CHAPTER LXXI.

SKETCHES AT SEA—MOUNTAINS OF AFRICA—THE FAREWELL.

“An adieu should in utterance die, Or if written but faintly appear; Only heard in the burst of a sigh, Or seen in the drop of a tear.”

The Buffalo—The Quoin—Cape Aguilhas—Hangclip—Capo-del-Tornados—Robbin Island—Table Bay—Cape Town—Green Point—The Lion Mountain—St. Helena—Flying-fish—Blue-fish—Island of Ascension—Funeral at Sea—A Sailor’s Grave—A Chinese Calculation—Waterspouts—The Western Isles—St. Michael’s—Pico—Fayal—Christmas Eve—The good Ship “Essex”—Arrival in England—The Pilgrim’s Adieu.

_1845, Oct. 29th._—At 9 A.M. I was called on deck to look at the mountains of Africa. The Buffalo, or rather its high peak, soared black and distinct over the white clouds that rolled below, covering the whole length of the mountains: here and there a summit might be distinguished, and the land and hummocks below the clouds were tolerably clear. The sky was of the brightest, purest tint of cobalt blue, the white clouds were crossing it in all directions; the clouds themselves were borne along by the wind to the right, while their tops were carried back towards the left, as if they encountered a contrary current of air aloft. Soon after I had sketched the Buffalo’s most peculiar black peak, a mist spread over the mountains, the wind changed, we went further out to sea, and the line of mountains became too indistinct to afford subject for the pencil. The deep sea line brought up small shells in considerable quantity.

_Nov. 1st._—The Quoin lay distant twelve miles from the “Essex,” E. by N., ½ N., and fifty-seven miles from the Cape—Sandy Bay lies between the two points. The Gunner’s Quoin is three or four leagues from Cape Aguilhas, which it resembles. Cape Aguilhas, or Lagullas, was called by its discoverers, the Portuguese, Aguilhas, or Needle’s Cape, because the magnetic needle had no variation there at the time:—the Portuguese name has been corrupted by the English sailors into Lagullas, or Lagullus. Hangclip was the next remarkable object. Horsburgh remarks, “False Bay is formed by the Cape of Good Hope on the west side and Cape False to the eastward, the latter being a steep Bluff, resembling a Quoin, which may be seen at eight leagues’ distance, and appears to lean over to the west when viewed from the southward, from which, probably, it was called Hangclip by the Dutch, but sometimes Hottentot’s Point.”

The outline of the Mountains of Africa was very peculiar as we approached the _Capo-del-Tornados_, or Cape of Storms, as the Cape of Good Hope was called by its first discoverers, the Portuguese, who afterwards changed the name to that of Capo del Buon Esperanza. At the distance of sixteen miles we beheld the Capo-del-Tornados itself, next to it was the Peak; the high land in False Bay was remarkable, and in the distance, between these points, you caught a view of the back of Table Mountain. The scene was very interesting as we sailed along the range of Mountains, and the fineness of the day allowed us to see them to advantage. Hout’s Bay was very picturesque; deep shadows were around the base of the mountains, and the warm light of the setting sun gilded their summits.

_Sunday, 2nd._—At sunrise the scene was beautiful; we gazed on the Lion Mountain opening Green Point,—the Table Mountain was of a very dark plum colour, in strong contrast with the glowing brilliancy of the rising sun, and a dark cloud hung upon the flat surface of the mountain-top. On the opposite side, as we entered Table Bay, lay Robbin or Penguin Island, with breakers to the left,—the Whale also, a sunken rock over which the waves constantly break. The dark Blueberg Mountains to the right finished the picture.

Anchored in Table Bay during a deep cold fog at 10 A.M.—took apartments in an hotel in the Heerengracht,—found the rooms intensely hot at night, and very disagreeable after the pure sea air. We drove in the evening to a friend’s house in the Camp Ground, and gathered a beautiful bouquet from his garden.

My first thought on arriving in Southern Africa was of the Mountain, the next of the flowers. A strelizia was brought to me; it is an indigenous bulb in Africa, and as one flower dies away another bursts forth. On our return to the ship, I took the strelizia on board, and watched the bursting forth of the fresh flowers for some days. A very good sketch of Cape Town may be taken in the Heerengracht, just below Messrs. Dickson and Burnie’s; it gives George’s Hotel, now kept by a man of the name of Duke, the large trees in front, the Dutch Reform Church, and the Table Mountain beyond. Another good point is the Market Square, with its pump in the centre, St. George’s Church, the Town Hall, and the Dutch and Hottentot venders of fruit and vegetables at their stands in the Green Market, as they call it.

