XVIII.

THE ORIGIN AND APPLICATION OF THE RED CROSS.

BY

CLARA BARTON.

In no way, perhaps, is more clearly proven the just necessity for some explanation concerning the subject of the Red Cross than by the fact that I am asked to make these explanations as a contribution to woman’s work, when, in fact, every original idea of the humanities sought to be organized, and the methods of relief ordained, were, like the terrible and needless cruelties which led to them, the work of men, and have largely continued to be such.[219]

It would scarcely be conceded that, because many women have found a place to work, and work well, in the United States Treasury, Patent, and Pension Bureaus, that these departments themselves should be exclusively classed as woman’s work.

If, in our rapid march of progress over newly acquired territory, we should be found appropriating to ourselves some of the old landmarks and strongholds, a philosophical solution may perhaps be found in the familiar principles of the angles of incidence and reflection. It might be added that, presumably, the circumstance of the leadership (if so presumptuous a term may be allowed) of the Red Cross in this country having incidentally fallen to a woman’s hands has had a tendency to mislead in this direction.

Considering how very little has yet been definitely comprehended of the characteristics of this young child of their adoption, the tones of parental kindness and good feeling in which it is spoken by the people of the entire country, is touching to us who watch its course and destiny. Their very natural endeavors to square its habits and methods by those of ordinary charitable organizations, are not unfrequently perplexing to them and embarrassing to us; and their consternation at times, when this strange duckling suddenly takes to the water, is suggestive of other scenes.

The mass of correspondence constantly pouring in, asking how one shall become a member of the “order,” or proposing to organize a “chapter,” or a “branch,” or “corps,” or “section,” independent, for special use, calling for copies of the constitution and by-laws of the national to aid in forming their own, so they can go on by _themselves_, reveals a vagueness of ideas concerning the subject which a few words might serve to render more clear and definite. First, the Red Cross is not an “order,” and has no tendency in that direction any more than the medical department of an army, which it was instituted to assist, is an “order”; or the great movement toward the general peace of mankind through arbitration and kindly fellowship, to which it is both an advance guard and a stepping-stone, is an “order.” It is not a “secret society” any more than is the Association of Charities and Correction, Adams Express, the Western Union Telegraph, a railroad corporation or a fire company, all of which the nature of its work at times assimilates. While societies, as usually existing, seek the advancement of ideas and the general progress of the world intellectually, morally, or religiously, mainly by expression of thought and opinions analogous to their subject, the Red Cross, by its relation, must deal in _active_ ways, mentally and physically, with people direct, and become responsible for their welfare as for funds and material for their use; and while it may properly have been designated as the culmination of the best humanities of the warring agencies of the past, finding possible expression in the latter half of the nineteenth century, it still needs to be explained that this medium of expression was the Treaty of Geneva of 1864 for the relief of the wounded and sick of armies. The Red Cross _means_, then, the people’s help for suffering through military necessities (a help hitherto mainly ignored), and it _is_ the result and the direct outgrowth of an international treaty, entered into by the civilized nations of the world for the mitigation of the sufferings from war, by first eliminating from its code all needless cruelties and old-time barbarities; and, secondly, by rendering neutral and exempt from capture all disabled soldiers requiring aid, all appliances, all material, and all personnel designed for them.

It is to be borne in mind, and not for an instant lost sight of, that while other methods leading up to these points have been always the outgrowth of the grandest human sentiments of mankind, they still remained _sentiments_, usually individual, and, beyond this, binding on no one; or, if organized for the moment, were lost as soon; while the Red Cross, embodying all these humanities, organizes and pledges the entire world, through its governments, to the one purpose and effort, and binds the whole by the stern sacredness of an international treaty, which no government will ever be found reckless and indecent enough to violate. The non-fellowship of the world would follow such an act. Indeed, no nation has a treaty it would hold so sacred in time of need.

Following a preliminary conference of 1863, a convention, composed of delegates appointed by and representing the heads of all the governments of the world, was held at Geneva, Switzerland, for the purpose of considering some method for mitigating the horrors of war, if wars must be.

And however disdainfully we at the present moment may curl our lips over the uselessness of such a consideration in the light of better methods, however scorn every thought of any effort in behalf of the woes of those who consent to deluge the world in blood, it is to be remembered that we ourselves at _that_ moment were not altogether exempt from the perplexing problem of war, and did not, as now, present to the world the grand and beautiful “Christian example” of arbitration and peace, of which we are at present the most advisory and conspicuous of advocates. Indeed, whoever will take down from the shelves one of the volumes of decisions of our then Minister of State, Mr. Seward, will find there recorded that the reason given for the United States having declined official representation in the Convention of Geneva was _not_ on the ground of high moral elevation, advanced views and consequent disapproval, but rather in this wise, that we were _ourselves_ in the midst of a cruel and relentless war, which did not admit of time for considerations of that kind. This decision was the first block over which a woman ungracefully stumbled, when, thirteen years later, an attempt was made to officially call the attention of our government to the knowledge even of the existence of such a treaty among other nations.

This convention, which occupied several days, discussed as never before the great question of an international agreement for the neutralizing of certain departments of all fields of battle, and the protection of all the personnel and material designed for them.

The establishment, as it were, of a goal in the midst of the most relentless field of animosity and strife, where those who could no longer run could touch and be safe; as if, in the midst of the wildest storm at sea, a haven could be established in mid-ocean where the disabled ships might find a harbor and rest.

The councils of this convention resulted in the formulation of a code of ten articles, which, upon solemn acceptance by the heads of each government, became the treaty of Geneva. These articles were as follows:

ARTICLE 1. Ambulances (field hospitals) and military hospitals shall be acknowledged to be neutral, and as such shall be protected and respected by belligerents so long as any sick or wounded may be therein. Such neutrality shall cease if the ambulances or hospitals should be held by a military force.

ARTICLE 2. Persons employed in hospitals and ambulances, comprising the staff for superintendence, medical service, administration, transport of wounded, as well as chaplains, shall participate in the benefit of neutrality while so employed, and so long as there remain any to bring in or to succor.

ARTICLE 3. The persons designated in the preceding article may, even after occupation by the enemy, continue to fulfill their duties in the hospital or ambulance which they may have, or may withdraw in order to regain the corps to which they belong. Under such circumstances, when the persons shall cease from their functions, they shall be delivered by the occupying army to the outposts of the enemy. They shall have specially the right of sending a representative to the headquarters of their respective armies.

ARTICLE 4. As the equipment of military hospitals remains subject to the laws of war, persons attached to such hospitals cannot, on withdrawing, carry away any articles but such as are their private property. Under the same circumstances an ambulance shall, on the contrary, retain its equipment.

ARTICLE 5. Inhabitants of the country who may bring help to the wounded shall be respected and shall remain free. The generals of the belligerent powers shall make it their care to inform the inhabitants of the appeal addressed to their humanity, and of the neutrality which will be the consequence of it. Any wounded man, entertained and taken care of in a house, shall be considered as a protection thereto. Any inhabitant, who shall have entertained wounded men in his house, shall be exempted from the quartering of troops as well as from a part of the contributions of war which may be imposed.

