CHAPTER XXXVII

CONCLUSIONS

THE ANCIENT CULTURE-GROUPS

As Major Powell found many linguistic stocks in North America in recent times, so we find quite as many cultures in ancient times. But the language of these people being unknown to us, we must study them through their implements. Some of these are widespread, while others are local. Consider, for instance, the saddle-shaped or bird-shaped stones, of which numbers are illustrated in chapter XXV. These, after great study, one must conclude originated in a certain tribe long ago. It is not proper to call them Iroquois, or Delaware; if they existed in historic times one might be more correct in stating that the Eries, or the Snake People, referred to by the Delawares in their Lenni-Lenape tradition, made and used them. Certainly they are not Iroquoian in character. Their very distribution would indicate that they are a product of Northern people of stone-age culture. As against this the bicave and discoidal stone is of central South culture and not of New England, the North, or West. Under other chapters I have presented some conclusions, and these will not be repeated here. Axes, flint implements, copper (by Mr. Brown), and several other divisions of artifacts have been already separated into their culture-groups. At the present writing there are so many new types on exhibition in public and private collections which formerly were considered products of individual fancy, that it is quite difficult for one to determine the number and extent of the prehistoric cultures in the United States.

However, one must make a beginning. In presenting what appears to me to establish various local cultures, I am quite aware that future observers—when the knowledge of this intricate subject is more widespread—may add or detract from my observations. The cultures mentioned, therefore, must be considered in the nature of pioneer observations, subject to development or change as archæologic knowledge expands and becomes more perfect.

In New Brunswick and Maine and about the mouth of the St. Lawrence there are the ever-present flint implements and chipped objects, and also numbers of slate points, which may be either problematical forms or winged spear-points and arrow-heads. Many of the slate points found by Mr. C. C. Willoughby in graves at Oldtown, Maine, appear to me to be too long and slender to have made effective weapons. Yet they may have served as such. The adze and gouge and the adze-blade celt are numerous in New England. I have commented on the types of chipped objects and how they differ in various sections of the country, so that it is not necessary to re-enter upon a lengthy dissertation on this question.

In New England proper, the region east of the Hudson River, the slate points are not common, and gradually disappear west of the Connecticut Valley. But the adze and the gouge and the long roller pestle abound in numbers. There are also strange effigies of whale, and rude effigies so rough that one does not know what the maker intended to represent. Plummet-shaped stones are also common. But the slate gorget and ornament, and the bell-shaped pestle, the discoidal and bicave, and many other forms, are almost wanting. The pipes are not common and far inferior to those of the Ohio Valley and Middle South and the South. New England, then, may be divided into two culture-groups, that east of the Merrimack River and that lying between the Merrimack and the Hudson. These are related to each other, but differences may be observed.

The next culture-group is that of eastern Canada, north of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. All of this region is marked by Iroquois influence, and the tribes preceding the Iroquois left exceedingly crude and rude handiwork in stone. The forms which may be considered to be pre-Iroquoian are very like those of the Lake Champlain district. A splendid collection of them is on exhibition in the Provincial Museum, Toronto, where Mr. David Boyle labored for many years to bring about the preservation of Canadian antiquities.

Between the Hudson and the line drawn between Buffalo, New York, and Baltimore, there are at least two cultures and indications of one or two more. In northern New York is the famous Iroquoian culture of which so much has been written—and by more competent observers—that I would not dare describe it here.

Suffice it to say that an inspection of the pipes, pottery, bone implements, etc., from Iroquoian graves and village-sites will acquaint one even superficially interested in archæology with the fact that the Iroquoian culture is plainly different from anything else on the American continent. Whether the Iroquois, previous to their famous Hiawatha, were organized and had developed this peculiar art is a question for others to decide. But the freshness of the Iroquoian pipes and pottery and the general tone of the objects—and by tone I mean that appearance which most of them possess—indicate that they show European influence—lead the archæologist to conclude that as to antiquity they are not in the class with the other objects found in America. It has always been my opinion that five or six centuries of time are sufficient to account for their production. None of them look old in the sense that objects from other sites appear old.

In southern New York and throughout New Jersey and Delaware we have chipped and polished implements which are supposed to stand for the prehistoric Delawares, and these types appear, in the main, very old. They are more than weather-beaten, many of them were on the verge of disintegration. Time alone can account for such condition. The Delaware Valley and the Susquehanna must have been ideal places for prehistoric man. In both the climate was not severe; game, nuts, herbs, fish, and other necessities of life abounded. A careful inspection of the work done by Dr. Charles C. Abbott and Mr. Ernest Volk leads me to believe that these men have, beyond question, established that man lived in the Delaware Valley three or four thousands of years ago. Rude axes and peculiar ornaments also abound. The gouge is rare. The adze is scarcely ever found, while the problematical forms are totally different from those of the Middle West and the Middle South. The roller pestle occurs, but it may not be considered a local type. Copper is found in limited quantities, hematite is almost entirely wanting, and effigy pipes are very rare. The Weaves, now and then discovered, may be considered as strays brought in by means of barter or exchange. The projectile points are as a rule slender, and are easily distinguished from those of New England, New York State, or Canada. Jasper, argillite, quartzite, and rhyolite predominate.

The next culture-group is that of central and western Pennsylvania, wherein many New Jersey and New York State types occur. The problematical forms, the black chert, arrow-points, the jasper knives, and the notched hoes or axes may be said to enable one to distinguish this region from other culture-groups of the East, even if they are more or less related. West Virginia may be said to lie on the border-line between Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Ohio. Hematite appears in the valleys of the Kanawha and other streams in West Virginia. The monitor pipes also appear, together with certain forms of axes, spear-heads, and knives which are found in greater numbers in Kentucky and Ohio.

Ohio and Kentucky stand as two separate cultures separated by the Ohio River. Yet the Ohio River was made use of by prehistoric man from above Pittsburg to its mouth at Cairo. Along the stream itself one may discern, on both north and south bank sites, all kinds of cultures, thus proving that the Ohio River was not only a thoroughfare but _the_ thoroughfare in prehistoric times. It is only when one proceeds up the streams from the Ohio back fifty or a hundred miles in Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio that one observes how the local cultures have developed. The culture of the Muskingum and Scioto in Ohio are practically the same; the Miami is different. The Wabash in Indiana is yet another culture and the Illinois yet a third. In Kentucky the Cumberland and Tennessee are in a class by themselves, separate from the others mentioned. These two latter rivers are so long, and as each is navigable far into the State of Tennessee, I feel certain that five or six cultures may be clearly differentiated within their valleys. I have referred to the stone-grave culture of this region elsewhere. It merits further detailed study on the part of archæologists.

In the State of Illinois are long yellow chert spear-heads and lance-heads and knives, some of which have slightly turned points. Many of these are not unlike the Scandinavian daggers. In Michigan and Wisconsin there is a wealth of copper, many of the sugar quartz spears and knives, large numbers of peculiar winged problematical forms which have been quite fully illustrated in this work. The Illinois and Wisconsin cultures are separate and distinct.

Northern Illinois contains types of Wisconsin and Michigan as well as numbers of central Illinois forms. At Sandwich in DeKalb County there is a large collection owned by Mr. Henry W. Franck, who sent me numerous photographs of his exhibit. This collection illustrates the mingling of types of three cultures and is of great archæological importance.

Passing west to the Mississippi in Missouri we have the so-called hematite belt. Along the Missouri River occur great quantities of iron ore, and the natives worked this into hematite axes, celts, plummets, etc. This region of central Missouri appears to be different from southwestern Missouri. Central and western Missouri (outside of the Ozarks) are also different from the cultures bordering along the Mississippi River, or eastern Missouri.

In Kansas and Iowa we have the large notched hatchets which are peculiar to that section of the country, the white flint of Iowa, the dark chert of Kansas, and the minute arrow-heads, the small almost square hand-axes, the profusion of yellow chert and poor jasper hide-scrapers. These are always typical of the buffalo country. But the strangest culture, it seems to me, in America is that of the cave region of the Ozark Mountains, where Dr. Peabody and myself made several investigations. In southwestern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, and Indian Territory, in both limestone and sandstone formation, are some thirty-five or more natural caverns which had been inhabited by man. In these are great quantities of ashes and debris. Our inspection of four or five of these caves, the study of local collections, and an examination of village-sites in the region revealed the fact that chipped implements of the village-sites are of different stone from those from the ashes in the caverns. That man in the Ozark region had no pipes, no slate articles, no problematical forms, no roller or bell-shaped pestles, no shell ornaments, no copper, no hematite, no celts, no grooved axes, etc. I say none, although in the entire region one slate article, one pipe, and two axes have been found. These may be considered as brought in by later Indians. The chipped implements are rough—save here and there a long, slender, well-chipped object; they are seldom well made. There is a profusion of sandstone mano-stones and mortars. There is every indication that the culture is extremely old and very primitive, as stalagmites have formed (notably in Jacob’s Cavern) over some of the human remains. This Ozark culture, as stated above, was carefully worked out by Peabody and myself, and was found to be an anomaly in American archæology. I am persuaded that there are other and equally peculiar local cultures to be found if one searches diligently.

The Southern culture shows local developments. It is chiefly distinguished by its pottery, which is different in Florida from that of Missouri and from Louisiana. The flint implements also differ, as do many of the types in stone. In Florida stone celts occur, but axes are extremely rare.

In Texas there is peculiar culture, chiefly of chipped implements of a rough sort and small minute arrow-points well made, with little or no pottery, with almost an entire absence of problematical forms, and of copper, little hematite, etc.

Throughout the entire Rocky Mountain chain, from northern British Columbia to the Colorado’s headwaters, is a peculiar “mountain culture.” From this is excepted the Columbia Valley proper, where large pestles occur, also polished paddle-shaped stones, minute chipped objects, and various problematical forms. The mountain chain proper (back from the Coast) is different as to culture, and large chipped discs abound, also short, round pestles, rubbing-stones, hand-hammers, large grooved hammers. Eastern types are entirely wanting, and many of the chipped objects may be distinguished from those of the Coast or the Columbia Valley.

Stone objects in the Rocky Mountains are not very numerous. This is explained on the ground that before the coming of the whites it was not necessary for the Indians to live in the mountains to any appreciable extent. Naturally, they preferred the valleys in the foothills where there was more game. The tribes were driven to the mountains by their enemies. The oldest Sioux have told me (at Pine Ridge) that they never liked to go into the main range of the Black Hills because evil spirits dwelt there.

The cultures in the Colorado basin might be divided into several groups—the Cliff-Dwellers, the Pueblo culture, the Cave-Dwellers, and the boulder ruin people. These might be classified by Dr. Fewkes as all belonging to the same class. I do not know with reference to that, but the implements, the surface indications, and the character of the burials lead me to suppose that the cave people of southern Utah and the boulder ruin people of San Juan Valley were to be considered as distinct from those of the great cliff-houses and of the modern pueblo towns. There is a wealth of material in this region in the way of fine pottery, turquoise beads, delicate chipped implements, shell ornaments and bracelets, etc. We learn much of prehistoric times by exploration in the cliff-houses, for the reason that the climate is exceedingly arid and that the objects are placed back in the rooms where no moisture can penetrate to them, even when it occasionally rains.

Therefore, axes are found in their original handles; wooden tools, throwing-sticks, and baskets, sandals, knives in wooden handles, mats, ropes, and other things that would perish in the North or the South, are preserved. Thus we have splendid opportunity to study how the ancient man mounted and used these various tools, etc.

Dr. Yates and the late Reverend Mr. Meredith have shown in their articles[36] that two separate cultures existed on the Pacific Coast, one in northern, and the other in southern California. In addition to these there is the famous culture of the Columbia Valley, which is somewhat different from others. Numerous figures and the delicate arrow-points in that region have been presented in the foregoing pages. Along the Northwest Coast there is yet another culture.

The Canadian and Utah and Dakota cultures have been described by Professor Montgomery in Chapter XXXV. I have run over these various cultures very rapidly. Much more could be said regarding each one. The finding of different kinds of implements on a given site may indicate different cultures, for it is probable that a favorable site was selected by subsequent tribes after it had been abandoned by the first occupants. This should be borne in mind by students.

THE STONE-AGE POINT OF VIEW

During the Boston meeting of the Anthropological Association, December 27, 1909, at the conclusion of a paper on “Myths of the Cayapa Indians of South America,” by Dr. S. A. Barrett, remarks were offered by several gentlemen, including Dr. Franz Boas. He took occasion to emphasize how important was Dr. Barrett’s work among a people as yet untouched by civilization, and as the point of view of these Cayapa Indians was so different from ours, it was difficult for us to understand their motives and conceptions. All truly primitive people live in a world so apart and removed from our own that one should be able by long study to place himself mentally in that world. Because many observers were not in sympathy with the thoughts of these primitive peoples, and could not forget that they (the observers) were the product of a higher culture, therefore, much misinformation has been disseminated regarding primitive beliefs and customs. Other ethnologists spoke along similar lines.

The above is a truism that every student of prehistoric times should realize, and at the risk of wearying my readers I repeat—and I trust these are not vain repetitions—that we must realize what the term stone age conveys. Nothing that we have in use to-day was known to stone-age man—even so common a thing as fire is confined and changed to suit our will.

Various effigies, polished problematical forms, bright copper, shell or mica, pottery, textile fabrics, and forms in wood—these were the extent of his art. He knew no horizon beyond the stone effigy, the ornamented gorget, etc. A colored stone, piece of copper, or anything in stone unusual attracted his eye. I believe that these appeared to him different from ordinary stones. For the same reason he must have considered hematite as more or less of a mystery. It is very hard to work, and because of its heaviness and the difficulty of reduction to desired shape, one may surmise it appealed to him as a “mystery stone.”

It is clear, from the amount of hematite and copper in public and private collections, that both were highly prized. That hematite was far harder to work than common stone did not deter the ancient man from digging, grinding, cutting, and polishing the steel gray hematites (as hard as any stone) to the desired size. Truly he worked “at his task with a resolute will, over and over again.” I should like to propose to any person who has lightly waved aside the skill or patience of the ancient worker, that that person select a chunk of the hard gray iron ore (not the soft kind) and set to work with a stone hammer and some flint flakes and a block of sandstone to make a hematite plummet. A week’s labor on the specimen will increase the respect of the sceptic for the stone-age artist.

We are just beginning to appreciate the point of view of the stone-age man. At present our knowledge is imperfect. Particularly, do I feel this personally and realize the responsibility resting on one’s shoulders when one attempts to describe and classify, in a large sense, the stone implements, etc., of ancient times. Even if one does one’s best, such a work must, for the present at least, remain a pioneer undertaking, and those who come afterwards will make of the faintly marked pioneer trail a broad and substantial highway along which others may travel and find, I trust, guide-posts unnecessary.

When we realize the point of view, the mind, and the concept of the stone-age man fully, we shall, quite likely, understand the true import of the strange problematical polished stones so common in the Mississippi Valley. These stand for more than mere ornaments. The very name “ceremonial,” which was afterwards changed by that able archæologist Professor Holmes to problematical, is a confession of ignorance. These problematical forms are found in Wisconsin, West Virginia, New England, Louisiana, Ohio, and Arkansas, and although varying through a multitude of shapes, yet apparently convey substantially the same idea. To the people who lived entirely in the stone-age times, these must have represented certain “sacred mysteries,” to white men and later Indians entirely unknown. The same is true of the abnormally large axes in copper or in stone, of the large chipped implements in Tennessee and on the Pacific Coast. None of these things could have served a real purpose. One cannot strike or cut with the “ceremonial swords” shown in Fig. 161, neither can the axe illustrated in Fig. 263 _A_ be made use of for cutting. Such things as these illustrate the height or perfection of stone-age art, and we must seek their explanation and purposes along other lines than those suggested by common every-day usage, to which the smaller and more easily made objects were put.

