Part 4
It can hardly be doubted, but that the great maſs of iron, brought by PALLAS, from Siberia, into Europe, is the product of nature. Its compoſition reſembles that of forged iron; for 100 parts of it yield, by means of the muriatic acid, 49 cubic inches of inflammable air; and from many experiments upon ductile iron, that is found to yield from 48 to 51[70].
§ 199.
FERRUM _nativum_ (iron) _native_, united to arſenic. Arſenical.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 243. B. _Miſspickel._
§ 200.
FERRUM (iron), with the power of attracting other iron. Loadſtone.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 211. b. _Magnes._
The cauſe of this property is yet unknown.
§ 201.
FERRUM (iron), with phlogiſton enough to render it magnetic. Magnetic.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 212, 213.
But the quantity of phlogiſton is far ſhort of that which is neceſſary to render it ductile, for a centenary hardly contains more than three cubic inches of inflammable air.
§ 202.
FERRUM _calciforme_ (iron calciform), ſimply deprived of phlogiſton. Ochrous.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 202–206. _Bloodſtone._
§ 203.
FERRUM (iron), mineralized by _aerial acid_, _calcareous earth_, and _manganeſe_. White.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 20. _Minera ferri alba._
§ 204.
FERRUM (iron), mineralized by _ſulphur_. Pyritical.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 152. _Pyrites._
§ 205.
FERRUM (iron) intimately united to a new brittle metal[71], or to a peculiar modification of iron, rendering it brittle when cold. Cold-ſhort.
In cold-ſhort iron, a brittle metal exiſts, readily uniting to ductile iron, by the aſſiſtance of heat, but rendering it brittle when cold. This ſubſtance, diſſolved in acids, forms Pruſſian blue with phlogiſticated alkaly, but it is not magnetic: it affords a white calx, richer in phlogiſton than the yellow calx of good iron.
I hope, by more experiments, ſoon to become better acquainted with it.
§ 206.
FERRUM _calciforme_ (iron calciform), _phlogiſticated_ in a peculiar manner. Blue.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 208. _Cæruleum Berolinenſe nativum._
Clay and mould are sometimes coloured ſuperficially by a dilute blue, and ſometimes the former, when newly dug up, is found to acquire this colour upon expoſure to the air. It is evident that the baſis of this colour is an irony matter, full of phlogiſton; for, by ignition upon a charcoal fire, it flames, turns red, and becomes magnetic. With a gentle heat it becomes green, but when melted gives black ſcoriæ.
Alkalies, as well as acids, diſſolve it, and the colour vaniſhes, but appears again, if precipitated from the former by acids, and from the latter by alkalies; but it has then a greenish caſt, and ſoon becomes white. This white ſediment, immerſed in an infuſion of galls, or of tea, recovers its former colour.
From what has been ſaid, it appears that this colour, although analogous to the artificial Pruſſian blue, differs from it in its intensity, in the mode of its production, and in various properties. It keeps its colour in water, but turns black with oil.
STANNUM, OR TIN.
§ 207.
Its ſpecific gravity is 7,264. Vitriolic, muriatic, acetous acids, and aqua regia, diſſolve it, but the nitrous, eſpecially when ſtrong, attacks it ſo violently, that it ſoon reduces it to the ſtate of an inſoluble calx.
The quantity of phlogiſton it loſes by ſolution, may be called 114; and this it retains with a force that gives it the ninth place in the ſeries. It melts eaſier than any metal, except quickſilver, viz. at 415 degrees.
§ 208.
STANNUM _nativum_ (tin). Native.
This I have not ſeen. Some doubts are entertained of its true nature, and, perhaps, not without reaſon.
§ 208*.
STANNUM _ſulphuratum_ (tin), mineralized by _ſulphur_. Sulphurated.
[See the Preface.]
§ 209.
STANNUM _calciforme_ (tin) calciform, contaminated by _iron_. Calciform.
VISMUTUM, OR BISMUTH.
§ 210.
The heaviest of all the brittle metals that follow it, its ſpecific gravity being 9,670. Nitrous acid, and aqua regia diſſolve it perfectly. The vitriolic acid muſt be boiled nearly to dryneſs before it acts upon it, and the muriatic acid only attacks its calx. The quantity of phlogiſton which reſists the action of menſtrua, is expreſſed by 57; and its power of retaining it ranks it in the ſeventh place. It melts at the heat of 494 degrees.
