildings of type of, 389

Fossil trees, specimens of, 81-2, 259

Foucauld, Charles de, 11-12, 13-14; on derivation and use of the word Imajegh, 457, 458, 459; Tuareg dictionary by, 12 _n._[9], 269, 271, 454 _n._[456], 467; on Tuareg religion, 275

Foureau, F., 36, 299, 467

Foureau-Lamy Expedition, 26-7, 36, 50, 51, 60, 86, 99, 114 _n._[104], 143, 290, 316, 414 _n._[429], 416; observations taken from, 422, 424-5

Franks, emigration from North Africa, 376 _n._[390]

Freeman, H. Stanhope, 267, 467

French, the: African exploration and expansion by, 9-14, 25-7, 37; penetration of Tuareg country by, 9-14, 26-7, 350, 352; occupation and annexation of Air by, 26, 27, 50-52, 99, 114 _n._[104]

books destroyed by action of, 361, 385; Camel Corps of, 10, 11, 68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198, 218, 219, 446, 450-51; colonial policy of, 42, 360-61, 416; evacuation policy of, 360-61, 385; forts of, 12, 13, 86, 91, 118, 218, 316, 317, 320; maps of Air by, 27, 65, 68, 71, 131 _n._[120], 156 _n._[152], 183, 210 _n._[200], 214 _n._[206], 215 _n._[207], 218 _n._[208], 238, 241, 311 _n._[273], 314, 422, 424-5, 454 _n._[456], 466; mosque desecrated by, 385; Nigeria indirectly defended by, 85; sedentarism encouraged by, 131; seeds supplied by, 132; slavery abolished by, 134 _n._[122]

Tuareg and, hostilities between, 9-11, 13, 26, 51, 52, 114 _n._[104], 236, 328; migration of some tribes from, 51, 350, 352; pacific counsels of others, 26-7, 51, 52, 414 _n._[429]; the 1917 revolt against, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 169, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420

French works on Air and the Tuareg, 14, 466, 467, 468. _See under names of authors mentioned on these pages_.

Frobenius, 264 _n._[232]

Fugda, 217, 250, 439

Fulani, the, of Damergu, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; Agades Cross among, 284; Hausa and, feud between, 42-3; houses of, 89; language of, 118, 155; musical instruments of, 44; a noble race, 56-7; in Punch and Judy show, 56; tradition of return to the East among, 58

Fulani, Bororoji, 57-8

Fulani, Rahazawa, 57

Fulani Empire of Sokoto, the, 37, 57, 363, 415

Funerals, Tuareg, 181-2

Funerary inscriptions, absence of, 260, 263

Funerary monuments, North African, 260-62

“Fura,” 157, 305

Furniture, 309; household, Tuareg, 229-30

Gabes, 337

Gadé, Mount, 77 _n._[73], 79, 85

_Gado_, the, 100

Gagho (Gao), 345

Gago (Gao), 332 _n._[303], 404 _n._[417], 445, 452

Gall, 52

Game: Auderas, 184, 213; Elakkos, 446; Damergu, 43; Termit, 449, 450; T’in Wana, 81

Gamram, 47, 49-50, 52, 60, 334 _n._[309], 412, 413, 438, 439; its amenities, 49; Belkho’s attack on, 75; extract from diary written at, 420-21

Gangara, 44, 46, 48, 57, 97; position of, 424

Ganziga, the, 331, 332, 334

Gao, 110, 318, 332, 369, 374 _n._[389], 404, 405, 445; Agades as entrepôt for, 411; Aulimmiden capture, 414; centre of gold trade, 411; decline of, 411; history of, 407, 408, 409; Ibn Batutah in, 345, 452, 456; Moors occupy, 411

Gao, King of, tribute from Air to, 410

Gaogao, (Gao), 345, 452

Garama, 112, 306, 323, 326, 436; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20, 321, 324

Garamantes, the, 16, 318, 321, 322, 323, 326, 354, 356; ox-drawn chariots of, 203, 208, 318, 320, 321-2, 324; suggested descendants of, 335-6

Garari, 44

Garazu, Ikazkazan of, 436, 443-4

Gardens, cultivation of, Air, 131, 132; carried on by negro slaves, 135

Garet valley, 418, 429, 434

Garet, Kel, (of Kel Geres), 380, 381, 434

Garet, Kel, (of Kel Tadek), 429

Garet n’Dutsi, Kel, 434

Gautier, E. F., 261-2, 468; _La Conquête du Sahara_, 10 _n._[8], 467; _Le Sahara_, 5 _n._[2], 27 _n._[30], 31 _n._[33]

Gawgawa, 345

Gazelle, 43, 81, 184, 204, 213, 446, 449, 450

Gedala, the, 343

Gedeyenan, the, 428

Geographical tribal names, 128, 129, 130

Geography, Tuareg knowledge of, 265-6

Geography of the Sahara, 2-5

Geres, Kel, 17, 53; Air invaded by, 256, 378, 380-82, 405-6; leave Air for Southland, 65, 143, 366, 390-91, 392, 415; and Amenokal’s installation, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392, 393, 397; Aulimmiden defeat, 391, 415; camels, white, of, 196; a Hawara people, 65, 82, 348 _n._[335], 387; houses of, 251, 253, 254; Islam introduced by, 256, 258; Itesan and, connection between, 370, 373, 378, 380, 392, 393, 397, 398; Kel Owi defeat and displace, 373-4, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 415; tribal record of, 362; tribes of, 65, 381, 422-3; wars of, 388, 390, 391-2, 415; women as heads of villages of, 169

Gergesenes, Libyans related to, 339

Gerigeri, 455

“Germa,” root of many place names, 306

German intrigues in North Africa during the War, 12-13, 93

Gezula, the, 343, 349

Gh sound, difficulty of transliterating, 271, 350 _n._[338]

Ghadames, 7, 8, 9, 21, 110, 323, 335, 336 _n._[314]; population of, 113; divination by women of, 281

Ghadamsi dialect, 267, 270

Ghamarama, 412

Ghana, kingdom of, 404, 405, 409

Gharama, Bir, 9-10, 236

Gharnathi, El, 330; _see_ Leo Africanus.

Gharus, 438

Gharus, Kel, 139, 143, 150, 308, 438

Gharus n’Zurru, 69, 74

Ghat, 7, 9, 20, 23, 24, 114, 145, 185, 335, 390; difficulty of transcribing the word, 271; caravan road to, 30, 318; caravan roads from, controlled by Azger, 354; cattle trade with, 203; development of, 111-12, 113; Holy Men of, 280; houses of, 248; Oraghen in, 347; population of, 113; race of, original, 155; raiders from, 12, 13; religion of, recent conversion to Islam, 257-8; Romans in, 322, 323, 326; spirits at, 280

Tuareg of, female succession among, 151-2; Lemta, 403

Ghati camels, 195-6; brands of, 201-2

Ghela, Kel, 351, 373

Gheshwa, Mount, 33; volcanic cone, 241, 242

Ghodala, El (Guddala), 413; ruling family of, 103

Ghosts, Tuareg belief in, 278-9, 281

Ghudet, 320, 321

“Ghussub” water, 19, 157, 305

Gibbon quoted, 328

Gidjigawa, 51

Giga, Kel, 80, 429

Ginea, Mount, 47, 51

Giraffes, 43, 264, 446

Girls, Tuareg, freedom of, 173, 174-5

Gissat hills, 214, 428

Glyphs, rock, _see_ Rock drawings.

Goats, Air, 203, 204, 205

Goats, People of the (Kel Ulli), 52, 129, 307-8, 438

Goatskins, 223, 224; decorated, 227, 228; for water, 232

Gober, Kingdom of, 363, 367, 368, 403, 405; Air receives tribute from, 383; Air at war with, 392; chiefs of, Copts, 294; Kel Geres migrate to, 390, 391, 392; Songhai occupy, 409

Goberawa, the, 363, 403; in Air, 363, 364, 365, 368; driven from Air, 379, 381, 405; the Itesan and, 379

God, Tuareg words for, 278

Goethe, 91

“Gogdem,” 333-4

Gogo (Gao), 345, 374 _n._[389]

Gold Coast, British penetration of, 36

Gold currency, disappearance of, 221

Gold trade in Sudan, 411, 414

Gorset, Mount, 211

Gourara, 332, 334

Gourds, 132; rare in Air, 161

Government of the Air Tuareg, 144-8; of the tribal units, 147-8

Grain: from Damergu exported, 47; dishes made from, 157-8; of Elakkos, 444; grinding of, 159-160; measures of, 220-21; former reserves of, 48

Grain pits, Assode, 302

Granary of Air, Damergu as, 47

Granite formations, Air, 78, 119, 125

“Grape design” on Tuareg pottery, 161

Grasses, seeds of, ground and eaten, 158

Graves, Tuareg, 181, 259-63; peculiar form for a smith, 229

Great Bear, Tuareg name for, 226 _n._[212]

Great Bend, the, 30

Great South Road, the, 80; _see_ Kel Owi road and Tarei tan Kel Owi.

Green leather and silver, saddles ornamented with, 230-31

Grimaldi race, survivors of, 364 _n._[362]

Gsell: _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_, 173 _n._[168], 207 _n._[194], 208, 466, 467

Guddala, El, 413, 464; ruling family of, 103

Guenziga, the, 349

Guides, 72, 81, 125, 149, 185-7, 225-6, 320, 447; _see_ Efale, Ishnegga, Kelama, Sattaf, Sidi, T’ekhmedin.

Guinea coast, Portuguese factory on, 409

Guinea corn, 47, 131, 133; cakes of, 157

Guinea-fowl, 43, 125, 126

Guinea-worm, 180

Gulbi n’Kaba, the, 33, 43, 44, 46, 71

Gulbi n’Maradi, the, 33

Guliski, 50, 60, 451; position of, 424; rainstorm at, 83

Guma, Muhammad, Sultan, 392, 465

“Gumrek,” 334 _n._[309]

Gundai hills, 308, 309, 313

Gure, 42, 43, 44, 442

Gurfautan, the, 433

Gurzil (the sun-god), 295

Haardt, 271

“Hád” plant, 70

“Hadanarang” (Ihadanaren), the, 128

Hadeija, 21, 41

Haggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128, 454; Ibn Khaldun’s etymology of, 345, 346, 347, 353

“Hair,” _see_ Air.

Hair of Tuareg, 161; of children, 177; untidiness in, an abomination, 117

Haj Road, the, 20, 318

Hakar (Ahaggar), Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456

Hakluyt Society reprint of Leo Africanus, editors of, 331

Halévy, J., on Libyan script, 267

Halo, solar, an evil omen, 296

Ham, 339

Hamed el Rufai, Sultan, 99

Hammad, Muhammad, Sultan, 103, 109, 392, 464, 465

Hammada el Homra, the, 322, 324

Hamid ibn Yesel, 337

Handful as unit of capacity, 220-21

Hannekar, 59, 60, 72, 74, 81, 418; track to Agades, 62

Hanoteau, A.: grammar of Temajegh by, 266, 269, 271, 467; on MZGh root, 458-9

Harris Papyrus, the, 6

Hassan ibn Muhammad el Wezaz el Fazi, 330; _see_ Leo Africanus

Hassanein Bey, 3, 336

Hatita camel mark, 202

Hats, Kano conical, 166

Haunted places, Air, 278-9

Hausa, the term, 16 _n._[17]; called “black,” 162; commercial genius of the people, 38; feud with Fulani, 42-3; houses of, 89; not pure negroes, 363

Hausa language, 16, 17, 40-41, 118, 154

Hausaland, 218; conquered by Bornu, 412; Fulani ascendancy in, 56, 57, 415; Goberawa withdraw into, 379; Songhai occupation of, 409

“Hawar, people of,” 325

Hawara, the, 65, 270, 274, 325 _n._[290], 341, 359, 385 _n._[405]; ancestors of the Ahaggaren tribes, 270, 345, 349, 359, 387; “Arabisation” of, 346-7; Auriga the same as, 341, 343, 346, 347, 349, 387; home of, 345; Ibn Khaldun on, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347, 353, 379; Kel Geres descended from, 65, 82, 348 _n._[334], 387; division of Libyan family, 341, 343, 346, 347; Lemta people and, 345, 346, 348, 353; not all Tuareg, 346-7

Hawarid origin of the Lemta, 345-6, 353, 359

Hawk’s head as amulet, 282

Head-cloths, Arab use of, 286

Head-piece, camel’s, 276

Head-ropes, camel’s, 193, 224, 228

Head-stones on graves, 260

Headmen, village, 127-8, 131, 339

Heaven, Tuareg belief in, 278

Height of Tuareg, 163

Hell, Tuareg belief in, 278

Henna, use of, 173

Herding, live-stock, 135-6

Hereditary principle rare among Tuareg, 151

Hernia frequent among Tuareg, 180

Herodotus, 7, 176, 206, 208, 281, 282, 295, 324, 365, 369, 457, 468

Heskura, the, 343, 349

“Hill of the Christians,” the, 313

Hillali, Abu Zeid el, invasion of North and Central Africa by, 376, 404

Himyarite tribes, 341; invasion of, 342

Himyer, 341, 371

Historical works, native, 360, 361-2

History, Tuareg knowledge of, 265, 360, 361-2

Hobble ropes, 224

Hoggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128

Hole of Bayazid, the, legend of, 281

Holy Books, niches in houses for, 247

Holy Men, 289, 290, 293, 316, 355, 357, 405; amulets manufactured by, 282; children named by, 181; divination by, 281; as exorcisers, 280; raids on Aulimmiden forbidden by, 190

Holy tribes, 290-91, 306, 355, 357, 437, 438, 439, 440

Hornemann, F. C., expedition of, 8, 19-20, 336; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, 383, 386; on the Tegama, 53; on Tuareg ascendancy in Gober, 392; work by, 19 _n._[22], 336, 467

Horses, Air, 202

Hospitality, Tuareg laws of, 210, 237

House of the Christians, 312-13

House-flies, country infested by, during rains, 120, 121, 125

Household duties, Tuareg, 174

Household slaves, 134, 136

Houses: Central African, 87, 89; Northern Nigerian, 87-8, 89; Sudanese, 87, 88, 90; Tuareg, various types of, 89, 90, 92, 181, 184, 239, 240-41, 244-55, 256, 302, 309, 310-11, 314, 315-16; attributed to the Itesan, 239, 244-6, 251, 252, 253, 254, 377-8, 381, 389, 393; fortified type, 389

Huart, C.: _Arabic Literature_, 292 _n._[256]

Human figure, rock drawings of, 265

Hume, King of Kanem, 372; _see_ Beni Hume.