FIELD STUDY NEEDED

Before concluding my remarks on the stone age in North America, I would call attention to the necessity of more and careful field work, and an understanding of the difference between various sites rather than continued museum work, or the reading of reports and publications. That man who considers arts and crafts of tribes to have been pretty much the same in America is very ignorant concerning real archæology. It has been the purpose of this volume to emphasize differences in the arts and crafts among prehistoric tribes. Archæology is like any other comprehensive subject; it requires study, discriminating care, and enthusiasm. One should further add, it requires inspiration. A man who does not love to hunt specimens for the sake of hunting them has not his heart in the work.

We have had many mounds examined, plans have been drawn, the skeletons carefully set down as so many feet from each other. A report is published in regard to that mound, and instead of intelligent observations on the meaning of the evidence ascertained, there is usually nothing but a dry and statistical statement of the distances of the skeletons from a given point. Of course it is necessary to make a survey of mounds and other remains. And it is equally important to have reports, but I do not think that it is necessary to publish field notes—which are no more than survey notes—and call them a report. Many of the reports published in recent years have missed the essential thing in American archæology. They have emphasized the mathematical features of our explorations. They are as if one published tabulated census reports, but offered no explanations as to what the number and assembling of the people in the United States meant. If no conclusions of value are to be drawn from the exploration of a given site, then it seems to me that wealthy people who send out expeditions are wasting their money, and the scientists their time. We are training young men in our universities and museums to measure mounds and village-sites very carefully. All this is eminent and proper, but we are losing sight of the meaning of those same village-sites and mounds and their relation to others and to prehistoric culture in general.

The explorer Stanley made a statement in his work “Darkest Africa,” which I have never forgotten. The scientist Emin Bey was much interested in examining a human skull and measuring it very carefully and setting down the measurements. Stanley was not interested in the skull. He wished to know something regarding the life of the man to whom it once belonged. If some of our students would, for a few years, lay aside cameras, ground-plans, tape-lines, and get down to real field work, much more progress would ensue. The study of sites, collections, types, and local conditions should be placed first, it seems to me.

In _Science_, April 15, 1910, there appeared an open letter written by Professor B. C. Gruenberg of De Witt Clinton School, New York, along the very lines I have indicated. I quote a paragraph:—

“We all know that there can be no true science that does not rest solidly upon facts. But the thought must often occur to many of us that there is some danger, especially among the younger scientists, that we may become obsessed with an exaggerated sense of the value of facts as such. Is there not too much emphasis laid by many professors in charge of research students on the mere accumulation of observational, statistical, or experimental facts, with too little attention to that side of science which concerns itself with those analytical and synthetic processes that convert facts into valuable ideas? It seems to me that this latter kind of work needs at the present time at least as much encouragement as the other. Of course, there is the possibility for ‘thinking’ to degenerate into profitless speculation; but we are certainly as much in need of the results of thinking about the facts already accumulated as we are of more facts.”

Such studies as those of Professor Holmes on pottery and quarries; such explorations as Mr. C. B. Moore’s in the South; the work done by Volk and Abbott in New Jersey, where they very carefully set aside the argillite and the quartzite and chipped implements as found in different places under different conditions; such work as Professor Mills has done in Ohio in differentiating the Hopewell and the Fort Ancient culture, are things that will count, and works that will stand. A surveyor should measure mounds, number skeletons, and draw plans. The librarian should read reports and compile statistics, but it requires a real archæologist to do the work that I have referred to above.

Squier and Davis, whose “Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley” may be justly considered our standard work upon the mounds, not only explored, but they drew conclusions which, with here and there an exception, or a slight change, will stand at the present time. For many years Dr. Cyrus Thomas used all the tremendous energies of the Bureau of Ethnology to dispute the statements of those hard-working, painstaking, philosophical pioneers Squier and Davis. To-day we know that the culture they described is different from the Shawano, Cherokee, or other cultures which Thomas wished to establish in the Ohio Valley. The work of that distinguished citizen of Illinois, George Sellars, will bear comparison with the work of any other man since his day in the study of chipped flint objects, and if any one doubts the statement let him read and ponder upon Sellars’s complete narrative in the Smithsonian Report for 1885, and then read what has been said since by others.

Aside from the technical study of American archæology, there is a certain charm and fascination in investigation of these ancient remains. Although it has been thirty years since I found my first arrow-head, I never cease to feel a thrill of pleasure when, walking about the shores of lakes or streams, I happen to find one of these evidences of the real and the simple life. One’s mind, if he is inclined to dwell upon prehistoric times in America, naturally reverts to the past under such circumstances, and I close this work with a quotation from Dr. Abbott’s recent publication, “When as many a day has drawn to its close, while yet I lingered in the field and every sign of white man’s industry faded from view, the scattered trees became again a forest, the cry of the cougar and bleat of the fawn were heard, the bark of the fox and howling of the wolf filled the air, a lurid light of a camp-fire lit the sky; the days of the Indian had returned, nor did the illusion pass away until homeward bound, my hand was on the latch.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

For obvious reasons this bibliography is not complete; to make an exhaustive catalogue of the titles dealing with the stone age in America would require the inclusion of many articles in out-of-the-way periodicals and newspapers that are now lost or out of print; in the next place, if made complete, even within the limits of possibility, such a list would require a separate volume out of all proportion to the dimensions of the present work.

In view of these facts, therefore, the attempt has been made, first, to give the publications to which reference has been made in the text; second, to present a list of general works of standard reputation, most of which are provided either with indexes or tables of contents raisonnés; third, to give some of the more important series of publications of individual authors dealing especially with excavations whose results are germane to the matter of the volumes; and fourth, to set forth a classified list of references by the use of which a student can at least learn something about the desired subject and at the same time may receive suggestions as to the methods and the literature necessary to further research.

In view of the change in archæological processes and opinions that has often occurred in a comparatively short space of time, the arrangement of the titles is made as a whole in chronological order.

GENERAL WORKS

=Catlin, G.= North American Indians. New York. 1841.

=Squier, E. G., and Davis, E. H.= Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, I. 1847.

=Squier, E. G.= The Serpent Symbol. New York. 1851.

=Baldwin, J. D.= Ancient America. New York. (1871.)

=Foster, J. W.= Prehistoric Races of the United States. Chicago. 1873.

=Jones, C. C.= Antiquities of the Southern Indians. New York. 1873.

=Abbott, C. C.= The Stone Age in New Jersey. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1875, pp. 246–380. 1875.

=Wyman, J.= Fresh-Water Shell Mounds of the St. John’s River, Florida. Peabody Academy of Science, Fourth Memoir. Salem. 1875.

=Abbott, C. C.= Palæolithic Implements in the Valley of the Delaware River. Peabody Museum Report, 10, pp. 30 ff. 1877. Peabody Museum Report, II, pp. 225 ff. 1878.

=Conant, A. J.= Footprints of Vanished Races. St. Louis. 1879.

=MacLean, J. P.= The Mound Builders. Cincinnati. 1879.

=Evers, E.= Ancient Pottery of South Eastern Missouri. St. Louis Academy of Science. 1880.

=Short, J. T.= The North Americans of Antiquity. New York. 1880.

=Whitney, J. D.= The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California. Contributions to American Geology, vol. II. Cambridge. 1880.

=de Nadaillec, Marquis.= Pre-Historic America. Translated by N. D’Anvers. New York. 1884.

=Mercer, H. C.= The Lenape Stone. New York. 1885.

=McAdams.= Records of Ancient Races. St. Louis. 1887.

=Shepherd, H. A.= Antiquities of the State of Ohio. Cincinnati. 1887.

=Read, M. C.= Archæology of Ohio. Cleveland.

=Wilson, T.= Palæolithic Period of the Stone Age. Report of the United States National Museum, 1888, pp. 677 ff. 1888.

=Thruston, G. P.= Antiquities of Tennessee. Cincinnati. 1890.

=Fowke, G.= Stone Art. Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, pp. 57 ff. 1891–92.

=Wilson, T.= Primitive Industry. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1892, pp. 521 ff. 1892.

=Berlin, A. F.= Lehigh Island and its Relics. The Archæologist, 1, Jan., 1893, pp. 13 ff. 1893.

=Nordenskiöld, G.= The Cliff-Dwellers of the Mesa Verde. Stockholm. 1893.

=Schmidt, E.= Vorgeschichte Nordamerikas. Braunschweig. 1894.

=Wilson, T.= The Swastika. Report of the United States National Museum, 1894, pp. 763 ff. 1894.

Prehistoric Art. Report of the United States National Museum, 1896, pp. 325 ff. 1896.

Arrow-Points, Spear-Points, and Knives. Report of the United States National Museum, 1897, I, pp. 811 ff. 1897.

=Thomas, C.= Introduction to the Study of North American Archæology. Cincinnati. 1898.

=Dellenbaugh, F. S.= The North Americans of Yesterday. New York. 1901.

=Fowke, G.= Archæological History of Ohio. Columbus. 1902.

=Lewis, A. B.= Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of Washington and Oregon. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. I, pp. 147 ff. Index and Bibliography. 1905–1907.

=Abbott, C. C.= Archæologia Nova Cæsarea. Three Pamphlets. Trenton. 1907–8.

=Mills, W. C.= Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio. Vol. I, 1907. Vol. II, Part 1, 1909.

=Barrett, S. A.= The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians. University of California Publications in American Archæology and Ethnology, vol. 6, no. 1. Bibliography and Map. 1908.

=Randall, E. O.= The Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound Builders. Columbus.

=Boas Anniversary Volume.= New York. 1906.

=Putnam Anniversary Volume.= New York. 1909.

=Moorehead, W. K.= See last pages of Bibliography for titles.

WORKS MORE PURELY OF GENERAL REFERENCE

=de Mortillet, G. and A.= Musée Préhistorique. Paris. 1881.

=Evans, Sir John.= Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain. London. 1897.

=Hodge, F. W.= Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Part I. Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, no. 30, part I. 1907.

=Forrer, R.= Reallexikon der Prähistorischen, Klassischen und Frühchristlichen Altertümer. Berlin and Stuttgart. 1907.

=Schlemm, J.= Wörterbuch zur Vorgeschichte. Berlin. 1908.

=Déchelette, J.= Manuel d’Archéologie, I. Paris. 1908.

SERIAL REFERENCES TO THE WORKS OF INDIVIDUALS

=Boyle, D.= Compare the Archæological Reports of the Province of Ontario, being parts of the Appendices of the Reports of the Minister of Education of Ontario. Toronto, from 1887.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements of New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, vol. 4, no. 16. 1897.

Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, vol. 4, no. 18. 1897.

Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, vol. 5, no. 22. 1898.

Aboriginal Occupation of New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, vol. 7, no. 32. 1900.

Wampum and Shell Articles used by the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, vol. 8, no. 41. 1901.

Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 50. 1902.

Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 55. 1902.

Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 73, Archæology 8. 1903.

Perch Lake Mounds. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 87, Archæology 10. 1905.

Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 89, Archæology 11. 1905.

Aboriginal Place Names of New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 108, Archæology 12. 1907.

Civil, Religious, and Mourning Councils, and the Ceremonies of Adoption of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 113, Archæology 13. 1907.

Erie Village and Burial Sites. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 117, Archæology 14. 1907.

=Mills, W. C.= Compare the following references to the Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly:

Vol. VIII, pp. 309 ff. Field-Work.

Vol. XIII, pp. 129 ff. Gartner Mound and Site.

Vol. XV, pp. 45 ff. Baum Site.

Vol. XVI, pp. 113 ff. Harness Mound.

Vol. XVIII, pp. 269 ff. Seip Mound.

=Moore, C. B.= Compare the following references to the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia:

Certain Sand Mounds of the St. John’s River, Fla. Part I. 1894.

Certain Sand Mounds of the St. John’s River, Florida. Part II. 1894.

Certain River Mounds of Duval County, Fla.

Two Sand Mounds on Murphy Island, Fla.

Certain Sand Mounds of the Ocklawaha River, Fla. 1895.

Certain Sand Mounds of the Georgia Coast. 1897.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Coast of South Carolina.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Savannah River.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Altamaha River.

Recent Acquisitions.

A Cache of Pendant Ornaments. 1898.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Alabama River. 1899.

Certain Antiquities of the Florida West Coast. 1900.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the North West Florida Coast. Part I. 1901.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the North West Florida Coast. Part II. 1902.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Tombigbee River. 1901.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of Florida Central West Coast.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Apalachicola River. 1903.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Black Warrior River.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Lower Tombigbee River.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound.

Miscellaneous Investigations in Florida. 1905.

Moundville Revisited.

Crystal River Revisited.

Mounds of the Lower Chattahoochee and Lower Flint Rivers.

Notes of the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida. 1907.

Certain Mounds of Arkansas and Mississippi. 1908.

Antiquities of the Ouachita Valley. 1909.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BY SUBJECTS

ADOBE.

=Hodge, F. W.= The Archæologist, vol. III, p. 265. 1895.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 302. 1897. (Adobe balls.)

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 205. 1905.

ADZES.

=Crosby, H. A.= Wisconsin Archæologist, July, 1903, pp. 91 ff. “The Triangular Stone Adze.” 1903.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 298 ff. 1906.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., pp. 296 ff. “New England.” 1907.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

=Rau, C.= Arch. für Anthropologie, vol. 14, pp. 1–9. A general paper. 1870.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, July, 1898, pp. 177–8. 1898.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 129–130. “New England.” 1906.

ALTARS.

=Putnam, F. W.= Kansas City Review, vol. VII, no. 1, pp. 32 ff. Ohio. 1883.

=Gordon, G. B.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. I, 1, p. 15. Copan, Honduras. 1896.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 129. Tusayan, 1897.

American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., p. 215. 1901.

=Maler, T.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. IV, nos. 1 and 2. Guatemala. 1908.

AMULETS.

=Bourke, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 61. 1890.

=Wilson, T.= Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1891, pp. 144–6. 1891. Bellucci Collection.

=Farrington, O.= Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1900, pp. 199 ff. 1900.

=Hough, W.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1901, p. 344. Arizona. 1901.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 679. West Indies. 1903.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, vol. 25, p. 138. Porto Rico. 1903–4.

=Hamy, E. T.= Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, n. s. 2, pp. 323 ff. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= See Science, Oct. 29, 1909, pp. 613, ff. Ontario. 1909.

See American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p. 470. 1909.

ANCHOR STONES.

=Rau, C.= Prehistoric Fishing, pp. 94 and 192. 1884.

ANKLETS.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Primitive Man in Ohio, p. 110. 1892.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pl. XXXIV. North Dakota. 1906.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 37. Manitoba. 1908.

ARGILLITE.

=Abbott, C. C.= Archæologia Nova Cæsarea, etc. (Often.)

ARROWS.

=Van Epps, P. M.= American Antiquarian, 1880, p. 57. New York. 1880.

=Rau, C.= Prehistoric Fishing, pp. 56, 83, and 293. 1884.

=Nissley, J. R.= American Antiquarian, 1886, p. 301. Ohio and Illinois. 1886.

=Smith, H. I.= American Antiquarian, 1889, pp. 249 ff. Michigan. 1889.

=Murdoch.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 64. Glass Arrows. 1890.

=Bourke, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 56. Apache. 1890.

=Mason, Holmes, Hoffman, Hough, Wilson, Flint, Bourke.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, pp. 45 ff. A symposium. 1891.

=Dorsey, J. O.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, p. 286. Omaha. 1891–2.

=Hoffman.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 14, pp. 275 ff. Menominee. 1892–93.

=Hoffman.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 39. Poisoned Arrows. 1893.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, plates XXXII-XLVII. 1893–94.