Mr. Robertson, a stationer in the Heerengracht, has some admirable water-colour drawings for sale, portraits of the natives of Africa.

_7th._—Drove to Green Point with the captain of the “Essex,” to see the lighthouse. I climbed up to the roof through a narrow pigeon-hole, and was well rewarded for my trouble by the beauty of the view. The beach was covered with shells, broken into the smallest fragments by the rolling surf. The view from the rocks, at the end of Green Point, looking over Camp’s Bay, is very beautiful.

_10th._—Visited my ayha, whom I had been obliged to send to the hospital on account of the accident which she met with on board, and found her quite comfortable. The poor woman was very glad to see me, and I arranged for her return to Calcutta. I bought a kaross of eighteen heads, as it is technically called, the sole garment worn by the Kafirs, for four pounds; it is very large and handsome, consisting of skins of the red jackal. With the exception of the kaross the Kafir is entirely unincumbered with clothing; these skins are much sought after by officers on service, which is perhaps the reason they are so expensive in Cape Town.

The “Essex” was detained at the Cape in consequence of the repairs that were necessary on account of the damage she received during the gale; to-day, on her being reported fit for sea, we repaired on board.

_11th._—At 10 A.M. the “Essex” quitted Table Bay. It was a beautiful day—the white clouds from a south-easter that was blowing were rising over the Table Land,—the sea was a bright transparent green, with white breakers on every wave, and the sky was the colour of the purest cobalt blue.

As you pass Robbin or Penguin Island, the Lion Mountain assumes in a considerable degree the form of a lion reposing, from which appearance it derives its name:—the rump of the lion is formed of the mountain on which the telegraph stands. The scene would have made an excellent sketch, representing the back of the Table Mountain, with the Devil’s Peak to the right, the Lion in front; and Robbin Island at the side. The latter is a low, long, sandy island, with some few houses upon it, and it looks very desolate. Made a run of two hundred and nine miles.

_18th._—Rolling down to St. Helena with a fair breeze in most agreeable style.

_21st._—A most beautiful and brilliant day. Went on deck about 11 A.M. to see St. Helena in the distance: sketched the island from the forecastle, and paid for my footing. The island then lay N.N.W. distant eight miles: Diana’s Peak, two thousand six hundred and ninety-two feet high, appeared to be nearly in the centre: the Needles and Speery were very distinct, as was also Sandy Bay Point.

St. Helena was discovered by the Portuguese in 1508, on the festival of St. Helena, the mother of the Emperor Constantine the Great. It was taken from the Dutch in 1674 by Admiral Munden, and presented to the East India Company by Charles II.; and it was given up by the Hon. Company to the English Government for the residence of the Emperor Buonaparte. Length of the island, ten miles and a half; breadth, six and three-quarters; circumference at the water’s edge, thirty miles; twelve hundred miles west of Africa, and eighteen hundred east of America. Whales are found off the island. It contains four thousand inhabitants, and thirty thousand acres of arable and pasture land. The air is salubrious, the valleys are fruitful, and flocks of wild goats browze on the hills.

The island rises a mass of rocks from the sea; the only two points for landing are at St. James’s Town, the capital, and at Sandy Bay. When St. Helena lay five miles S.W. the view presented was particularly good: you could see George’s Island, as well as Hercules Island, the flag—staff, Barn Point, the Sugar-loaf Hill, and the plantation at Longwood. The pointed summits of the rocks in the distance, whose peaks turn from each other, are very remarkable.

There is another good view of the island when in front of Barn Cliff, so called from its fancied resemblance to a great barn. Sugar-loaf Hill derives its name from its conical shape. I was told that Sandy Bay was well worth visiting, its scenery being beautiful,—which I can well imagine, from the wild form of the rocks around it, when viewed from a distance.

Opening St. Helena Bay, at the base of the Sugar-loaf, are three batteries, called Buttermilk and Bank’s Upper and Lower Batteries, at a small distance from each other. We came to anchor off James’s Town, near the high perpendicular rock of Ladder Hill, surmounted by its battery and telegraph, above which, in the distance, High Knoll is to be seen. Diana’s Peak, the highest point in the island, is two thousand six hundred and ninety-two feet high; High Peak, or High Knoll, a conical hill, south-west, is about fifty feet less elevated than the former. The rock rises eight hundred feet perpendicular from the sea, with a heavy battery of guns upon it, that command the south-west entrance to the valley and anchorage. James’s Valley is also protected by a high wall and strong line of cannon close to the sea. The Ladder contains six hundred and seventy steps. The flag-staff is in the Government gardens, above the battery. Munden’s Fort and Batteries command the side of James’s Valley, and Rupert’s Battery is at the bottom of a valley of that name.