ARTICLE 6. Wounded or sick soldiers shall be entertained and taken care of to whatever nation they may belong. Commanders-in-chief shall have the power to deliver immediately to the outposts of the enemy soldiers who have been wounded in an engagement, when circumstances permit this to be done, and with the consent of both parties. Those who are recognized, after they are healed, as incapable of serving, shall be sent back to their country. The others may also be sent back on condition of not again bearing arms during the continuance of the war. Evacuations, together with the persons under whose directions they take place, shall be protected by an absolute neutrality.

ARTICLE 7. A distinctive and uniform flag shall be adopted for hospitals, ambulances, and evacuations. It must on every occasion be accompanied by the national flag. An arm badge [_brassard_] shall also be allowed for individuals neutralized, but the delivery thereof shall be left to military authority. The flag and arm badge shall bear a red cross on a white ground.

ARTICLE 8. The details of execution of the present convention shall be regulated by the commanders-in-chief of belligerent armies, according to the instructions of their respective government and in conformity with the general principles laid down in this convention.

ARTICLE 9. The high contracting powers have agreed to communicate the present convention to those governments which have not found it convenient to send plenipotentiaries to the international convention at Geneva, with an invitation to accede thereto; the protocol is, for that purpose, left open.

ARTICLE 10. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratification shall be exchanged at Berne, in four months, or sooner if possible.

The nations adopting the Treaty are:

France, September 22, 1864. Belgium, October 14, 1864. Italy, December 4, 1864. Sweden and Norway, Dec. 13, 1864. Baden, December 16, 1864. Great Britain, February 18, 1865. Prussia, June 22, 1865. Wurtemberg, June 2, 1866. Bavaria, June 30, 1866. Portugal, August 9, 1866. Russia, May 22, 1867. Roumania, November 30, 1874. San Salvador, December 30, 1874. Servia, March 24, 1876. Chili, November 15, 1879 Peru, April 22, 1880. Bulgaria, March 1, 1884. Luxembourg, October 5, 1888. Switzerland, October 1, 1864. Netherlands, November 29, 1864. Spain, December 5, 1864. Denmark, December 15, 1864. Greece, January 17, 1865. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mar. 9, 1865. Turkey, July 5, 1865. Hesse Darmstadt, June 22, 1866. Austria, July 21, 1866. Saxony, October 25, 1866. Pontifical States, May 9, 1868. Persia, December 5, 1874. Montenegro, November 29, 1875. Bolivia, October 16, 1879. Argentine Republic, Nov. 25, 1879. United States, March 1, 1882. Japan, June 5, 1886.

The United States of America was the thirty-second in order. This treaty has changed not only the methods of procedure of the medical and hospital departments of all armies, but their insignia, flags, etc. There is but one military hospital flag in the world to-day. The commander who knows his own, knows that of the enemy, and he breaks an international treaty if he knowingly turns even a gun or a stray shot upon it. The convoy of prisoners under escort bearing that sign is safe; no officer can fire upon that unarmed and defenseless body of men by “mistake”; no “mistake” can be made nor pretend to be made. No captured men can longer suffer for lack of food; the _world_ is pledged to supply this want, and the way is opened to do it. No fields nor hospitals can lack attendance, nursing, nor the necessaries of life; to this relief the way is opened. No wounded men can lie unattended upon a field, and no attendant upon them can be captured. No distinction can be made in the care of the sick and wounded. By the articles of the treaty, all are non-combatants, all neutrals, and hence one common relation for all.

At the conclusion of the convention, the body of gentlemen of Switzerland who had convened it were designated by choice of the governments as the international head by whom all general intercourse between nations upon the subject of war-relief should be directed, and through whom all communications should be made. This is the “International Committee of Geneva.”

The first action of a country after the adoption of the treaty, is to form a National Society, or committee, through which the International Committee may communicate with the government of that country. To this National Society is committed the care of all communications from the International Committee to the government of a country, whether relating to the work of war relief in other nations, or to their methods of advancement, _e.g._ to observe if the provisions of the treaty are duly regarded by its military departments; if the suitable orders are given for the spread of such knowledge among the troops at the field; if the appropriate insignia is worn by them; the arrangement for attendance upon international conferences in which the government is represented, and reports to foreign powers on such occasions. Naturally, but one National Society or body of administration in a country is, or can be, recognized, either by the government at home, or the international authorities abroad, on the same principle that but one Department of War, or State, could be recognized. To this body is submitted the direction of such aid as shall be rendered by its country for the relief of suffering from the calamities of war in other countries, such aid always passing through the neutral hands of the “International Committee” for application; thus wisely avoiding national jealousies. The best inventions and most improved machinery and methods for the convenient handling, nursing, and treatment of disabled persons from whatever cause, in either military or civil life, for the last twenty-five years, are directly traceable to the thought and endeavors of the Red Cross, through its wise encouragement thereof, and the necessities revealed upon the fields of war which it sought to relieve.

To turn now to the little part taken by our government and people in this world-wide humanity, we shall find ourselves subjects for the adage of the “short horse soon curried.” As previously remarked, it was thirteen years, namely, from 1863 to 1877, before the attention of our government was awakened to the existence of such a treaty among nations, and its adhesion seriously recommended. Our great commissions, sanitary and Christian, had died and passed into history, and it was not realized that their embalmed memory would not be sufficient for all future exigencies,—old Egypt, relying upon its catacombs, great, but silent and past! It required five other years, namely, from 1877 to 1882, to bring the government to a clear comprehension of the subject, when, by a unanimous vote of both Houses of Congress, the Treaty of Geneva of 1864 was adopted and became a law, immediately receiving the signature of President Arthur, fully carrying out the decision of his lamented predecessor, Garfield, who had recommended it in his first message to Congress. The treaty was next sent to the Congress of Berne, Switzerland, which, by consent of all governments, is made the ratifying power for the treaties of the nations as they adhere. When ratified, it was proclaimed by the President of the United States, and directions duly given to the departments of the government to take the necessary steps for conforming to its provisions.

It is this which has changed all military hospital flags in our country to a red cross on a white ground; the same for ambulances, supplies, and attendants, and has instituted this insignia throughout the medical departments of the regular army, and gives the present impetus to the movement of the National Guard in that direction as well. Previous to the actual adoption of the treaty by the United States, but in view of it, our National Society had been founded at the instance of President Garfield, and the honor of its presidency unanimously tendered to him. This courtesy was declined by him in favor of its present president, who, without change of original officers, and with their concurrence, has conducted the affairs of the society from that time, July, 1881. In forming the constitution of the National Society of the United States, it was decided by the framers, in view of our liability to great national calamities, and non-liability to the exigencies of war, to ask of the ratifying powers of the treaty to accept the National Society of America, with power to extend its scope to the relief of great national calamities other than war. This was granted, constituting the only national society under the treaty having such privilege, and known among other nations as the “American Amendment to the Red Cross.” It is under this provision, or grant, alone, that the work of the Red Cross in national calamities in this country during the last nine years has been done. Within that time it has afforded relief at twelve fields of national distress. And while these scenes of active labor constitute mainly all that appears to the public eye as the work of the society, they are in reality the smaller and by far the less difficult and painstaking. The over-laden desks, translations from all languages, international correspondence, advices sought, and decisions to be wisely and delicately rendered, tell a different tale to the thought-burdened, weary officers at Red Cross headquarters.