§ 211.
VISMUTUM _nativum_ (biſmuth). Native.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 222.
§ 212.
VISMUTUM _calciforme_ (biſmuth). Calciform.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 223.
I am not able to ſay whether this is merely deprived of its phlogiſton, or whether it is not alſo mineralized by aerial acid.
§ 213.
VISMUTUM (biſmuth) mineralized by _ſulphur_. Sulphurated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 224.
§ 214.
VISMUTUM (biſmuth) mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _iron_. Pyritical.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 225.
NICCOLUM, OR NICKEL.
§ 215.
The regulus, when depurated, has a ſpecific gravity of 9,000, or more; but the common regulus, obtained by the firſt reduction, little exceeds 7,000. Aqua regia, and nitrous acid, diſſolve it perfectly; muriatic acid, ſlowly; vitriolic acid, not without boiling almoſt to dryneſs and the acetous acid does not act upon it, unleſs in a calciform ſtate. The quantity of phlogiſton ſeparated by ſolution, may be called 156; and this it retains with a force about equal to that with which iron retains its phlogiſton (§ 197).
The heat neceſſary to melt it, is about equal to that which gold requires; but when depurated, it is almoſt as difficult to melt as iron.
The properties of it are more fully examined elſewhere[72].
§ 216.
NICCOLUM _nativum_ (nickel) native, united to _iron_ and _arſenic_. Native.
It ſometimes, perhaps, contains cobalt. As it contains neither ſulphur nor mineralizing acid, and is perfectly in its metallic form, it muſt be called _native_, although joined to other metals.
§ 217.
NICCOLUM _aeratum_ (nickel) mineralized by _aerial acid_. Aerated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 255.
§ 218.
NICCOLUM (nickel) mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_, _cobalt_, and _iron_. Mineralized.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 256. Cuprum Nicolai. Kupfer nickel.
ARSENICUM, OR ARSENIC.
§ 219.
The ſpecific gravity of the radical acid, is 3,391; of white arſenic, 3,706; of its glaſſy ſtate, 5,000; and its regulus, 8,308. Aqua regia, and muriatic acid, diſſolve it perfectly; the vitriolic acid requires boiling; the acetous acts only upon its calx: the nitrous acid not only takes away as much phlogiſton as may be expreſſed by 109, deprived of which the regulus is reduced to the ſtate of a calx, but in a large quantity, aſſiſted by a proper degree of heat, it at length so far dephlogiſticates this calx, as to leave the acid of arſenic alone. Theſe phænomena are well worthy of obſervation, as they ſeem to lay open the nature of metals in general. From analogy, it is probable that every metal contains a radical acid of a peculiar nature, which, with a certain quantity of phlogiſton, is coagulated into a metallic calx; but with a larger quantity, ſufficient to ſaturate it, forms a compleat metal. The radical acid retains the coagulating phlogiſton much more ſtrongly than that which is neceſſary to the ſaturation. But different metallic acids retain both with different degrees of attraction. Hence the noble metals cannot be calcined in the dry way; it is only by acid menſtrua that they can be brought into that form; but all the others loſe their ſaturating phlogiſton in the fire, though with more or leſs difficulty. I have diſtinctly obſerved eleven different degrees of reſiſtance: thus, gold may be precipitated by all the other metals, except perhaps platina, which I think may thus be explained. The calx of gold having the greateſt attraction for phlogiſton, takes it from all other metals, and thus loſing its ſolubility falls down in a metallic ſtate. Therefore gold in the ſeries of metals, occupies at leaſt the ſecond place. Platina is precipitated by all, but leſs evidently than gold. To this therefore, I think we muſt give the firſt place, and so on of the others as I have remarked in the character of each metal. As nickel, cobalt, iron, manganeſe and zinc, do not precipitate one another, they are put together in the laſt and eleventh place[73].
In order to obtain the radical acids we muſt ſeparate them from the coagulating phlogiſton. If the induſtry of chemiſts ever effects this, I am confident that metallurgy will be wonderfully elucidated. This therefore is a taſk to which our labours muſt be directed. I know that analogy muſt be cautiously trusted, but it at leaſt leads us to new experiments. Hitherto this operation has only ſucceeded with arſenic; and it is worth notice, that this metal which holds the fifth place with reſpect to its quantity of phlogiſton, ſhould be inferior to all others with regard to the attraction by which the coagulating quantity is retained.