Huts, Tuareg, 184, 253, 254; stone circles round, 262-3; on raised plinths, 262-3

“I names,” tribal, 128, 130, 139, 303-4, 306, 352, 400, 430; lost, 395

Iabrubat (Iburuban), the, 434

Ialla (God), 278

Ibandeghan, the, 52

Ibanderan, the, 437

Iberdianen, the, 428

Iberkom, 316

Iberkom, Kel, 437

Iberkoran (Aulimmiden), the, 379

Ibn Abd el Hakim, 325 _n._[289]

Ibn Assafarani, 369

Ibn Batutah, 18, 19, 452, 468; account of Air by, 18, 19, 452-3, 456; Agades not mentioned by, 116; his journey, 114, 406, 452-6; on female descent, 103, 151; on the Mesufa, 175-6, 364, 405

Ibn Ghania, 343, 407

Ibn Khaldun, Abu Zeid Abd el Rahman, 151 _n._[141], 293, 294 _n._[258], 295, 325 _n._[289], 330, 337-43, 371, 377, 468; classification of the Libyans by, 338-43; on the divisions of the Muleththemin, 349, 379; on the origin of the Tuareg, 343-4, 345, 346, 347, 348, 353, 379

Ibogelan, the, 351

Ibrahim, Sultan, 464

Ibrahim Dan Sugi, 99

Ibram, Chief of the Tegama, 53

Iburuban, the, 434

Ibuzahil, 102, 104

Ice in the Sahara, 4

Idakka, Kel, 438

Ideleyen, the, 428

Idemkiun, the, 441

Idenan, the, founders of Timbuctoo, 407

Idikel, position of, 424

I’dinet n’sheggarnén, Barth’s term for Tuareg, 460

Ido well, 450

Idris, King of Bornu, 410

Idris Alawoma (Ansami), King of Bornu, 412, 413, 414

Idrisi, El, 337, 369, 374 _n._[389]

“Iet,” Tuareg letter, 276

Ifadalen, the, 397, 400, 438; Damergu, 440

Ifadeyen, the, 60, 65, 74, 80, 82, 191, 209, 395, 428, 431, 436; of Damergu, 440; literacy of, 268, 400; nomadism of, 400; origin of, 399-400; wells attributed to, 74

Ifagarwal, the, 437

“Ifarghan, village of,” 156 _n._[150]

Iferuan, 26, 114, 115, 122, 129, 189, 218, 246, 290, 302, 308, 311, 315, 317, 418; French fort at, 316; houses at, 248; Kel Ferwan move from, 389; Kel Ferwan named after, 395, 427; position of, 424 _n._[435], 425; rains in, 123, 124; roads meeting at, 318, 319; valley, 258

Iferuan, Kel (not Kel Ferwan), 437

Iferuan-Ghat track, 185

Ifli, Wadi, 452 _n._[449]

Ifoghas, the, 52-3, 54, 254, 327, 394, 428, 441; of the Azger, 18 _n._[18]; of Damergu, 18 _n._[18], 80, 439; a holy tribe, 355, 357, 439; probably Lemta, 355-6, 357, 358

Ifoghas n’Adghar, 18, 52, 398-9

Ifoghas of the Mountain (Ifoghas n’Adghar), 18, 52, 398-9

Ifrikiya, 325, 341; defended by Queen Kahena against Arabs, 170, 265; the Hawara in, 345

Ifrikos, 341, 371

Ifuraces, the, 327, 356, 357, 358, 439

“Ifurfurzan,” colour of camels, 196

Igademawen, the, 243, 306, 436

Igdalen, the, 162, 355, 380, 394, 395, 400, 441; of Damergu, 440; a holy tribe, 290; Imghad among, 394; their migration into Air, 373, 378, 380, 394, 395

Igedeyenan, the, 428

Igermaden, the, 146, 243, 303, 306, 436; chief of, _see_ Belkho; massacre of, 191; tribes and sub-tribes of, 436

Igerzawen, the, 437

Ighaghar basin, 9, 10, 28

Ighaghrar valley, 156 _n._[152], 214

Ighazar basin, the, 23, 26, 34, 241 _n._[217], 264, 308, 315, 316, 395, 437; evacuated during revolt, 122; Kel Owi occupy, 308, 389, 427; measures used in, 221; palm trees of, 316, 317; villages of, 316, 318; wheat cultivation in, 133

Ighazar, Kel, 122, 436-7, 441

Ighazar n’Agades, 78

Ighelablaban, 239

Ighelaf wells, 451

Ighelaf, Kel, 60, 433

“Ighillan” (measure of length), 222

Ighlab (Ighelaf), Kel, 433

Ighzan, 33

Igidi, desert of, 332, 333-4

Igidi, the, 358

Iguendianna, the, 428

Igululof, 309-11; houses in, 248

Igululof, Kel, 304, 435

Igururan, the, 304, 435

Ihadanaren, the, 128, 354

Ihagarnen, the, 162 _n._[156]

“Ihaggar” (Ahaggar), 128

Ihaggaren, the, 162 _n._[156]

Ihehawen, the, a holy tribe, 355

Ihrayen spring, 62, 70, 71

Ihrsan, the spirits of, 279

Ijanarnen, the, 395, 433

Ijaranen, the, 378, 394, 395, 400, 403, 433

Ikadeen, the, 351

Ikademawen (Igademawen), the, 436

Ikaradan, the, 117, 430, 441

Ikawkan, the, 428

Ikazkazan, the, 128, 145, 169, 290, 303, 307-8, 318, 437-8; in Damergu, 52, 303, 436, 440; in Elakkos, 303, 307, 308, 443-4; Imghad of, called heathen, 273; tribes and sub-tribes of, 52, 129, 307-8, 437-8, 441

Ikelan, the, 134, 135, 136, 155

Ikerremoïn, the, 351

Ilaguantan, the, 357, 358

Ilagwas (Elakkos), 445

Ilagwas, the, 370

Ilasgwas, the, Elakkos Tuareg identified with, 445

Ilemtin, the, 355-6, 358

Ilettan, 404

“Illeli,” 459

Imajegh: the MZGh root of the word, 457-62; a caste appellation, 458, 459, 460

Imajeghan (nobles, _q.v._), 15, 170, 171, 354-5; Ahaggaren, 350-51, 352; Azger, 348, 354-5; dark colouring of, 162; diminishing numbers of, 150; marriage tribute payable to, 141; among Kel Owi, 144 _n._[134]; relations of Imghad and, 137, 138, 139, 140-43

Imajeghan n’Arab, the, 459

Imam, the, Agades, 96, 97

Imanen, the, 354, 355, 400, 432; affinity with the Itesan, 384-5

Imanen Kings of Azger, 348, 352, 353

Imanen women, legendary mothers of Kel Owi tribes, 384, 392

Imanghassaten, the, 354

Imaqoaran, the, 52, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 431

Imarsutan, the, 52, 304, 435; Kel Tagei of, 398, 435

Imaslagha, the, 134, 303, 304, 314; tribes and sub-tribes of, 134, 303-4, 435-6

Imasrodang, the, 129, 303, 306, 436; tribes and sub-tribes of, 129, 306, 436-7, 440, 441

“Imawal” (part of the Veil), 287, 288

Imazir (form of Imajegh), 457

Imettrilalen, the, 354

Imezegzil, the, 303, 384, 395, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of, 429, 430

Imghad (serfs), 15, 105, 128, 137-8, 142, 351; Barth’s error regarding, 461 _n._[475]; categories of, 138-9; concubinage and, 138-9; dark colouring of, 162, 366; Imajeghan and, relations between, 137, 138, 139, 140-43; among Kel Owi, 144 _n._[134]; lists showing tribes of, 427-31, 435-40; negroid inhabitants of Air as, 138, 365-6; nobles, conquered, as, 138, 394, 460; origins of, 137-8, 139, 365-6, 394, 460; prosperity of, 137, 142; racial types in, 137, 138; slaves rise to be, 135; status of, 105, 140-43, 150; veils, distinguishing, worn by some, 139-40

Imi n’Aghil, 247

Imi n’Ataram, 247

Imi n’Innek, 247

Imi n’Tasalgi, 247

Immakkorhan (Imaqoaran), the, 431

Immedideran, the, 307, 437; founders of Timbuctoo, 407

Immidir, Wadi, 31

Immikitan, the, 243, 303, 304, 371, 429, 443; of Assatartar, 436; of Elakkos, 370, 440, 443; name used for Tuareg, 396; one of original five tribes, 370, 378, 394, 395-6, 397, 400, 429, 443; tribes and sub-tribes of, 429-30

Imohagh (form of Imajegh), 457

Imohaq (form of Imajegh), 457

Imóshag (form of Imajegh), 457, 459

Imuzurak, the (Ikazkazan), 438

Imuzurak, the (Kel Ferwan), 50, 52, 428; hostilities with French, 51, 52

Imuzuran, the, 428

In Abbagarit, position of, 425

In Allaram, position of, 425

In Asamed, 26, 30, 31, 33, 54, 59, 61, 62, 123; filled in, 60

In Azawa, 260, 317, 318, 354, 455, 456

In Bodinam, 240

In Gall, 114, 189, 317, 318, 402, 441, 456; position of, 424

In Gall, Kel, 441

In Gezzam, position of, 425

In Kakkan, position of, 425

In Salah, 30, 111

In Wadjud, 430

Inafagak valley, 61

Inardaf, the, 433

Independent tribes, Kel Owi, 438-9

Indigo cloth, Tuareg dress made of, 163, 164, 177; the Veil made of, 140, 287

Indigo plant, 132

Indigo-stained skin as protection from sun, 163

Industries, Tuareg, 131, 164-6, 174, 227-30, 231, 277, 310; in women’s hands, 174, 227

Inemba Kel Emoghi, the, 350

Inemba Kel Tahat, the, 351

Infant mortality high among Tuareg, 178

Infanticide, 175

Inheritance and succession, matriarchal tradition in, 151-3; of women’s property, 168

Inisilman (Holy Men), 54, 154, 290, 291; Azger tribes of, 355; _see_ Holy Men and Holy tribes.

Innek, Kel, 129, 369; first Tuareg to enter Air, 254, 369, 370, 375, 397, 398, 400; sub-tribe of the Itesan, 370, 398, 432

Innek, Kel (unlocated), 441

Inscriptions: on arm rings, 286; on graves, 260; on rocks, 213, 260, 264, 268-9, 271, 315, 360

Insect pests during rains in Air, 120-21, 125-6

Installation of Amenokal, 99-100, 103, 108, 109, 379, 383, 391, 393, 397, 432

Intadeini, 434

Intadeini, Kel, 434

Intayet, 430

Inter-breeding in camels, result of, 196-7

Intirza, Kel, 307

Intirzawen, Kel (Tetmokarak), 433; (Kel Owi), 435, 436

Inwatza, 418

Inzerak, 214, 215

Ir n’Allem, 122, 365

Iralghawen (Eghalgawen), 347

Irawattan, the, 427

Irawellan (outdoor slaves), 134, 135, 155; numbers of, 402

Iraz, Sultan, 406 _n._[422]

Irejanaten, the, 151

Ireshshumen, the, 351

Irkairawan, the, 434

Irmakaraza, the, 434

“Irolangh,” 134

Iron in well, alleged effect of, 453

Iron-working, Tuareg, 229

_Irratemat_ (sandals), 165 _n._[159]

Irrigation, Air, 131, 132, 133, 239

Isabel (Izubahil), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104

Isagelmas valley, 80, 82

Isakarkaran, the, 428

Ischia, lava flows on, 242

Ishaban, Kel, 355

Isherifan, the (of Gamram), 50, 52, 60, 439; a holy tribe, 290, 438; Belkho’s defeat of, 50, 75, 440

Isherifan, the (Tetmokarak), 433

Ishnegga, the guide, 72, 81

Islam: introduction of, into Air, 256-8; Maliki sect of, 291-2; matriarchate modified by, 152; new spirit in, 12, 13; Tuareg conversion to, and lax practice of, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5; women’s position under, 152, 168, 170, 174

Issala, wells of, 9

Istambul (Constantinople), 101, 266

Italian occupation of Tripolitania, and Tuareg movements, 8

Itesan, the, 109, 214, 253, 394, 406; original invaders of Air, 244, 253, 254, 370, 373-4, 378, 379, 380, 381, 395, 400, 432; leave Air for Southland, 366, 373-4, 377, 392, 393, 398, 432; and the election of the Amenokal, 100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432; the Goberawa and, 379; houses attributed to, 239, 244-6, 251, 252, 253, 254, 377-8, 381, 389, 393; “Kel” names among, origin of, 378, 380, 381, 398; connection between the Kel Geres and, 370, 373, 378, 380, 392, 393, 397, 398; migration westward of, 251, 252, 377, 389, 398, 413; among the Sanhaja, 377; tribes and sub-tribes of, 380-81, 398, 432-3; wells attributed to, 300, 377, 378

Ittegen, the (Kel Tadek), 429; (independent), 438

Itziarrame, the, 432

Iuraghen, the, 347

Iwarwaren, the, 162

Izagaran (Izagharan), the, 52, 397, 400, 440

Izagarnen (“the red ones”), name for Tuareg, 162 _n._[156]

Izagheran, the, 52

Izar, Sultan, 406

Izarza, the, 430-31

Izarzaran, the, Damergu, 440

Izenan, the, 434

Izeyyakan, the, 303, 431, 435

“Izghan,” 117

Izirza, Kel, 429

Izubahil (Isabel), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104

Izumzumaten, the, 429

Jackals, 125

Jado oasis, 320, 321, 326, 334

Jaghbub, 3

Jajiduna, 47, 48; French fort at, 51

Jalo, 3

Janet, 12, 53, 185

Jauf, 347 _n._[333]