In the early days, a few societies were allowed (but never invited) to form as auxiliaries, more for the purpose of familiarizing the people with the subject than for aid really expected; for after all, it is the entire people whom the Red Cross is designed to serve; they have direct and individual access to it; it is their servant at the moment of woe, which falls on all alike. With a National Red Cross on a field, the way is open to all; no special avenues are needed; and the capable personages as individual aids the country over, which it is constantly gathering to itself, ready for instant response to any call, leave no lack of help even for a day. However well auxiliary societies might do, and some have done grandly, it was the people at large, over the entire country, who solicited the Red Cross to become the almoner of their bounties in Johnstown. The great manufacturing companies which asked of it to put their tens of thousands of dollars worth of new furniture into the homes which had not one article left, were not Red Cross societies. The great lumber companies, shipping the material thousands of miles to construct new homes almost before the old ones had reached the bottom of the stream which bore them away, were not Red Cross societies nor ever sought to be. They wished to serve humanity, wanted their gifts to reach the needy in some direct and practical way, and chose their avenue. In this same spirit of self-forgetfulness, the Red Cross accepted and applied, faithfully we know, and acceptably we hope, with the only desire, under heaven, of safely and wisely transmitting those substantial tokens of sympathy and love from a pitying world to a homeless, bereaved, and terror-stricken people as a present help in time of trouble. It went to them in the same spirit, with the same regulations, and under the same discipline as if those thousands had fallen in human rather than elemental conflict. It found the military at the field, and reported for duty the same as at a field of battle. The relations thus at once established were incalculable in their benefits. Every courtesy from headquarters was extended; as by _right_, not favor; all passes, countersigns, and facilities of movement of any kind were given without asking. The character of the work was from the first understood to be in accord with the government and discipline of the field, and not a separate dynasty set up in its individual or ambitious and unskilled effort, to be guarded against, lest it commit some egotistical indiscretion which could not be tolerated. The same advantages over unrecognized aid were realized here as are enjoyed by the Red Cross on a field of battle. The work of the Red Cross in this country has thus far been rather a test than otherwise of its efficiency, usefulness, and possibilities; and so fully has it met, and even surpassed, all early expectations, that any limited description like the present seems rather an annoyance, leaving the subject where its best interests should commence; and although in our land we may never have need of its protecting arm on the fields of human warfare, it is enough for us to know that we _have_ needed it as no words can tell. Only the low lonely graves, the desolate homes speak more eloquently than words.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

_Historical Memoranda for Reference to Article II., on Education in the Eastern States._

CO-EDUCATIONAL COLLEGES. ═════════════╤════════════╤═══════════╤═════════════╤════════╤═══════════╤═════════ STATE. │ NAME. │ LOCALITY. │DENOMINATION.│ADMITTED│ NO. OF │ NO. OF │ │ │ │ WOMEN. │ STUDENTS, │STUDENTS, │ │ │ │ │ REGULAR │ TOTAL. │ │ │ │ │COLLEGIATE.│ ─────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼────────┼───────────┼───────── Maine │Bates │Lewiston │Baptist │ (When │ 33│ 33 │ College │ │ │opened),│ │ │ │ │ │ 1863 │ │ │Colby │Waterville │Baptist │ 1871 │ 18│ 18 │ University│ │ │ │ │ Vermont │University │Burlington │Non-sectarian│ 1871 │ 20│ 20 │ of Vermont│ │ │ │ │ │Middlebury │Middlebury │Non-sectarian│ │ 8│ 8 │ College │ │ │ │ │ Massachusetts│Boston │Boston │Methodist │ (When │ 163│ 207 │ University│ │ │opened),│ │ │ │ │ │ 1869 │ │ │Mass. Inst. │Boston │Non-sectarian│ 1883 │ 33│ 33 │ Technology│ │ │ │ │ Connecticut │Wesleyan │Middletown │Meth. Epis. │ 1872 │ 15│ 16 │ College │ │ │ │ │ New York │Cornell │Ithaca │Non-sectarian│ (When │ 109│ 139 │ University│ │ │opened),│ │ │ │ │ │ 1862 │ │ │Syracuse │Syracuse │Meth. Epis. │ (When │ 63│ 244 │ University│ │ │opened),│ │ │ │ │ │ 1870 │ │ Pennsylvania │Swarthmore │Swarthmore │Society │ (When │ 55│ 79 │ │ │ Friends │opened),│ │ │ │ │ │ 1869 │ │ ─────────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────────┴───────── COLLEGES FOR WOMEN. ─────────────┬────────────┬───────────┬─────────────┬────────┬───────────┬───────── Massachusetts│Mount │So. Hadley │Non-sectarian│Founded │ 85│ 188 │ Holyoke │ │ │ 1836 │ │ │Smith │Northampt’n│Non-sectarian│Founded │ 448│ 551 │ College │ │ │ 1871 │ │ │Wellesley │Wellesley │Non-sectarian│Founded │ 595│ 694 │ │ │ │ 1875 │ │ New York │Vassar │Po’keepsie │Baptist │Founded │ 227│ 326 │ College │ │ │ 1865 │ │ Pennsylvania │Bryn Mawr │Bryn Mawr │Society │Founded │ 124│ 4 │ │ │ Friends │ 1880 │ │ ─────────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────────┴───────── AFFILIATED COLLEGES. ─────────────┬────────────┬───────────┬─────────────┬────────┬───────────┬───────── Massachusetts│Harvard │Cambridge │Non-sectarian│Founded │ 71│ 168 │ Annex │ │ │ 1879 │ │ New Jersey │Evelyn │Princeton │Presbyterian │Founded │ 7│ 25 │ College │ │ │ 1888 │ │ New York │Barnard │New York │Non-sectarian│Founded │ 24│ 45 │ College │ │ │ 1889 │ │ ─────────────┴────────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴───────────┴─────────

APPENDIX B.—TABLE I.

_Historical Memoranda for Reference to Article III., on Education in West._

OHIO.—Incorporated in the Northwest Territory in 1787. Admitted as the State of Ohio in 1802.

INDIANA.—Incorporated in the Northwest Territory in 1787. Territory of Indiana in 1800. State of Indiana in 1816.

ILLINOIS.—Incorporated in Northwest Territory in 1787. Territory of Indiana in 1800. Territory of Illinois in 1809. State of Illinois in 1818.

MISSOURI.—Territory of Missouri 1812. Admitted as a State in 1821. (French Cession.)

MICHIGAN.—Incorporated in Northwest Territory in 1787. Territory of Indiana in 1800. Territory of Michigan in 1805. State of Michigan 1837.

IOWA.—Territory of Michigan 1834. Territory of Wisconsin 1836. Territory of Iowa 1838. State of Iowa 1846. (French Cession.)

WISCONSIN.—Incorporated in the Northwest Territory 1787. Territory of Indiana 1800. Territory of Illinois 1809. Territory of Michigan 1818. Territory of Wisconsin 1836. State of Wisconsin 1848.

CALIFORNIA.—Ceded by Mexico 1848. Admitted as State 1850.

MINNESOTA.—Territory of Michigan 1834. Territory of Wisconsin 1836. Territory of Iowa 1838. Territory of Minnesota 1849. State of Minnesota 1858. (French Cession.)

OREGON.—Territory of Oregon 1848. State of Oregon 1859.

KANSAS.—Territory of Kansas 1854. State of Kansas 1861. (French Cession.)