Arſenic melts, but the moment it ſuffers heat enough to melt it, it volatilizes, unleſs it be firſt calcined. The regulus thrown upon a plate of iron properly heated, preſently takes fire and calcines, diffuſing a ſmell like garlic[74].
§ 220.
ARSENICUM _nativum_ (arſenic), native, united to iron. Native.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 239.
I have never found it free from martial impregnation.
§ 221.
ARSENICUM _nativum_ (arſenic), native, united to ſilver.
§ 222.
ARSENICUM _calciforme_ (arſenic), deprived of phlogiſton. Calciform.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 240.
§ 223.
ARSENICUM (arſenic), mineralized by _ſulphur_. Yellow.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 241. _Auripigmentum._ _Riſigallum._
§ 224.
ARSENICUM (arſenic), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _iron_. Pyritical.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 243. A. _Pyrites arſenicalis._
COBALTUM, OR COBALT.
§ 225.
Its ſpecific gravity is 7,700. Nitrous acid and aqua regia readily diſſolve it. The vitriolic acid requires to be boiled nearly to dryneſs. The muriatic and acetous acids do not act upon it unleſs previouſly calcined. 270 expreſſes the quantity of ſaturating phlogiſton, which it retains with the ſame force that iron does. Common regulus melts in the ſame heat that copper does, but when well purified it is hardly eaſier to melt than iron.
§ 226.
COBALTUM _nativum_ (cobalt), native and united to _arſenic_. Native.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 249.
§ 227.
COBALTUM _calciforme_ (cobalt). Calciform.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 247.
It is found variouſly mixed, principally with arſenic, iron and copper, but whether mechanically or by a more intimate union I know not.
§ 228.
COBALTUM (cobalt), mineralized by acid of _arſenic_. Red.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 248.
The ſmall ſpecimens that I have been able to examine point out ſuch a compoſition[75].
§ 229.
COBALTUM (cobalt), contaminated by _iron_ and _vitriolic acid_. Vitriolic.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 250.
§ 230.
COBALTUM (cobalt), mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_ and _iron_. Glanz-cobalt.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 251.
§ 231.
COBALTUM (cobalt), mineralized by _ſulphur_, _arſenic_, _iron_ and _nickel_. Kupfernickel.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 252.
ZINCUM OR ZINC.
§ 232.
Its ſpecific gravity is 6,862. All the acids diſſolve it readily and with efferveſcence, which denotes its very lax union with the inflammable principle, as was remarked before (§ 219). 182 expreſſes the quantity of phlogiſton it loſes in ſolution. It melts in a heat of 699 degrees; and if the heat be a little increaſed it takes fire; and diſſipates in white flowers[76].
§ 233.
ZINCUM _calciforme_ (zinc), calciform ſimply deprived of its phlogiſton. Calciform.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 228. A. _Lapis calaminaris._
It is almost always mixed with clay or calciform iron.
§ 234.
ZINCUM (zinc), mineralized by _aerial acid_. Aerated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 228. A. 1.
§ 235.
ZINCUM (zinc) with _aerial acid_ and mixed with _ſiliceous_ matter. Siliceous.
D. A. BORN ſent me chryſtals of this ſpecies, which expoſed to the fire gave out aerial acid, but they were not wholly ſoluble in acids.
§ 236.
ZINCUM (zinc), mineralized by _ſulphur_ and _iron_. Black jack.
CRONSTEDT Min. §§ 229. 230. _Pſeudogalena._
ANTIMONIUM OR ANTIMONY.
§ 237.
Its ſpecific gravity is 6,860. Aqua regia diſſolves it well; vitriolic acid requires boiling; muriatic and acetous acids act hardly at all upon it, unleſs previouſly calcined. The nitrous acid corrodes it ſo as to prevent the ſolution. The phlogiſton it loſes in ſolution is expreſſed by 120, and with reſpect to the force wherewith it retains this, it ſtands in the ſixth place. It melts at a heat of 809 degrees.
§ 238.
ANTIMONIUM _nativum_ (antimony). Native.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 238.