We anchored a little before 5 P.M.: it was very cold, from the wind rushing down the valley directly upon the anchorage. The sunset was fine, in the midst of dark clouds, contrasted with others of a burning crimson; and to the right the dark rock of St. Helena rose abruptly from the sea. The more I gaze on this desolate-looking and rocky island, the deeper becomes my pity for, and the interest I feel in, the fate of Buonaparte.

The young officers are in high glee, fishing off the poop; they have just caught two small silver mackarel. The gun fires at 9 P.M., after which time no boat will quit the island, and no person is permitted to land. I fear I shall be unable to visit Sandy Bay, on the other side of the island; an officer of the “Winchelsea” told me not to miss seeing that bay on any account; he gave us sixty-two days from the Cape to England, and eleven to St. Helena; we arrived here in ten days and a quarter. The captain of the “Essex” came on deck just before we anchored, he appeared very, very ill,—in my opinion, fearfully so.

_22nd._—A rainy and cold morning; it cleared about noon, when I went on shore, and climbed the steps of Ladder Hill for some distance,—they are almost perpendicular; want of time prevented my ascending to the summit of the six hundred and seventy steps. Admired the pretty church just within the gateway, and visited the market; beef and mutton, ten pence to one shilling per pound; grapes, just in, at two shillings and sixpence per pound; the peaches are bad, the loquats the same, and but few vegetables; beet-root and cabbage good; articles of every sort very dear.

A good sketch of the town may be taken from the upper end of the principal street, looking towards the sea. Walked over the Government gardens, in which is a cenotaph, in memory of the officers and men who died in the “Waterwitch” off different parts of the coast of Africa. In a hut near the beach I saw a dried flying-fish, sixteen or eighteen inches in length,—offered the man a shilling for it, which he refused; they are found now and then in the boats off the rocks, into which they sometimes happen to fly or fall; the largest found at St. Helena are twenty-four inches in length, and are very delicate food.

Went down to the foot of the cliff under Ladder Hill, where the breakers were dashing over a fine reef of rocks that run out into the sea in most picturesque style; an old anchor was cast on one of them, and beyond it lay a cannon,—the effect of the anchor cast away on the rocks was good. Several boys were fishing there; they brought me some _blue_ fish, which are very beautiful, of a brilliant deep purplish blue colour, interspersed with crimson streaks,—they are considered great delicacies. They showed me some beautiful fish, spotted with red,—these are also very good for food. I picked up some black sea eggs, young crabs, and limpets; the latter are eaten by the French. Returned on board, much against my will,—I could have spent the day very happily on the rocks which jut out below the great cliff on which the Ladder is built. At 5 P.M. the “Essex” fired a gun; the anchor was raised, which appeared to be hard work in such deep water, and we once more set sail for old England.

_23rd._—The captain dangerously ill.

_26th._—Since we quitted St. Helena we have made excellent runs daily in a direct line for Ascension, and the vessel has been so steady we have scarcely felt any motion.

_27th._—Passed Ascension about 6 P.M.: the island has the appearance of a cluster of mountains of a conical form. One small eminence, Cross Hill, is so called from the cross that surmounts it. Green Mountain is the highest point in the island,—viewed from some points it has a double peak.

_30th._—Divine service. Crossed the line with a seven and a half knot breeze. One of the officers reminded me that he was in the “Madagascar” with me when we re-crossed the line under reefed topsails.

_Dec. 1st._—A fine favourable breeze. The captain is very ill; I fear he is sinking into his grave. He was in delicate health before the gale, and the exertion he underwent at that time was too much for him; there is but faint hope of his recovery.

_5th._—Picked up the north-east trade. The captain’s illness increased at night, and about ten o’clock he expired.