=Waddell, L. A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 94. 1895.

=Cushing, F. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pp. 307 ff. Bows and Arrows. 1895.

=Wilson, T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1896, pp. 325 ff. “Prehistoric Art.” 1896.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 161. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 231. 1897.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 26. Distribution. 1897.

=Wilson, T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1897, I, pp. 811 ff. A general discussion. 1897.

=Poole, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 45. 1898.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., p. 431. Antler-pointed Arrows. 1901.

=Wilson, T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., pp. 513 ff. 1901.

L’Anthropologie, 12, pp. 568 ff. A classification. 1901.

=Williston.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 335. Kansas. 1902.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 40. Florida. 1902.

=Dorsey, G. A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 644. 1903.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. IV, p. 142. British Columbia. 1903.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 99. Field Columbian Museum, pp. 1 ff. Cheyenne. 1905.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, p. 114. 1907.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1907, pp. 79 ff. Upper Mississippi Valley. 1907.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 150. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. IX, n. s., p. 125. 1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 65 ff. 1907.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, pp. 259 ff. 1908.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. II, pt. 3, p. 227. Nez Percé. 1908.

=Straley, W.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 263. Nebraska. 1908.

ARROW-SHAFT STRAIGHTENERS.

=Ehrenreich, P.= Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1900, I, pp. 15 and 24. Ohio and California. 1900.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, 3. p. 134. California. 1905.

ART.

=Whittlesey, C.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, p. 13. Ethnography. 1880.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 179 ff. Art in Shell. 1880–81.

Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 437 ff. Ceramics. 1882–83.

Transactions of the Anthropological Society, Washington, vol. 2, pp. 94 ff. Shell. 1883.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, pp. 195 ff. Textile Art. 1884–85.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, pp. 13 ff. Chiriqui. 1884–85.

=Putnam, F. W.= Bulletins of the Essex Institute, vol. XVIII, pp. 155 ff. Conventionalization. 1887.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, pp. 9 ff. Textile Art. 1891–92.

=Fowke, G.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, pp. 49 ff. Stone Art. 1891–92.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, 1893, p. 307. Stone Art. 1893.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1893, pp. 291 ff. The Processes. 1893.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, pp. 1 ff. The Potomac Region. 1893–94.

=Putnam and Willoughby.= American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. XLIV, pp. 302 ff. 1896.

=Wilson, T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1896, pp. 325 ff. 1896.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, IX, pp. 123 ff. North Pacific Indians. 1897.

=Wilson, T.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 281 ff. 1898.

=Wissler, C.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 340. 1902.

=Boas, F.= Popular Science Monthly, vol. LXIII, p. 481 ff. 1903.

=Wissler, C.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1904, pp. 231 ff. Sioux. 1904.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 2, 3, p. 159. California. 1904–07.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 1, 3, pp. 132 ff. Serpent Motive. 1905.

=Holmes, W. H.= Boas Anniversary Volume, pp. 179 ff. 1906.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 2, 3, p. 233. Nez Percé. 1908.

ATLATLS.

=Bahnson, K.= Archiv für Ethnographie, vol. 2, pp. 217 ff. South America. 1889.

=Seler, E.= Archiv für Ethnographie, vol. 3, pp. 137 ff. Mexico. 1890.

=Rink, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 274. Alaska. 1891.

=Nuttall, Z.= Archæological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 169 ff. 1891.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 66. California. 1892.

=Montgomery, H.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, pp. 230 ff. Utah. 1894.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 50. Mississippi. 1904.

=Bushnell, D. I.= Jr. American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 218. 1905.

AXES.

=Stevenson, J.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 375 ff. Walpi. 1880–81.

=Douglass, A. E.= American Antiquarian, 1880–81, pp. 100 ff. Florida. 1880–81.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 166 ff. 1892.

=Fisher, A. W.= The Archæologist, vol. III, p. 75. 1895.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, pp. 68 ff. Ontario. 1897.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 21, p. 100. Cliff-Dweller. 1899.

=Peterson, C. A.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 27. Missouri. 1903.

Records of the Past, 1903, p. 351. Iowa. 1903.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 28, p. 227. 1906.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 145. 1907.

=Gesner, A. T.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 243. Minnesota. 1908.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 633. 1908.

BANNER-STONES.

=Fountain, G. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 186. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 201 ff. 1898.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 26. Distribution. 1897.

=Robinson, C. H.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1908, p. 134. 1908.

BASALT.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 169. 1892.

BASKETRY.

=Swan, J. G.= Smithsonian Contributions, XVI, p. 45. Cape Flattery. 1870.

=Montgomery, H.= American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 343. North Dakota. 1889.

=Matthews, W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, p. 202. Navajo. 1894.

=Dixon, R. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, n. s., pp. 266 ff. 1900.

=Farrand, L.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, pp. 391 ff. Salishan. 1900.

=Holmes, W. H.= Anthropological Studies in California, pp. 155 ff. 1900.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, pt. 1, p. 98. Pueblo. 1900–01.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., pp. 109 ff. 1901.

=Stevenson, M. C.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 23, p. 373. Zuñi. 1901–02.

=Pepper, G. H.= Journal of American Museum of Natural History, vol. II, no. 4, Suppl. p. 22. Utah. 1902.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1902, pp. 171–548. A general paper. 1902.

=Emmons, G. T.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. III, Anthropology II, pp. 229. 1903.

=Goddard, P. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 38. Hupa. 1903–04.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 106 ff. 1904–07.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, Pt. 3, pp. 145 ff. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pp. 644 ff. Dakota. 1906.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, pp. 168 ff. 1907.

=Speck, F. D.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 109. Creek. 1907.

Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 160. Osage.

=Hough, W.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 35, p. 24. South-Western Culture. 1907.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, p. 353. 1908.

=Harrington, M. R.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 410. Lenape. 1908.

=Barrett, S. A.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 136 ff. Pomo. 1908.

=Kissell, M. L.= Science, Dec. 24, 1909, p. 933. Classification. 1909.

=Speck, F. G.= Anthropological Publications, University of Pennsylvania, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 31. Yuchi. 1909.

BEADS.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. III, p. 104. 1890.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 61. 1892.

=Hoffman, W. J.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 14, p. 267. 1892–93.

=Smith, H. I.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 52. Michigan. 1893.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 108. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

=Richmond, J. F.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, 1907, p. 448. Florida. 1907.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. VIII, 2, p. 63. Cahuilla Indians. 1908.

BIRD-STONES.

=Moorehead, W. K.= The Birdstone Ceremonial. A general discussion.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 8, i, pp. 5 ff. Wisconsin. 1909.

BLANKETS.

=Pepper, G. H.= The Making of a Navajo Blanket. New York. 1902.

BOBBINS.

=Berlin, A. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 172. 1897.

BODKINS.

=McGuire, J. G.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1894, pp. 623 ff. Primitive Drilling. 1894.

BONE AND BONE IMPLEMENTS.

=Rau, C.= Prehistoric Fishing, pp. 7, 13, 46, 120, etc. 1884.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Fort Ancient, p. 43. 1890.

=Howe, G. L.= The Archæologist, vol. II, p. 254. California. 1894.

=Mason, O. T.= International Congress of Anthropology. Chicago, p. 73, 1894.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, II, Anthropology, I, no. III, p. 134. 1899.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, I, p. 93. Pueblo. 1900–01.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., p. 121. Perforators. 1901.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, n. s., p. 120. Indian Territory. 1902.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 4, p. 171. (Anthropology, III, IV.) British Columbia. 1903.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 192. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

=Peabody, C., and Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin of Phillips Academy, I, p. 18. Jacobs Cavern, Missouri. 1904.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 2, p. 50. Mississippi. 1904.

=Smith, H. I.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1904, p. 197. Washington, State. 1904.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 140. California. 1905.

=Sinclair, W, J.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 2, I, p. 12. Potter Creek Cave. 1904–07.

=Wintemberg, W. J.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 271. Attiwandarons. 1905.

=Gesner, A. T.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 366. Mandans. 1905.

=Will, G. F., and Spinden, H. J.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 172. Mandans. 1906.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, I, p. 103. Ohio. 1906.

=Merriam, J. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 224. Caves of California. 1906.

=Putnam, F. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 229 ff. Caves of California. 1906.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 648. Dakota. 1906.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 15, pt. 2, pp. 383 ff., and frequently. 1907.

=Barbour, E. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, pp. 44 ff. 1907.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 156. Nebraska Loess. 1907.

=Hough, W.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 35, p. 23. South West. 1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, p. 68. Wisconsin Caches. 1907.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 189. Nez Percé. 1908.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin of the Phillips Academy, Andover, 4, p. 98. Fort Ancient. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 173. Northern Shoshone. 1909.

BOWLS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 257 ff. Pueblo. 1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 360 ff. Mississippi Valley. 1882–83.

=Smyth, S. G.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 340. Pennsylvania. 1905.

=Will, G. F., and Spinden, H. J.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 4, p. 116. Mandans. 1906.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin of the Phillips Academy, Andover, no. 3, pp. 47 ff. Chaco. 1906.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., pp. 423 ff. Wooden Bowls of the Algonquins. 1908.

BOWS AND ARROWS. (See also under ARROWS.)

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893, pp. 631 ff. General North American discussion. 1893.

=Frisbin, J. S.= The Archæologist, vol. I, p. 70. 1893.

=Knight, E. H.= A Study of Savage Weapons, p. 74.

=Goddard, P. E.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 1, 1, p. 32. Hupa. 1903–04.

=Mylius, E.= Archiv für Anthropologie, N. F. III, pp. 219 ff. The Theory. 1905.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pt. I, p. 79. Eskimo. 1906.

=Wissler, C.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. I, pt. 2, p. 50. The Medicine Bow. 1907.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 81. Virginia. 1907.

=Sapir, E.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 272. Oregon. 1907.

=Harrington, M. R.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 414. 1908.

=Dixon, R. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 213. California. 1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. I, pt. 4, p. 150. 1908.

=Sparkman, P. S.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, 4, p. 205. Luiseño. 1908.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, p. 261. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 192. Shoshone. 1909.

BRACELETS.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 58. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 646. Dakota. 1906.

BUFFALO.

=Allen=, in Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, I, pt. II. 1876.

=Chittenden.= Fur Trade. 1902.

=Hornaday=, in Report of the National Museum, 1887, 1889.

=Alvar Nunez Cabeça de Vaca=, Relation of. B. Smith, translator. 1871.

=Winship.= Coronado Expedition, 14th Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. 1896.

BUFFALO HAIR.

=Bushnell, D. I.=, Jr. American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p. 401. A general discussion. 1909.

BURIALS.

=Yarrow, H. C.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, I, pp. 89 ff. A general discussion. 1879–80.

=Bahnson, K.= Aarb. f. Nord. Old. og Hist. 1882. Discussion on America, pp. 125 ff. 1882.

=Montgomery, H.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 343. 1889.

American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pp. 640, 641, 642. 1906.

Toronto Globe, August 3, 1878.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 28. 1902.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 2, p. 24. Mississippi. 1904.

=Moore, C. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 660. Urn-burial. 1904.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 348. Ohio. 1906.

=Pepper, G. H.= Ancient Basket Makers of South Western Utah, pp. 5–7.

=Gardner, W.= American Antiquarian, vol. 31, p. 78. Nebraska. 1909.

CACHES. (Also, see DISCS.)

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, p. 79. Potomac-Chesapeake Province. 1893–94.

=Volk, E.= Memoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology, Chicago, pp. 140 ff. New Jersey. 1894.

=Brown, C. E.= Records of the Past, 1905, pp. 82, ff. Wisconsin. 1905.

“The Implement Caches of the Wisconsin Indians.” Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 47 ff. 1907.

CALENDAR STONE.

=Blake, W. W.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 16. 1903.

CARRYING INDUSTRY.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, 1889, pp. 21 ff. 1889.

CARVINGS.

=Henshaw, H. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 123 ff. 1880–81.

CATLINITE.

=Brower.= “Kansas Explorations,” pp. 33 and 64.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 168 and 173. 1892.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 645. Dakota. 1906.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, pp. 36 and 39.

Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 1908.

CELTS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, p. 30. Chiriqui. 1884–85.

=Proudfit, S. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, p. 337. Potomac Region. 1888.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 6, p. 43. Maine. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 147–48. 1898.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Miscellaneous Collections of the Smithsonian Institution, vol. 45, p. 106. Porto Rico. 1903.

American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 595. Cuba. 1904.

=Squier, G. H.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1905, p. 33. Wisconsin. 1905.

=Richmond, J. F.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 16, p. 448. Florida. 1907.

CEREMONIALS.

=Welch, L. B., and Richardson, J. M.= American Antiquarian, vol. 4, pp. 43 ff. Ohio. 1881.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 182. 1898.

=Ward, H. L.= Bulletin of the Wisconsin Society of Natural History, Oct., 1906, p. 160. Michigan. 1906.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 268. Gros Ventre. 1908.

=Nomenclature Report.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., pp. 114 ff. 1909.

CHARM-STONES.

=Yates, L. C.= Report of Smithsonian Institution 1886, pt. 1, pp. 296 ff. 1886.

CHISELS.

=Carr, L., and Shaler, N. S.= Prehistoric Remains of Kentucky, p. 18. 1876.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 86. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, pp. 68 ff. Ontario. 1897.

CHISELS.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 4, p. 162. British Columbia. 1903.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 77. Virginia. 1907.

CHIPPED ARTIFACTS.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 359. British Columbia. 1909.

CLAY.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 646. Dakota. 1906.

CLUBS.

=Knight, E. H.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879, p. 214. 1879.

COMBS.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 57. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Archæologist, 1899, p. 16. 1899.

=Thalbitzer, W.= Meddelelser on Grönland, vol. XXVIII pp. 467 ff. East Greenland. 1909.

CONES.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1909, pp. 139 ff. Wisconsin. 1909.

COPPER.

=Atwater, C.= Archæologia Americana, pp. 162, etc. 1820.

=Putnam, F. W.= Archæological Explorations in Tennessee, p. 307. 1878.

=Schmidt, E.= Archiv für Anthropologie, vol. II, pp. 65 ff. North America. 1879.

=Butler, J. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, p. 33. 1880.

=Lewis, T. H.= American Antiquarian, vol. 11, p. 293. 1889.

=Montgomery, H.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 344. 1889.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 103. 1890.

=Packard, R. L.= American Antiquarian, vol. 15, pp. 67 and 152. 1893.

=Thomas, C.= American Archæology, p. 109. 1898.

=Hamilton.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 158. 1898.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 21, p. 83. Ontario. 1899.

=Lathrop, J. H.= American Antiquarian, vol. 23, p. 248. 1901.

=Hamilton, H. P.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. I, 3, pp. 7 ff. 1901.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Anthropology, Chicago, pp. 27 ff. 1902.

=MacLean, J. P.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 12, p. 57. 1903.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 12, p. 317. 1903.

=McGuire, Moore, Putnam, Willoughby, Moorehead, etc.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, no. 1, n. s. A symposium. 1903.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 3, pp. 49 ff. Implements. 1904.

Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 3, pp. 101 ff. Ornaments. 1904.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 644. 1906.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 36. 1908.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 28, pp. 213 ff. 1906.

=Smith, H. I.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 6, pp. 20 ff. 1906–07.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, pp. 73 ff. 1907.

=Mead, C. W.= Peruvian Mummies, p. 15. 1907.

COPPER TABLETS.

=Thomas, C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 245. 1891.

=McGuire, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 175. 1892.

=Thruston, G. P.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 96. 1892.

CRADLES.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1887, pp. 161 ff. 1887.

CUP-STONES.

=Rau, C.= In Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. 5, 1882. (U. S. Geog. and Geol. Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.)