§ 239.
ANTIMONIUM (antimony), mineralized by ſulphur. Sulphurated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 234.
§ 240.
ANTIMONIUM (antimony) mineralized by ſulphur and arſenic. Red.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 235.
MANGANESIUM, OR MANGANESE.
§ 241.
Its ſpecific gravity is 6,850. This new metal is ſoluble in all the acids, and is ſo readily deprived of its ſaturating phlogiſton that with iron and ſome others it ſtands the loweſt in the ſeries. 227 expreſſes the quantity of phlogiſton it loſes in ſolution. It is very difficult to melt, more ſo than iron.
§ 242.
MANGANESIUM _calciforme_ (manganeſe) ſimply deprived of phlogiſton. Calciform.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 114.
§ 243.
MANGANESIUM (manganeſe) mineralized by _aerial acid_.
Aerated.
CRONSTEDT Min. § 115. 1. a.
APPENDIX THE FIRST.
§ 244.
In the preceding pages only the more ſimple combinations occur, whoſe principles are either chemically united or at leaſt ſo ſubtly interwoven that the texture appears perfectly homogeneous. But if two or more of theſe ſpecies, forming little diſtinct maſſes are cemented together, theſe mechanical mixtures, diſcernible by the eye ought to conſtitute a new ſeries, to be diſtinguiſhed by their component parts as the others were by their firſt principles or chemical elements. Such compoſitions may well be excluded from the preſent work, but upon account of their extenſive phyſical, œconomical and metallurgical uſes, I propoſe to give a ſlight ſketch of them here, enumerating the more remarkable Genera.
§ 245.
In a general view it appears that not only ſeveral ſpecies cemented together may be referred to this place, but likewiſe thoſe which are mechanically diffuſed in a powdery or an earthy form.
§246.
From the laws of combination it is evident, that according to the arrangement of foſſils into four claſſes, there can be only TEN Genera compoſed of two, FOUR of three, and ONE of four conſtituent parts. And although ſo many have not yet been detected, yet it is better to mention them here as the induſtry of a future age will probably diſcover more. The ſpecies are formed from the differences of the more ſimple ſpecies and their component parts.
Salts _with_ Salts.
§ 247.
This compoſition can hardly ever conſtitute a genus, if it muſt be made in a dry and concrete form; for excepting gypſum, the other native ſalts readily diſſolve in water, and by evaporation are ſo mixed together as not readily to be diſcerned by the eye. Yet the foſſil alkaly mixed with common ſalt will perhaps find a place here. The contents of mineral waters may likewiſe be referred here, ſince every material difference in them depends upon the particles diſſolved.
Salts _with_ Earths.
§ 248.
This mixture is hardly to be found but where bits of gypſum are concreted to matters of an earthy nature.
Salts _with_ Inflammables.
§ 249.
May perhaps be found in volcanoes.
Salts _with_ Metals.
§ 250.
If gypſum forms the matrix of any metal, it muſt be placed here.
Earths _with_ Earths.
§ 251.
To this head belong moſt of the _ſaxa_ (ſtones), enumerated by Mr. Cronſtedt, which form the immenſe bulk of mountains, and deſerve our particular attention, in order that, being better acquainted with the nature and ſtructure of the ſhell of the earth, we may be able to point out the coverings of minerals, and convert them all to our uſe.
Earths _with_ Inflammables.
§ 252.
Lumps of mountain pitch are frequently connected with ſtones, and ſulphureous matters are found diffuſed through earthy materials.
Earths _with_ Metals.
§ 253.
This genus contains the peculiar _matrices_ of _metals_, a judicious conſideration of which would be particularly uſeful to miners.
Inflammables _with_ Inflammables.
§ 254.
Perhaps, in ſome places, ſulphureous matters are found mixed with mountain pitch.
Inflammables _with_ Metals.
§ 255.
If plumbago (black-lead) or common ſulphur, ſhall ever be found mixed with metallic ſubſtances, ſuch ſpecies muſt ſtand under this genus.
Metals _with_ Metals.
§ 256.
We know that ſome metals, in the boſom of the earth, are almoſt always mixed, whilſt others are rarely, or never, found together. A more accurate knowledge of theſe things, would illuſtrate phyſical geography, as well as metallurgy.