_6th._—At 10 A.M. the funeral took place: the corpse having been sewed up in canvas was placed on the main hatch, with the colours spread over it: when the ceremony of the burial of the dead commenced, the body was placed with the feet to the open gangway, on a plank, in a sloping position; the colours had been thrown over it, but you could trace the form of the corpse through them. When the words, “We commit this body to the deep,” were pronounced, the men who stood by the corpse launched it forwards into the sea, and it sank immediately. The chief officer read the service,—he was deeply affected; the captain had been his friend, and he had attended him during his illness with the greatest solicitude; he read the service in a broken and trembling voice,—the tears rolling down his cheeks,—he could scarcely master his agony. It is a fearful sight to witness such a struggle in a firm and powerful man. He was performing the request of his departed friend: a few days before, when he informed the captain of his danger; the latter looked surprised, and said, “Well, B⸺, my good fellow, I have but one request to make,—give me a sailor’s grave.” The next day he arranged his worldly affairs, and was employed in devotion. Mr. B⸺ bore up during the life of his friend, but to part with him,—to commit his body to the deep,—to read the service over him,—must have been a bitter trial. The crew were all present, and tears ran down many a hardy sunburnt face; the captain was greatly beloved both by the officers and men. The passengers appeared in mourning at the funeral. The day was a most lovely one,—the bright waves flew by the ship as the trade wind bore her onwards, and the breeze tempered the heat of the sun. I thought of the festering and air-poisoning churchyards of London, and felt, as far as I am concerned, how much I should prefer a sailor’s grave,—the bright wave dashing o’er me, and the pure air above, to the heavy sod and the crowded churchyard.

[Illustration: WATERSPOUTS.

Sketched on the Spot by ‎‏فاني پارکس‏‎]

_7th._—And now once more for England. Saw a schule of whales—the fin-back; one of them was near the ship, blowing up the water, about six feet high; the large Greenland whale spouts much higher.

A Chinese calculation was shown us in the evening, which is worthy the trouble of discovering: take a pack of cards,—the ace counts as one, knave, queen, king, as ten each; look at the top card (suppose it be an ace), lay it with its face upon the table, and add to it as many cards as will make the number twelve,—that is, eleven cards on the back of the ace; then take the next card from the pack (suppose it be a knave), place it face downwards, count it as ten, and add to the back of it two cards, which will make it twelve; then take the next card (suppose it a four), place it in the same manner, and add eight cards to it, which will make it twelve, counting each card as one. In this manner dispose of the whole pack; there may be some cards over, lay them aside. The conjurer will then see the number of the packs, and the number of cards remaining over, and will be able by calculation to tell the amount of the pips on the bottom cards, which he has not seen, that are with their faces downwards on the table. This calculation is ingenious, and may be discovered by algebra.

_14th._—The nine-knot breeze continues, which we have had for the last two days; and the “SX” pitches so much I can scarcely write.

WATERSPOUTS.

_17th._—Lat. N. 32° 15′, long. W. 27° 55′. At noon heavy clouds were around us, and a waterspout appeared astern; it was at a considerable distance. The sea whirled, and rose up to meet it to a great height; it continued for about twenty minutes, and was too far astern to do us any injury. The trade was strong, and we were going nine knots an hour. At the same time another waterspout appeared about three miles off, on the starboard,—it was coming towards the ship from the south-east; it was of considerable size, and whirled and foamed very distinctly; fortunately it passed astern until it gained the point where the first waterspout had been seen, of which a portion above was still visible. Captain B⸺ fired a cannon at it, which appeared to have little or no effect: very heavy clouds were all around the vessel, but as soon as the spouts disappeared in the south-west, the sun came out brilliant as usual. I sketched the second spout just as it came astern, and a remnant of the upper part of the former waterspout was in the distance.

_21st._—Passed St. Michael’s to the westward, of which we had a distant view.

PICO.

_22nd._—At 7 A.M. we had a good view of the Island of Pico, with its most remarkable peak above the clouds, and an hour afterwards we had a still clearer glimpse of its bell-shaped summit, which is eleven thousand feet above the sea. The smoke of fires burning on the mountain was visible.

At 10 A.M. we were off Fayal, the white buildings of the town appeared to rise from the dark waters, and the effect was most singular. The lookouts are on the cliff. The distant blue land, of which we caught a sight behind the town, is St. George’s Island. Passing along Fayal, the Convent, which is situated nearly in the centre of the island, was distinctly visible; there appeared to be some painting on the outside walls. The vineyards looked green and luxuriant.

At the end of the Island of Fayal is a curious and insulated rock; the turbulent sea has worn a deep cavern in this rock, through which the light is visible. Above, on the main land, are steep perpendicular cliffs; some are of the colour of burnt _terra di sienna_, others of a bright deep reddish brown: the shadows were heavy, and a brilliant light was caught upon the cliffs—a tremendous swell from the north-east was dashing in breakers half-way up the lofty cliff. I think I never saw breakers rise so high before—on the horizon was a fog-bank—the cavern bearing east four or five miles. The day was beautiful and most favourable: I was delighted with this passing view of the Western Isles, very much gratified; the air was sharp and cold, the sunshine brilliant; and I believe every one on board enjoyed the scene.