Jawan, 325

Jean, Lieut. C., 27, 238, 387; _Les Touareg du Sud-Est_ by, 14, 28, 50 _n._[50], 94 _n._[82], 101 _n._[88], 102 _n._[89],[91], 107 _n._[98], 120 _n._[110], 174 _n._[169], 274 _n._[245], 281 _n._[251], 390 _n._[407], 468; Agades occupied by, 52; on Assode, 301; astronomical observations made by, 422, 424, 425; on Bornu wars with Air, 413; on Egyptian influence in Air, 363 _n._[360]; on French colonial policy, 416; on the houses of Bagezan, 240-41; live-stock census by, 204; on Kel Geres invasion and evacuation of Air, 380, 391; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, 257 _n._[225], 382, 386; on date of mosques of Air, 256, 257; on polygamy in Air, 170-71; on population of Air, 402; on tribal origins and organisation, 383-4, 387, 393, 395, 426, 427, 428-31, 435-6, 439-41, 443-41; tribes sending delegation to Constantinople, list given by, 397; on Tuareg invasion of Air, and its date, 256, 362, 371, 382, 386, 404; on Tuareg of Damergu and Elakkos, 415 _n._[432], 443, 444

Jedala (Jadala), the, 331, 343, 348, 349

Jekarkaren, the, 428

Jenne, 409, 411

“Jenun” (Jinn), 278 _n._[249], 280

Jerboa considered unclean, 294

Jerma, 112, 306, 321, 323, 325, 436

Jewellers, Agades, 229

Jews, “Berber” tribes as, 294; massacre of, in Tuat, 291, 292

Jinns: amulets against, 282; Tuareg tales of, 278-81

Joalland, Lieut., 50

Jodar, Basha, 411

John, Byzantine general, 327

John (Yunis), first Sultan of Agades, 102, 103, 104, 463

Jokto, the, 412-13

Juba, 206

Judaism in North Africa, 294

Justice, system of, Agades, 107, 110

Kadhi, the, Agades, 96, 107; house of, 92

Kaffardá valley, 63

Kahena, Queen, 170, 265, 294

Kahir (Air), 406, 454

Kahor (Air), 453, 454, 455

Kaimakam, 25

Kalama, 226

Kalenuzuk, the, 428

Kallilua, 46, 48

Kanem, 369; chronicle of, 372-3, 374; Bornu dynasty expelled from, 374, 375; Fezzan overrun from, 112, 374, 406; Kanuri seize power in, 369, 370, 371-2, 374, 407; Tuareg as rulers of, 371, 372-3, 374, 375; Tuareg expelled by Kanuri from, 371-2, 374, 375; Tuareg invade Air from, 369-70, 372, 375

Kanem, Empire of, 374, 410

Kano, 38, 44, 106, 110, 291, 335, 413, 418, 419; Agades deserted for, 411; annexation of, 137; Bornu conquers, 412; cloth of, 164, 166; country round, 41; Fulani in, 57; houses of, 87, 90; industries of, 164, 166; Kel Owi attack on, 415; modern prosperity of, 418, 419; railway from Lagos to, 38; Senussi “zawia” at, 48; slave market in, 38; Songhai attack on, 410; Tuareg migrate to, 38, 39, 361, 411

Kano, Emirate of, 37

Kanuri, the, 16, 49, 117, 218, 441; Agades Cross among, 284; as “Barbars” or “Beriberi,” 371; Bornu Tuareg overthrown by, 335, 371-2, 374, 375, 403, 404; in Damergu, 42, 43, 47, 55, 56; Daura conquered by, 363; in Elakkos, 443, 446; Goberawa conquer, 363; hair dress of, 44; settlement and rise to power in Kanem, 369, 370, 371-2, 374, 407; Kawar conquered by, 335; language of, 16, 118, 373 _n._[386]; Tuareg migrations caused by, 335, 358, 369-70, 372, 375, 404, 414, 415, 444; their name for Tuareg, 412 _n._[426]

Kaossen, 69, 84, 86, 92-3, 99, 185, 385, 420; the House of, Agades, 92

Karawa, 46

“Karengia” grass, 58-9, 62; _see_ Burr grass.

Karnuka, 155

Karruwe (weight), 222

Kashwar n’Tawa, 68

Kaswa n’Rakumi, 91

Katanga, 91

Katchena, Kel, 40, 117

Katsina, 38, 110, 291, 413; Agades deserted for, 411; annexation of, 37; El Baghdadi preaches in, 291, 292; Fulani in, 57; Itesan attack, 391; slave market in, 38; Songhai occupation of, 409, 410; Tuareg migrate to, 39, 361, 411, 427

Katsina, Emir of, 39

Kaukau, 345

Kawa, 414-15

Kawar, 31, 32, 98, 218, 334, 335, 369; caravan road by, 7, 8, 37, 318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450; Kanuri conquer, 335, 406; Okba’s campaign in, 325, 326 _n._[292]; pastureless, 219; raids on, 182, 188, 191, 350

Kawar road, 318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450

Kawkaw (Gao), 452

Kawkaw (Kuka), 445

Keane: on the Berdeoa and the Garamantes, 335-6

Kebbi, 413

“Kel” names, tribal, 128-30, 139, 303-4, 370; among the Itesan, derivation of, 378, 380, 381

Kel Aberkan, _etc._, _see under_ Aberkan, Kel, _etc._

Kel Owi road, 61, 74-5, 308, 319, 320, 383, 390. _See also_ “Tarei tan Kel Owi.”

Kelama, 187

Kelghimmat, the, 429

Kerfeitei, the, 433

Kerker, Sultan of, Ibn Batutah’s, 406, 453, 454-5, 456

Keta valley, 61, 64

Ketama, the, 340, 341, 343, 349, 351

Khalif (Commander of the Faithful), deputation from Air to, 101, 102, 104, 105

“Khans,” 255

Kharejite schism, the, 346

Khodi, 142-3, 185, 438

Khoms, 21

Kidal, 52

Kidigi, 60

Kindin, Kanuri name for Tuareg, 412 _n._[426]

King, _see_ Amenokal.

Kings of Agades, list of, 463-5

“Kipti” (Copts) in Air, 294, 363

“Knights-Errant of the Desert Roads,” the, 168

Knives, Tuareg, 234, 236

“Kohl” (antimony), use of, 173

Kokoi Geregeri (chief minister), 106, 406

“Kolouvey” (Kel Owi), the, 20

Korunka, 180 _n._[172]

Kosegarten, J. G. L., version of Ibn Batutah by, 452, 453, 468

Kufara (heathen), 273

Kufra, 3, 6, 98, 335, 336; a Senussi centre, 336

Kugha, 404 _n._[417]

Kuka, 21, 332 _n._[303], 345, 415, 445

Kukia, Libyan dynasty of, 404

Kunta, the, 355

“Kus-kus,” 133, 157-8

Kuttus, 42

Laghuat, 111

Lagos, 38, 419; railway to Kano from, 38

Laguatan, the, 357

Lake, Gamram, 49; rumoured, in Bagezan, 238

Lake Chad, _see_ Chad, Lake, _and_ Chad area.

Lamini, Sultan, 413

Lamy, Commandant, 26, 36; _see_ Foureau-Lamy Expedition.

Land settled on chief women, 169

Language, Tuareg (_see_ Temajegh), 15, 339; words associated with Christianity in, 277

Laperrine, 11, 12

Laperrine, Fort, 12

Laterite rock, disintegrating, 449, 450

Latif, Sheikh el, 192

Latitudes and longitudes of points in Air, 422-5

Lava flows, Air, 216, 241-2

Lazaret, Kel, 437

Leather and metal decoration, 277, 310

Leather pouches, amulets in, 282, 284

Leather-working industry, 174, 277-8; in women’s hands, 174; decorated luggage rests, 277; riding saddles, 230-31, 377

Lebetae, 337

Lebu, the, 337

Lee, S., translation of Ibn Batutah, 452-3, 468

Legends, Tuareg, 279, 280, 281

Lemta, the, 254, 331; Ahaggaren and, 345; Aulimmiden as part of, 341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; Azger Tuareg as, 331, 335, 341, 348, 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 358, 432; area occupied by, 331, 334, 335, 341, 344, 345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 370, 445; Barth’s error regarding, 344-5, 358; Bornu Tuareg as, 376; Hawarid origin of, 345, 346, 353; Ibn Khaldun on, 340, 343, 345, 346, 353; Ifoghas as, 355, 356, 357, 358; Ilemtin represent, 355, 358; Lemtuna and, confusion between, 344-5, 358; Leo Africanus on, 331, 334, 335, 344, 345, 349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; as a Libyan people, 331, 334, 335, 340, 341, 343; migration of, south and west, 341, 345, 356, 357, 358-9, 376-7, 378, 379, 445; original stock of first and last migrants into Air, 254, 345, 349, 356, 359, 370, 403; Tuareg invasion of Air involved by migration of, 358-9, 377, 379, 403, 445

Lemtuna, the, 331, 343, 344, 349, 358, 404; confused with Lemta, 344-5, 358

Length, measure of Air, 222

Lenz, O.: on the two families of the “Berbers,” 458

Leo Africanus, 6 _n._[5], 110 _n._[101], 330, 347 _n._[333], 363 _n._[361], 468; account of Agades by, 19, 410; account of Air by, 18, 19, 359; on the Amenokal, 97 _n._[83], 99, 108, 110 _n._[101]; Kel Owi not mentioned by, 383, 386; on the Lemta, 331, 334, 335, 344, 345, 349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; on the divisions of the Muleththemin, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349; on areas and tribes of the Sahara, 330-35, 336-7, 343, 344, 345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 364

Leptis Magna, 207, 208

“Leuata,” the, 337

Leucæthiopians, the, 173 _n._[168], 307

Levata, the, 337, 340, 357

Library, Assode, remains of, 302

Libya, areas and peoples of, Leo Africanus on, 330-35, 336-7; _see_ Libyans.

Libyan, origin of word, 337

Libyan desert, the, 3, 334, 335, 336, 337; story of compulsory migration from, 366; Tuareg possibly originally inhabitants of, 366, 376

Libyan dynasty, Kukia, 404

Libyan influence in Air and the Southland, 403, 405, 406

Libyan names, the MZGh root in, and its significance, 339, 356, 457-62

Libyans, the, 16, 164 _n._[158], 262; areas and peoples of, 330-35, 336-7, 338-43, 356; belts worn by, 194, 265; term used for Berbers, 7, 371, 372 _n._[382]; classification of, by Ibn Khaldun, 338-43; descent from Prophet claimed by, 339-40, 342; dogs ceremonially eaten by, 295; Eastern origin of, legendary, 340; facial characteristics of, 187; Leo Africanus on, 330-35, 336-7; marriage customs of, 176; migration of, legendary, 366-7; nationalism among, 12-13; origin of, mixed, 340, 458, 462; sun worship among, 12-13; Tuareg relationship with, 7, 262, 341, 342, 356, 366, 462; women, status of, among, 151, 152

Libyans, Eastern, work on, _see_ Bates.

Libyans, Meshwesh, 151, 337, 356, 457, 461, 462

Lime trees, 160, 239

Lion claws as amulets, 282

Lions still seen in Air, 119-20

Literature, Tuareg, 173, 263; historical works, 360, 361-2

_Litham_ (the Veil), 329, 330

Live-stock industry, Air, 133-4, 190, 202-5; evacuation policy and, 361; herding carried on by slaves, 135-6

Lizards, taboo on, 294

Load ropes, 224

Loading and unloading camels, 198, 223, 224-5

Lollius, L., 207

Louata, the, 340, 357

Love affairs, Tuareg, 174-5, 176

Lugard, Sir F., 37, 42

Luggage rests, decorated, 230, 310

Lyon, G. F., work by, 21, 467

Lyon expedition, the, 8

Ma el Fares, 325-6

Macae, the, 457, 461, 462

MacGuire, Corporal, 21

Macii, the, 460

Madghis, Libyan family of, 338, 339, 340, 341

Mafaras, 326

Mafinet hills, 156; valley, 131 _n._[120]

Mafinet, Kel, 381, 432; Agoalla of, 397

“Magadeza,” the, 106-7

Magazawa Hausa women, 44

Maghili, El, 291, 292, 293

Maghrabi camels, 196

Maghreb, the, 339

Maghzen (Bagezan), Kel, 381, 432

Magic square, rock drawing of, 321

Magnesia, battle of, 206

Maisumo valley, 69; well, 74, 76

“Makam el Sheikh ben Abd el Kerim,” 292

Maket n’Ikelan, 138; tradition of, 367-8, 373, 381, 383, 392, 414 _n._[429]

Malabar Indians, laws of inheritance among, 151

Malam Chidam, 46

Malaria, 178, 179, 181, 186

Maliki sect, people of Air belong to, 291, 292

Mallamei, the, 439

Manding origin of leather industry, 227

Manen, Kel, 400, 432

Manga, 21

Mange in camels, 201

Manna, Leo Africanus on, 19

Mansa Magha, 408

Mansa (Kunkur) Musa, 407, 408

Mansur, El, 337

Manumission of slaves, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141

Manuscripts found at Assode, 302

Maouen (Mawen), Kel, 430

Maps, Tuareg comprehension of, 266

Maps of Air, 466-7; _see_ Cortier.

Maqrizi, El, 372 _n._[383], 374 _n._[389]

Maradi, 42, 411

Marandet, 77, 119, 121; position of, 424; urn cemetery at, 121, 161, 263

Marcellinus, Ammianus, 207 _n._[191]

Mari, Mount, 242, 308, 390

Mari well, 242

Mari Jatah I, 407

Mari Jatah, Vizier, 408

Maria Teresa dollars, 221, 222

Marinus of Tyre, 323 _n._[283]

Markets, development of, along caravan roads, 110

Marmol, 116

Marriage, Tuareg system, 170-71, 174, 175, 196-7; festivals, 181; late in life, 173, 289; not arranged, 174; by purchase, 181; wife’s intimate male friends, 175-6

Marriage portions, 177; Imghad, part payable to Imajeghan, 141

Masalet, 69, 81, 114

Masa’udi, El, 337, 345, 371, 468

Maspero, G., 286, 468

Masquerey, E., dictionary and grammar of Temajegh by, 222 _n._[211], 266, 271, 459, 467

“Masri” blades, 233

Masson, Captain, 10

“Master of the Interior of the Palace,” 106

Matali, chief of the Ifadeyen, 399

Maternus, Julius, in the Fezzan, 323, 326

Matriarchate, the, 151-3

Matriarchy among Tuareg, 103, 148-53, 170, 171; and monogamy, 171

Mats, 158, 174, 212, 227

Mauretania, 332, 377, 379, 404 _n._[419]

Mawen, Kel, 430, 436

Maxitani, the, 457, 460

Maxyes, the, 356, 457

Mazaces, the, 457, 461

Mazi, the, 460

Mazia, 46, 48

Mazices, the, 356, 358, 457, 461

Mazigh, common ancestor of Libyans, 339, 341, 458

Mazigh, the, 458

Mazil, the, Arab tribe, 354

Measures and weights, Air, 220-22

Meat, little eaten by Tuareg, 158-9

“Mecca of the Slaves, The,” 367; _see_ Maket n’Ikelan

Medicine, native, 82, 180, 201

Medina date palms, 317

Medinet el ’Amira, 452 _n._[449]

Mediterranean, the: civilisation brought southwards from, 37, 393, 401; known to Tuareg, 266

Mela, 282

Melle, Empire of, 37, 47, 48, 407-8, 409; administration of foreign races by, 407-8; revolts in, 411; Songhai overthrow, 409

Melle, Vizier of, 408

Melons, 132

“Men with Eyes in their Stomachs,” possibly Tuareg, 376

Menzaffer valley, 59

“Merabtin,” the, 405

“Meratha” (Imghad), 140

Mermeru, 91

Mesche mountain, 327

Meshagra, the, Arab tribe, 354-5

Meshwesh, the, 337, 457, 461; probable ancestors of Tuareg, 356, 462; succession in female line among, 151

Mesi (God), 278

Mesufa, the, 151, 153, 344, 364, 405, 408; status of women of, 175-6

Meteorological record kept by author, 423

Migration from Red Sea, reference to, 342

Migrations, tribal, _see under names of tribes_.