NEVADA.—Ceded by Mexico 1848. Territory of Utah 1850. Territory of Nevada 1861. State of Nevada 1864.

NEBRASKA.—Territory of Nebraska 1854. State Of Nebraska 1867. (French Cession.)

COLORADO.—Territory of Colorado 1861. State of Colorado 1876. (French and Mexican Cessions.)

NORTH DAKOTA.—Territory of Michigan 1834. Territory of Wisconsin 1836. Territory of Iowa 1838. Territory of Minnesota 1849. Territory of Dakota 1861. State of North Dakota 1889. (French Cession.)

SOUTH DAKOTA.—Same as North Dakota.

MONTANA.—Territory of Nebraska 1854. Territory of Dakota 1861. Territory of Idaho 1863. Territory of Montana 1864. State of Montana 1889. (French Cession.)

WASHINGTON.—Territory of Oregon 1848. Territory of Washington 1853. State of Washington 1889.

IDAHO.—Territory of Oregon 1848. Territory of Washington 1853. Territory of Idaho 1863. State of Idaho 1890.

WYOMING.—After several transfers Territory of Wyoming 1868. State of Wyoming 1890. (French Cession mainly.)

UTAH.—Ceded by Mexico 1848. Territory of Utah 1850.

APPENDIX B.—TABLE II.