[Illustration: PICO.

Sketched on the Spot by ‎‏فاني پارکس‏‎]

_23rd._—The Western Isles invisible.

_24th._—The day was cold and raw, nearly a calm. At night the sailors sent off a tar-barrel with a fire in it, which went blazing along; a nautical method of celebrating Christmas Eve.

_25th._—A cold raw day, with rain and fog. Divine service was performed in the cuddy. The sea almost a calm.

_31st._—With a fine wind we are going nine knots off the Lizard, and looking forward to the termination of our voyage; but I cannot quit the vessel without expressing how much we have been satisfied with all the arrangements on board, which reflect great credit on the owners of the ship; and how much the attention of the commanding officer to our wishes and accommodation has removed the annoyances that old Indians necessarily must experience during a sea voyage: the vessel is well manned, her provisions are excellent and abundant, every attention is shown to the passengers, and the “Essex” is a good ship.

_1846, Jan. 1st._—At 6 P.M., off Portland Race, it was bitterly cold, and I began to speculate if it were possible to exist in England.

_2nd._—Off Folkstone, at 2 P.M.—I quitted the “Essex” in a Deal boat, over which the waves danced, and the wind was bitterly cold; landed at Folkstone in about four hours, half starved, cold, and hungry, and took refuge at the Pavilion Hotel, where a good dinner and the luxuries of native oysters and fresh butter made us forget all the ills that flesh is heir to.

_3rd._—Started per train at 7 A.M., and found ourselves once more in London.

THE FAREWELL.

And now the pilgrim resigns her staff and plucks the scallop-shell from her hat,—her wanderings are ended—she has quitted the East, perhaps for ever:—surrounded in the quiet home of her native land by the curiosities, the monsters, and the idols that accompanied her from India, she looks around and dreams of the days that are gone.

The resources she finds in her recollections, the pleasure she derives from her sketches, and the sad sea waves[56], her constant companions, form for her a life independent of _her own_ life.

“THE NARRATION OF PLEASURE IS BETTER THAN THE PLEASURE ITSELF[57].”

And to those kind friends, at whose request she has published the history of her wanderings, she returns her warmest thanks for the pleasure the occupation has afforded her. She entreats them to read the pilgrimage with the eye of indulgence, while she remembers at the same time that,

“HAVING PUT HER HEAD INTO THE MORTAR, IT IS USELESS TO DREAD THE SOUND OF THE PESTLE[58].”

To her dear and few surviving relatives,—and to her friends of many years,—the Pilgrim bids adieu:

“THE BLESSING OF HEAVEN BE UPON THEIR HEADS[59].”

“_Āp ki topīyan par salāmat rahī._”

“THE PEN ARRIVED THUS FAR AND BROKE ITS POINT[60].”

_i.e._ It is finished.

SALĀM! SALĀM!

FOOTNOTES

[1] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 101.

[2] Oriental Proverbs, No. 102.

[3] Appendix, No. 30.

[4] Oriental Proverbs, No. 103.

[5] Ibid. No. 104.

[6] Ibid. No. 105.

[7] Oriental Proverbs, No. 106.

[8] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 107.

[9] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 108.

[10] Ibid. 109.

[11] Oriental Proverbs, No. 110.

[12] Oriental Proverbs, No. 111.

[13] Ibid. No. 112.

[14] Oriental Proverbs, No. 113.

[15] Oriental Proverbs, No. 114.

[16] Ibid. No. 115.

[17] Ibid. No. 116.

[18] Ward, on the Religion of the Hindoos.

[19] Oriental Proverbs, No. 49.

[20] See the sketch entitled “The Spring-bow,” Vol. ii. p. 73.

[21] Oriental Proverbs, No. 117.

[22] Oriental Proverbs, No. 118.

[23] Ibid. No. 119.

[24] Vide Appendix, No. 31.

[25] Oriental Proverbs, No. 120.

[26] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 121.

[27] Oriental Proverbs, No. 122.

[28] Appendix, No. 32.

[29] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 123.

[30] Oriental Proverbs, No. 124.

[31] Oriental Proverbs, No. 125.

[32] Oriental Proverbs, No. 126.