Migrations, Tuareg: into Air, 52, 53, 113, 254, 256, 359, 364, 365-6, 366-93, 403, 404; date of, 256, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404; caused by Kanuri, 335, 358, 369-70, 372, 375, 404, 414, 415, 444; Lemta movement and, 358-9, 377, 379, 403, 445; stages of, 52, 53, 254, 359, 366-93, 394, 403; into the Southland, 17, 38, 39, 51, 65, 143, 361, 366, 373-4, 377, 390-91, 392, 393, 398, 411, 415, 432

Mikitan, Osman, 52, 99, 108, 465

Milen, 60, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 418; well of, 72-4, 75, 76

Milk, camel’s, 211; offering of, Bororoji custom, 58

Millet cultivation, 47, 64, 131, 133, 444, 445; dishes made from, 157; flour, preparation of, 159-60; stores for, in villages, 42

Millet mortar used as drum, 272

Mimosa, 226

Minaret, Agades, 86, 87, 93-4, 302; Assode, 301, 302

Mineral springs, 127, 241

Minéru, 239, 438

Minir, El, 239, 438

Minister for Foreign Affairs, Agades, 106, 116

Mintaka, El, 154, 155, 181, 280, 302

Minutilli, 336 _n._[316]

Mirages, Northern Air, 300

Misgiddan (Tamisgidda), the, 439

Misurata, 21

“Mithkal,” 221-2

Mithridates, 206

Mixed caste, Azger tribes of, 355-6

Mizda-Murzuk road, 322, 323 _n._[285]

Mokhammed, 96

Monarchy, democratic Tuareg system of, 107-8

Mongolian traits in Southland women, 44

Monkeys, 213, 239

Monogamy, 293; more frequent in Air than polygamy, 170, 171

Moorish tribes, raids by, 188

Moors conquer Western Sudan, 411

Moroccan road, the, 7

Morocco, 358; “Berbers” of, 458; Ibn Batutah in, 411; Negroland conquered by, 411; Okba’s expedition in, 326 _n._[292]; Sanhaja trade with, 405; Tuareg invasion of, 411

Morocco, Southern, 332, 334

Mosgu (Kel Tamisgidda), the, 439

Mosi added to Songhai empire, 409

Mosi, King of, 408

Moslem attitude to women, 152, 168, 170, 174

Moslem faith: introduction of, into Air, 256-8; Maliki sect of, 291-2; new spirit in, 12, 13; polygamy permitted by, 170; a form of snobbishness induced by, 339-40, 342; Tuareg adoption of, 256, 257-8, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5. _See also_ Islam.

Moslem graves, 259

Mosque, People of the, 439

Mosques, Tuareg, 93, 94, 255-8, 301-2; Agades, 86, 87, 93-4; Assode, 301-2; records kept in, 360, 361; T’intaghoda, 257, 258, 316

Mosquitoes, Air, prevalent during rains, 120, 121

Motor road between Lake Chad and Niger, 42

Motylinski, Temajegh dictionary by, 12, 454 _n._[456], 459

Motylinski, Fort, 12, 13

Mounds of stones as memorials, 292-3

Mountain groups of the Sahara, 2, 5

Mountain sheep of Air, 450

Mountains in the desert, beauty of, 448

“Msid Sidi el Baghdadi,” 292

Mubaraki, Muhammad, 102 _n._[91], 391, 413, 464

Mud construction, 41, 43, 48, 249-50, 252; Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 88, 89, 90

“Muda,” grain measure, 221

Muhammad (of Towar), 185

Muhammad, King of Bornu, 410

Muhammad, the Prophet, Moslem desire to claim descent from, 339-40, 342

Mulai Ahmed, Sultan of Morocco, 411

Mulai Hamed el Mansur, Sultan of Morocco, 411

Muleththemin, the (Arab name for Tuareg), 14-15, 274, 287, 294, 364; Ibn Khaldun on origin of, 340-49, 353, 379; Leo Africanus on the divisions of, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349

Munio, 412

Murmur, 21

Murzuk, 7, 8, 9, 20, 21, 191, 325, 353; capital of Fezzan, 323; the “Garamantian way” from, 318, 319 _n._[278], 324; population of, 113; rains in, 124; road to Lake Chad by, 7, 8, 32, 320; Roman remains on road to, 322; as trade centre, 112, 113

Musa, camel-man, 169, 170

Musa, chief of the Imuzuraq, 51

Musa, Haj, 290

Musa, Mansa Kunkur, 407, 408

Musa ag Mastan, Amenokal of Ahaggar, 169, 352-3

Muscles of Tuareg not conspicuous, 163, 187

Music, Tuareg, 272

Musical instruments, Tuareg, 272

Mzab, 332, 334

MZGh root of North African names, 339, 356; its significance, 457-62

Nabaro, 436

Nabaro, Kel, 436

Nabarro, 218 _n._[208]

Nachtigal: population of Murzuk, 113

Nakda, 452; copper mines of, 452-3; Sultan of, 453

Names, tribal: North African, MZGh root of, 339, 356, 457-62; Tuareg, 128-31

Naresht, son of Tifaut, 405

Nasamones, the, 282, 365, 369

Nationalism in North Africa, 12-13

“Natron” encrustations seen by Barth, 127 _n._[115]

Natrun, Wadi, 3

Nature, animistic view of, among Tuareg, 295

Neck ornaments, 283

Necklaces, women’s, 283

Needlework, skill of Tuareg men in, 174

Negro music, influence of, 272

Negroes: eunuchs purchased, 179; matriarchate among, 152-3; as slaves, 135; Tuareg contempt for, 173

Negroid inhabitants of Air, pre-Tuareg, 363-4, 365-6, 403, 405; type of Air Imghad, 138

Negroland, 101, 371; historians of, 365; Ibn Batutah’s journey through, 406, 452; Roman expedition to, 326

Negroland, Western, 404; occupied by Songhai, 409

“Neutral vowel” in Tuareg tribal names, 128

New Year, feast of the, 275

News, communication of, in Africa, 266

N’Gurutawa, 21

Niches in Tuareg houses, 246, 247-8, 252, 254, 255, 256, 309

Niger, the, 3-4, 30, 332; diversion of Upper into Lower, theory of, 30; drainage basin of, 3-4; Romans said to have reached, 322; Tuareg communities on, 377, 384 _n._[402]

“Niger,” Pliny’s, 28-9

Niger Empires, the, 37, 47, 407-12; _see_ Melle _and_ Songhai.

Niger, Territoires du, 41-2, 43, 416; raids in, 189

Niger-Tchad, Colonie du, 41 _n._[46]

Nigeria, 17, 18, 24, 219, 335; author returns through, 418-19; Anglo-French boundary, 41; British penetration of, 20, 21, 36-7; French indirectly defend, 85; horses of, 202; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, 393, 401; railway development in, 38; rains in, 123; totemism in, 294

Tuareg in, 38-41, 361; civilisation brought to, by, 393, 401; transport work in, by, 38, 298

Nigeria, Northern, 37; author’s journey begins and ends in, 417-18; British annexation of, 37; houses of, 87-8

Nigerian Emirates, the, 26, 37; British annexation of, 37; _see_ Kano, Katsina, _and_ Sokoto.

Nile, the, 266

Nile valley, Libyan invasions of, 340

Nilotic Sudan, the, 1 _n._[1]; Fulani settlement in, 58; Semitic influence in, 342

No, Quarter of, Ghat, 258

Nobility of origin, Tuareg adherence to, 137; records kept to establish, 360, 362

Noble and servile tribes (_see_ Imghad _and_ Imajeghan), 15; lists showing, 427-31, 435-40

Noble women, high standing of, 150, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174

Nobles: British described as, 459; conquered, as Imghad, 138, 394, 460

Tuareg (Imajeghan), 137, 217; appearance of, 217; female descent of, 150-51; Holy Men treated as, 355; Imghad and, relationship between, 136, 137, 138, 140-43; northern, black veil worn by, 139; original pure race represented by, 137

Nomadic Tuareg, described by Ibn Batutah, 406

Nomadism and sedentarism, difficulties of co-ordinating, 131

Nomads, 16, 209, 212, 406; ability to dispense with water, 208, 209-10; Ifadeyen famous as, 400

North and west, confusion of terms, 244, 247

North Africa: the term, 1

Arab conquest of, 346, 375-6, 404, 462; Arab countries, traditional connection with, 340; Bishoprics of, 293; British part in exploration of, 20-21; camels, problem of introduction into, 206-8, 267; caravan roads (_q.v._) of, 5, 6-7; caravan roads and sites of cities of, 110, 111, 112, 114; Central Empires, intrigues of, in, 12-13, 93; fossil camel skeletons found in, 267; French expansion in, 20, 22; funerary monuments in, 260-62; history of, its sources, 330; Islam, spread of, in, 256, 257-8, 325; migration from, compulsory, legend of, 366, 375, 380; migrations into, 39, 340, 341; negroid peoples once farther north in, 342; partition of, 20, 22; Persian invasion of, 375; population of, its superficial unity, 338; rock drawing in, 264; tribal names of, and MZGh root, 339, 356, 457-62; Tuareg in, in early times, 403

North-eastern Air; houses of, 252, 254; unnamed valley of, 304

Northern Air, 298-329; ancient monuments in, 263; evacuation of, 1918, 309; houses of, 252, 309-11, 316; Kel Owi tribes of, 303-8, 394; palm groves of, 317; roads traversing, 318-22; salt caravan route from, 315

Nose-piece, camel’s, 231

Nose-ring, camel’s, 231

N’Ouajour, 430

Noweiri, El, 326 _n._[292], 468

N’Sattafan, Kel, 434 _n._

Nubian cemeteries, 260

Nugguru, Kel, 127, 139, 142, 185, 215, 435, 438, 440, 441

Oases, 2, 3; accidental discoveries of, 336; of Air, 32; Egyptian, 334, 337; origin of the word, 6; Saharan, 3, 5-6

Oborassan, 313, 314

Oborassan, Kel, 435

Ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173

Oghum, Rocks of, 68

Ogive niches in Tuareg houses, 246, 247-8, 252, 254, 255, 256, 309

Okba ibn Nafé, campaigns of, 325, 326 _n._[292], 376

Okluf, 126, 127

“Old Well,” the, 418

Ollelua, 46

Omar, Sultan, 84, 96, 97-8, 100, 104, 109, 117, 195, 465; horses of, 202; refuses to attack French, 290

Optatus, 328

Oraghen, the, 347

Orfella, 110

Orientation: of Moslem graves, 259, 260; of Tuareg houses, 244, 246-7, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254

Ornament of the Nobles, the, 284

Ornamental work, Tuareg, 230-31, 277, 310

Ornaments, Tuareg, 282-6

Orosius, 356

Oryx, white, 444, 446

Oryx hide shields, 235, 444

Osman Mikitan, Sultan, 52, 99, 108, 465

Ostrich feathers, on camel’s nose-piece, 231

Ostriches, 43, 121, 264, 446

Othman dan Fodio, 363, 415

Oudney, Dr. W. (with Denham and Clapperton), 8, 20; death of, 21

Oung Oua (Ungwa), Kel, 433

Outdoor slaves, 134, 135-6, 155, 402

Outhouses, Tuareg, 250

Over-population of Mediterranean lands, and compulsory migration, story of, 366, 375, 380

Overweg (with Barth and Richardson), 18, 20, 21, 23-4; death of, 21

Owari, 239

Owi, Kel, 20, 23, 53, 54, 107, 134-5, 143, 144, 184, 217, 239; their arrival in Air, 382-93, 414, 415; cause of migration of, 386-7; date of arrival of, 135, 149, 257, 258, 366, 367, 382-3, 386, 387, 388, 391; and the Amenokal, 100, 108, 383, 396-7; the Añastafidet of, 92, 96, 100, 107, 139, 144-6, 148; arrogance of, 383; Assode the capital of, 301, 303; Auraghen and, 387; caravan road controlled by, 61, 74-5, 308, 319, 320, 383, 390; claims and pretensions of, unjustified, 384-5, 386, 392-3, 414 _n._[429]; commercial ability of, 390; country of, 243, 244, 299, 394; in Damergu, 415; dialect of, 270, 387; disease among, 180; disparaged by other tribes, 135, 149, 295; attitude towards French of, 51, 52, 414 _n._[429]; in Gober, tradition of arrival of, 367-8; houses of, 252, 253, 254; Ifadeyen and, 399; Immikitan and, 429; Itesan driven out by, 366, 373-4, 391, 392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres displaced by, 373-4, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 415; measures of, 221; and mosque of T’intaghoda, 257; mothers of, legend of, 384-5, 386; origin of, 148, 380, 385-7; sun as mother of, 295; tribal organisation of, 303-8, 430, 435-9; women of, noble, 150

Ox, rock drawing of, 265

Ox and cart, drawing of, 265, 319, 321-2, 418

Ox-drawn chariots of the Garamantes, 318, 320, 321-2, 324; rock drawing suggestive of, 265, 319, 321-2, 418

Oxen: as pack animals, 203, 208; harnessed to carts, 203, 208, 215; _see_ Ox-drawn chariots.