=Fountain, G. H.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 272. 1897.

=Laubach, C.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 185. 1898.

=Ivey, H. J.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 46. 1898.

=Stilwell, L. W.= American Archæologist, 1898 p. 51. 1898.

DISCS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 267 ff. 1880–81.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 181. 1893.

=Moorehead.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 39. 1898.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Miscellaneous Collections of the Smithsonian Institution, 45, p. 125. West Indies. 1904.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 210. 1905.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 305. Lower Columbia Valley. 1906.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 53 ff. 1907.

=Hartman, C. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 447. Tennessee. 1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 8, no. 4. 1909.

EARTHENWARE.

=Lawson, P. V.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 1, pp. 96 ff. 1902.

=Gerend, A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 4, pp. 4 ff. 1904.

=Gerend, A., and Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 4, pp. 19 ff. 1904.

EFFIGIES.

=Editorial Article.= American Antiquarian, vol. 10, p. 384. 1888.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 12, p. 211. 1890.

=Moorehead, W. K.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 209. 1898.

=Wardle, H. N.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 213. Mexico. 1902.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Records of the Past, pp. 246 S. Southwest. 1902.

=Pepper, G. H.= Human Effigy Vases. Chaco. 1906.

=Ashmead, A. S.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 738. Peru. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, pp. 691 ff. 1907.

EOLITHIC PROBLEM.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, pp. 425 ff. 1905.

FIRE AND FIRE-PLACES.

=Catlin.= North American Indians, p. 82. 1841.

=Robinson, C. H.= “The First Fire-Place.”

=Richey, W. E.= Early Spanish Explorations and Indian Implements, p. 9.

=Hough, W.= American Anthropologist, 1890, pp. 359 ff. 1890.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 351. 1903.

=Sheldon, A. E.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 46. South Dakota. 1905.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 390. Southwestern Kivas. 1908.

FISH-HOOKS.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1904, p. 83. 1904.

FLINT AND CHERT.

=Mercer, H. C.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 63. 1894.

=Wright, G. F.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Springfield, p. 296. 1895.

=Seever, W. J.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 141. Tennessee. 1897.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 160. 1897.

=Barrett, A. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 252. New York. 1897.

=Brooks, J. M.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 39. Missouri. 1898.

=Hamilton, H. P.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 158. 1898.

=Barnard, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 307. Missouri. 1905.

=Gesner, A. T.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 364. Mandan. 1905.

=Fowke, G.= Bulletin of the Phillips Academy, Andover, no. 3, Appendix. Flint Ridge, Ohio. 1906.

=Barnard, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 89. Missouri. 1906.

=Blackman, E. E.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 103. Nebraska. 1907.

FOOD.

=Carr, L.= Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1895. 1895.

FRAUDS.

=Jenks, A. E.= American Anthropologist, 1900, pp. 292 ff. 1900.

=Kelsey, F. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., pp. 48 ff. Michigan. 1908.

FURNACES.

=Flower, F. A.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 184. Illinois and Wisconsin. 1907.

GAMES.

=Culin, S.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 24. A general discussion. 1902–03.

GORGETS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 179 ff. Art in Shell. 1880–81.

=Thomas, C.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, no. 4, p. 34. 1889.

=Myer, W. E.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 6. Tennessee. 1894.

=Starr, F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 57. Mexico. 1897.

=Thruston, G. P.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 96. Southern States. 1897.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 182. 1898.

=Peabody, C., and Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin 2, Phillips Academy, Andover. A general discussion. 1906.

GOUGES.

=Perkins, G. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 89. Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Anthropologist, vol. 19, p. 68. Ontario. 1897.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 180. 1898.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 16, p. 23. Maine. 1898.

GRAVES.

=Thomas, C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, pp. 109 ff. Shawnees. 1891.

=Deans, J.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, pp. 41 ff. British Columbia. 1892.

=Thruston, G. P.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 146. Tennessee. 1893.

=Cleaveland.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 189. Ohio River. 1893.

=Smith, H. I.= Records of the Past, 1904, pp. 243 ff. British Columbia. 1904.

=Nickerson, W. B.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 52. Illinois. 1908.

GRINDING-STONES.

=Hough, W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 191. Arizona. 1897.

GROOVED AXES.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 1, p. 13. 1901.

=Collie, G. L.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 7, p. 125. 1908.

GYPSUM.

=Bandelier, A. F.= Report of the Archæological Institute of America, 5, p. 74. 1884.

HAMMER-STONES.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, pp. 301 ff. 1891.

=Jenney, W. P.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 317. 1891.

=Smith, W. G.= “Man the Primeval Savage,” p. 121. 1894.

=Mercer, H. C.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 276. 1894.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 318. 1894.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 378. 1894.

=Remsburg, G. J.= The Archæologist, vol. 3, p. 175. 1895.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 87. 1898.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 382. Alaska and Hawaii. 1898.

=Phillips, W. A.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 362. Columbus. 1899.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 51, Field Museum. 1900.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., pp. 454 ff. Palæolithic and Eolithic. 1905.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 299. Columbia Valley. 1906.

=Notes.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, p. 344. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 125. 1907.

=Branch, C. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 318. West Indies. 1907.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 15, 2, p. 379. Eskimo. 1907.

HARPOONS.

=Hayes, S.= Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Jan., 1895. Ohio.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1900, pp. 189 ff. Distribution. 1900.

=Smith, H. I.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, pp. 115 ff. 1907.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 15, 2, p. 397. Eskimo. 1907.

HEDDLE-FRAME.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1899, p. 488. 1899.

HEMATITE.

=Fowke, G.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 345. 1894.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 5, p. 236. 1897.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 154. Missouri. 1903.

HOES.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, Oct., 1902, pp. 15 ff. 1902.

=Moore, C. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 498. A general discussion. 1903.

IDOLS.

=Atwater, C.= Archæologia Americana, p. 210. 1820.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, pp. 197 ff. A general discussion. 1892.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 45, p. 120. West Indies. 1903.

American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 589. Cuba. 1904.

IMPLEMENTS.

=Proudfit, S. V.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, p. 277. Missouri River. 1880.

=Wilson, C. B.= American Antiquarian, vol. 5, p. 181. Mexico. 1883.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 80. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Hrdlička, A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, p. 66. Yaqui. 1904.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 295. Ozark Region. 1904.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, pp. 434 ff. Eolithic. 1905.

=Gilder, R. F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 706. Nebraska. 1907.

INDUSTRIES.

=Powell, J. W.= American Anthropologist, 1899, p. 319. Technology. 1899.

IRON.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 503. Missouri. 1903.

IRON AGE.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, June, 1896, p. 191. Its Introduction into America. 1896.

JADE.

=Meyer, A. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, p. 231. 1888.

=Gordon, etc.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 24. Copan. 1896.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= Archæological Report, Ontario, p. 85. 1896–97.

=Brown, A. P.= Bulletin of the University of Pennsylvania, April, 1898, p. 140. 1898.

=Hill-Tout, C.= American Archæologist, p. 35. 1898.

=Smith, H. I.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 72. 1898.

=Hill-Tout, C.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 152. 1898.

=Brown, A. P.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 290. 1898.

JASPER.

=Mercer, H. C.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 1. 1893.

American Anthropologist, vol. 7, p. 80. 1894.

=Van Epps, P. M.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 29. 1894.

=Laubach, C.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 144, and 265. 1898.

JET.

=Pepper, G. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., pp. 191 ff. 1905.

KNIVES.

=Nissly, J. R.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 67. 1893.

=Smith, W. G.= “Man, the Primeval Savage,” p. 247. 1894.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1898, p. 44. Maine. 1898.

American Naturalist, Jan., 1902. 1902.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 75, Field Museum, p. 59. Arapaho. 1903.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 132. Maidu. 1905.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 77. Virginia. 1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 61 ff. 1907.

LABRETS.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 44. Eskimo. 1896–97.

LANCE-HEADS.

=Breton, A.= International Congress of Americanists, New York, p. 65. 1902.

LANSING SKELETON.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, n. s., p. 743. 1902.

=Williston, S. W.= International Congress of Americanists, New York, p. 85. 1902.

=Upham, W.= Records of the Past, 1902, p. 273. 1902.

=Wright, G. F.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 119. 1903.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 151. 1907.

LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS.

=Read, M. C.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 98. 1878.

=Smith, H. I.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 52. Michigan. 1893.

MANO STONES.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. VIII, no. 2, p. 51. Cahuilla. 1908.

MANUAL CONCEPTS.

=Cushing, F. H.= American Anthropologist, 1892, pp. 289 ff. 1892.

MASKS.

=Dall, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 73. 1881–82.

METATES.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1900, p. 179. California. 1900.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 138. Maidu. 1905.

=Du Bois, C. G.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 185. Luiseño. 1908.

MICA.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, p. 105. 1893–94.

MINERALS.

=Rau, C.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1872–73. “Aboriginal Trade.” Copper, Galena, Obsidian, Mica, Slate, Flint, Pipestone, Shells, and Pearls.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, p. 35. Chiriqui. 1884–85.

=Blake, W. W.= American Antiquarian, 1887, pp. 164 ff. Aztecs. 1887.

=Tassin, W.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1897, 1, pp. 649–688 and 749–810. 1897. Lead, Iron, Copper, Silver, Crystals, etc. Agate, Cassiterite, Calcite, Chalcedony, Emery, Flint, Fluorite, Hornblende, Jadeite, Jasper, Nephrite, Pyrite, Quartz, Tin, Turquoise.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 66 ff. 1907.

MORTARS.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, 1899, p. 115. 1899.

=Bourke, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 61. South West. 1890.

=Brunner, H. L.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 385. Texas. 1891.

=Perkins, C. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 90. Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 106. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

=Kemp, J. F.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 191. Oregon. 1906.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 346. Ohio. 1906.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 630. Porto Rico. 1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, 2, p. 51. Cahuilla. 1908.

MORTUARY STONES.

=Du Bois, C. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 484. California. 1907.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

=Hoffman, W. J.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 14, p. 77. Menominee. 1892–93.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 20, p. 34. Eastern United States. 1898–99.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 75, Field Museum, p. 42. Arapaho. 1903.

=Mead, C. W.= “Musical Instruments of the Incas.” Peru. 1903.

=Russell, F.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 26, p. 166. Pima. 1904–05.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 221. Maidu. 1905.

=Bushnell, G. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 676. Virginia. 1906.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 18, 4. Arapaho. 1907.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 230. Nez Percé. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 219. Shoshone. 1909.

NECKLACES.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 440. Arapaho. 1907.

NEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 2, p. 177. 1880.

=Cresson, H. T.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 163. 1894.

NET-SINKERS.

=West, G. A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 7, pp. 131 ff. 1908.

OBSIDIAN.

=McGee, W. J.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, p. 301. Nevada. 1889.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 169. Manufacture. 1892.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, p. 732. 1895–96.

=Brower, J. V.= “Missouri River,” p. 23. 1896.

=Meredith.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 320. 1898.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, n. s., p. 405. Mexico. 1900.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, n. s., p. 417. Aztec. 1900.

=Lawson, P. V.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 2, pp. 95 ff. 1903.

=Rust, H. N., and Kroeber, A. L.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., pp. 688 ff. 1905.

ORNAMENTS.

=Putnam, F. W.= Report of the Peabody Museum, vol. II, p. 310. 1878.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 380. 1887.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 103. 1890.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. I, p. 18. Yucatan. 1897.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, p. 87. Pueblo. 1900–01.

=Seler, E.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 28, p. 59. Mexican Feather Work. 1904.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 506. New England. 1905.

American Anthropologist, vol. 9, pp. 70 ff. 1907.

PEARLS.

=Carr, L.= Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1897, p. 65. 1897.

PENDANTS.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 2, p. 19. Yucatan. 1897.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 6, p. 24. Maine. 1898.

PERFORATED STONES.

=Henshaw, H. W.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 5 ff. California. 1887.

=Fison, L.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, p. 177. New Britain. 1889.

PERFORATORS.

=McGuire, J. D.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1894, pp. 623 ff. A general discussion. 1894.

=Mason, O. T.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 73. 1894.

=Sherman, G. M.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 45. 1898.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 540. Virginia. 1908.

=West, G. A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 8, 2, pp. 37 ff. 1909.

PESTLES.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, n. s., p. 363. 1899.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 124. Middle Atlantic Shell-Heaps. 1907.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 544. 1908.

=Sinclair, W. J.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 7, 2, p. 113. 1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, 2, p. 51. Cahuilla. 1908.

PICTOGRAPHS.

=Brown, E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 2, p. 257. 1880.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 6, p. 119. 1884.

=Barber, E. A.= American Antiquarian, vol. 6, p. 386. 1884.

=Hoffman, E. A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, p. 209. Ojibwa. 1888.

=Mallery, G.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 10, pp. 31 ff. A general discussion. 1888–89.

=Emerson, E. R.= American Antiquarian, vol. 11, p. 381. 1889.

=Rawson, A. L.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 221. 1892.

=Gunckel, L.= American Antiquarian, vol. 15, p. 223. Southwest. 1893.

=Montgomery, H.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 335. Utah. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, p. 545. Arizona. 1895–96.

American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 441. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, pp. 148 ff. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 45, p. 132. West Indies. 1904.

=Smith, H. I.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 125. Colorado Valley. 1905.

=Bierbower, Mrs. S.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 231. New Mexico. 1905.

=Pittier de Fabriga, H.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 1, 5, p. 307. Colombia. 1905–07.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin 3, Phillips Academy, Andover, p. 159. A Pictograph on Birch Bark.

=Hewett, E. L.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 32, p. 11. Southwest. 1906.

=Sherwood, C. C.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 17, p. 307. 1908.

=Emmons, G. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 221. Alaska, 1908.

PITTED STONES.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 124. 1907.

PIPES.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= American Antiquarian, vol. 4, p. 326. 1882.

=Douglass, A. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 11, p. 348. 1889.

=Thomas, C.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, p. 39. 1889.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 103. Georgia. 1890.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 13, p. 267. 1891.

=McGuire, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 170. 1892.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 69. 1892.

=McWhorter, L. V.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 56. West Virginia. 1893.

=Clark, C. W.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 84. Mississippi. 1894.

=Berlin, A. F.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 278. A general discussion. 1894.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 349. 1894.

=Perkins, C. H.= International Congress of Anthropologists, p. 88. Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W., Stephen, A. M., and Owen, J. G.= Journal of American Ethnology and Archæology, vol. 4, p. 31. Southwest. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, p. 733. Southwest. 1895–96.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 138. Ontario. 1897.

=McGuire, J. D.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1897, 1, pp. 351 ff. A general discussion. 1897.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 20, pp. 45 and 173. Eastern United States. 1898–99.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Archæologist, 1899, p. 16. 1899.

=Cadle, C.= Records of the Past, 1902, p. 218. 1902.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 75, Field Museum, p. 43. Arapaho. 1903.

=Goddard, P. E.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 1, 1, p. 37. Hupa. 1903–04.

=West, G. A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 4, nos. 3 and 4. Wisconsin. 1905.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 138. 1905.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 103, Field Museum, p. 76. Cheyenne. 1905.

=Berlin, A. F.= Proceedings of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Societies, p. 108. A general discussion. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 646. Dakota. 1906.

The Archæologist, vol. 2, pp. 228 to 232. 1894.

=Ward, H. L.= Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, April, 1906, p. 9. Wisconsin. 1906.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 237. 1906.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 2, 3, p. 188. Nez Percé. 1908.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 346. Kentucky. 1908.

PLUMMETS.

=Snyder, J. F., and Muhlig, F. M.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 101. 1897.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1898, p. 29. Maine. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 181.