We now proceed to the more compound genera.
Salts _with_ Earths _and_ Inflammables.
§ 257.
This genus can hardly ever occur but in countries formerly expoſed to ſubterranean fires.[77]
Salts _with_ Earths _and_ Metals.
§ 258.
To be expected amongſt volcanic productions.
Salts _with_ Inflammables _and_ Metals.
§259.
To be ſought for in the productions of volcanoes.
Earths _with_ Inflammables _and_ Metals.
§ 260.
Obvious amongſt the productions of volcanoes, otherwiſe extremely rare.
Salts _with_ Earths, Inflammables, _and_ Metals.
§ 261.
Hardly to be expected but in volcanic mountains.
APPENDIX THE SECOND.
§ 262.
Foſſils externally reſembling animals or vegetables, originate from foreign matters, which by ſome peculiar proceſs are changed in the boſom of the earth, or are ſo impregnated by mineral particles gradually occupying the place of thoſe which have putrified, that they no longer reſemble organic ſubſtances, except in figure.—Theſe are commonly called PETREFACTIONS.
§ 263.
The harder ſhells of animals expoſed to the weather, are not always exempt from deſtruction; for their gelatinous matter being gradually deſtroyed by putrefaction, they become brittle, and in a manner calcined. In leſs expoſed ſituations, ſome of them preſerve the nature of their materials, but acquire a ſpar-like texture.
§ 264.
We muſt carefully diſtinguiſh betwixt the foreign bodies themſelves, changed or petrified, and their impreſſions upon the ſurrounding matrices. Sometimes the body is entirely deſtroyed, forming a cavity in the ſurrounding matter, and this cavity afterwards is filled with other materials. Nuclei, or kernels, are likewiſe found, formed within the cavities of the harder ſhells, and bearing the form of their internal ſurface.
§ 265.
I am far from thinking the knowledge of petrefactions is barren and uſeleſs. We may, and ought, to conſider them as medals depoſited by the hand of nature, in memory of the more remarkable changes on the ſurface of the earth, and from which the time and order of the work may, in ſome meaſure, be judged of, whilſt other monuments are ſilent. Theſe, being properly interpreted, ſhew us their native ſituations in the former ſtate of the ſurface of the earth, and teach us the unbounded empire of the ſea, and the conſequent changes. By them we learn to diſtinguiſh the ancient and modern foundations of the mineral kingdom; for thoſe which are not formed of petrefactions, and never contain them, are doubtleſs of greater antiquity than animals or vegetables; and, laſtly, by their figure they ſhew us the inhabitants of our globe, eſpecially thoſe of the greateſt depths of the ocean.
§ 266.
Mr. CRONSTEDT has admirably arranged the petrefactions; we think it right, therefore, to retain his method. The Genera are built upon the Genera of foſſils, and arranged like the four claſſes thereof; the ſpecies upon their ſpecies, and the varieties upon the organic ſubſtances that have been changed. The following are the Genera hitherto diſcovered.
_Saline Calcareous Earth_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 267.
Gypſeous petrefactions are very rare.
_Saline Iron_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 268.
Human bodies have ſometimes been found indurated and penetrated by vitriol of iron; so likewiſe have plants, their roots eſpecially. In the open air they moulder away.
_Mild Calcareous Earth_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 269.
This conſtitutes the ſubſtance of moſt petrefactions.
_Clay_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 270.
It is remarkable, that petrefactions found in clay are compreſſed, although, in ſubjacent calcareous ſtrata, they preſerve their natural figure. Similar compreſſed petrefactions are alſo found in the marly ſchiſtus.
_Siliceous Earth_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 271.
Siliceous petrefactions are ſometimes met with, but, in general, this material forms only nuclei (§ 264). Trunks of trees are ſometimes found changed into agate. The celebrated FERBER has ſeen petrefactions in chert and jaſper, and the illuſtrious BORN mentions corallines (porpitæ) in ſinople or martial jaſper.
_Earth organic._
§ 272.
Animals and vegetables are reſolved by putrefaction into an earth, which may be regarded as forming a peculiar genus, until every appearance of organization being obliterated, at length it comes to be conſidered as common earth.
_Petroleum_ impregnating _organic Bodies_.
§ 273.
Wood, penetrated by indurated petroleum, forms a remarkable variety of coal.