Pack-saddles, camel, 223-4

Paint, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173

Paleolithic camel skeletons discovered, 207

Palicanus, L. Lollius, 207

Palm frond mats, 227; rope, 224; sandals, 165

Palm groves, 316, 317

Palm trees not destroyed in warfare, 236

Palmer, H. R., 362, 373 _n._[386], 463, 468

Paper currency disliked by Tuareg, 221

Partition of Africa, 20, 22, 25

Pasture wells, Azawagh, 74, 75, 80; rights over, 75

Patience, Tuareg, philosophic, 296, 420

Patination of rocks of Air, 35; of rock drawings, 321

Patriarchal government: Arab, 339; of Tuareg tribal units, 147

“Penistasche,” the, 164 _n._[156]

People of the Acacia (Kel Tamat), 307, 437

People of the Añastafidet, 374, 394; in Damergu, 440; estimated numbers of, 402; tribes and sub-tribes of, 435-9

People of the Asclepias (Kel Intirzawen), 307, 433

People of the Deep Well (Kel Gharus), 308

People of the Dûm Palm (Kel Tagei), 307, 398 _n._[413], 432, 435

People of the East (Kel Innek), 129, 369, 441

People of the Goats (Kel Ulli), 52, 129, 307-8, 438

People of the King, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 304, 306, 366, 392, 393; represent earliest arrivals in Air, 373, 374, 377, 378-9; geographical area of, 394; Immikitan possibly original stock of, 396; interest attaching to, 393; Kel Owi and, 146, 148, 149, 303, 366, 380, 392; numbers of, estimated, 402; origin of, legendary, 384, 386; tribes, sub-tribes, and organisation of, 395, 398, 400, 427-31; in Damergu, 437-40

People of the Mosque (Kel Tamisgidda), 439

People of the Rock (Tebu), 335

People of the Salt (Kel T’Isemt), 441

People of the Sand (suggested meaning of Tuareg), 274

People of the South (Kel Aghil), 441

People of the Spears (Kel Allaghan), 432

People of the Veil, _see_ Tuareg.

People of the West (Kel Ataram), 129, 441

Peroz, Colonel, 50

Perry: _Children of the Sun_, 152 _n._[146]

Persian invasion of North Africa, 375

Petroglyphs, _see_ Rock drawings _and_ Rock inscriptions.

Philistines, Libyans related to, 339

Phœnician script and Libyan, 267

Photographs of unveiled Tuareg not permitted, 288

Physical characteristics of Tuareg, 161-3, 172, 177, 187, 217; deformation not practised, 179

“Pi” dogs, 205

Piebald camels, 196

Pigeons, 125

Pigs, taboo on eating of, 294, 295

Pilgrim road, Timbuctoo-Cairo, 20, 114, 318

Pilgrimage, Muhammad Askia’s, 409, 411

Pitchers, 160-61

Plaque, men’s ornament, 285

Pleiades, Tuareg name for, 226 _n._[212]

Pleistocene period, discovery of camel-skeletons of, 207

Pliny, 207, 324, 468; quoted, 322-3

Plough seen by Barth, 133

Plutarch, 206

Poetry, Tuareg appreciation of, 263, 265, 271, 272; women authors of, 169, 173, 271, 272

Poison, use of, by Tuareg, 10

Poisoned arrows used by bush folk, 45

Poisonous plants, deaths of camels due to, 200

Police, Agades, 106

Polygamy infrequent in Air, 170-71

Polytheism, traces of, among Ahaggaren, 275

Pomel, 264 _n._[232]

Pommel of Tuareg saddle, ornamental cross on, 230, 276-7, 289

Pompey, 207

Pools, 213, 215, 442, 445, 449

Population: of Air, 402; variation of, in desert cities, 113

Portfolios, leather, 228

“Ports,” trans-desert traffic, 110, 111

Portuguese and Songhai rulers, 409, 410

Possession, case of, Auderas, 279-80

Pottery, Tuareg, 160-61, 317

Pouches, leather, 228

Pradie, Fort, 51, 92

Prayer enclosures, 292-3

Pre-Moslem, funerary remains, 260-63; place of worship, 258-9, 263

Precipitation of rain, North Africa, 123, 124

Prime Minister, Tuareg, also Minister for Foreign Affairs, 106; title of, 106, 406

Property, women’s ownership of, 168-9, 177, 293

Prophet, the, Moslem desire to claim descent from, 339-40, 342

Prophet’s Birthday, the, feast of, 275

Prosody, Tuareg, 271

Prostitution among Tuareg, 177

Proverbs, Tuareg, 176, 182, 237, 420, 421

Pseudo-Ashraf, the, 339-40

Ptolemy, 323 _n._[283],[287], 336 _n._[314], 356, 468; on the Kel Tegama, 53, 65

Pumpkins, 132; spirits in form of, 280

Punch and Judy show, Tuareg ascendancy symbolised in, 55-6

“Pura” water, 19, 157

Qadria sect, 302

Qibla, the, 95, 97, 255, 258, 259, 292

Querns, Tuareg, 159-60, 309

Quinine, value of, in fever cases, 178, 186, 187

Quran, the, 265, 280, 281, 296; in Tuareg language, 269; verse of, as amulet, 282

R and Gh sounds, confusion between, 271

Rabah, 26

Rabidin, 427

Racks in houses, 309

Rahazawa Fulani, 57

“Rahla” (riding saddle), 230-31

Raiding, 11, 12, 13-14, 113, 187-93, 350, 407, 444; Ahodu’s reminiscences of, 191-3; the Amenokal and, 109-10; Camel Corps organised to suppress, 11, 51, 188, 189, 218, 219; cessation of, 187, 193; in Damergu, 50, 51, 59; fear of, still prevalent, 311, 315; legend of raiders swallowed up, 281; regarded as a sport, 187, 193, 328, 443; technique of, 11, 187-93, 236, 237; weather conditions supposed to foretell, 295-6; wells filled in to prevent, 59, 60, 451; by women, 169-70

Railway development, its effect on camel-borne trade, 38

Rainbow, superstition regarding, 296

Rainfall in the Sahara, 4, 28; ancient, 28; geological effects of, 79; during storms, 83

Rain-water pools, Azawagh, 62, 67-8

Rains, the: in Air, 121, 123-4, 220; in Elakkos, 445; discomforts of travel during, 120-21, 123, 124, 125; raids begun after, 188

Ramadhan, Tuareg observance of, 274

Rapsa (Ghat), 322, 323, 326

Rats eaten by Tuareg, 294

Rattray: _Ashanti_, 152 _n._[146]

Rebu, the, 337

“Red,” Tuareg spoken of as, 162, 173, 367, 460

Red agate “talhakim,” 282

Red mud, cities and houses constructed of, 41, 43, 48, 88, 90, 452 _n._[452]

Red ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173

Red Rock Desert, pass over, 323

Red rocks, Air, 35

Red Sea, migrations of tribes from, into North Africa, 340, 341, 342

“Reg,” 274 _n._[243]

Reindeer Age, cave paintings of, 264

Rela, Kel, 351 _n._[339]

Religion of Tuareg, 273-8, 290, 291-4; earlier, possibly Christianity, 275-8, 293-4; traces of Christian influence, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5

Rennell, Major, 383, 386; commentary on Hornemann by, 336, 383, 386, 467; map by, 336; works by, 336, 383, 386, 467

Revenue, the Amenokal’s, 110

Revolt against French in Air, 1917, 39, 69, 70, 84-5, 98, 309, 394, 420, 421; Agades besieged during, 70, 85, 86, 98; camel requisitions a cause of, 205; evacuation of Air during, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426; Kaossen’s leadership of, 69, 84, 86, 92-3, 185, 385, 420; Nigeria indirectly defended during, 85; opening tragedy of, 84; social effects of, 127-8, 338-9; Tegama’s part in, 98-9; T’ekhmedin’s part in, 98-9; wells filled in during, 59, 60, 451

Rhymes, Tuareg, 271

Rhyndacus, 206

Riaina, the, 434 _n._

Richardson, J.: _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_ by, 151-2, 467; death of, 21; expeditions of, 8, 18, 20, 21, 23-4, 248, 461; on houses of Ghat, 248

Ridge of Abadarjan, 70, 71, 78

“Rigm” (funerary monument), 260 _n._[227], 261-2, 263

Ring of stones marking graves, 259

Rings, agate, as neck ornaments, 283

Rings, arm, Tuareg, 91, 285-6, 289

Rio de Oro, raiding in, 187, 188

Ritchie, death of, 21

River of Agades, 33, 34, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 115, 119, 121, 123, 127, 183, 189, 258, 456; plain of, 79, 82-3, 85-6

River beds of Central Sahara, 28-31

Rivoli, 91

Roads, caravan, _see_ Caravan roads; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20, 321, 324

Robe, T’ekhmedin’s, the fate of, 195

Robes, Tuareg, 163-4, 166-7, 195

Rock, People of the, 335

Rock drawings, 213, 216, 260, 263, 264, 318; of animals and birds, 264-5; of camels, 207, 265; of human figures, 265, 319; of men with animal heads, 319; modern, 264, 265; of ox and cart, 265, 319, 321-2, 418; of shield with cruciform design, 276

Rock inscriptions, 213, 260, 264, 268-9, 271, 315, 360; funerary, 260, 263; profusion of, 263, 268

Rohlfs, F. G., expeditions of, 3, 19; _Kufra_ by, 6 _n._[4], 336

Roman remains discovered by Barth, 322

Romans, the: caravan roads garrisoned by, 208; penetration of the Sahara by, 322-3, 324, 325, 326-7; Tuareg swords probably derived from, 234

Romanus, 207

Roncière, Charles de la, 19 _n._[20],[21]

Roofs of Tuareg houses, 249, 250, 256

Rope-making, native, 224; in leather, 228

Rothschild, Lord, his museum at Tring, 27-8

Rottl (Arab weight), 222

Royal Geographical Society, author’s computations in charge of, 423

Rufai el Ghati, 192

Sabha Jail, 332 _n._[301]

Sacrifices of sheep, 95, 97, 274, 275

Sadaouet (Sidawet), Kel, 431

Saddle-sores on camels, 199, 201

Saddle-stone querns, 159-60, 309

Saddles, camel; Tebu, 277; Tuareg, 193, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7, 289; with cross on pommel, 230, 276-7, 289

Sahara, the, 1-6; not once a sea-bed, 78 author’s companions cross, 418; British influence in, 21-2; climate of, 4; European affairs well known in, 266; French occupation of, 25, 350; funerary monuments of, 260-62; Leo Africanus’ description of, 331-5; mountain groups of, 2; name of, 1; oases of, 2, 3, 5-6; population of, 113; races of, 2, 8; railway across, advocated, 38; rainfall in, 4, 124; rivers of, 3, 4; Roman penetration of, 322-3, 324, 325, 326-7; surface of, 2-6; “talhakim” prized in, 282; temperatures in, 4; transport methods in, early, 207-8; warfare in, small numbers involved, 11

Sahara, Central, 2, 4, 8; British geographical work in, 20-21, 22-4

Sahara, Eastern, 2-3

Sahara, Western, 3-4

Saharan Alps, the, 35

Saharan and Equatorial zones, transitional area between, 41

Sahel Zone, the, 41

Sakafat, 437

Sale, 274 _n._[245]

Saleh, El Haj, 96, 290, 430

Salla Laja (Laya), the Feast of the Sheep, 95-7, 274

Salla Shawal, 274

Sallust, 206, 468

Salt: impregnation of soil with, 125; price of, 218

Salt caravans, 69, 84, 85, 114, 115, 133, 145, 195, 210, 217, 218-20, 335, 443, 452 _n._[450]; Amenokal’s revenue from, 110; French escort for, 84, 218, 219; Minister accompanying, 106; raids on, 188, 218, 219, 450; route of, 32, 114, 145, 219, 264, 315, 320, 450

Salt mines: Bilma, _q.v._; captured by Moors, 411; Taodenit, 30, 411, 452 _n._[450]; Tegaza, 411, 452 _n._[450]

Salt, People of the, 441

Salt-pits, 125

Salt trade, 133, 218, 219-20, 414; struggles between Air and Bornu for, 415

Saltpetre, uses of, 211

Sampfotchi hill, 418

Sand: effect on feet, 165; wind-borne, polishing of rocks by, 35, 79; wells silted up by, 66, 72, 74

Sand, People of the, 274

Sand-dune formations, 4, 58; characteristic form in Azawagh, 63-4, 70; crescentic type, 66-7; in Elakkos, 442, 446, 447; mobile, 66, 67; valleys formed between, 62

Sand-grouse, 81

Sandstone formations: Elakkos, 442; effects of erosion, 77, 79, 81

Sand viper, 227

Sandals, Tuareg, 164-6

Sanhaja, the, 274, 331, 332, 340, 343-4, 346, 348, 349, 401; in Air at arrival of Tuareg, 364, 365, 368, 375, 405; Empire of, 343-4, 403, 404-5, 407; Itesan among, 377; Mesufa and Lemtuna

sections of, 151 _n._[141], 344, 349, 358, 364, 405; of North-west Morocco, 364

Santambul (Constantinople), 101

Sariki n’Kaswa, 106

Sariki n’Turawa, the, 96, 106

Sattaf, 187

Say, 50

Schirmer, H.: _Le Sahara_ by, 5 _n._[2], 142 _n._[132], 327 _n._[293], 467; on the Ifoghas, 355 _n._[346]

Scorpion, 227

Script, Tuareg, _see_ T’ifinagh.

Seats, wooden, for women, 309

Sedentaries: factions among, 338; numbers of, 402

Sedentarism, encouraged by French, 131; nomadism and, difficulties of co-ordinating, 131, 143

Seeds, very valuable in Air, 132, 133; used for food, 158, 160

Sef, King of Kanem, 372

Seliufet village, 23, 122, 248, 316

Seliufet, Kel, 129, 437

Selma I, King of Kanem, 372

Selma II, first black king of Bornu, 373, 374

Semitic influence in Africa, 342

Semitic languages, relationship of Temajegh to, 270

Sendal, the, 394, 396, 400; one of original five tribes in Air, 368, 378; their modern representatives, 395, 396, 400

Senegal, caravan route to, 7

Senegal River, 343

Senegalese troops, French, 84, 98, 118, 316; Camel Corps of, 189

Senhaji, Muhammad Nasr el, 408

Senussiya, the: their part in the revolt in Air, 12, 13, 51, 84, 93, 98; caravan route opened by, 7; in Equatorial Africa, operations against French, 92; Kufra the centre of, 336; Tuareg relations with, 48-9, 290

Septimius Flaccus, 323, 326

Serfs, _see_ Imghad.