═════════════╤═════════════════╤═══════════════╤══════════════════╤═══════╤══════ LOCATION. │ NAME. │ │ │ │OPENED │ │ │ NUMBER OF FEMALE │ │ TO │ │ DENOMINATION. │ STUDENTS. │OPENED.│WOMEN. ─────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┬──────┼───────┼────── „ │ „ │ „ │Collegiate.│Total.│ „ │ „ ─────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┼──────┼───────┼────── _Ohio_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Akron │Buchtel College │Universalist │ 44│ 112│ 1872 │ Alliance │Mount Union │ │ │ │ │ │ College │M. E. │ 21│ 205│ 1858 │ 1858 Ashland │Ashland │ │ │ │ │ │ College[220] │Brethren │ │ 13│ 1879 │ Athens │Ohio University │Non-sectarian │ 20│ 50│ 1809 │ 1871 Berea │Baldwin │ │ │ │ │ │ University[220]│M. E. │ 8│ 73│ 1846 │ 1846 Berea │German Wallace │ │ │ │ │ │ College │M. E. │ 2│ 16│ 1864 │ 1864 Cincinnati │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Cincinnati │Non-sectarian │ 35│ 36│ 1874 │ 1874 Cleveland │Adelbert College │ │ │ │ │ │ of Western │ │ │ │ │ │Reserve │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Non-sectarian │ 6│ 59│ 1888 │ 1888 Cleveland │Calvin College │Reformed │ 8│ 37│ 1883 │ 1883 College Hill │Belmont │ │ │ │ │ │ College[220] │Non-sectarian │ 6│ 41│ 1846 │ Columbus │Ohio State │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Non-sectarian │ 29│ 47│ 1873 │ 1873 Delaware │Ohio Wesleyan │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M. E. │ 176│ 372│ 1844 │ 1876 Findlay │Findlay College │Church of God │ 8│ 159│ 1886 │ Germantown │Twin Valley │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Non-sectarian │ │ 18│ 1886 │ 1886 Granville │Denison │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Baptist │ │ 44│ 1831 │ Hiram │Hiram College │Christian │ 15│ 97│ 1850 │ 1850 New Athens │Franklin College │Non-sectarian │ │ 40│ 1825 │ 1856 New Concord │Muskingum College│Un. Presb. │ 12│ 29│ 1837 │ 1854 Oberlin │Oberlin College │Non-sectarian │ 353│ 821│ 1833 │ 1833 Oxford │Miami University │Non-sectarian │ 2│ 2│ 1816 │ Richmond │Richmond College │Non-sectarian │ 1│ 42│ 1843 │ 1843 Rio Grande │Rio Grande │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Baptist │ 5│ 38│ 1876 │ 1876 Scio │Scio College │M. E. │ 108│ 144│ 1866 │ 1866 Springfield │Wittenberg │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Lutheran │ │ │ 1845 │ Tiffin │Heidelberg │ │ │ │ │ │ College[220] │Reformed │ 19│ 96│ 1850 │ 1850 Urbana │Urbana University│New Church │ 1│ 15│ 1851 │ 1851 Westerville │Otterbein │ │ │ │ │ │ University │U. B. │ 16│ 122│ 1847 │ 1847 Wilberforce │Wilberforce │ │ │ │ │ │ University │ │ │ │ 1856 │ 1856 Wilmington │Wilmington │ │ │ │ │ │ College[220] │Friends │ 15│ 15│ 1871 │ 1871 Wooster │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Wooster │Presbyterian │ 42│ 201│ 1870 │ 1870 Yellow │Antioch College │ │ │ │ │ Springs │ │Non-sectarian │ 15│ 106│ 1852 │ 1852 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Indiana_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Bloomington │Indiana │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Non-sectarian │ 82│ 131│ 1824 │ 1867 Franklin │Franklin College │Baptist │ 40│ 113│ 1837 │ 1866 Greencastle │De Pauw │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M. E. │ │ │ 1837 │ 1867 Hanover │Hanover College │Presbyterian │ 25│ 39│ 1828 │ 1880 Hartsville │Hartsville │ │ │ │ │ │ College │U. B. │ 12│ 34│ 1849 │ 1849 Irvington │Butler University│Christian │ 20│ 49│ 1855 │ 1855 Merom │Union Christian │ │ │ │ │ │ College[220] │Christian │ │ 46│ 1859 │ 1859 La Fayette │Purdue University│Non-sectarian │ 58│ 114│ 1874 │ 1874 Moore’s Hill │Moore’s Hill │ │ │ │ │ │ College │M. E. │ 12│ 55│ 1854 │ 1854 Richmond │Earlham College │Friends │ 66│ 114│ 1859 │ 1859 Ridgeville │Ridgeville │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Baptist │ 1│ 39│ 1867 │ 1867 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Illinois_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Abingdon │Hedding College │M. E. │ 10│ 50│ 1855 │ 1855 Bloomington │Illinois Wesleyan│ │ │ │ │ │ University │M. E. │ 37│ 225│ 1853 │ 1870 Carlinville │Blackburn │ │ │ │ │ │ University │ │ │ │ │ Carthage │Carthage College │Lutheran │ 10│ 39│ 1869 │ Champaign │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Illinois │Non-sectarian │ 57│ 72│ 1868 │ 1871 Eureka │Eureka College │Christian │ 25│ 86│ 1849 │ 1849 Evanston │North-Western │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M. E. │ 119│ 340│ 1855 │ 1869 Ewing │Ewing College │Baptist │ 11│ 34│ 1867 │ 1867 Galena │German-English │ │ │ │ │ │ College │M. E. │ 7│ 30│ 1868 │ 1868 Galesburgh │Knox College[221]│Non-sectarian │ 55│ 123│ 1841 │ 1872 Galesburgh │Lombard │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Universalist │ 24│ 55│ 1852 │ Lake Forest │Lake Forest │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Presbyterian │ │ 90│ 1876 │ 1876 Lebanon │McKendree College│M. E. │ 9│ 31│ 1828 │ 1869 Lincoln │Lincoln │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Cumb. Presb. │ 15│ 74│ 1866 │ 1866 Monmouth │Monmouth College │Un. Presb. │ 61│ 187│ 1856 │ 1856 Naperville │North-Western │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Ev. Association│ 19│ 62│ 1861 │ 1861 Quincy │Chaddock College │M. E. │ 10│ 74│ 1876 │ 1876 Rock Island │Augustana College│Lutheran │ 1│ 32│ 1860 │ 1883 Upper Alton │Shurtleff College│Baptist │ 15│ 72│ 1827 │ 1867 Westfield │Westfield College│U. B. │ 21│ 76│ 1865 │ Wheaton │Wheaton College │Congregational │ │ │ 1860 │ 1860 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Michigan_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Adrian │Adrian College │Meth. Prot. │ 11│ 77│ 1859 │ 1859 Albion │Albion College │M. E. │ 39│ 229│ 1861 │ 1861 Ann Arbor │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Michigan │Non-sectarian │ 194│ 207│ 1841 │ 1870 Agricultural │Michigan │ │ │ │ │ College │ Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Non-sectarian │ 16│ 16│ 1857 │ 1870 Battle Creek │Battle Creek │ │ │ │ │ │ College[221] │7th Day Adven. │ │ 165│ 1874 │ 1874 Benzonia │Grand Traverse │ │ │ │ │ │ College[221] │Congregational │ │ 24│ 1863 │ Hillsdale │Hillsdale College│Baptist │ 37│ 139│ 1855 │ 1855 Holland │Hope College │Reformed │ 2│ 103│ 1865 │ 1878 Kalamazoo │Kalamazoo │ │ │ │ │ │ College[221] │Baptist │ 18│ 55│ 1833 │ Olivet │Olivet │ │ │ │ │ │ College[221] │Cong and Presb.│ 42│ 117│ 1859 │ 1859 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Wisconsin_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Appleton │Lawrence │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M E │ 24│ 94│ 1849 │ Galesville │Galesville │ │ │ │ │ │ University[221]│Presbyterian │ 1│ 21│ 1859 │ 1859 Madison │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Wisconsin │Non-sectarian │ 139│ 140│ 1850 │ 1871 Milton │Milton College │Baptist │ 33│ 110│ 1867 │ 1867 Ripon │Ripon College │Congregational │ 16│ 129│ 1863 │ 1863 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Minnesota_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Hamline │Hamline │ │ │ │ │ │ University[221]│M E │ 26│ 126│ 1854 │ 1854 Macalester │Macalester │ │ │ │ │ │ College[221] │Presbyterian │ 0│ 3│ 1884 │ Minneapolis │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Minnesota │Non-sectarian │ 67│ 155│ 1868 │ 1868 Northfield │Carleton College │Congregational │ 32│ 178│ 1867 │ 1867 Northfield │St Olaf College │Lutheran │ 0│ 23│ 1875 │ 1875 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Iowa_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Ames │Iowa State │ │ │ │ │ │ Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Non-sectarian │ 83│ 83│ 1869 │ 1869 Cedar Rapids │Coe College │Presbyterian │ 8│ 48│ 1881 │ 1881 College │Amity College │ │ │ │ │ Springs │ │Non-sectarian │ 17│ 139│ 1871 │ 1871 Davenport │Griswold College │Prot Epis │ 0│ 98│ 1859 │ Des Moines │Drake │ │ │ │ │ │ University[221]│Christian │ 26│ 186│ 1882 │ 1882 Des Moines │Des Moines │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Baptist │ 6│ 28│ 1865 │ 1865 Fairfield │Parsons College │Presbyterian │ 40│ 80│ 1875 │ 1875 Fayette │Upper Iowa │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M E │ 24│ 164│ 1857 │ 1857 Grinnell │Iowa College │Congregational │ 130│ │ 1847 │ Hopkinton │Lenox College │Presbyterian │ 42│ 74│ 1859 │ 1859 Indianola │Simpson College │M. E. │ 29│ 169│ 1867 │ 1867 Iowa City │State University │ │ │ │ │ │ of Iowa │Non-sectarian │ 87│ 87│ 1860 │ 1860 Mt. Pleasant │German College │M. E. │ 2│ 52│ 1873 │ 1873 Mt. Pleasant │Iowa Wesleyan │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M. E. │ 28│ 161│ 1855 │ 1855 Mt. Vernon │Cornell College │M. E. │ 66│ 272│ 1857 │ 1857 Oskaloosa │Oskaloosa College│Christian │ 27│ 78│ 1863 │ 1863 Oskaloosa │Penn College │Friends │ 33│ 77│ 1872 │ 1872 Pella │Central │ │ │ │ │ │ University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Iowa │Baptist │ 8│ 50│ 1854 │ 1854 Tabor │Tabor College │Congregational │ 31│ 82│ 1866 │ 1866 Toledo │Western College │U. B. │ 23│ 59│ 1856 │ 1856 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Dakota_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Brookings │Dakota │ │ │ │ │ │ Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Non-sectarian │ │ │ 1884 │ 1884 East Pierre │Pierre University│Presbyterian │ 9│ 25│ 1883 │ 1883 Fargo │Fargo College │Congregational │ 1│ 85│ 1887 │ 1887 Grand Forks │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ North Dakota │Non-sectarian │ 7│ 83│ 1884 │ 1884 Mitchell │Dakota University│M. E. │ │ 50│ 1885 │ 1885 Rapid City │Dakota School of │ │ │ │ │ │ Mines │Non-sectarian │ 8│ 9│ 1887 │ 1887 Vermillion │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Dakota │Non-sectarian │ 14│ 201│ 1883 │ 1883 Yankton │Yankton College │Non-sectarian │ │ 102│ 1882 │ 1882 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Nebraska_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Bellevue │Bellevue College │Presbyterian │ 2│ 25│ 1883 │ 1883 Central City │Nebraska Central │ │ │ │ │ │ College[222] │Non-sectarian │ 40│ 53│ 1885 │ Crete │Doane College │Congregational │ 13│ 97│ 1872 │ Lincoln │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Nebraska │Non-sectarian │ 73│ 206│ 1871 │ 1871 Neligh │Gates College │Congregational │ 3│ 54│ 1882 │ 1882 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Kansas_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Atchison │Midland College │Lutheran │ 8│ 23│ 1887 │ 1887 Baldwin │Baker University │M. E. │ 40│ 177│ 1858 │ 1858 Emporia │College of │ │ │ │ │ │ Emporia │Presbyterian │ 7│ 59│ 1882 │ 1882 Highland │Highland │ │ │ │ │ │ University[222]│Presbyterian │ 9│ 47│ 1867 │ 1867 Holton │Campbell │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Non-sectarian │ │ 268│ 1882 │ 1882 Lawrence │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Kansas │Non-sectarian │ 35│ 168│ 1866 │ 1866 Lecompton │Lane University │U. B. │ 12│ │ 1862 │ Lindsborg │Bethany College │Lutheran │ 2│ 76│ 1882 │ 1882 Manhattan │Kansas State │ │ │ │ │ │ Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Non-sectarian │ 176│ 177│ 1863 │ 1863 Ottawa │Ottawa University│Baptist │ 15│ 140│ 1869 │ 1869 Salina │Kansas Wesleyan │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M. E. │ 2│ 65│ 1886 │ Sterling │Cooper Memorial │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Un. Presb │ │ 59│ 1887 │ Topeka │Washburn │ │ │ │ │ │ College[222] │Congregational │ 12│ 103│ 1865 │ Wichita │Garfield │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Christian │ 17│ 356│ 1887 │ 1887 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Montana_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Deer Lodge │College of │ │ │ │ │ │ Montana │Presbyterian │ 17│ 72│ 1883 │ 1883 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Colorado_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Boulder │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Colorado │Non-sectarian │ 13│ 49│ 1877 │ 1877 Colorado │Colorado College │ │ │ │ │ Springs │ │Non-sectarian │ 20│ 20│ 1875 │ 1875 Denver │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Denver │M. E. │ 3│ 199│ 1880 │ 1880 Fort Collins │State │ │ │ │ │ │ Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Non-sectarian │ 29│ 41│ 1879 │ 1879 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Utah_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Salt Lake │University of │ │ │ │ │ City │ Deseret │Non-sectarian │ │ 129│ 1850 │ 1850 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Nevada_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Reno │State University │ │ │ │ │ │ of Nevada │Non-sectarian │ 18│ 77│ 1874 │ 1874 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Washington_—│ │ │ │ │ │ Seattle │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Washington │Non-sectarian │ 18│ 112│ 1862 │ Walla Walla │Whitman College │Congregational │ 62│ 110│ 1882 │ 1882 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Oregon_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Corvallis │Oregon State │ │ │ │ │ │ Agricultural │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Non-sectarian │ 23│ 33│ 1888 │ 1888 Eugene City │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Oregon │Non-sectarian │ 62│ 62│ 1876 │ Forest Grove │Pacific │ │ │ │ │ │ University[223]│Congregational │ 5│ 41│ 1854 │ 1854 McMinnville │McMinnville │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Baptist │ 2│ 42│ 1860 │ 1860 Salem │Willamette │ │ │ │ │ │ University │M. E. │ 7│ 98│ 1844 │ 1844 │ │ │ │ │ │ _California_—│ │ │ │ │ │ Berkeley │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ California │Non-sectarian │ 72│ 72│ 1869 │ 1869 College City │Pierce Christian │ │ │ │ │ │ College[223] │Christian │ 22│ 44│ 1874 │ 1874 Los Angeles │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Southern │ │ │ │ │ │ California │M. E. │ 8│ 161│ 1880 │ Napa City │Napa College │M. E. │ 1│ 87│ 1872 │ 1872 Oakland │California │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Baptist │ 26│ 50│ 1887 │ 1887 College Park │University of the│ │ │ │ │ │ Pacific │M. E. │ 47│ 226│ 1852 │ Santa Rosa │Pacific Methodist│ │ │ │ │ │ College │M. E., South │ 30│ 46│ 1861 │ 1868 Woodbridge │San Joaquin │ │ │ │ │ │ Valley College │U. B. │ 11│ 41│ 1879 │ 1879 Woodland │Hesperian College│Christian │ 25│ 120│ 1860 │ 1860 │ │ │ │ │ │ _Missouri_— │ │ │ │ │ │ Avalon │Avalon College │United Brethren│ 11│ 70│ 1873 │ 1873 Bolivar │Southwest Baptist│ │ │ │ │ │ College │Baptist │ │ │ 1879 │ 1879 Canton │Christian │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Christian │ 36│ 39│ 1857 │ 1867 Columbia │University of │ │ │ │ │ │ Missouri │Non-sectarian │ 125│ │ 1843 │ 1870 Edinburg │Grand River │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Baptist │ 30│ 50│ 1850 │ 1850 Glasgow │Lewis │ │ │ │ │ │ College[224] │M. E. │ 19│ 24│ 1867 │ Glasgow │Pritchett School │ │ │ │ │ │ Institute │Non-sectarian │ 26│ 26│ 1866 │ 1866 La Grange │La Grange College│Baptist │ │ 51│ 1866 │ St. Louis │Washington │ │ │ │ │ │ University │Non-sectarian │ 9│ 9│ 1858 │ 1870 Springfield │Drury College │Congregational │ 11│ 73│ 1873 │ 1873 Tarkio │Tarkio │ │ │ │ │ │ College[223] │United Presb. │ 4│ 38│ 1884 │ 1884 Warrenton │Central Wesleyan │ │ │ │ │ │ College │Ger. M. E. │ 4│ 47│ 1864 │ 1864 Neosho │Scarritt │ │ │ │ │ │ Collegiate │ │ │ │ │ │ Institute │M. E., South │ │ 80│ 1878 │ 1878 ─────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────┴──────┴───────┴──────

