CHAPTER XI.

THE GEOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF LIFE.

I. +The Distinctive Features of Organic Processes+ 638 _The Chemical Work of Life_ 638 Life material chiefly atmospheric, 638. The non-atmospheric factors, 639. (1) _Changes in the composition of the atmosphere_ 639 The consumption and restoration of carbon dioxide, 640. The freezing and consumption of oxygen, 640. The organic residue, 640. The meaning of the organic residue, 641. The more inert factor, 642. Probable fluctuations of atmospheric composition, 642. The climatic effects of organic action, 643. (2) _Aid and hindrance to inorganic action_ 644 The promotion of disintegration, 644. Protection against erosion, 644. The influence of land vegetation on the character of the sediments, 645. (3) _Distinctive deposits_ 646 Organic rocks, 646. Inorganic rocks due to life, 646. _Fossils_ 646 The general order of life succession determined by stratigraphy, 647. Fossils as means of correlation, 647. _Special Modes of Aggregation and of Movement_ 648 _The Mental Element_ 649 (1) The material effects of the mental element, 649. Human modification of the animal and vegetal kingdoms, 650. (2) The psychological factors as such, 651.

II. +Special Contributions of the Organic Kingdoms+ 652 _Contributions of the Plant Kingdom_ 652 Reference table of the principal groups of plants, 653. The contribution of the Thallophytes, 653. The contribution of the Bryophytes, 656. The contribution of the Pteridophytes, 657. The contribution of the Spermatophytes, 657. Plant life terrestrial rather than marine, 658. _Contributions of the Animal Kingdom_ 658 Reference table of the principal groups of animals, 659. The contribution of the Protozoa, 660. The contribution of the Cœlenterata, 661. The contribution of the Echinodermata, 661. The contribution of the Vermes, 662. The contribution of the Molluscoidea, 662. The contribution of the Mollusca, 662. The contribution of the Arthropoda, 662. The contribution of the Vertebrata, 663.

III. +The Associations and Ecological Relations of Life+ 663 _The Basis of Floras and Faunas_ 663 _Assemblages Influenced by the Mutual Relations of Organisms_ 664 Food relations, 664. Adaptive relations, 665. Competitive relations, 665. Offensive and defensive relations, 665. Implied forms of life, 666. _Assemblages Influenced by Environment_ 666 Plant societies, 667. _The Influence of Geographic Conditions on the Evolution of Floras and Faunas_ 668 The development of provincial and cosmopolitan faunas, 668. Restrictive and expansional evolution, 672.

PLATES.

+plate+ +face page+

I. Bathymetrical Chart of the Oceans 10

II. Fig. 1. New Jersey. Fig. 2. Kansas. Fig. 3. Indiana. Fig. 4. Nebraska 39

III. Fig. 1. Kansas. Fig. 2. Nevada 72

IV. Fig. 1. Illinois. Fig. 2. North Dakota 73

V. Fig. 1. Kentucky. Fig. 2. Virginia 85

VI. Parts of Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, California. 87

VII. Kansas 90

VIII. About 16 Miles Southwest of St. Louis, Mo. 91

IX. Niagara Falls 100

X. Fig. 1. Yellowstone Park. Fig. 2. Arizona 101

XI. Part of the Catskills, N. Y. 106

XII. Fig. 1. New Mexico. Fig. 2. Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland 107

XIII. Fig. 1. Colorado. Fig. 2. Kansas 162

XIV. Fig. 1. Pennsylvania. Fig. 2. California 163

XV. Near Hahnville, Louisiana 188

XVI. Missouri 189

XVII. Fig. 1. Hunterdon County, N. J. Fig. 2. Near Pikeville, Tenn. 232

XVIII. Fig. 1. Washington. Fig. 2. California 233

XIX. Part of the Big Horn Range, Wyoming 286

XX. Section of the California Coast near San Mateo, Cal. 287

XXI. New Jersey 356

XXII. Fig. 1. Portion of South Coast of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. Fig. 2. Portion of the California Coast near Tamalpais 357

XXIII. Fig. 1. Massachusetts. Fig. 2. Maine 364

XXIV. Portion of the Coast of Maine 365

TABLES.

Analyses of American River-waters 106

Analyses of American Spring-waters 236

Analyses of the Waters of Inclosed Lakes 392

GEOLOGY