Sergi, G., 458, 460, 467

Sert, 325

Servile tribes, _see_ Imghad.

Sfax, 337

Sheath knives, Tuareg, 234

Sheep, Air, 202, 204, 205, 450; sacrifices of, 95, 97, 274, 275

“Sheikh el Arab,” 106

Shellagh, the, 458

“Sherrifa,” title of royal family of Air, 105

Shields, Tuareg, 234-5, 276, 444

Shillugh language, 270

Shingit, 408

Shott country, the, 9

Sidawet, 299, 431, 440; houses in, 254; position of, 425

Sidawet, Kel, 431, 440

Sidi, the guide, 68, 234 _n._[214], 266, 270, 298, 307, 309, 315, 418; description of Belkho by, 305, 306; on the House of the Christians, 311-12; leaves the author in Kano, 419-20

Sidi Hamada, shrine of, 94-5; Feast of the Sheep at, 95-7

Sierra Leone, British penetration of, 36, 37

Siggedim, 334 _n._[308]

Sijilmasa, 110, 405, 452, 453

Silius Italicus, 152 _n._[144], 468

Silk not in great demand among Tuareg, 164

Silurian rocks, Air, 33, 34, 35

Silver, saddles ornamented with, 230-31

Silver bracelets, 283-4

Silver coins melted down, 229

Silver currency, 221

“Sinko” (five-franc piece), 221

Siwa, 3, 318, 337

Siwi dialect, 270

Skin, colour of, in Tuareg, 161-2, 173

Slave King of the Tuareg of Air, the, 96, 97, 100, 103, 104-5, 108, 367, 369

Slave markets, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, 38

Slave trade, African, 38; British attempts to abolish, 20, 21, 22; former Tuareg, 135

Slavery legally abolished in Air, 134 _n._[122]

Slaves, 103-4, 178; position of, 15 _n._[13], 103-4, 105, 134, 178; raised to status of Imghad, 135; slave mothers and status of children, 150; stolen in raids, 190; veil not worn by, 15 _n._[13], 140

“Slaves, the Mecca of the,” 367

Sliding doors in Tuareg houses, 245-6

Smiths, Tuareg, 155, 228-9, 230; jewellery made by, 283-4

Smoking, not a Tuareg practice, 211

Snobbishness, Moslem form of, 339-40, 342

Snuff, taken by Tuareg, 211; used as remedy for camel disease, 200

“Sô people,” the, 407

Soap-stone, ornaments of, 282, 283

Social distinctions, Tuareg, present breakdown in, 142

Social effects of revolt of, 1917, 127-8, 338-9

“Sofo” tower, Agades, 94

Sokakna, the, Arab tribe, 354

Sokna, 9, 347

Sokoto, 21, 33, 38, 47, 48, 101, 106, 110, 415; British annexation of, 37; Fulani Empire of, 37, 57, 363, 415; Itesan settle near, 109 _n._[100], 366, 373-4, 392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres settle near, 17, 39, 65, 143, 366, 373, 390-91, 392, 415: route to, alternative, 114; slave market in, 38; stone buildings in, 89 _n._[78]; Tegama expedition against, 53

Sokoto, Emir of, influence of, 109 _n._[100] _See also_ Bello.

Sokoto-Agades track, 85

Soleim Arabs invade Central Africa, 376

Solom Solom, 122, 365

Songhai Empire, the, 37, 47, 48, 117, 227, 291, 408, 409, 410, 411; Agades colonised by, 117, 410, 440; gold trade of, 411, 414; Moors overthrow, 411, 412; Portuguese and, 409, 410

Songhai language, 117, 118

Sorbo Hausa, 50

Sores, camels’, 199, 201

Sottofé, Muhammad, Sultan, 369, 464

South, People of the, 441

Southern Air: Goberawa in, 379; graves in, 263; servile tribes in, 394

Southern Algeria, native Camel Corps in, 189

Southland, the, 17, 36-79; Air and, political relations of, 105, 116; Barth’s expeditions in, 23-4, 36, 49, 59, 60-61; bush of, 42, 43, 44, 45, 58, 444, 446; houses and huts of, 184, 249, 250; Itesan migration to, 109 _n._[100], 366, 373-4, 377, 392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres migration to, 17, 39, 65, 143, 366, 373, 390-91, 392, 415; music of, 17; Morocco and, trade between, 405; Tuareg of, 17-18; Tuareg ascendancy in, 54-6; Tuareg migrations to, 17, 38-9, 51, 65, 143, 361, 366, 373-4, 377, 390-91, 392, 393, 398, 411, 415, 432

Southward trend of migration in N. Africa, 39

Soyuti, El, 291, 292

Spain, Arab conquest of, 346, 376, 405

Spear grass, 226

Spears, People of the, 432

Spears, Tuareg, 233-4, 236

Spirits, Tuareg belief in, and tales of, 278-81, 300, 306; amulets against, 282

Spoons, Tuareg, 229, 276

Spouts on roofs of Sudanese houses, 89, 90

Stambul, delegation from Air to, 101, 102, 104, 396-7

Stambul, Sultan of, story of migration ordered by, 366-7, 380

Stars, Tuareg names for, 226 _n._[212]

Steppe, the Great, 334, 335

Steppe desert, 114, 115, 332, 333, 334, 447; and true desert, 2, 332, 333, 334

Sticks for holding bridles and ropes, 277

Stone, not used in building in Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 89; used by Tuareg, 89

Stone arm rings, Tuareg, 91, 285-6

Stone flags, “Garamantian way” said to be paved with, 319

Stone houses, 155, 184, 213, 239, 250, 418

Stone ornaments, small, 283

Stone “talhakim,” mystery of origin of, 282-3

Stones: circles of, round huts, 262-3; coloured, to indicate tracks, 293; graves marked by, 259-60; hammered, not chiselled, 260, 264; mounds of, as memorials, 292-3

Strabo, 207 _n._[193], 468

Stuhlmann, F., 468; on MZGh root in “Berber” names, 458, 460

Sub-tribes: “Kel names” of, 128-9; lists of, 427-41

Succession and inheritance, matriarchal tradition in, 151-3, 168

Suckling of children, protracted, 178-9

Sudan, the, 1 _n._[1], 37; Air and, political relations with, 105, 116; Barth’s expedition in, 23, 37; British share in opening up, 20; European penetration of, 20, 36-9; Fulani rise to power in, 415; funerary monuments in, 261; horse saddles of, 231; houses of, 87, 88, 90; Ibn Batutah in, 452, 456; Islam in, 291; Lemta area extends to, 345, 357, 358, 370, 445; Mediterranean civilisation in, 37; salt trade with, 414; Sanhaja power in, 405; syphilis thought to originate in, 179; taboos originating in, 294; “talhakim” prized in, 282; Tuareg driven from, 358; Tuareg evacuated to, 360-61; wheeled vehicles in, 322

Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian, 1 _n._[1]

Sudan, Nilotic, 1 _n._[1]; Fulani settlement in, 58; Semitic influence in, 342

Sudan, Western: French expedition from, 25; added to empire of Melle, 407; Moorish conquest of, 411

Sudan Empires, the, 37; history of, 405, 406, 407-15; _see_ Melle _and_ Songhai.

Sudanese buildings, 249

Sudanese historian on migrations from Red Sea, 342

Sudanese pottery, 161, 317; clay amphoræ, 317

Suk, El, country, Tuareg migration to, 394

Suk, Kel el, 355, 377, 394

Suleiman, Mansa, 408

Suliman, El Haj, library of, 302

Sultan of Agades, _see_ Amenokal.

Sun, halo round, an evil omen, 296

Sun worship, Libyan, 276, 278, 295; trace of, among Tuareg, 295

Sunni Ali, 291, 409

Sunni Muhammad Dau, 409

Sunsets, magnificent, Air, 123, 181; superstition regarding, 296

Superstitions of Tuareg, 275, 293; concerning weather, 295-6

Susubaki, 412

“Switzerland of the Sahara,” the, 317

Sword dance, Tuareg, 272

Swords, Tuareg, cross-hilted, 96, 233, 234, 236, 276, 289

Symbolism in Tuareg rock drawings, 264, 265

Synesius, 356

Syphilis, 179-80

Syria, Ibn Khaldun on inhabitants of, 339

Syrtis, Great, 325, 337, 365; people of, 457

Syrtis, Little, 337

Tabello, 86, 209, 210, 243, 244, 298, 320; houses at, 241, 244-8, 249, 250, 251, 252; Itesan settlements at, abandoned, 244, 389; salt caravan assembles at, 85, 218, 219, 243

Taberghit valley, 58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 74

Tablet ornaments, 283

Tabonie, 323

Taboos, food, totemic, 294-5

Tabudium, 323

Taburgula, 362

Tabzagur, position of, 424

Tadadawa, Kel, 381, 434

Tadek valley, 395, 396, 428

Tadek, Kel, 26, 80, 143, 149, 150, 170, 185, 239, 298, 318, 428-9; antiquity of, 149, 366, 428; represent original invaders of Air, 395, 396, 400; expelled by Kel Owi, 389; mother of, legend of, 384; tribes and sub-tribes of, 428-9, 430, 440

Tadele, Kel, 427

Tademari, 47, 48, 51

Tademekka, 169, 254, 441; Aulimmiden occupy, 345, 348, 358, 387, 414

Tademekka, city of, 405, 408; foundation of, 399

Tademekkat, the, 355, 356, 357, 377; driven out by Aulimmiden, 345, 348, 358, 387, 414

Tadenak, Kel, 430

Tadent, 101

Tadesa, 239

Tadsa, Tuareg defeat near, 412

Tafadek, 428; position of, 424

Tafarzas, the, 434

Tafasas, Kel, 439

Tafassasset, the, 30, 31

Tafassasset-T’immersoi basin, 71

Taferaut, Kel, 438

Tafidet, Child of, 144; _see_ Añastafidet.

Tafidet range, 157, 306, 308, 313, 436; valley, 32 _n._[37]

Tafidet, Kel, 134, 148, 307, 370, 436, 437, 443-4; “agoalla” of, 147; and appointment of Añastafidet, 145, 306; place in Kel Owi Confederation, 134, 306, 443-4; mother of, legend of, 384; origin of, 148, 303, 306

Tafilelt area, Morocco, capital of, 452 _n._[449]

Tagay (Tagei), Kel, 432

Tagedufat, 80, 120; valley, 32-3, 63-4, 66, 67-8, 71, 74, 76; well, 74

Tagei, Kel (Ikazkazan), 210, 307, 438; (Imaslagha), 435; (Itesan), 397, 398, 432

Tagermat, Kel, 436

“Taghalam,” the, 219, 220

Tagharit valley, 131 _n._[120]; lions in, 119, 120, 214 _n._[206]

Taghazit, 23, 33

Taghist plateau, 156, 292

Taghmeurt range, 157, 308, 435, 436

Taghmeurt, Kel, 435, 436

Taghmeurt n’Afara, 313, 315, 318, 319

Tagidda n’Adrar, 454, 455, 456; position of, 424

Tagidda n’Tagei, 454, 455, 456

Tagidda n’T’isemt, 454, 455, 456; position of, 424

Tagiddas, the: and Ibn Batutah’s “Tekadda,” 454-6; people of, 441

“Tagilmus” (the Veil), 15 _n._[15], 140, 287-90

Tagilmus, Kel, 15, 460

Taginna, the, 434 _n._

Tagirit, 397

Tagmart (Taghmeurt), Kel, 435

Tagunar, Kel, 430, 431

Tagunet, 431

Tagurast, 91

Tahanazeta, 102

Tahua, 42, 188, 394

Taiagaia, Kel, 433

Taitoq, the, 17, 350, 351, 354; dialect of, 266-7

Takadda (Nakda), 452

Takarkari, the, 406

“Takatkat,” 164

Takazanzat (Takazuzat), rock of, 240

Takermus, Kel, 429

“Takirbai,” 164

Takrizat, 437

Takrizat, Kel, 209, 290, 437; a holy tribe, 290, 291

“Takuba” (sword), 233

Talak plain, 31, 114, 131, 209, 214, 308, 351, 394, 438, 441; tomb of Awa in, 281

Talak, Kel, 441

Talat Mellen, 308

“Talha” acacia, 226

“Talhakim,” the (ornament), 282-3, 284

“Talimt,” 226 _n._[212]

Talras, 68, 450

Tamadalt Tan Ataram, position of, 425

Tamanet, 242, 243

Tamanghasset, 12

“Tamat” acacia, 226, 227

Tamat, Kel, 52, 60, 307, 428, 437, 438

Tamatut well, 60; destroyed, 60, 451

Tamel, Kel, 434

Tamenzaret, wells of, 215, 418

Tamet Tedderet, position of, 425

Tamgak, 311, 389, 428, 437; mother of Kel Owi settles in, 386; “Wild Men” of, 306-7, 437

Tamgak mountains, 157, 311, 314 _n._[275], 315, 316, 317, 321, 396

Tamgak, Kel, 306, 394, 400, 437; one of the original five tribes, 368, 378, 379; modern representatives of, 395, 396, 400, 437

Tamizgidda, Kel, 53, 439

Tamkak, the, 368; _see_ Tamgak, Kel.

Tanamari, 51

“Tanghot” (spirit), 281

Tanut (in Damergu), 47, 48, 52, 69, 81, 119 _n._[107], 418, 451; position of, 424

Tanut (near Marandet), 119, 121

Tanut Unghaidan, 122

Tanutmolet, 316, 430; houses in, 248

Tanutmolet, Kel, 430-31

Tanzar, the, 434

Taodenit, 219; salt deposits of, 30, 411, 452 _n._[450]

“Tara,” camel disease, 201

Tara Bere, 91

Taranet, Kel, 439

Tarantulas, 227

Tarat Mellet, the, 394

“Tarei tan Kel Owi,” 61, 308, 314

Tarenkat, 433

Targa, the, 19, 445; Ibn Khaldun on, 343; Leo Africanus describes Air and Ahaggar as inhabited by, 19, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337-8, 359; and the name “Tuareg,” 273, 338, 348-9, 461

Tariq, 376

“Tariqa,” Senussi, 290

“Tarki” (Tarqi) and the word “Tuareg,” 257, 274, 460, 461

Tarrajerat, 80

Taruaji, 418

Taruaji mountains, 78, 84, 86, 126, 127, 156, 183

“Tasalgi” (north), 244, 247

Tasawa, 305, 411

Tasawat, 244; mosque of, 255-6

Tasessat, 239

Tashel (Taschell, Tashil), the, 433

Tashkeur (Teshkar) well, 446 _n._[446]

Tasr, wells of, 446-7

Tassili, Azger, 260, 261

Tatenei, Kel, 381

Tateus well, 66, 74

Tattus, Kel, 438

Tautek, 405

Tawarek, the, 118, 257, 273, 460; Arab etymology of, 257; _see_ Tuareg.