APPENDIX C.—TABLE I.

_To Article IV.—Education in the Southern States._

CO-EDUCATIONAL COLLEGES IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. ══════════════╤══════════════════════╤══════════════╤══════════════════ LOCATION. │ NAME. │DENOMINATION. │ NUMBER OF WOMEN │ │ │ STUDENTS. ──────────────┼──────────────────────┼──────────────┼───────────┬────── „ │ „ │ „ │Collegiate.│Total. ──────────────┼──────────────────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼────── _Alabama_— │ │ │ │ Greensborough │Southern University │M. E., South │ 1│ 1 Selma │Selma │Baptist │ 3│ 225 │ University[225][226]│ │ │ │ │ │ │ _Arkansas_— │ │ │ │ Batesville │Arkansas College │Presbyterian │ │ 25 Boonsborough │Cane Hill College │Presbyterian │ 3│ 63 Little Rock │Little Rock │Meth. Epis. │ 8│ 69 │ University[226] │ │ │ Little Rock │Philander Smith │Meth. Epis. │ 5│ 75 │ College[226] │ │ │ Fayetteville │Arkansas Industrial │Non-sectarian │ 22│ 164 │ University │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _District of │ │ │ │ Columbia_— │ │ │ │ Washington │National Deaf-Mute │Non-sectarian │ 3│ 8 │ College │ │ │ Washington │Howard University[226]│Non-sectarian │ 0│ 58 Washington │Columbian University │Baptist │ 25│ 25 │ │ │ │ _Florida_— │ │ │ │ De Land │John B. Stetson │Baptist │ 1│ 62 │ University │ │ │ Orange City │St. John’s River │Meth. Epis. │ 0│ 45 │ Conference College │ │ │ Leesburg │Florida Conference │M. E., South │ 20│ 49 │ College │ │ │ Winter Park │Rollins College │Congregational│ 4│ 39 │ │ │ │ _Georgia_— │ │ │ │ Atlanta │Atlanta │Non-sectarian │ 1│ 252 │ University[226] │ │ │ Atlanta │Clark University[226] │Meth. Epis. │ 2│ 30 Bowdon │Bowdon College[225] │Non-sectarian │ 30│ 52 Macon │Mercer University │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _Kentucky_— │ │ │ │ Berea │Berea College[227] │Non-sectarian │ 7│ 147 Eminence │Eminence College │Christian │ 56│ 71 Hopkinsville │South Kentucky College│Christian │ 52│ 60 Murray │Murray Male and Female│Non-sectarian │ │ 81 │ Institute │ │ │ New Liberty │Concord College │ │ │ North │Kentucky Classical and│Christian │ 44│ 57 Middletown │ Business │ │ │ │ College[225] │ │ │ Lexington │Agricultural and │Non-sectarian │ 24│ 44 │ Mechanical College │ │ │ │ of Kentucky │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _Louisiana_— │ │ │ │ Keachie │Keachie College │Baptist │ 34│ 84 New Orleans │Leland University[226]│Baptist │ │ New Orleans │New Orleans │Meth. Epis. │ 3│ 156 │ University[226] │ │ │ New Orleans │Southern │Non-sectarian │ 4│ 242 │ University[226] │ │ │ New Orleans │Straight │Non-sectarian │ 10│ 260 │ University[226] │ │ │ New Orleans │Tulane University │Non-sectarian │ 77│ 282 │ │ │ │ _Maryland_— │ │ │ │ New Windsor │New Windsor │Presbyterian │ 25│ 51 │ College[228] │ │ │ Westminster │Western Maryland │Meth. Prot. │ 52│ 71 │ College │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _Mississippi_—│ │ │ │ Holly Springs │Rust │Meth. Epis. │ │ 182 │ University[228][229]│ │ │ Holmesville │Kavanaugh College │Non-sectarian │ 37│ 57 University │University of │Non-sectarian │ 11│ 11 │ Mississippi │ │ │ Rodney │Alcorn A. and M. │Non-sectarian │ 3│ 10 │ College[229] │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _North │ │ │ │ Carolina_— │ │ │ │ Raleigh │Shaw │Baptist │ 7│ 146 │ University[228][229]│ │ │ Rutherford │Rutherford College │Non-sectarian │ 53│ 53 Salisbury │Livingstone │A. M. E. Zion │ 2│ 111 │ College[229] │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _South │ │ │ │ Carolina_— │ │ │ │ Clinton │Presbyterian College │Presbyterian │ 10│ 40 │ of South Carolina │ │ │ Columbia │Allen University[229] │Meth. Epis. │ 0│ 140 Orangeburg │Claflin │ │ 2│ 379 │ University[229] │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _Tennessee_— │ │ │ │ Athens, │U. S. Grant University│Meth. Epis. │ │ 169 Chattanooga,│ │ │ │ McKenzie │Bethel College │Cumb. Presb. │ │ 134 Maryville │Maryville College │Presbyterian │ 34│ 109 Milligan │Milligan College │Christian │ 16│ 41 Mossy Creek │Carson and Newman │Baptist │ 28│ 147 │ College │ │ │ Nashville │Central Tennessee │Meth. Epis. │ 1│ 264 │ College[229] │ │ │ Nashville │Fisk University[229] │Congregational│ 5│ 268 Nashville │Roger Williams │Baptist │ 3│ 130 │ University[229] │ │ │ Tusculum │Greenville and │Presbyterian │ 10│ 46 │ Tusculum College │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _Texas_— │ │ │ │ Austin │University of Texas │Non-sectarian │ 40│ 40 Fort Worth │Fort Worth University │Meth. Epis. │ 20│ 125 Georgetown │Southwestern │M. E., South │ 70│ 138 │ University │ │ │ Italy │Hope Institute │Christian │ 40│ 67 Marshall │Wiley University │Meth. Epis. │ 123│ Salado │Salado College[228] │Non-sectarian │ 11│ 44 Tehuacana │Trinity │Cumb. Pres. │ 40│ 112 │ University[228] │ │ │ Waco │Baylor University │Baptist │ 175│ 267 │ │ │ │ _West │ │ │ │ Virginia_— │ │ │ │ Bethany │Bethany College │Christian │ 32│ 32 Flemington │West Virginia College │F. W. Baptist │ 1│ 12 ──────────────┴──────────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────┴──────

APPENDIX C.—TABLE II.

THE SEMI-COLLEGES.

_Alabama_— Marion, Judson Institute.

_Georgia_— Athens, Lucy Cobb Institute. Covington, Methodist Female College. Lagrange, Female College. Macon, Wesleyan Female College. Marietta, Harwood Seminary. Rome, Shorter College.

_Kentucky_— Bowling Green, Pleasant J. Potter College. Cedar Bluff, Female College. Georgetown, Female Seminary. Hopkinsville, Bethel Female College. Millersburg, Female College.

_Louisiana_— Clinton, Silliman Collegiate Institute.

_Maryland_— Frederick, Female Seminary.

_Mississippi_— Starkville, Female Institute. Oxford, Union Female College.

_North Carolina_— Greensborough, Female College.

_South Carolina_— Anderson, Female College.

_Tennessee_— Nashville, College for Young Ladies. Winchester, Mary Sharp College.

_West Virginia_— Wheeling, Female College.

APPENDIX C.—TABLE III.

_The Schools for Superior Instruction._

═══════════╤════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ STATES. │ NUMBER │ DENOMINATIONS. │ OF │ │SCHOOLS.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ───────────┼────────┼──────────┬─────────────┬────────┬──────────┬───────── „ │ „ │ Meth. │Presbyterian.│Baptist.│Christian.│ Roman │ │Episcopal.│ │ │ │Catholic. ───────────┼────────┼──────────┼─────────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── Alabama │ 10│ 3│ 2│ 2│ │ Georgia │ 13│ 5│ │ 4│ │ Kentucky │ 19│ 3│ 3│ 3│ 1│ 1 Louisiana │ 3│ 1│ 1│ │ │ Maryland │ 5│ │ │ │ │ 1 Mississippi│ 13│ 3│ 1│ 4│ │ Missouri │ 14│ 1│ 4│ 2│ 2│ 1 North │ 12│ 3│ 3│ 3│ │ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │ South │ 4│ 1│ │ 1│ │ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 13│ 4│ │ 2│ │ 1 Texas │ 4│ 2│ │ │ │ 1 Virginia │ 14│ 3│ │ 3│ │ West │ 3│ │ │ 1│ │ Virginia │ │ │ │ │ │ ───────────┼────────┼──────────┼─────────────┼────────┼──────────┼───────── │ 127│ 29│ 14│ 25│ 3│ 5 ───────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────┴─────────

═══════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════╤ STATES. │ DENOMINATIONS. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ───────────┼─────────┬──────┬──────────┬──────────────┼ „ │Lutheran.│Cumb. │ Prot. │Non-sectarian.│ │ │Presb.│Episcopal.│ │ ───────────┼─────────┼──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼ Alabama │ │ │ │ 3│ Georgia │ │ │ │ 4│ Kentucky │ │ │ │ 8│ Louisiana │ │ │ │ 1│ Maryland │ 1│ │ │ 3│ Mississippi│ │ 1│ │ 4│ Missouri │ │ │ │ 4│ North │ │ │ 1│ 2│ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ South │ │ │ │ 2│ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ │ 1│ │ 5│ Texas │ │ │ │ 1│ Virginia │ 2│ │ 1│ 5│ West │ │ │ │ 2│ Virginia │ │ │ │ │ ───────────┼─────────┼──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼ │ 3│ 2│ 2│ 44│ ───────────┴─────────┴──────┴──────────┴──────────────┴