=Peabody, C.= Bulletin of the University of Pennsylvania, May, 1901, pp. 125 ff. A general discussion. 1901.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1909, pp. 139 ff. 1909.

POTTERY.

=Putnam, F. W.= Archæological Explorations in Tennessee, p. 318. 1878.

=Barbour, E. A.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 61. 1878.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 257 ff. Pueblo. 1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 361 ff. Mississippi Valley. 1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 437 ff. Form and Ornament. 1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, pp. 53 ff. Chiriqui. 1884–85.

American Anthropologist, vol. 2, pp. 246 ff. 1889.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, pp. 102 ff. Georgia. 1890.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, pp. 324 ff. 1890.

=Shrew, J. P.= American Antiquarian, vol. 13, p. 154. 1891.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 67 and 149 ff. 1892.

=Hales, H.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 219. Coiled Ware. 1893.

=Mooney, J.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, pp. 283 ff. Arizona. 1893.

=Pollard, J. G.= The Pamunkey Indians, p. 18. Virginia. 1894.

=Perkins, G. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 87. Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Cushing, F. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 217. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, pp. 569 ff. Arizona. 1895–96.

=Gordon, G. B., etc.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 26. Copan. 1896.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 201. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 2, p. 13. Loltun. 1897.

Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 3, p. 11. Labna. 1897.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 138. Ontario. 1897.

=Starr, F.= Bulletin 2 of the University of Chicago, Department of Anthropology, pp. 4 ff. Mexico. 1897.

=Mercer, H. C.= Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 6, p. 111. Maine. 1897.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1897, pp. 9 ff. Decoration. 1897.

=Gellenbaugh, F. S.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 48. Death Masks. 1897.

=Cushing, F. H.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 8. Florida. 1897.

=Gordon, G. B.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, nos. 4–5. Uloa Valley. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 57. 1898.

=Smith, H. I.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 72. 1898.

=Poole, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 42. 1898.

=McGee, W. J.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 88. 1898.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 165. Arizona. 1898.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 20, pp. 1 ff. Eastern United States. 1898–99.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, pp. 56 ff. Little Colorado Valley. 1900–01.

=Stevenson, M. C.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 23, p. 373. Zuñi. 1901–02.

=Pepper, G. H.= American Museum Guide Leaflet, 6, p. 9. Utah. 1902.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 31. “Killed Pottery.” 1902.

=Lawson, P. V.= American Antiquarian, 1902, pp. 157 ff. Wisconsin. 1902.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, pp. 179 ff. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 1, p. 6. Yucatan. 1904.

=Reid, W. M.= Records of the Past, 1904, p. 184. Mohawk Valley. 1904.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 2, pls. XII ff. Mississippi. 1904.

=Hodge, F. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 581. Hopi. 1904.

=Note.= Records of the Past, 1904, p. 62. 1904.

=Gerend, A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, October, 1904, p. 3. 1904.

=Russell, F.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 26, pp. 126 ff. Pima. 1904–05.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 211. Southwest. 1905.

=Hrdlička, A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, p. 487. Apache. 1905.

=Wren, C.= Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, pp. 137 ff. Wyoming Valley. 1905.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 83. Eskimo. 1906.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 642. Dakota. 1906.

=Will, D. F., and Spinden, H. J.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, 3, 4, p. 175. Mandan. 1906.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 28, p. 277. A general discussion. 1906.

=Flower, F. A.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 102. Lake Superior. 1906.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 237. Mississippi Valley. 1906.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 346. Ohio. 1906.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 366. Pueblo. 1906.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 174. Staten Island. 1907.

=Speck, F. G.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, 2, 2, p. 109. Creek. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 126. 1907.

=Hartman, C. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 307. Costa Rica. 1907.

=Branch, C. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 325. West Indies. 1907.

=Gilder, R. F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 710. Nebraska. 1907.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= Yale Alumni Weekly, June 19, p. 5. 1907.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, p. 49. Wyoming. 1908.

=Sparkman, P. S.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, 4, p. 201. Luiseño. 1908.

=Harrington, M. R.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, pp. 399 ff. South Carolina. 1908.

=Gesner, A.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 243. Minnesota. 1908.

=Straley, M. W.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 263. Nebraska. 1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, 2, p. 54. Cahuilla. 1908.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 34. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 177. Shoshone. 1909.

=Gilder, R. F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p. 71. 1909.

=Speck, F. G.= Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 1, no. 1, pl. III. Yuchi. 1909.

PRIMITIVE CULTURES.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Putnam Anniversary vol., pp. 137 ff. Ohio. 1909.

PRIMITIVE MAN.

=Dall.= Contributions to North American Ethnology, 1. 1877.

=Shaler.= Report of the Peabody Museum, vol. ii, no. 1. 1877.

=Foster.= Prehistoric Races. 1878.

=Putnam.= Reports of the Peabody Museum. 1876 ff.

=Whitney.= Auriferous Gravels. 1879.

=Putnam.= Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XXI. 1881–83.

=Bancroft.= Native Races, IV. 1882.

=Morse.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, XXXIII. 1884.

=Nadaillac.= Prehistoric America. 1884.

=Putnam.= Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XXIII. 1885–88.

=Skertchley.= Journal of the Anthropological Institute, XVII. 1888.

=Wilson.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1888. 1888.

=Wright, G. F.= Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XXIII. 1888.

=Abbott.= Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XXIII. 1888.

Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, XXXVII. 1888.

=McGee.= Popular Science Monthly, Nov., 1888.

American Anthropologist, vol. 2. 1889.

=Gilbert.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2. 1889.

=Haynes.= In Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. 1. 1889.

=Wright, G. F.= Ice Age in North America. 1889.

=Powell.= The Forum. 1890.

=Thomas.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 12. 1890–91.

=Becker.= Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, II. 1891.

=McGee.= American Antiquarian, vol. 13. 1891.

American Anthropologist, vol. 5. 1892.

=Holmes.= Science, November 25, 1892.

=Wright, G. F.= Man and the Glacial Period. 1892.

=Claypole.= Popular Science Monthly for April, 1893.

=Wright, G. F.= Popular Science Monthly for May, 1893.

=Holmes.= Journal of Geology, 1, nos. 1 and 2. 1893.

Science, January 25, 1893.

=McGee.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6. 1893.

=Mercer.= American Naturalist, XXVII. 1893.

=Claypole.= American Geologist, XVIII. 1896.

=Kümmel.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, XLVI. 1897.

=Mercer.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, XLVI. 1897.

Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, VI. 1897.

=Putnam.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, VI. 1897.

=Salisbury.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, VI. 1897.

Science, December 31, 1897.

=Wilson.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1897, 1.

=Auringer.= American Archæologist for February, 1898.

=Thomas.= American Archæology. 1898.

=Blake.= Journal of Geology, VII, 7. 1899.

=Dall.= Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 1899.

=Holmes.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1899.

American Anthropologist. 1899.

=Putnam.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1899.

Report of the American Museum of Natural History, 1900.

=Holmes.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1901.

=Brower.= Memoirs, V. 1902.

=Chamberlin and Brower.= Journal of Geology, vol. X. 1902.

=Fowke.= Archæological History of Ohio. 1902.

=Holmes.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1902.

=Hrdlička.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, XVI. 1902.

=Upham.= Science for August 29, 1902.

=Williston.= Science for August 1, 1902.

=Winchell.= American Geologist for September, 1902.

=Holmes.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1903.

=Hrdlička.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s. 1903.

=Peterson.= Records of the Past, vol. 2. 1903.

=Winchell.= Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, XIV. 1903.

=Sinclair.= Publications of the University of California, 11, 1. 1904.

=Munro.= Archæological and False Antiquities. 1905.

=Wright, D. F.= Records of the Past, vol. 4. 1905.

=Abbott.= Archæologia Nova Cæsarea. 1907, etc.

=Hrdlička.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 33. 1907.

=Winchell.= Records of the Past, vol. 6. 1907.

=Owen.= Records of the Past, vol. 8. 1909.

=Volk.= Peabody Museum Papers, vol. 5. 1910.

QUARRIES.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, p. 33. District of Columbia. 1893–94.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications of the Field Columbian Museum. Anthropological ser. 51. Wyoming. 1900.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin 3 of the Phillips Academy of Andover, p. 126. Tennessee. 1906.

=Fowke, G.= Bulletin 3 of the Phillips Academy of Andover, Appendix. Ohio. 1906.

QUARTZ.

=Babbitt, F. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, pp. 18 ff. Minnesota. 1880.

Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 333. Little Falls. 1890.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 547. Virginia. 1908.

QUARTZITE.

=Brown, C. E.= Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Arts, Science, and Letters, vol. XV, part 11.

RATTLES.

=Starr, F.= Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Science, 9, p. 181. 1901–03.

=Du Bois, C. G.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, 3, p. 185. Luiseño. 1908.

=Sparkman, P. G.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8, 4, p. 210. Luiseño. 1908.

=Wren, C.= Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, vol. 10, pp. 195 ff. Pennsylvania, 1908.

ROPE.

=McGee, W J= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 114. Mexico. 1897.

SANDALS.

=Snyder, J. F.= American Archæologist, 1899, pp. 5 ff. 1899.

=Pepper, G. H.= Journal of the American Museum of Natural History, 1902, p. 11. Utah. (Guide Leaflet, 6.) 1902.

SCRAPERS.

=Turner, L. M.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, p. 186. Naskopie. 1888.

=Perkins, G. H.= The Archæologist, 1, p. 59. 1893.

=Dilg, K.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 127. 1897.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, p. 90. 1898.

=Pepper, G. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, pp. 187 ff. (n. s.) Pueblo Bonito. 1905.

=Gilder, R. F.= Records of the Past, 1909, p. 6. Wyoming. 1909.

SHELL.

=Putnam, F. W.= Explorations in Tennessee, p. 335. 1878.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 179, ff. Art in Shell. 1880–81.

=Montgomery, H.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 343. Dakota. 1889.

=Reynolds, E. R.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, p. 252. Potomac Region. 1889.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 13, p. 264. A general discussion. 1891.

=Thomas, C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 237. Shawnee. 1891.

=Snodgrass, J.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 115. Ohio. 1894.

=Chidsey, C. E.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 141. Pascagoula. 1894.

=Howe, G. L.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 254. California. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 359. Pacific. 1896.

American Antiquarian, vol. 18, p. 30. Prince Edward Island. 1896.

=Carr, L.= Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1897, p. 71. “Dress and Ornament.” 1897.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 25. Washington (State). 1897.

=Fountain, G. H.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 48. New Jersey. 1897.

=Calver, W. L.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 87. New York City. 1897.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 68. Ontario. 1897.

=Wintemberg, W. J.= Archæological Report of Ontario, 1900, p. 39. 1900.

=Lawson, P. V.= Wisconsin Archeologist, October, 1902, p. 6. 1902.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 192. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

=Smith, H. I.= Records of the Past, 1904, pp. 79 ff. British Columbia. 1904.

Records of the Past, 1904, p. 220. Dakota. 1904.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, 3, p. 141. California. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 643 ff. 1906.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., pp. 113 ff. Atlantic Tide-Water Province. 1907.

=Branch, C. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 322. (n. s.) West Indies. 1907.

=Hough, W.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 35, p. 23. Southwest. 1907.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s. p. 38. Manitoba. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2, 2, p. 173. Shoshone. 1909.

=Gilder, R. F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p. 70. Nebraska. 1909.

SHIELDS.

=Knight, E. H.= A Study of Savage Weapons, p. 66.

=Russell, F.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 26, p. 120. Pima. 1904–05.

SILVER.

=Kunz, G. F.= American Antiquarian, vol. 9, p. 219. Florida. 1887.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 7, p. 120. Ohio. 1898.

=Harrington, M. R.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 1, 6, pp. 351 ff. Iroquois. 1908.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 413, n. s. 1908.

SKELETAL REMAINS.

=Montgomery, H.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 231. Utah. 1894.

=Baker, F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, pp. 357 ff. 1898.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, n. s., p. 623. Calaveras. 1899.

=Chamberlin, T. C.= Journal of Geology, vol. 10, 7, pp. 745 ff. Lansing. 1902.

=Hrdlička, A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 323. Lansing. 1903.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., pp. 336 ff. 1904.

=Wilder, H. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, p. 298, n. s. Massachusetts. 1905.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin 3 of Phillips Academy of Andover, p. 120. Kentucky. 1906.

=Gates, H.= Records of the Past, 1, 1906, pp. 271 ff. Minnesota. 1906.

=Gilder, R. F.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 37. Nebraska. 1907.

=Barbour, E. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 40. Nebraska. 1907.

=Mead, C. W.= Peruvian Mummies, p. 20. 1907.

=Hrdlička. A.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 33, pp. 9 ff. A general discussion. 1907.

=Sinclair, W. J.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 7, 2, p. 109. California. 1908.

=Wright, F. B.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 167. 1908.

SPADES.

=Rau, C.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1863, p. 379. “Agricultural Implements.” 1863.

=Fowke, G.= 13th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, “Stone Art,” p. 133. 1891–92.

=Thruston, General Gates P.= “Antiquities of Tennessee,” p. 222. 1897.

SPEARS.

=Bourke, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 56. A general discussion. 1890.

=Holmes, W. J.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 143. Shawnees. 1891.

=Crawford, J.= The Archæologist, vol. 3, p. 220, Nicaragua. 1895.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, 1, p. 147. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, 1902, p. 118. Indian Territory. 1902.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, 3, p. 132. California. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 644. Dakota. 1906.

=Blackman, E.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 78. Nebraska. 1907.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 185. Nez Percé. 1908.

SPINDLE-WHORLS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, p. 149. Chiriqui. 1884–85.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 20, p. 33. Eastern United States. 1898–99.

=Fabriga, H. Pittier de.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 307. Colombia.

SPOONS.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 645. Dakota. 1906.

=Speck, F. G.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 160. Osage. 1907.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 35. Manitoba. 1908.

SPUDS.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 2, 1, pp. 15 ff. 1902.

STEATITE.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, pp. 106 ff. A general discussion. 1893–94.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 68. 1903.

=Bushnell, G. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, 1908, p. 546. Virginia. 1908.

=Skinner, A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 702. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 174. Shoshone. 1909.

STONE AND STONE IMPLEMENTS.

=Sylvester, J. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 73. Ohio. 1878.

=Read, M. C.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 139. Grave Creek. 1878.

=Stevenson, J.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, p. 320. Zuñi. 1880–81.

=Buckingham, H.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, p. 135. Oregon. 1881.

=Rau, C.= American Naturalist, July, 1881, pp. 536 ff. 1881.

=Butler, J. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 4, p. 229. 1882.

=Bandelier, A. F.= Report of the Archæological Institute of America, 5, p. 74. 1884.

=Gratacap, L. P.= American Antiquarian, vol. 6, p. 244. Sacrificial Stone of Mexico. 1884.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 9, p. 280. 1887.

=Thomas, C.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 8, p. 9. 1887.

Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, p. 22. Ohio. 1889.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 165 ff. A general discussion. 1892.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, pp. 1 ff. A general discussion. 1893.

=Fowke, G.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 2, p. 514. 1893.

=Mercer, H. C.= American Naturalist, 1893, pp. 962 ff. 1893.

=Berlin, A. F.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 53. Indiana. 1893.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, pp. 3 ff. Potomac-Chesapeake Province. 1893–94.

=Newton, W. S.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 192. 1894.

=Fowke, G.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 328. 1894.

=Holmes, W. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, pp. 120 ff. 1894.

=Fowke, G.= The Archæologist, vol. 3, p. 197. 1895.

=Crawford.= The Archæologist, vol. 3, p. 220. Nicaragua. 1895.

=Wilson, T.= The Archæologist, vol. 3, p. 179. 1895.