Tazizilet, 69, 71, 219

Tebehic, 80, 82; position of, 424; spirits of, 279

Tebernit valley, 243; water holes, 242

Tebu, the, 16, 109, 218, 318, 358, 403, 413, 443, 446; Berdeoa, people of, identified with, 335-6; Bornu dynasty of, 372, 374; boundary between Tuareg and, 358, 443; camel saddles of, 277; camels of, 196; Dunama II’s war with, 374; Ikaradan, Temajegh name for, 117, 335, 430, 441; Itesan driven out by, 389, 413; language of, 118, 155; origin of, 335-6; raids by, 59, 69, 188, 190, 296, 320, 327, 350, 389, 444, 450; throwing irons used by, 235; treachery of, 98, 236; Tuareg driven from south by, 358; Tuareg feud with, 98, 190, 442, 443; women of, wives of kings of Kanem, 373, 374

Technique of raids, 11, 189-93, 236, 237

Tecoum, the, 441

Teda, the, 335, 373 _n._[387]

Teda Inisilman, 155

Tedamansii, the, 336

Tedekel, Kel, 437

“Tedi” or “teddi” (measure of length), 222

Tedmukkeren (Tetmokarak), the, 433

“Tefakint,” 221

Tefgun, mosque of, 27, 149, 317, 428

Tefgun, Kel, 428

T’efira, 127 _n._[115]

Tefis, 248, 431; mosque of, 256, 258, 418

Tefis, Kel, 431

Tegama (Southern Air), 23, 32, 53, 64, 65, 188, 209, 303; Barth in, 23, 53, 118; camels of, 196, 197, 210; servile tribes of, 127, 128, 394; villages of, 127-8

Tegama valley, 58

Tegama, Kel, 53-4, 64-5, 118, 127, 128, 394, 433, 443; defeated by Kel Geres, 391; women of, 118

Tegama, Sultan, 98-9, 109, 465

Tegaza, 404 _n._[419], 452; Moors capture, 411; salt mines of, 332, 411, 452 _n._[450]

Tegbeshi, 184

“Tegehe” (descendants), 350 _n._[336]

Tegehe Mellen, the, 350

Tegehe n’Aggali, the, 350, 352

Tegehe n’Efis, 351

Tegehe n’es Sidi, the, 350, 351

Tegehe n’Essakal, 351, 352

Tegemi (Tégémui), 68

Teget (Tagei), Kel, 435

Teghazar valley, 84, 86, 241

Teghzeren, Kel, 433

Tegibbut, the, 434

Tegidda valley, 215, 299

Teginjir, 33; plain, 241, 242; position of, 425; spring, 241

Tegir, 430

Tegir, Kel, 430

Teguer, Kel, 430

Tehammam, the, 427

Tehenu, the, 337, 462 _n._[481]

Tehert, 337

Tekadda, 406, 408

Ibn Batutah’s, 452-3, 454, 455, 456; copper mines of, 452-3, 454; identification of, attempted, 454, 455; Sultan of, 151, 152, 406, 454, 455

“Tekerkeri, the,” 406

T’ekhmedin, the guide, 185-7, 195, 225, 239

Tekursat valley, the, 60, 61

Telamse, Kel, 432

Telezu valley, 239, 240, 243

Telia, position of, 425

Telizzarhen, 265; rock drawings of, 319

Tellia valley, 243

Teloas-Tabello, position of, 424

Telwa river, 122-3, 127; valley, 84, 115, 122-3, 125, 414, 441

Temagheri, the, 372, 373

Temahu, the, 376, 462

Temajegh, 12, 15, 118, 154, 266, 269, 270-71, 462; camel names in, 197; Christianity, words associated with, in, 277-8; dictionaries of, 12, 467; etymology of, 15 _n._[14], 373, 462; “Kel” names in, 129; Latin, traces of, in, 75 _n._[70], 278; origin of, 267-8, 270; Quran translated into, 269; written, _see_ T’ifinagh.

Tembellaga, 58

Temed, 321, 428

“Temeder” (part of the Veil), 287

Temperatures in the Sahara, 4, 298

Tents, Tuareg, 89, 212

“Terga,” 273, 461; _see_ Targa.

Tergulawen, 50, 61, 62, 67, 69, 114, 242, 390; road, 70; well, 59, 60, 74, 80

Terjeman, quarter of Agades, 91, 118

Terminal points of trans-desert traffic, 110, 111

Termit, 32, 46, 58, 67, 68, 81, 218, 320, 448-50; author’s march to, 46, 81, 444, 446-51; drainage of, 450; mountains of, 448, 449-50; position of, 424; rocks of, oddly shaped, 450; wells of, 443, 447, 448-9, 451

Territories du Niger, 41-2, 43, 189, 416

Tesabba valley, 210

Teshkar, 446, 447, 451; position of, 424

Teskokrit, 69, 72

Tessawa, 42, 43, 46, 47; position of, 424

Tessuma valley, 243

Tetmokarak, the, 65, 381, 433

Teworshekaken valleys, 61

Tezirzak, 428

Tezogiri valley, 78

Tgibbu (Tegibbut), the, 434

Thorns in vegetation of Air, 199, 226

Throwing-iron, used by Tebu, 235

Thuben, 323

Thugga inscription, 267

Thukdha (Nakda), 452

Thunderbolt, an evil omen, 296

Thunderstorms, violent, 82-3, 451

Tiakkar, the, 434

T’iaman, 143

Tibawi (Tebu), 335

Tibesti, 7, 92, 98, 218, 334, 335, 403, 444; identified with Agisymba Regio, 325, 326, 327; camels of, 195; camels commandeered for expeditions to, 205; drainage system of, 3; mountains of, 2, 4, 32; raiding in, 187, 193, 276, 444; rainfall of, 4; rock drawing in, 276; unknown area of, 32; Turkish penetration of, 327

Tidikelt, 111

Tidrak hills, 156, 181

Tifaut, 405

T’ifinagh (Tuareg script), 15-16, 263, 264, 266-9, 271, 276, 289; name of Air in, 454; alphabet of, 266-7; Arabic letters in, 271; Ifadeyen familiarity with, 268, 400; inscriptions in, 81, 264, 268, 269, 286; origin of, 267-8; Quran in, 269; taught by women, 173-4, 268

T’igefen, 450

Tiggedi cliff, 65, 70, 71, 76-7, 454 _n._[456]; defeat of Kel Tegama at, 391

“Tiggeur” acacia, 226

T’ighummar valley, 215

Tikammar cheese, 157, 158

Tildhin, the, 412

Tilemsan, 291

Tilho, Colonel, 30; Anglo-French frontier delimitation by, 41; maps of, 33 _n._[38], 41, 466; observations made by, 422, 424

T’ilimsawin hills, 156

T’ilimsawin, Kel, 432

T’ilisdak valley, 127, 435

Tilkatine, the, 434 _n._

Tilutan, 404

Timbuctoo, 7, 23, 30, 110, 344, 354, 405; earliest accounts of, 19; camels of, 196; foundation of, 407; Melle conquest and loss of, 407, 408; mithkal of, 222; Moorish garrison in, 411; “People of the West” in, 441; salt caravan from, 188, 219, 452 _n._[451]; Songhai conquest of, 409; Tuareg of, 18; Tuareg conquest and loss of, 408, 409

Timbuctoo-Cairo pilgrim road, 114, 318

Timbulaga, 70

T’imia, 33, 186, 204, 216-17, 241, 290, 299, 308, 311, 385, 439; houses in, 248, 250; hut circles at, 262; Kel Owi invasion of, 389; massif of, 33, 216, 242; measures used in, 221; mosque of, 385; rock drawing at, 194 _n._[178]; women of, 173

T’imia, Kel, 298, 439; mixed, 440

T’imilen mountains, 299

T’imilen valley, 243, 299

T’immersoi, 31, 32, 33, 78

“Timmi” (oath of friendship), 237

T’imuru peak, 300

T’in Awak mountain, 300

T’in Dawin, 78; position of, 424

T’in Shaman, 116, 364-5, 367; French post at, 86, 99, 365; position of, 424

T’in Taboraq, 82, 84, 85; position of, 424

T’in Tarabin valley, 9, 30

T’in Wafara, 437

T’in Wana, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 213; fossil trees at, 81-2, 259 _n._[226]; pool of, 81; position of, 424; rock inscriptions at, 81

T’in Wansa, 309; houses in, 248

T’in Yerutan, 404

T’inalkum, Kel, 355, 383 _n._[400]

T’inien, 214; position of, 424

T’inien mountains, 125, 156

T’intabisgi, 427, 428

Tintagete, Kel, 435

T’intaghoda, 26, 122, 308, 316, 390, 436, 437; Barth’s expedition attacked at, 23, 290, 312; capital of Northern Air, 316; houses of, 248, 316; mosque of, 257, 258, 316

T’intaghoda, Kel, 129, 312, 437; a holy tribe, 291, 306, 437

T’intellust, 308, 309, 311, 319, 320, 321, 436; Barth’s headquarters at, 23, 122, 308, 312-13

T’intellust, Kel, 435

Tinteyyat, 435

Tinylcum, the, 383

Tinylkum, Barth’s, 355

Tirekka, 405

“Tirik” (riding saddle), 230-31

T’iriken peak, 299-300

Tirza, 180 _n._[172]

Tisak n’Talle, 91

T’Isemt, Kel, 441

Tishorén (Tuareg), 460

Tiski, the Children of, 342-3, 349

Tissot, C. J.: _Géographie comparée_, 207 _n._[190]

Tit, Ahaggar Tuareg defeated at, 10, 11, 328

T’iugas and her six daughters, story of, 384

T’iwilmas, 314, 316

T’iyut valley, 23, 31 _n._[36], 367

Tizraet, the pool of, 418

Tobacco chewed by Tuareg, 211

Tobacco snuff as remedy for camel disease, 200

Todra, Mount, 84, 123, 127, 131, 156, 181, 183, 184, 213, 214, 215, 216, 239

Toga, North African robes said to be descended from, 285

Toiyamama, the, 434

Tokede valley, 239, 240, 243

Toledo swords owned by Tuareg, 233

Tomb of Awa, 281

Tombs (_see_ Graves), Air, 259-63; possibly made in floor of hut, 263

Tools, Tuareg, 229

Toreha, 180 _n._[172]

Toshit N’Yussuf, 438

Totemism, survival of, among Tuareg, 294-5, 394 _n._[408]

_Tournées d’apprivoisement_, 11

Towar, 183, 184-5, 186, 195, 238, 239, 240, 243, 283, 440; houses in, 248, 252

Towar river, 183

Towar, Kel, 184, 439; mixed, 184, 440

Tower of Agades, 94; _see_ Minaret.

Tracks, marked by coloured stones, 293

Trade roads, 5, 23, 37, 38; map of, 5; railway’s effect on, 38; _see_ Caravan roads.

Traghen, 112

Transliteration, difficulties of, 271, 350 _n._[338]

Transport enterprises, Kel Owi monopoly of, 390

Trans-Saharan caravan roads, 308-9, 318

Trans-Saharan railway, suggestion of, 38

Travelling bags, leather, Tuareg, 228

Treachery, Tuareg averse to, 236, 237

Treaty between Tuareg and original inhabitants of Air, tradition of, 367-8

Trees, fossil, 81-2, 259 _n._[226]

Triangular ornaments (“talhakim”), 282-3

Tribal allegiance derived through mother, 149-51

Tribal alliances, 147-8

Tribal chiefs: and the Amenokal, 108, 144; authority of, passing to village headmen, 127-8, 131; functions of, 110, 147; measures kept by, 220; selection of, 108

Tribal classification, importance attached by Tuareg to, 143-5

Tribal councils, women in, 168, 169

Tribal feuds set aside in trade centres, 111

Tribal groupings, 147-8

Tribal histories, 360, 361-2

Tribal marks on camels, 201-2

Tribal names, Tuareg, 128-31

Tribal organisation of Tuareg of Air, 393, 400, 426-41

Tribal warfare, 390, 391, 392, 402-3; before appointment of common ruler, 101

Tribes, colour differences in, 161, 162; holy, 290-91, 306, 355, 357, 437, 438, 439, 440; of mixed caste, 355; noble and servile, _see_ Imajeghan, Imghad, _and_ Noble and servile tribes.

Tripoli, 110; caravan road, 23, 48, 61, 242; Col. Hamer Warrington Consul at, 21; embassy from Bornu to, 410

Tripolitania, 41, 187, 208, 358, 457; former British paramountcy in, 20, 21, 22; anti-French and -British activities in, 84; Hawara in, 345; Islam, spread of, in, 257; Italian occupation of, Tuareg and, 8; rock drawings in, 318; Southern, Roman occupation of, 323

Trotting on camels thought unwise, 193

Trousers, Tuareg, 164, 289

Tsabba valley, 210

T’Sidderak hills, 214

T’Sidderak, Agoalla of, 397

T’Sidderak, Kel, 381, 432

Tuaghet pool, 427

Tuareg of Ahaggar, _see_ Ahaggaren.