_Silver_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 274.
Native ſilver is ſometimes inherent in petrefactions, but never, to my knowledge, conſtitutes the ſubſtance of them, unleſs mineralized with copper and ſulphur.
_Quickſilver_ in an _organic Form_.
§ 275.
When mineralized by ſulphur, it ſometimes, though very rarely, conſtitutes petrefactions.
_Copper_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 276.
Bones and teeth are ſometimes found replete with the blue calx of copper. Bits of copper pyrites often ſtick in petrefactions, but ſeldom conſtitute their whole ſubſtance. I have some such from Norway, in a matrix of magnetical iron ore.
_Iron_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 277.
Calciform iron ſometimes is found in the ſhape of roots and branches of trees. When mineralized by ſulphur, it frequently exiſts in petrefactions, but ſeldom conſtitutes the whole maſs.
_Zinc_ with an _organic Form_.
§ 278.
I have ſeen pſeudo-galena (black jack), in the form of coral.
§ 279.
Some modern writers, as well as Mr. CRONSTEDT, place the productions of _volcanoes_ in an appendix by themſelves; but, I think, to no good purpoſe. Things formed by the hand of nature, whether by a liquid or a dry proceſs, muſt not be diſjoined; for ſhe frequently avails herſelf of both methods in one and the ſame inſtance. And, indeed, the origin of many things is ſo very doubtful, every veſtige thereof being obliterated, that even an Œdipus could not with certainty determine how they were produced. And, on the other hand, many aſſert, that almoſt the whole of the mineral kingdom is the product of fire. To avoid error, therefore, it is better to claſs foſſil ſubſtances according to their conſtituent parts, which proper experiments will lay open to us; for we can seldom know their origin or formation.
Homogeneous ſubſtances joined together, but not primitive, will find a place among the ſtones, or elſewhere, in the firſt appendix.
FINIS.
INDEX.
N. B. _The Numbers refer to the Sections._
Acids, how known § 25
Aerial acid 37
Alkali minerale aeratum 55
—— —— nitratum 48
—— —— ſalitum 49, 76
—— —— vitriolatum 47
—— vegetabile aeratum 54
—— —— nitratum 45
—— —— ſalitum 46
—— —— vitriolatum 44
—— volatile aeratum 56
—— —— nitratum 51
—— —— ſalitum 52
—— —— vitriolatum 50
Alkalies, how known 38
Alkaly fixed foſſil 41
—— —— vegetable 40
—— mild foſſil 55
—— —— vegetable 54
—— volatile 42
—— —— mild 56
Alum 67, 78, 79
—— ore 117
—— ſlate 118
Amber 140
—— acid of 36
Ambergriſe 141
Ammoniac, fixed 62
Antimonium (see antimony)
Antimony, properties of 237
—— ſpecies of 238–240
Argentum (ſee ſilver)
Argilla, what 111
—— properties of 112
—— ſpecies of 113, 122
—— porcellana 113
Argilla vitriolata 67, 78, 79
Argillaceous earth, what 111
—— properties of 112
—— ſpecies of 113, 122
Arsenic, properties of 219
—— ſpecies of 220–224
Auripigmentum, 223
Aurum (ſee gold)
Baſaltes 120
Biſmuth, properties of 210
—— ſpecies of 211–214
Bitumina (see inflammables)
Black jack 236
Black-lead 135
Bloodſtone 202
Blue John 96, n. 30
Blue vitriol 69
Bole 114
Boracic acid 35
Borax 53
Brimſtone 134
Cœruleum Berolinenſe nativum 206
Calcareous earth pure 92
—— its properties 93
—— ſpecies of 94–102
Calcedonius 126
Calk 58
Calx 92, 93
—— aerata 63, 94, 95
—— fluorata 96
—— nitrata 60
—— ponderoſa 33
—— ſalita 61
—— vitriolata 59
Carnelian 126
Chalcedony 126
Chalk 63, 94, 95
Chert 129
Choak-damp n. 37
Chryſopraſius 131
Cinnaber 176
Clay 114
Coal 139
—— yields vol. alkaly n. 50
Cobalt properties of 225
—— ſpecies of 226–231
Cobaltum (ſee cobalt)
Common ammoniac 52
—— ſalt 49, 76