=Fowke, G.= The Archæologist, vol. 3, p. 300. 1895.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, p. 729. Arizona. 1895–96.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 227. 1896.

=Thomas, C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 405. 1896.

=Thomas, C.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 63. (Cf. preceding article.)

=Leeper, D. R.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 197. 1897.

=Laubach, C.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 126. Delaware River. 1897.

=Seever, W. J.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 141. Tennessee. 1897.

=Coover, A. B.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 304. Ohio. 1897.

=Starr, F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 45. Mexico. 1897.

=Thomas, C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 376. Washington (State). 1897.

=Powers, A. J.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 12. Georgia. 1898.

=Thruston, G. P.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 225. 1898.

=Thacker, W. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 189. San Juan Archipelago. 1898.

=Ivey, H. J.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 289. 1898.

=Laubach, C.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 296. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 102. 1898.

=Eisen, D.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 136. 1898.

=Phillips, W. A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, n. s., p. 37. Illinois. 1900.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1900, p. 177. California. 1900.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., pp. 289, 501, 726. Michigan. 1901.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 487, n. s. Hopi. 1902.

=Wren, C.= Proceedings of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, 1902–03, pp. 93 ff. p. 17, Pennsylvania. 1902–03.

=Culin, S.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 62. 1903.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, pp. 110 and 167. Porto Rico. 1902–03.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 40. Mississippi. 1904.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, p. 593, n. s. Cuba. 1904.

=Will, G. F., and Spinden, H. J.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 163. The Mandans. 1906.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 305. Lower Columbia Valley. 1906.

=Rust, H. N.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 686. 1906.

=Moorehead, W. K.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 257. New Mexico. 1908.

=Coover, A. B.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. XVII, p. 38. Ohio. 1908.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 625. Porto Rico. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 173. Shoshone. 1909.

STONE GRAVES.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 12, p. 329. 1890.

=Thruston, G. P.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 146. Tennessee. 1893.

=Thompson, A. H.= American Antiquarian, vol. 23, p. 411. Tennessee. 1901.

STONE MONUMENTS.

=Simms, S. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., pp. 107 and 374. 1903.

SWASTIKA.

=Wilson, T.= Report of the United States National Museum, pp. 757 ff. A general discussion. 1894.

=Brower, C. de W.= Records of the Past, 1907, pp. 236 ff. 1907.

TABLETS.

=Rau, C.= Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. XXII, p. 331. Palenque. 1879.

=Campbell, J.= American Antiquarian, vol. 4, p. 145. Davenport. 1882.

=Brinton, D. G.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 201. Long Island. 1893.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 645. Dakota. 1906.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin 4 of the Phillips Academy, Andover, p. 135. “Guest.” 1908.

TATTOOING.

=Sinclair, A. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p. 362. A general discussion. 1909.

TEXTILES.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 3, pp. 393 ff. 1881–82.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 17, 3, p. 149. California. 1905.

THROWING-STICK.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 152. Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, p. 119. 1907.

=Pepper, G. H.= “The Throwing-Stick of a Prehistoric People.” (Southwest.)

TRAPS.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, 1900, pp. 657 ff. A general discussion. 1900.

TUBES.

=Read, M. C.= American Antiquarian, vol. 2, p. 53. 1879.

TURQUOISE.

=Pepper, G. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., pp. 194 ff. Pueblo Bonito. 1905.

WAMPUM.

=Parkman, F.= The Jesuits in North America, p. xxxi.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 235 ff. 1880–81.

=Adams, W. W.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 83. 1893.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 94. 1894.

=Calver, W. L.= American Antiquarian, 1897, p. 89. New York. 1897.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= American Antiquarian, vol. 20, p. 1. 1898.

WAR-CLUBS.

=Wickersham, J.= American Antiquarian, vol. 17, p. 72. A general discussion. 1895.

WEDGES.

=Gilder, R.= Records of the Past, 1909, p. 6. 1909.

WOOD.

=Hough, W.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1888, pp. 531 ff. 1888.

=Hale, J. P.= American Antiquarian, 1897, p. 122. West Virginia and Kentucky. 1897.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 194. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

=Russell, F.= Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 26, p. 97. Pima. 1904–05.

ZOÖTECHNY.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, 1899, p. 45. 1899.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF WARREN K. MOOREHEAD

As nearly all of my own articles, reports, and books deal with archæological subjects, I have thought best to include a bibliography of these, placed separately, although a few are referred to in various places in the preceding pages of the Bibliography.

American Antiquarian, The, 1887–1901. Numerous articles.

American Archæologist, 1897–1899. Columbus, Ohio. Numerous articles.

Archæologist, The, 1893–1895. Columbus, Ohio. Numerous articles.

Are the Hopewell Copper Objects Prehistoric? American Anthropologist, January-March, 1903.

Bird Stone Ceremonial, The. 31 pp. 42 figures. Large pamphlet. Saranac Lake, N. Y. 1899.

Bird Stone Ceremonial and Suggestion of Archæologic Nomenclature. American Association for the Advancement of Science Report. 1900.

Cincinnati Society, Natural History. Various papers in Reports, 1888–1900.

Commercial vs. Scientific Collecting. Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, January, 1904.

Exhibit from M. C. Hopewell’s Farm, Description of the. Ross County, Ohio. 20 pp. 9 full-page plates. Chicago, 1893.

Expedition to the Southwest. A score of illustrated articles in the Illustrated American, 1892. New York.

Exploration of Jacobs Cavern, The. Bulletin 1, Department of Archæology, Phillips Academy. 29 pp. 11 full-page plates; large foldingmap. Norwood, Mass., January, 1904. Co-author with Dr. C. Peabody.

Field Diary of an Archæological Collector, The. 71 large pp., 42 figures. American Inventor, Washington, D. C. March, 1903-April, 1904.

Field Work, Report of. 108 pp. 45 figs. Vol. V (1897) of the Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society Report. Columbus, Ohio.

Field Work, Report of. 96 pp. 22 figures. Vol. VII (1898) of the Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society Report. Columbus, Ohio.

First Report of the Curator of the Archæological Museum of the Ohio State University. Also Preliminary Exploration of Ohio Caves. 17 pp.; a table. Columbus, 1895.

Fort Ancient. 129 pp. 37 full-page plates; large folding map. Cincinnati, 1889. Robert Clarke Co.

Fort Ancient, Description of. 16 pp. 12 figures and large map. Vol. IV (1896) of the Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society Report. Columbus, Ohio.

Fort Ancient, the Great Prehistoric Earth Work of Warren County, Ohio. 166 pp. Pt. II, Bulletin IV, Department of Archæology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 1908.

Ghost Dance, The. 6 illustrated articles appearing in the Illustrated American. New York, January-March, 1891.

Gravel Kame Burials in Ohio. American Association for the Advancement of Science Report. 1902.

Hopewell Group, The. About 60 pages. 70 figures. Continued from May, 1897, to February, 1898, in the American Archæologist. Columbus, O.

Indian Tribes of Ohio, The. 109 pp. Vol. VII (1898) of the Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Report. Columbus, Ohio.

Metzger Mound, The. 10 pp. 4 figures. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1894.

Modern and Prehistoric Village Sites in Ohio, compared. American Association for the Advancement of Science Report. 1894.

Narrative of Explorations in Arizona, New Mexico, etc. Bulletin III, Department of Archæology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 200 pp. 82 figures. 1906.

New Science, A, at the World’s Columbian Exposition. North American Review, 1903.

Ohio State Archæological and Historical Reports, The. Numerous articles. 1894–1895.

Popular Science News. 1895–1900. New York. Numerous articles.

Prehistoric Implements. 621 figures. 431 pp. Saranac Lake, New York. June, 1900.

Prehistoric Relics. 176 pp. 180 figures. Andover, Mass. 1904.

Primitive Man in Ohio. 246 pp. 54 figures. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. New York, 1892.

Primitive Cultures in Ohio, A Study of. Putnam Anniversary Volume, p. 137. Washington, D. C., 1909.

Recent Archæological Discoveries in Ohio. Scientific American Supplement, August, 1892.

Red Cloud, A Sketch of His Life. Boston Transcript, December 22, 1909.

Remarks upon the Sheet Copper Designs of the Hopewell Group, Ohio. American Association for the Advancement of Science Report. 1893.

Report of the Committee on Archæological Nomenclature. American Anthropologist, March, 1909.

Ruins at Aztec on the Rio La Plata, New Mexico. Explored 1892. American Anthropologist, June, 1908.

Ruins of Southern Utah, The. American Association for the Advancement of Science Report. 1892.

Science. 1890–1903. Numerous articles.

Singular Copper Implements and Ornaments from the Hopewell Group, Ross County, Ohio. American Association for the Advancement of Science Report. 1892.

So-called “Gorgets,” The. Bulletin II, Department of Archæology, Phillips Academy. 100 pp. 18 plates. Andover, Mass., 1906. Co-author with Dr. C. Peabody.

Unknown Forms of Stone Objects. Some 6 pp. 9 figures. Records of the Past, September, 1904. Washington, D. C.

Wilson, The Late Dr. Thomas. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Meeting at Pittsburg, Pa., 1902.

INDEX

Abbott, C. C., I, 34; II, 350.

Abbott, G. B., Corning, California, II, 103.

Acaxes, II, 348.

Adaptation, II, 354 ff.

Adzes, I, 254, 273 ff.; conclusions, I, 322 ff.; copper, II, 189.

Adze, triangular, I, 274.

Afton, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), I, 215.

Agricultural implements, chapter IX, 175 ff.

Agua Caliente, axes, I, 316.

Alaska, woman’s knife, II, 311.

Algonquian pottery, II, 278.

Algonquins, II, 330.

Allentown, Pennsylvania, I, 35; knives, I, 86.

Altar mounds, containing finer specimens, II, 63; hematites, II, 295.

American Museum of Natural History, New York, I, 427; II, 302.

Amulets in Eastern Canada, II, 332.

Analyses of specimens, II, 353.

Ancient vs. modern art, II, 355.

Anderson, Clifford, II, 250.

Animal effigies, II, 20.

Antiquity of pottery-making, II, 294.

Antler in Dakota, II, 340.

Antler-tips, as arrow-points, II, 134.

Apaches, II, 354.

Appalachian pottery, II, 278.

“Archæologia Nova Cæsarea,” II, 350.

Archæological map of Ohio, II, 348.

Arizona, chipped implements, I, 244; rings, I, 442.

Arkansas, chipped implements, I, 238; engraved disc, I, 452.

Armlets, II, 335.

Army and Medical Museum, Washington, D. C., I, 121.

Arnold, B. W., Albany, New York, II, 311.

Arrow-heads in eastern Canada, II, 331; Canadian Plains, II, 334; Utah, II, 338; Dakota, II, 341.

Arrow-point, analyzed, I, 100.

Arrow-points embedded in bone, I, 108.

Arrow-points, manufacture, I, 58.

Arrow-points, “rotary,” I, 68.

Arrow-shaft reducers, II, 134.

Arrow-wounds, I, 112.

Art at its best before European contact, II, 67.

Art in flint-chipping, I, 135.

Artifacts, number available for study, I, 10.

Ash-pits as preservatives, II, 136.

Atlantic Coast, shells, II, 118, 120.

Atlatls, Utah, II, 336.

Awls of bone, II, 134; in eastern Canada, II, 330.

Axes, I, 186 ff.; cached, I, 221; manufacture, I, 226 ff.; conclusions, I, 322 ff.; copper, II, 180.

Bainbridge, Ohio, large blade, I, 233.

Banded slate, material for problematical forms, I, 343.

Bangles of copper, II, 225.

“Banner” stones, I, 346; of copper, II, 224; in eastern Canada, II, 332.

Bar-amulets, I, 402.

Barbed axes, I, 312.

Bark, Dakota, II, 339.

Barnard, W. C., I, 43.

Barr, James A., I, 154.

Barrett, Professor S. A., pipes, II, 88; Cayapa Indians, II, 363.

Basalt, II, 111.

Baskets, II, 235.

Batrachians, represented in pottery, II, 287.

Bay-bah-dwung-gay-aush (“Daydodge”), II, 356.

“Bayonet-backed spear-points,” of copper, II, 210.

Beads, I, 355, 453; of shell, II, 118; of bone, II, 134; of copper, II, 224; of glass, II, 227.

Beasley, B., Montgomery, Alabama, II, 121.

Beauchamp, Dr. Wm., I, 260, 380; II, 14.

Bell-shaped pestles, II, 102.

Benedict, F. M., II, 202.

Beveled points, of copper, II, 202.

Bicaves, I, 443 ff.; II, 350.

Bird, much in evidence in prehistoric sculpture, II, 80; pottery, II, 287.

Bird-stones in eastern Canada, II, 332.

Bird-stones, II, 4 ff.; unfinished, II, 8.

Black Hills, II, 362.

Bludgeon, of copper, II, 224.

Bluffs, worked into mortars, II, 102.

Boas, Professor Franz, II, 363.

Boat-shaped objects, I, 341, 402.

Bone, in general, II, 134 ff.; as material for ornaments, I, 358.

Borers, in eastern Canada, II, 331.

Boulders, as mortars, II, 102.

Boulder ruin culture, II, 362.

Bows, classified, I, 105.

Bows and arrows, I, 100 ff.

Bowls from tree-knots, I, 288.

Boyle, Professor David, II, 17.

Bracelets, I, 356; of shell, II, 132; of horn, II, 154.

Bragg’s collection of pipes, II, 89.

Braiding, methods, II, 242.

Brewerton, New York, I, 270.

British Museum, II, 89.

Broken winged forms, I, 379.

Brower, J. V., II, 153.

Brown, C. E., Wisconsin, etc., I, 11, 180, 239, 306, 374, 386, 418; II, 115, 156, 161, 294, 304.

Buffalo, classification of uses, I, 207; extermination, I, 208–209; bones, II, 150.

Buffalo hides, preparation, I, 208.

Bull-roarers, I, 416.

Burial of problematical forms, I, 347.

Busycon shells, II, 122.

“Butterfly” stones, I, 341.

Cabeza de Vaca, I, 92.

Caches, flakes, etc., I, 57, 166; leaf-shaped implements, I, 138; flint objects, I, 216; bowls, II, 112.

California, quarries, I, 35; obsidian blades, I, 232; rings, I, 442; pestles, II, 103.

Calumet pipe, II, 41.

Canada, northeastern, celts, adzes, and gouges, I, 273; harpoons, II, 137.

Canadian culture areas, II, 363.

Cannel-coal, gorget, I, 373.

Cannibals, II, 348.

Canoes, manufacture, I, 280.

Carolina, ear-bobs, I, 356; shells, II, 122.

Carr, A. B., Etna Mills, II, 308.

Carr, Lucien, I, 350.

Carvings on pipes, II, 48.

Catlin, collection of Indian portraits, I, 52.

Catlinite, II, 41; a comparatively recent mineral, II, 51.

Catlinite quarries, II, 42.

Caves, of Kentucky and the Ozarks, II, 235.

Cave-Dweller culture, II, 362.

Cayapa Indians, II, 363.

Celts, I, 186 ff.; (ground), I, 252 ff.; conclusions, I, 322 ff.; of bone, II, 134.

Celts in eastern Canada, II, 331.

Cemeteries, Tennessee, I, 164.

Central America, metates, II, 116.

Central and western Pennsylvania culture-group, II, 359.

“Ceremonials,” I, 346.

Ceremonial pipes, II, 57.

“Ceremonial swords,” I, 162.

Chaco Group, II, 133.

Chamberlin, T. C., I, 34.

Champlain, Lake, I, 236.

Chandler, G. P., Knoxville, Tennessee, I, 455.

Charleston, S. C., Museum, I, 10.

“Charms,” I, 346.

Chattanooga, Tennessee, discoidals, I, 451.