Tuareg of Air: not a tribe but a people, 14, 461; racial purity of, 16, 137, 161, 162, 163

their arrival in Air, 359, 366-93, 394, 395, 396, 397, 403, 404, 405-6; its date, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404; their vicissitudes, 401-16; future of, 420, 421

accounts of, 8-9, 10, 14, 18-20, 24, 25, 28

adultery not common among, 177

agriculture despised by, 127, 134, 174, 360

amulets worn by, 282, 284

ancestry of, 7-8, 254, 345-6, 353, 359, 366, 367, 368, 369, 385-7, 403, 462; Bello on, 368, 369, 371; Ibn Khaldun on, 343-4, 345, 346, 347, 348, 353, 379; Leo Africanus on, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349

animism of, 295

architecture of, 184, 241, 244-59, 377, 378

art of, 246, 263-5

belts worn by, 180, 194, 236, 237

Berbers and, 7, 16, 338, 371, 372, 458, 461

“Black” and “White,” 139-40

blue-eyed, 16

calm manner of, 420

caravan trade of, 7, 38, 48, 50, 142, 145, 146; _see_ Salt caravans.

caste system of, 103-4, 108, 136, 137-8; _see_ Imajeghan _and_ Imghad.

cattle trade of, 133-4, 190, 202-5

characteristics lost by, 40-41

children of, 148-9, 174, 177-9, 181, 268, 400

chivalry of, 168, 236-7

Christianity, former, of, 275-8, 284-5, 289, 293-4

circumcision practised by, 179

civilisation of, present, decline from earlier, 7, 255, 265, 268, 378

civilising rôle of, 37, 393, 401

cleanliness of, 163, 273, 274

colouring of, 161-2, 173, 367, 460

courage of, 11, 169-70, 236, 237, 354

dancing of, 44, 272

disease among, 178, 179-80

divorce among, 176-7

dress of, 14, 15, 95-6, 163-7, 177, 265, 289

education among, 174, 177-8, 268, 400

Europeans and, 8, 23, 24, 154, 290

evacuation of, by French, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426

family system of, 103-4, 147, 148-53, 373, 398

female descent among, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398

festivals of, 181, 274-5

food of, 157-60, 174, 211, 212

French and: hostilities between, 9-11, 13, 26, 51, 52, 114 _n._[104], 236, 328; migration of some tribes from, 51, 350, 352; pacific attitude of others, 26-7, 51, 52, 414 _n._[429]; revolt against, in 1917, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 169, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420

furniture of, 229-30

geographical knowledge of, 265-6

government of, 144-8

graves and tombs of, 181, 229, 259-63

greetings used between, 419

historical knowledge of, 265, 360, 361-2

honour, sense of, among, 296

hospitality of, 210, 237

houses of, various types, 89, 90, 92, 181, 184, 239, 240-41, 244-55, 256, 302, 309, 310-11, 314, 315-16, 377-8, 381, 389, 393

huts of, 184, 253, 254, 262-3

industries of, 131, 164-6, 174, 227-30, 231, 277, 310

judicial system of, 107, 110

Kings of, _see_ Amenokal; list of, 463-5

language of, 15; _see_ Temajegh.

Libyans and, 7, 262, 341, 342, 356, 366, 462

literature of, 173, 263, 269, 360, 361-2

live stock of, 133-4, 190, 202, 203, 204-5

love affairs among, 174-5, 176

marriage system of, 170-71, 173, 174, 175-7, 181, 289

matriarchal system among, 103-4, 148-53, 170, 171

medicine among, 82, 180-81, 201

migrations of, _see_ Migrations.

ministers and officials of, 106-7

monarchy, democratic, of, 107-8, 145

monogamy usual among, 170, 171

mosques of, 86, 87, 93, 94, 255-8, 301-2, 360, 361

music of, 272

name of, 14, 15, 118, 257, 273-4, 412 _n._[426], 454, 459-60, 461; derivation of, 348-9

noble and servile, 15, 103-4, 110, 128, 137, 140-43, 217; _see_ Imajeghan _and_ Imghad.

nomadism of, 16, 208, 209, 212, 400, 406

numbers of, 402

origin of, _see above under_ ancestry of.

ornaments of, 282-6

patience of, 296, 420

physical type of, 161-3, 172, 177, 187, 217

poetry of, 169, 173, 263, 265, 271, 272

population of, 402

pottery of, 160-61, 317

prostitution among, 177

proverbs of, 176, 182, 237, 420, 421

raiding by, 51, 59, 187, 188, 189, 190-94

“red” colouring of, 162, 173, 367, 460

religion of, 273-8, 290, 291-4; earlier, possibly Christianity, 275-8, 293-4; traces of Christian influence, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5

revolt of, 1917, _see above under_ French.

script of, 15-16; _see_ T’ifinagh.

shields of, 234-5, 276, 444

slave trading, former, by, 135

slaves of, 15 _n._[13], 103-4, 105, 134, 135, 140, 150, 178

snuff taken by, 211, 220

Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal.

superstitions of, 275, 278-81, 293, 295-6

taboos among, 294-5

tobacco chewed by, 211

tools of, 229

totemism among, 294-5, 394 _n._[408]

trade of, 38, 48, 50, 133, 414

tribal names of, 128-31

tribes and sub-tribes of, 143-5, 393, 400, 426-41

unselfishness of, 95, 177, 178

vanity of, 95

Veil worn by, 14-15, 139-40, 163, 284-90, 328-9

warfare, methods of, 236-7; tribal, 101, 390, 391, 392, 402-3

weapons of, 233-6, 276; allegiance to _armes blanches_, 55, 235-6, 328; arm daggers, 234; knives, 234, 236; spears, 233-4, 236; swords, 96, 233, 234, 236, 276, 289

weights and measures of, 220-22

women of, _see_ Women, Tuareg.

Tuareg, Azger, Damergu, Elakkos, Fezzan, _etc._, _see under those heads_.

Tuat, 9, 260, 291, 292, 332, 334; earliest account of, 19; Ibn Batutah’s journey to, 453, 455, 456; Jews massacred in, 291

Tuat road, 318, 353, 453

Tuat-Tidikelt area, 111

Tuberculosis case at Auderas, 180

Tubuzzat, Kel, 437

“Tufakoret” (solar halo), 296

Tuggurt, 9, 111

Tukda (Nakda), 452

Tumayu, 372

Tummo, 320

Tumuli, funerary, 260-61

Tunfafia, 180 _n._[172]

Tunisia, 325, 341, 457; Christianity in, 294; the Circumcelliones in, 328; spread of Islam in, 257

Tunsi, El, 192

Turayet, 51, 418; graves in, 263; valley, 84, 183

Turdja, 180 _n._[172]

Turha, 180 _n._[172]

Turks: their part in the 1917 revolt, 93, 98; penetration of Tibesti by, 327

Ufa Atikin, position of, 425

Ufugum, Kel, 434

Ula, 191

Ulcer, nasal, caused by sand, 180

Ulli, Kel, 52, 129, 307, 437, 438, 441; Damergu, 440

’Umbellu, the ’alim, 217, 270, 290, 385, 389

Umuzut, Kel, 428; Damergu, 440

Unankara valley, 308, 390

Uncle, maternal, descent traced through, 151

Ungwa, Kel, 433

Unnar, Kel, 381, 432, 433

Uraren, position of, 425

Urn burial, 161, 263; pre-Tuareg example of, 121

Urufan, 44; position of, 424

Ushr, 180 _n._[172]

Utzila, the, 343

Uye, Kel, 432

Valleys, of Air, 34-5, 83-4; of Azawagh, 61-2, 63, 66-7, 71, 76

Vassalage and Imghadage compared, 38, 140, 141

Vegetables, cultivation of, 131-2, 133

Vegetation, desert, 64, 70, 226; hardiness of, 67; rain and, 124; Elakkos and Termit, 445, 446, 449

Veil, People of the, _see_ Tuareg.

Veil, the, 14-15, 41, 284, 286-90, 328; appearance of Tuareg without, 187; colour of, 117, 139-40; how put on, 287-8; Southerners adopt practice of wearing, 41; theories concerning, 288-90; not worn by women and slaves, 15, 140, 288

Venereal disease, 179-80

Vespasian, 322

Vesuvius, 242

Vicissitudes of Tuareg in Air, 401-16

Village organisations, effect of 1917 revolt on, 127-8, 338-9

Villagers, nomads’ lot envied by, 212

Villages, Central and North African type, 42, 43, 48, 87-90, 91; Damergu, 48; Elakkos, 442, 443, 446; Tuareg, no factions in, 338

Viper, Sand, 227

Vizir, the, Agades, 106, 116

Vogel, Dr., 21

Volcanic origin of Saharan mountains, 2; phenomena in geology of Air, 33, 79, 81, 183, 215, 216

Volcano, Gheshwa, 241-2

Von Bary, Erwin, _see_ Bary.

Voulet, Captain, French expedition under, 25-6, 51

Wad Righ, 9

Wadai, 7, 334

Wadan, 325, 332 _n._[301]

Wadi el Shati, 354

Wadigi valley, 431

Wadigi, Kel, 431, 432, 437

Wahat, El, 6

“Wakili,” the Sultan’s, 106

Walad Delim, the, 344, 345 _n._[328], 358

Walata, 153, 175, 332, 404 _n._[419], 405

War of Famine, the, 414

Warfare, desert: raids distinct from, 190; small numbers involved in, 11; Tuareg methods of, 236-7

Wargla, 9, 110, 335

Warrington, Colonel Hamer, 21

Warrington, Henry, 21

Water, native powers of abstinence from, 189, 208, 209, 210

“Water of the Horse,” 325-6

Water-skins, 232

Watering points: for salt caravans, 219; technique of raids and, 11, 188, 189; _see_ Wells.

Wati, Kel, 412-13

Wau el Harir, 336

Wau el Kebir, 6

Wau el Namus, 6

Wau el Seghir, 6

Wawat People of the West, 6

Weather superstitions, Tuareg, 295-6

Weathering, uneven in action, 321

Webster, G. W., 362 _n._[356]

Weights and measures, Air, 220-22

Welimmid (Aulimmiden), the, 357

Well, iron in, Ibn Batutah on, 453

Well, People of the Deep, 308

Wells, 7, 74-6, 80, 300; filled in during revolt, 59, 60, 451; not poisoned in warfare, 236; silted up, 66, 72, 74

of Azawagh, 74-6, 80; of Elakkos, 445-6, 447; irrigation, 132-3; attributed to the Itesan, 377, 378, 393; of Northern Air, 300; origin and guardianship of, 74-5, 377, 378, 393

West, People of the, 129, 441

West and north, confusion of terms for, 244, 247

Western Negroland: Sanhaja dominant in, 404-5; occupied by Songhai, 409

Western Sahara, 3-4; caravan route to, 7; Sanhaja rulers of, 404, 405

Western Sudan, French expedition from, 25

Wheat: cultivation of, 131, 133; “kus-kus” made of, 157-8; considered a luxury, 160

Wheeled transport, ancient use of, in Air, discussed, 318-19, 320, 321-2, 324

“White” and “Black” Tuareg, 139-40

White camels, 196

“White Nobles,” Tuareg term for British, 459

“White People,” the (Arab traders), 106, 404

“White People,” the (Kel Ahamellan), 352

Wild donkeys, 204

“Wild Men of Air,” the, 306-7

Wireless stations: Agades, 86; raiders handicapped by, 188

“Witnesses, The,” 260

Wives of Tuareg: male friends allowed to, 175-6; monogamy usual in Air, 170, 171; purchase of, 177

Wolof language, 118

Women: Bardamah, 406, 452; Bororoji, 57; Hausa and Kanuri, 44; Kel Owi, 180; Tegama, 54

Tuareg: general status of, 167-71, 272, 293; claimed as tribal ancestresses or leaders, 398; in childbirth, 179; courage of, 169-70; descent traced through, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398; divination by, 281-2; dress of, 167, 172; eat with men, 174; education given by, 173-4, 268, 400; faces of, painted, 173; fatness of, 118, 172, 406; forwardness of, 54, 118; household duties of, 174; industries in hands of, 174, 227; male friends of, 175-6; marriage system, 170-71, 174, 175-6, 181, 196-7; noble, high standing of, 150, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174; old, handsomeness of, 173; ornaments of, 283; as poets, 169, 173, 271, 272; property owned by, 168-9, 177, 293; in public life, 168, 169; salons held by, 272; spirits supposed to attack, 279-81; veil not worn by, 15, 288; young, 172, 173, 174-5

World, roundness of, known to Tuareg, 266

Wounds, Tuareg treatment of, 201

Yellow ochre used as cosmetic, 173

Yemen, the, 341; early invasion from, 371

Yes, Quarter of, Ghat, 258

Yiti, Kel, 412

Youngest member of party made cook, 159

Youths, Tuareg, dress of, 289

Yunis, Sultan, 102, 103, 104, 463

Yusif (ben el Haj Ahmed ibn el Haj Abeshan), Sultan, 102 _n._[91], 103, 413, 464

Za Alayamin (el Yemani), Libyan dynasty of, 404

Za Yasebi, 408

Zakarkaran, the, 428

Zamfarawa, the, 391

Zanhaga, desert of, 332

Zanziga, the, 332, 333, 334, 343, 348

Zaria, type of houses of, 87

Zawzawa, 46, 145

Zegawa, the 343

Zegedan, Kel, 435

Zelim massif. 33; pool of, 317, 427

Zella, 374 _n._[389]

Zenega, the, 331

Zerumini, the, 433

Zibduwa, 412

Zilalet, 299, 431, 440; position of, 425

Zilalet, Kel, 384, 431, 440

Zinder, 42, 43-4, 49, 50, 51, 85, 189, 418; French garrison at, 85; Senussi “zawia” at, 49

Zinder-Chad, territory of, 50

Zinder-Fashi-Kawar road, 32

Zipta mountain, 327

Zuila (Cillala), 112, 323, 347

Zu’lhajja, 274

Zungu, 46

Zurbatan, the, 434

Zurika, position of, 425

[Illustration: Map showing MR. FRANCIS RODD’S ROUTES in AÏR AND ADJACENT PARTS of FRENCH WEST AFRICA

_Published by permission of the Royal Geographical Society._]

Transcriber's note:

pg 76 Changed: _Crucifera thebaica_ to: _Cucifera_

pg 184, footnote 176, Changed: Plate 21 to: Plate 20

pg 220 Changed: gives undulys hort weight to: unduly short

pg 221 Changed: especially in measurng the to: measuring

pg 224 Changed: at one end pased over to: passed

pg 323 Changed: justify a futher advance to: further

pg 350, footnote 338, Changed all instances of: ʿ to: ’

pg 423 Changed: author’s meterological record to: meteorological

pg 435 Changed: abounding in in “dûm palms.” to: abounding in “dûm palms.”

pg 442 Changed: in an expense of yellow sea to: expanse

pg 451 Changed: Bultum Babá to: Bullum

pg 457 Changed: authors have asumed that to: assumed

pg 460 Changed: del settrentrionale d’Africa to: settentrionale

pg 468 Changed: Oriental Translations Fund, 1941 to: 1841

pg 470 Changed: Agheláshem wells to: Aghelashem

pg 473 Changed: Aulimmiden, the, [. . .] inheritance system disliked by, 153 to: 152

pg 487 Changed: Songhai atack on to: attack

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.