═══════════╤═══════════╤══════════╤════════ STATES. │ NUMBER OF │ NUMBER │INCOME. │STUDENTS IN│AUTHORIZED│ │COLLEGIATE │BY LAW TO │ │DEPARTMENT,│ CONFER │ │ INCLUDING │ DEGREES. │ │ RESIDENT │ │ │GRADUATES. │ │ ───────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────── „ │ „ │ „ │ „ │ │ │ ───────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────── Alabama │ 543│ 6│ $43,952 Georgia │ 1,055│ 9│ 11,404 Kentucky │ 1,127│ 15│ 45,044 Louisiana │ 186│ 2│ 5,000 Maryland │ 363│ 3│ 16,100 Mississippi│ 904│ 8│ 42,822 Missouri │ 588│ 9│ 44,400 North │ 850│ 5│ 22,848 Carolina │ │ │ South │ 416│ 3│ 8,700 Carolina │ │ │ Tennessee │ 860│ 11│ 35,380 Texas │ 217│ 2│ 14,855 Virginia │ 727│ 12│ 42,785 West │ 78│ 3│ 2,000 Virginia │ │ │ ───────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────── │ 7,914│ 88│$335,290 ───────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────

APPENDIX C.—TABLE IV.—_Secondary Instruction for 1886–87._

═══════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════════ STATES. │ PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ───────────┼─────────┬─────────────┬────────────────────── „ │NUMBER OF│ Number of │No. of Female Students │SCHOOLS. │ Students. │preparing for College. ───────────┼─────────┼─────┬───────┼──────────┬─────────── „ │ „ │Male.│Female.│Classical.│Scientific. ───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼─────────── Alabama │ │ │ │ │ Arkansas │ 2│ 57│ 91│ │ │ │ │ │ │ District of│ 1│ 302│ 506│ 20│ 7 Columbia │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Florida │ 2│ 40│ 60│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Georgia │ 4│ 319│ 512│ 160│ 50 │ │ │ │ │ Kentucky │ 3│ 139│ 613│ 2│ 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Louisiana │ 1│ 146│ 344│ │ Maryland │ 4│ 46│ 769│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mississippi│ 2│ 85│ 85│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ North │ 2│ 80│ 79│ │ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ South │ 1│ 40│ 27│ 2│ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 6│ 339│ 449│ 11│ 20 │ │ │ │ │ Texas │ 6│ 140│ 368│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ 6│ 400│ 806│ 23│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ West │ 1│ 80│ 95│ │ Virginia │ │ │ │ │ ───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼─────────── │ 41│2,163│ 4,806│ 219│ 79 ───────────┴─────────┴─────┴───────┴──────────┴───────────

═══════════╤══════════════════════════════════════════════ STATES. │ PARTLY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ───────────┼─────────┬─────────────┬────────────────────── „ │NUMBER OF│ Number of │No. of Female Students │SCHOOLS. │ Students. │preparing for College. ───────────┼─────────┼─────┬───────┼──────────┬─────────── „ │ „ │Male.│Female.│Classical.│Scientific. ───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼─────────── Alabama │ 6│ 436│ 333│ 69│ 10 Arkansas │ 4│ 220│ 218│ 14│ 15 │ │ │ │ │ District of│ │ │ │ │ Columbia │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Florida │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Georgia │ 35│1,821│ 1,715│ 50│ 5 │ │ │ │ │ Kentucky │ 5│ 342│ 352│ 13│ 14 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Louisiana │ 1│ 53│ │ │ Maryland │ 2│ 144│ │ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ Mississippi│ 7│ 222│ 388│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ North │ 6│ 238│ 248│ 5│ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ South │ 3│ 163│ 140│ 10│ Carolina │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 7│ 549│ 439│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ Texas │ 6│ 462│ 482│ 5│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ West │ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ │ │ │ │ ───────────┼─────────┼─────┼───────┼──────────┼─────────── │ 82│4,650│ 4,315│ 180│ 44 ───────────┴─────────┴─────┴───────┴──────────┴───────────

═══════════╤═══════════════════════════════════════════════ STATES. │ PRIVATE SCHOOLS. ───────────┼─────────┬──────────────┬────────────────────── „ │NUMBER OF│ Number of │No. of Female Students │SCHOOLS. │ Students. │preparing for College. ───────────┼─────────┼──────┬───────┼──────────┬─────────── „ │ „ │Male. │Female.│Classical.│Scientific. ───────────┼─────────┼──────┼───────┼──────────┼─────────── Alabama │ 20│ 753│ 880│ │ Arkansas │ 5│ 371│ 412│ │ │ │ │ │ │ District of│ 10│ (20)│ 328│ │ 6 Columbia │ │ 458│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Florida │ 8│ (70)│ 671│ │ │ │ 280│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Georgia │ 39│ 2,238│ 2,703│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Kentucky │ 31│ (810)│ 1,829│ │ │ │ 950│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Louisiana │ 10│ 652│ 373│ │ Maryland │ 23│ 1,115│ 588│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Mississippi│ 10│ (271)│ 562│ │ │ │ 638│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ North │ 54│ (127)│ 1,859│ │ Carolina │ │ 2,692│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ South │ 10│ (135)│ 782│ 7│ Carolina │ │ 834│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 25│ 1,191│ 1,523│ 20│ 50 │ │ │ │ │ Texas │ 16│ (200)│ 1,236│ │ │ │ 1,055│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ 22│ (225)│ 553│ 5│ 6 │ │ 978│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ West │ 5│ (113)│ 162│ │ Virginia │ │ 81│ │ │ ───────────┼─────────┼──────┼───────┼──────────┼─────────── │ 288│14,286│ 14,561│ 32│ 62 ───────────┴─────────┴──────┴───────┴──────────┴───────────

APPENDIX D.

_To Article VII.—Woman in Medicine._

LIST OF MEDICAL ESSAYS AND COMMUNICATIONS WRITTEN BY WOMEN PHYSICIANS BETWEEN 1872 AND 1890.

A.

Abdominal section, a case of. Anita Tyng.

Æsthesiometry, with new instrument. Grace Peckham.—_N. Y. Med. Record_, 1885.

Alexander’s operation, two cases.—_N. Y. Med. Record_, 1888.

Amyl Nitrite in dysmenorrhœa. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_, 1875.

Anal occlusion, an unusual case. Susan Dimock.—_Record_, 1875.

Anencephalous monster. Mary Putnam.—_Archives_ Brown-Sequard, 1872.

Antagonism of medicines. _Ibid._—_Archives of Medicine_, 1881.

Aphasia, with special loss of nouns. _Ibid._—_Journal Mental and Nervous Dis._, 1886.

Apoplexia neonatorum. Sarah McNutt.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1885.

Apostoli’s clinic, report of. Mary Hobart.—_Boston Med. and Surg. Jour._, 1889.

Apostoli’s clinic, report of. Alice T. Beall.—_Am. Jour. Obstet._, 1889.

Atropine, lecture on. Mary Putnam Jacobi.—_Record_, 1873.

B.

Blood, is it a living fluid? Frances Emily White.—_Record_, 1883.

Botanical notes. Mary K. Curran.—_Proceedings California Academy of Sciences_, 1889.

Basilar kyphosis, its relations to certain cerebral deformities. Sara A. Post.—_Record_, 1889.

Bacteria, their rôle in fermentation and putrefaction. Emma Sutro Merritt. _Trans. Med. Soc. California_, 1890.

Biology, practical study in. Mary Putnam Jacobi, address at Massachusetts State Med. Soc.—_Boston Med. and Surg. Journal_, 1889.

Brain tumor. _Ibid._—_Wood’s Reference Handbook Medical Sciences._