Chesapeake region, chipped implements, I, 236.

Chipped implements, Sellars’s remarks, I, 48 ff.; types: knives, chapter V, p. 80 ff.; projectile points, chapter VI, p. 99 ff.; chapter VII, p. 127 ff.; unusual forms, chapter VIII, p. 154 ff.; conclusions, I, 232 ff.

Chippewa Indians, II, 159, 167.

Chipping-tools of bone, II, 134.

Chisels, copper, II, 184.

Choice of materials, I, 294 ff.

Chunky stones, I, 444.

Cincinnati (Ohio), Art Museum, I, 334.

Classification, by Committee on Nomenclature, I, 23 ff.

Classification, need of, I, 9; presented, 31 ff.; of pottery, II, 278; of hematites, II, 301.

Classification, plans for, I, 10 ff.

Claws, as ornaments, I, 356.

Cliff-Dwellers, axes, I, 312, 316; mano-stones, II, 103.

Cliff-Dweller country, pottery, II, 257.

Cliff-Dweller culture, II, 362.

Cliff ruins in Utah, II, 336.

Cloth, as wrapping for copper objects, II, 234.

Coffin-shaped gorgets, I, 341.

Collie, Professor G. L., I, 289.

Columbia Valley, I, 233.

Columbia Valley culture area, II, 363.

Conclusions of “Stone Age,” II, 344 ff.

Conical projectile points of copper, II, 206.

Conventional design, II, 288.

Conventionalization, II, 288.

Copper, discovery of, II, 168; distribution of, II, 174; fabrication of, II, 172 ff.; in general, II, 161 ff.; manufacture of, aboriginal, II, 165; in eastern Canada, II, 332; in Plains of Canada, II, 335; in Dakota, II, 342.

Copper-casting, not aboriginal, II, 173, 174.

Cord for attaching ear-rings, II, 227.

Cores (Flint Ridge, O.), Fig. 27, I, p. 33.

Corn (maize), II, 96.

“Corn-shellers,” II, 314.

Cornstalk, II, 345.

Coronado’s historian, II, 348.

Coshocton, Ohio, I, 35.

Crescents, I, 341, 402; of copper, II, 228.

Crosby, H. A., I, 274.

Crosses, as decoration, I, 404; on shell, II, 131.

Crow Indians, necklaces, I, 216.

Culture-groups, II, 357 ff.

Cumberland Valley (Tennessee and Kentucky), II, 123; pottery, II, 256.

Cup-stones, II, 314 ff.

Cushing, F. H., I, II; “gorgets as bases,” I, 412; Piney Branch, I, 39; copper, II, 173.

Cylinders of copper (beads), II, 225.

Dakota, culture area, II, 363.

Dakota Indians, II, 166, 167.

Deer, II, 150.

Degeneration, of forms, I, 32; of ceremonial, II, 61.

Delaware River, I, 35; axes, I, 323; copper, II, 174.

Delaware Valley and region (culture-group), II, 359.

Denver Museum, Colorado, II, 235.

Digging-tools (see also _Agricultural implements_), of shell, II, 120.

Discs, I, 98; cached, I, 216; of copper, II, 180; of clay, II, 264.

Discoidal stones, I, 443 ff.

Discus-thrower, figure in resemblance on shell gorget, II, 125.

Disease among aborigines, II, 346.

Diversity of cultures as an argument for antiquity, II, 353.

Division of labor, I, 54.

Domestic science, II, 137.

Dominion Museum, Toronto, Ontario, I, 334.

Dorsey, G. A., I, 6.

“Double-bitted” axes, I, 307.

Douglas, A. E., I, 402.

Dress of American Indians, I, 350.

Drift-copper, in Wisconsin and Michigan, II, 231.

Drills, as war-points, I, 122.

Eastern Canada, in stone age, H. Montgomery, II, 330.

Eastman, Dr. C. A., I, 249.

Eddyville, Kentucky, shell gorget, II, 125.

Etowah Group, Georgia, II, 26.

Evolution of ornaments, I, 332.

Extreme North, absence of pottery, II, 248.

Folk-lore, value of, I, 6.

Eagle, realistically treated, II, 288.

Ear-piercing, I, 353–354.

Ear-plugs, of copper, II, 227.

Earrings, of copper, II, 226.

Eastern Canada culture-group, II, 358.

Effigies, II, 1 ff.; of shell, II, 132; of bone, II, 134; of clay, II, 264.

Effigy pestles, II, 114; pipes, II, 57.

Egyptian pottery, II, 278.

Elk, II, 150.

Ellsworth, W. H., Milwaukee, Wisconsin, I, 240.

Eskimo harpoons, II, 137.

Eyed projectile points of copper, II, 202.

Feather objects in Utah, II, 337.

Fewkes, Dr. J. W., shell effigies, II, 133.

Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, I, 232, 334.

Field study, II, 365 ff.

Figured stamp, II, 286.

Finger-rings, I, 442; of shell, II, 132; of copper, II, 226.

Finishing-shops, I, 37–38.

Fishes represented in pottery, II, 287.

Fish-bladders as ornaments, I, 356.

Fish-hooks, II, 134; of copper, II, 222.

Fishing by harpoons, II, 140.

Fish-nets, II, 141.

Five Nations, II, 330.

Flint celts, classified, I, 191; rare at Flint Ridge, Ohio, I, 196.

Flint Ridge, Ohio, I, 35.

Florida, chipped implements, I, 239; shells, II, 122; copper, II, 174.

Fluted celts, I, 272.

Fluted stone axes, I, 316 ff.

Fort Ancient, Ohio, I, 373.

Fort Ancient culture, II, 250.

Fowke, G., I, 10; on quarrying, I, 36; on discoidal stones, I, 447; on copper, II, 173.

Franck, H. W., II, 360.

Frankfort, Ohio, gorget, I, 373.

Game-bones, as “good medicine,” I, 439.

Georgia, chipped implements, I, 238; copper, II, 174.

Gerend, A., II, 206.

Glacial man, I, 34.

Gorgets, I, 341 and _passim_; in general, I, 362 ff.; remade, I, 362, 374; re-perforated, I, 367; on skeletons, I, 372; of shell, II, 122 ff.; of copper, II, 180, 227; in eastern Canada, II, 331.

Gouges, I, 254; conclusions, I, 322 ff.; copper, II, 188; in eastern Canada, II, 331.

Gourds, II, 238.

Graves, occurrence of copper in, II, 233.

Great Plains, large proportion of scrapers on, I, 205.

Greece, pottery, II, 278.

Greenstone, I, 300.

Grooves, variety, I, 326.

Grooved stone axes, I, 287 ff.; classified, I, 306–307, 312.

Ground stone, I, 251 ff.

Gruenberg, Professor B. C., II, 367.

Gulf of California, shells, II, 132.

Gulf States, pottery, II, 247.

Gums for fastening the hafting, I, 286.

Hafting, scrapers, I, 205; celts, I, 284; “spuds,” I, 430; bone, II, 151.

Hair-dressing, I, 356.

Hairpins, I, 210.

Hamilton, H. P., I, 242; II, 161.

Hammers, Canadian Plains, II, 333; Utah, II, 338; Dakota, II, 341.

Hammer-stones, I, 36, 224 ff.; types, I, 230.

“Handbook of American Indians,” compared with “The Stone Age,” I, 1; problematical forms, I, 343.

Hand-hatchet, I, 197, 270.

Handles, fastened with sinews and gum, I, 286; of bone, II, 134.

Harpoons, II, 134; of copper, II, 214; of bone in eastern Canada, II, 330.

Hatchets, I, 252.

Head-dresses, II, 134.

Hematite, where found, II, 295; plummets, II, 295.

Hematite objects, cached, I, 221; in general, II, 295 ff.

Herrmann, R., Dubuque, Iowa, II, 159.

Hiawatha traditions, II, 356.

Hodge, F. W., I, 11.

Hoes, of shell, II, 120.

Holmes, W. H., I, 10, 34, 289; Potomac-Chesapeake Province, I, 38; Afton, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), I, 215; problematical forms, I, 346; quarries, II, 104; shell objects, II, 124; pottery, II, 247.

Hopewell Group, cache of discs, I, 218; value of beads, II, 122.

Horses, unknown to aborigines, II, 366.

Hostility of Indians to whites, II, 366.

Houmas, II, 350.

Hrdlička, Dr. A., II, 352.

Human effigies, II, 25.

Human features in flint, I, 162; on pottery, II, 287.

Hupa Indians, II, 69.

Hurons, II, 330.

Ice, celts used for chopping, I, 270.

Illinois, chipped implements, I, 242; copper, II, 174; culture, II, 360.

Impressions of fabrics, II, 235.

Incised vs. plastic designs, II, 288.

Indians, compared with Australians and Africans, I, 331.

Indian Territory (Oklahoma), I, 86; quarries, 135.

Insertion, inlaying, II, 155.

Invention of specialized tools, II, 286.

Iowa, chipped implements, I, 242; bird-stones, II, 5; copper, II, 174; State Museum, II, 314.

Iron, use of, II, 344; arrow-points of, used for trade, I, 52.

Iroquoian culture-group, II, 358–359.

Iroquois pottery, II, 248.

Irving, Professor J. D., II, 352.

“Jesuit Relations,” I, 4; II, 166.

Jesup North Pacific Expedition, I, 302.

Jewsharp pipe, II, 32; origin, II, 52, 53.

Jones, Dr. J., I, 422.

Kansas pottery, II, 270.

Kansas-Iowa buffalo culture, II, 361.

Kelley Cavern, Arkansas, II, 106, 136.

Kentucky, types of chipped implements, I, 238; copper, II, 174; culture, II, 360.

Kern, D. N., I, 38.

Knives, of bone, in eastern Canada, II, 330; chipped, _passim_; see also, _Points_; of copper, II, 196; of stone in eastern Canada, II, 331.

Kroeber, Professor A. L., I, 246.

Kuehne, R., II, 196.

L-shaped stones, I, 402.

Labrador, material and its distribution, I, 249.

Labrets, I, 352.

Lacing of sandals, II, 245.

Ladles, of bone, II, 134.

Lagoon La Jara, California, II, 108.

Laminæ, I, 336.

Lansing man, II, 352.

Lapidary, aboriginal, I, 145.

Lawson, P. V., I, 240.

Leather, in Dakota, II, 339.

Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, knives, I, 86.

Lenni-Lenape, II, 357.

Lewis, J. B., California, I, 436; II, 106.

Lewis, Professor T. H., II, 186.

Linguistic stocks, II, 357.

Little River, Tennessee, I, 35; flint, I, 218.

Living forms, influence on American art, II, 3; in pottery, II, 287.

Logan Museum, Beloit, Wisconsin, I, 241, 308; II, 161.

Long, Major S. H., I, 50.

“Long-bitted” axes, I, 306.

Louisiana, chipped implements, I, 238.

Maces, I, 422.

Madisonville, Ohio, bone handles, I, 205; pottery, II, 250.

Mah-een-gonce, Ojibwa, I, 216.

Malleating pottery, II, 280.

Mallery, G., II, 1.

Mammoth, II, 160.

Mandans, scrapers, I, 198; necklaces, I, 216; bone implements, II, 150.

Manitoba, II, 341.

Mano-stones, II, 103.

Marriage tokens (bird-stones), II, 16.

Martin’s Creek, Pennsylvania, problematical forms, I, 376.

Mason, O. T., industries, I, 16 ff.

Mats, II, 235.

Mauls, I, 260; on Canadian Plains, II, 333.

McCoy, Solon, Mountain Home, Idaho, II, 102.

McGee, W J, I, 330; Seris, II, 348.

McGuire, J. D. (pipes), I, 11; II, 29; nephrite axe, I, 226 ff.

Medicine-man, “Badthing,” I, 94.

Meredith, Rev. H. C., I, 154, 437; II, 308.

Metates, II, 95 ff. See also _Mortars_.

Mexico, metates, II, 115.

Michigan, II, 186, and _passim_. See also under _Wisconsin_.

Michigan, barbed axes, I, 312.

Midiwewin Society, II, 356.

Migration, I, 249.

Mills, W. C., II, 79, 148.

Mill-stones, II, 106.

Milton College, II, 161.

Milwaukee Public Museum, I, 241, 308.

Minnesota, bird-stones, II, 5; copper, II, 174.

Mississippi, chipped implements, I, 238; pottery, II, 270.

Mississippi Valley, axes, I, 323; importance of, II, 346.

Missouri, quarries, I, 35; chipped implements, I, 242; pottery, II, 256; hematite, II, 295; culture area, hematite belt, II, 360.

Missouri Historical Society, I, 232.

Mitchell, S. D., II, 161.

Mixed cultures, may be found together, II, 77.

Moccasin Bend, Tennessee, I, 232.

Monitor pipes, II, 33; Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana, II, 40.

Montgomery, Alabama, I, 430.

Montgomery, Henry, II, 242; reducing stone, II, 313; eastern Canada, Utah, and Dakota, II, 330 ff.

Moore, C. B., I, 328, 422, 430; shells, II, 120; pottery, II, 247.

Moose-antler; imitated in flint, I, 160.

Mortars, II, 95 ff.

Mortars and pestles, not always found together, II, 111.

Mounds, eastern Canada, II, 330.

Mounting. See _Hafting_.

“Mullers,” I, 434.

Musical instruments, II, 160.

Mutilation, for purposes of ornament, I, 352–353.

“Mystery,” Indian, I, 215.

“Mystery stones,” I, 249.

National Museum, Washington, D. C., II, 12.

Navajo blankets, II, 355.

Nebraska pottery, II, 270.

Necklaces, of bone, II, 142.

Needles, of bone, II, 157; in eastern Canada, II, 330; of copper, II, 221.

Nelson, C. A., II, 125.

Net-sinkers, I, 432.

New Brunswick, limit of bird-stones, II, 5.

New England, slate spear-heads, I, 234, 236; celts, adzes, and gouges, I, 273; winged forms, I, 386; pestles, II, 102; harpoons, II, 137; copper, II, 178; pottery, II, 248; culture-group, II, 358.

New Hampshire, quartzite, etc., I, 234.

New Jersey, long slender chipped forms, I, 236.

New Mexico, quarries, I, 35; chipped implements, I, 244.

New York State, harpoons, II, 137.

New York State Museum, I, 260.

Nomenclature committee, membership, I, 11.

Northern California culture, II, 362.

North Carolina, copper, II, 174.

Northwest Pacific Coast culture, II, 363.

Nose-piercing, I, 353–354.

Nose rings, I, 355.

Notched implements, I, 426.

Notched projectile points of copper, II, 202.

Notched rattles, II, 159.

Nut-cracking by Indians, II, 322.

Objects of bone, Canadian Plains, II, 334; Utah, II, 337; Dakota, II, 340; of shell, in eastern Canada, II, 331; Canadian Plains, II, 335; Dakota, II, 340; of wood, in Utah, II, 336.

Observation necessary to an archæologist, II, 351.

Obsidian blades, their value, I, 246.

Ohio, chipped implements, I, 238; gorgets, I, 373; copper, II, 174; culture, II, 360.

Ohio River between Aurora and Lawrenceburg, Indiana, II, 345.

Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, I, 334.

Ohio Valley, chisel celts, I, 324.

Ojibwa, I, 432; II, 40, 67, 356.

Ollas, for cooking, II, 264.

Ornaments, I, 329 ff.; of bone, II, 134; of copper, II, 230 ff.; of silver, II, 230.

Osages, II, 354.

Oshkosh Library Collection, II, 196.

Ozark culture area, II, 361.

Ozark region, axes, I, 234.

Pacific Coast, knives, I, 96; chipped implements, I, 244.

Paddles, II, 280.

Paducah, Kentucky, pebbles, I, 70, 126.

Painting, or tattoo-marks, II, 126.

Paint-pestles, I, 434.

Paint-stones, as mortars, II, 102.

Paint-stone hematite, II, 301.

Palæolithic forms with resemblances in eastern Canada, II, 331.

Palæolithic implements, I, 81.

Palenque, Mexico, II, 61.

Parker, W. Thornton, M. D., I, 122.

Patination, I, 178; II, 352.

Peabody, C., I, 11, 362, 431.

Peabody, R. S., II, 25.

Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, I, 232, 334, 362.

Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, II, 104.

Peale, C. W., of the Philadelphia Museum, I, 50.

Pearls, I, 360.

Pebbles, drilled and used as ornaments, I, 329.

Pendants, I, 329 ff.; of bone, II, 134; of copper, II, 227.

Pennsylvania, large range of chipped implements, I, 238.

Pepper, G. H., shell effigies, II, 133.

Perforated clubs, II, 311.

Perforations, in problematical forms, I, 347; in shell gorgets, II, 125.

Perforators (see also _Awls_, _Drills_), in general, I, 210 ff.; classification, I, 210; use as pins, I, 210; of copper, II, 219.

Perishable materials, I, 32; II, 344.

Perkins, E. C., II, 210.

Perkins, Professor G. H., I, 236, 277.

Pestles, II, 95 ff.

Petaluma, California, plummets, I, 436.

Phallic pestles, II, 116.

Philadelphia Museum, II, 235.

Phillips Academy collection, Andover, Massachusetts, I, 362, and _passim_.

Phœnix, Arizona, I, 138.

Pick-shaped forms, I, 341, 402.

Pictographs on gorget, I, 380; in general, II, 1.

Pikes, of copper, II, 216.

Piney Branch (D. C.), I, 35.

Pipes, II, 29 ff.; eastern Canada, II, 331; Canadian Plains, II, 334; Utah, II, 338; Dakota, II, 341.

Pitted stones, II, 314 ff.

Plastic _vs._ incised designs, II, 288.

Plummet-shaped forms, I, 431 ff.

Pointed bowls for insertion in the ground, II, 114.

Point of view of the peoples of the stone age, II, 363.

Population in ancient times, II, 344.

Pottery, in general, II, 247; invention, II, 258; classified, II, 278; in eastern Canada, II, 332; Plains of Canada, II, 335; Utah, 338; Dakota, II, 342.

Powell, Major J. W., II, 357.

Precious minerals, II, 364.

Problematical forms, in general, I, 329 ff.; peculiar to America, I, 414.

Processes of stone-shaping, I, 289.

Progression of types, I, 260.

Projectile points, copper, II, 180, 198.

Provincial Museum, Toronto, Ontario, II, 11.

Pueblo culture, II, 362.

Punches, of copper, II, 216.

Putnam, Professor F. W., II, 235.

Pyrula shells, II, 122.

Quadrupeds in or on pottery, II, 287.

Quarries, I, 34 ff.; soapstone, II, 104.

Quarrying materials, I, 31 ff.

Question of antiquity of man in America, II, 350 ff.

Rat-tail files, discussion, II, 133.

Rattles, I, 357; of clay, II, 261.

Rau, Dr. Charles, I, 421.

Reeder, J. T., II, 124.

Reamers, I, 212.

Re-chipped specimens, I, 124.

Rejects, I, 43, Fig. 36.

Re-made specimens, axes as hammers, I, 231; problematical forms, I, 347.

Renaissance art, II, 355.

Repoussé work, copper, II, 234.

Rhode Island, pestle, II, 114.

Ribbons of (the moose), II, 159.

Ribs of animals, as knives, etc., II, 134.

Ridged gorgets, I, 341; developing into bars, I, 403.

Rings, I, 440; of clay, II, 264.

Rivet-holes in sockets, II, 210.

Rocky Mountain culture, II, 361–362.

Rocky Mountain region, chipped implements, I, 242.

Rolled socketed points, of copper, II, 212.

Roller pestles, II, 114.

Rubbing pottery, II, 280.

Rudeness of object no evidence of antiquity, I, 82.

Rust, H. N., I, 245.

“Saddle-stones,” II, 5.

St. Francis Basin, Arkansas, pottery, II, 256.

St. Lawrence Basin, celts, I, 267; harpoons, II, 137.

Salado Valley, Arizona, II, 131, 132.

Salts Cave, Kentucky, II, 238.

Saltpeter, as preservative, II, 238.

Sandals, II, 235.

Santo Domingo, celts, I, 328.

Saskatchewan, II, 341.

Savage, Father James, I, 312.

Savage _vs._ barbaric cultures, II, 348.

Savannah River, pottery, II, 280.

Scarifying of pottery, II, 287.

Secondary uses of forms, I, 394 ff.

Scandinavian daggers, I, 62.

Sceptres, I, 166.

Schumacher, J. P., I, 242.

Schuette, G., II, 196.

Scrapers, compared with Eskimo, I, 67; in general, I, 198 ff.; classified, I, 198; mounting, I, 205; of bone, II, 134; in eastern Canada, II, 330, 331.

Scraping pottery, II, 280.

Screw-pressure, I, 71.

Seever, W. J., I, 164.

Sellars, G., I, 40, 48.

Seminoles, II, 354.

Seris, I, 330; II, 348.

Serpent, realistically treated, II, 288.

Sharpening-stones, Dakota, II, 341.

Shawano sites, II, 345.

Shell, II, 117 ff.; in Dakota, II, 340.

Shell gorgets, II, 122 ff.

Shoulder blades of animals, as digging-tools, II, 134.

Shuttles, I, 410.

Sinew, for hafting, I, 286.

Sinew-smoother, I, 369.

“Sinew stone,” II, 314.

Sioux, necklaces, I, 216; pipes, II, 40.

Sites, prehistoric, historic, modern, II, 344, 345.

Skull, incrusted with shells, II, 352.

Slate spears, in eastern Canada, II, 331.

Smith, Captain John, I, 49.

Smith, Harlan I., I, 302.

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., chipped implements, I, 232, 334; copper, II, 161; pottery, II, 280; hematites, II, 302.

Snake-form in necklaces, II, 155.

Snyder, Dr. J. F., Virginia, Illinois, I, 218, 427.

Sockets, copper, II, 190.

Socketed points, II, 180.

Soapstone, II, 104.

South America, copper, II, 165.

South Carolina, chipped implements, I, 239.

Southern California culture, II, 362.

Southern culture areas, II, 361.

Southwest, numerous effigies, II, 23.

Spades, manufacture, I, 64.

Spatulas, copper, II, 192.

Specialization in work, I, 145 ff.

Spikes, of copper, II, 220.

Spindle-whorls, II, 23.

Split stick for hafting, I, 305.

Spool-shaped forms, I, 403.

Spoons, of bone, II, 141.

Springfield, Illinois, I, 180.

Spuds, of copper, II, 186.

Spud-shaped forms, I, 418 ff.; habitat, I, 421.

Squash, II, 238.

Squier and Davis, II, 133.

Stamping pottery, II, 280.

Stanley, H. M., II, 367.

Starr, Professor Frederick, II, 159.

Steatite, II, 104.

Steinbrueck, E. R., Mandan collection, I, 198; II, 150.

Stems, classified, I, 99.

Stockton, California, I, 154.

Stoddard, H. L., I, 452.

“Stone ceremonial swords,” II, 308.

Stone graves, Tennessee, II, 261; number, II, 346.

“Stone swords,” I, 164.

Sun-dance, Mandan and Kiowa, I, 6, 7.

Sun-dried clay, liable to disappear, II, 269.

“Sun-fish spears,” Greene County, Ohio, I, 233.

Superior-Michigan region, chipped implements, I, 239.

Susquehanna River, I, 35; axes, I, 323.

“Swords” of shell, II, 121.

Symbolic decoration, II, 287.

Symposium on copper, II, 233.

Tablets, I, 347 ff.; of stone in Dakota, II, 341.

Tattoo-marks, or painting, II, 126.

Technology of flint implements, I, 234.

Tecumseh, II, 345.

Teeth as ornaments, II, 134.

“Telescopes,” I, 455.

Tempering, of pottery, II, 256.

Tennessee, types of chipped implements, I, 238; bicaves, I, 446; copper, II, 174.

Tennessee Historical Society, I, 232.

Tennessee Valley, shell gorgets, II, 123; pottery, II, 256.

Texas, I, 40; chipped implements, I, 244.

Texas culture area, II, 361.

Textile fabrics, in general, II, 235 ff.

Textiles in Utah, II, 337.

Thomas, Dr. Cyrus, II, 367.

Thruston, General G. P., I, 422.

Thunder-bird, as represented by winged forms, I, 380.

Tobacco and tobacco-smoking, II, 29.

Tomahawks, I, 270.

Tooker, Paul S., Westfield, New Jersey, I, 380.

Toothed points, of copper, II, 202.

Torches, of reed, II, 238.

Totems, II, 17.

Toys, of pottery, II, 261.

Trade, aboriginal, I, 221; in copper, II, 23, 231.

Transportation of material, I, 40 ff; I, 218–220.

Trenton, New Jersey, II, 350.

Triangular pieces of horn, II, 153, 154.

Tubular forms, I, 453 ff.

Turtlebacks, II, 40, 191, 348.

Typha (cat-tail), fibres for braiding, II, 240.

Unbaked clay, Dakota, II, 342.

Unfinished fish-hooks, process of manufacture, II, 148.

Unfinished winged forms, I, 379.

Unio shells, II, 122.

University of Vermont, II, 189.

Utah, in general (Montgomery), II, 336 ff.; culture area, II, 363.

Valuation of chipped implements, I, 245.

Variety in ceramics, II, 289.

Village-site of antiquity, II, 269.

Volk, E., II, 350.

Wabash River, limit of effigy pottery, II, 250.

Wagon-pressure, I, 71.

War points, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Mississippi, Texas, Georgia, Virginia, Massachusetts, Oregon, Illinois, I, 86, 88.

Wearing of perforations, I, 372.

Weathering, II, 353.

Wedges, copper, II, 184.

Weirs, II, 141.

West, G. A., pipes, II, 29.

West Virginia, plummets, I, 436; copper, II, 174.

Whistles, II, 142.

Wild hemp, II, 242.

Willamette Valley, Oregon, small points, I, 233.

Williams, Professor E. H., Jr., I, 205, 413; II, 352.

Willoughby, C. C., I, 251.

Wilson, Rev. G. L., II, 153.

Wilson, Dr. T., I, 10, 34, 251.

Winged forms of greater age than the mounds, I, 411.

Winged problematical forms, I, 376 ff.

Winnebago Indians, II, 40; II, 159, 167.

Wintuns, I, 74.

Wisconsin, knives, I, 92; spades, I, 184; grooved hammers, I, 231; celts, I, 272; grooved axes, I, 306; fluted axes, I, 316; gorgets, I, 374; winged forms, I, 386; spuds, I, 427; pestles, II, 115; bone, II, 156; copper, II, 161 ff.; pottery, II, 294; hematite, II, 304.

Wisconsin Archæological Society, II, 164.

Wisconsin Natural History Society, II, 161.

Wisconsin State Historical Museum, I, 241–242, 308; II, 161.

Woman’s knife, II, 311.

Women, compared with men in population, II, 137.

Wooden bowls, II, 102.

Workmanship, depending on material, I, 233.

Wrappings of cloth, II, 204.

Wright, Professor G. Frederick, I, 34.

Wright, Professor John H., I, 11.

Wyman, Dr. Jeffries, II, 352.

Wyoming, quarries, I, 35.

Yale, British Columbia, I, 304.

Yellowstone Park, I, 35.

Young, Colonel B. H., II, 124; shell gorgets, II, 130; Salts Cave, II, 238.

Zigzag ornamentation, or pattern, II, 214.

Zimmerman, E. D., Kutztown, Pennsylvania, II, 308.

-----

Footnote 1:

_Smithsonian Report for 1896_, p. 451, Dr. Thomas Wilson.

Footnote 2:

_Wisconsin Archeologist_, no. 1, vol. 8, 1908.

Footnote 3:

_Smithsonian Report for 1896_, p. 451.

Footnote 4:

_Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines_, p. 56. Albany, 1897.

Footnote 5:

_Stone Art_, _Bureau of Ethnology Report for 1891–92_, p. 125.

Footnote 6:

Gilman, G., in _Smithsonian Report for 1873_, p. 371.

Footnote 7:

_Antiquities of the Southern Indians_, p. 30.

Footnote 8:

_Notes on Primitive Man in Ontario_, by David Boyle. Toronto, 1895, p. 67.

Footnote 9:

_Report_ of the United States National Museum, 1897, pages 361–645.

Footnote 10:

_Wisconsin Archeologist_, April-August, 1905, pages 40–171.

Footnote 11:

“The Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin,” _Wisconsin Archeologist_, vol. IV, nos. 3 and 4, p. 83.

Footnote 12:

_North American Indian._

Footnote 13:

“The Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin,” _Wisconsin Archeologist_, vol. IV, nos. 3 and 4, p. 130.

Footnote 14:

_Moundville Revisited_, pp. 384–390.

Footnote 15:

“The Aboriginal Pipes of Wisconsin,” _Wisconsin Archeologist_, vol. IV, nos. 3 and 4, p. 125.

Footnote 16:

_Report_ of the United States National Museum, 1897, p. 445.

Footnote 17:

E. A. Barber, _The Antiquity of the Tobacco Pipe in Europe_, quoting Rembert Dodoens on the virtues of colefoot in the “historie of plantes,” _American Antiquarian_, II, p. 6.

Footnote 18:

_American Anthropologist_, October-December, 1906, p. 686.

Footnote 19:

“Antiquities of the Florida West Coast,” _Journal_ of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1900.

Footnote 20:

“Shell Ornaments from Kentucky and Mexico,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_ (quarterly issue), vol. XLV, p. 97. Published Dec. 9, 1903.

Footnote 21:

Holmes, in _Second Annual Report_, Bureau of Ethnology, pl. LXXIII.

Footnote 22:

_Notes on Primitive Man in Ontario._ Report of the Minister of Education for Ontario. Toronto, 1895, pp. 73–81.

Footnote 23:

_Report_ for the year 1906, of the Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society.

Footnote 24:

_Proceedings_ of the Davenport Academy of Science, vol. ix, pp. 181–183.

Footnote 25:

_Fourteenth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology.

Footnote 26:

_Archæological History of Ohio_, p. 712.

Footnote 27:

_Archæological History_, p. 713.

Footnote 28:

“Discussion as to Copper from the Mounds,” _American Anthropologist_, vol. v, no. 1, January-March, 1903.

Footnote 29:

_Twentieth Annual Report_ of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1898–99.

Footnote 30:

“Explorations of the Wabash Cemetery,” _Bulletin_ no. 3, Phillips Academy Publications, 1906.

Footnote 31:

“Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines,” _Bulletin_ of the New York State Museum, vol. IV. no. 18.

Footnote 32:

_Seventeenth Annual Report_ of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1895–96—The Seri Indians.

Footnote 33:

“Father Gravier’s Voyage down and up the Mississippi,” pp. 143, 144. Dated Feb. 16, 1701. From _Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi_. Albany, Joel Nunsell, 1861.

Footnote 34:

_Archæologica Nova Cæsarea_, nos. 1, 2, and 3. C. C. Abbott, M. D. Trenton, N. J.

Footnote 35:

Jeffries Wyman, _Fresh-Water Shell Mounds of the St. John’s River, Florida_, pp. 33, 64. Peabody Academy of Science, Fourth Memoir. Salem, Massachusetts, 1875.

Footnote 36:

_Prehistoric Implements_, sections 7 and 9.

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