[33] Oriental Proverbs, No. 127.

[34] Ibid. No. 128.

[35] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 129.

[36] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 130.

[37] A terrace to sit and converse on.

[38] Appendix, No. 33.

[39] Appendix, No. 34.

[40] See the two leaves of this bulb in the foreground of the portrait of the Bushwoman.

[41] Oriental Proverbs and Sayings, No. 131.

[42] Ibid. No. 132.

[43] Ibid. No. 133.

[44] Oriental Proverbs, No. 134.

[45] Oriental Proverbs, No. 135.

[46] Oriental Proverbs, No. 136.

[47] Oriental Proverbs, No. 137.

[48] See the Plate entitled “Kalsās,” Fig. 3.

[49] Oriental Proverbs, No. 138.

[50] Oriental Proverbs, No. 139.

[51] Oriental Proverbs, No. 140.

[52] Oriental Proverbs, No. 141.

[53] Oriental Proverbs, No. 142.

[54] Oriental Proverbs, No. 143.

[55] Classically _Mare_—therefore feminine.

[56] Written at St. Leonard’s-on-Sea.

[57] Oriental Proverbs, No. 144.

[58] Ibid. No. 145.

[59] Ibid. No. 146.

[60] Ibid. No. 147.

APPENDIX.

No. I.—_Copy of the inscription in the church of Tanworth, Warwickshire._—Vol. i. p. 58.

“Heu Pietas! heu prisca Fides!”

“Sacred to the memory of Andrew Lord Archer, Baron of Umberslade, who died April 25th, 1778, ætatis forty-one, and lies interred in the family vault beneath. He was the last male descendant of an ancient and honourable family that came over with William the Conqueror, and settled in the county of Warwick in the reign of King Henry the Second, from whom his ancestors obtained grants of land in the said county. He married Sarah, the daughter of James West, Esquire, of Alscot, by whom he has left four daughters.

“To perpetuate his fair fame this monument is erected by her who knew and loved his virtues.”

In the Peerage of England by Arthur Collins, Esq., vol. vii. p. 359, 4th edition, is the following account:—

“This family, one of the most ancient in Warwickshire, came out of Normandy, where some of the name, bearing the same arms, are yet existing. In Stow’s Annals, printed in 1615, is a list taken from a table anciently in Battle Abbey, of those who came into England with William Duke of Normandy, in which the name of Archer is inserted; also in an ancient roll, cited by Stow, of the names of the chief noblemen, &c. who, in 1066, accompanied William the Conqueror into England, collected by Thomas Scriven, Esq., the name of Archer occurs.”

Edward Gwynn, Esq., a learned antiquary in the reign of King James the First, demonstrates very clearly, that Fulbert l’Archer, with his son Robert, came into England with William the Conqueror; and that the said Fulbert was in England, and of eminent degree, is apparent, by his being witness to several concessions of Geffery de Clinton, a Norman, who was treasurer and lord chamberlain to King Henry the First, and founder of the monastery of Kenilworth in Warwickshire.

Mr. Gwynn in his dissertation further recites, that Robert l’Archer also accompanied his father Fulbert into England with William the Conqueror; and was in such estimation for his learning, that the said king appointed him to instruct his son, King Henry the First (then prince), who, to his tutor’s credit, was (as Gemmeticencis saith) “Justitiæ ac pacis sectator, religionis amator, iniquorum, et furum ferventissimus punitor, inimicorum suorum, non solum excellentium Principum, et Comitum, verum et nominatissimorum Regum fælicissimus Triumphator.” How well he deserved the respect and esteem of the said prince, and how well he was rewarded by him, when he came to be king, the following grant fully manifests: “_Henricus, Dei Gratia, &c. Sciatis Nos dedisse et concessisse, Roberto l’Archer, magistro meo, et hæred. suis, &c. Manor de Aldermanson, Fynchampsted, Coletrope, Speresholt, Chewlewe, &c. in com. Berks._” Which manors and lands thereunto belonging King Henry II. confirmed to William l’Archer, his son. King Henry I.’s estimation of the said Robert l’Archer, and the account he made of his service, may be conceived in vouchsafing to call him his master, also by his liberal donations to him.

No. II.—_To freeze ice cream in an English freezing pail, enough for a large party._

The freezing pail should always be of pewter,—those from England are the best. The natives make them of a composition that answers well, but it is necessary to be careful in this respect, lest, having a portion of lead in them, the ice should be rendered poisonous from the effect of the lime-juice. The lid of the freezing pail ought to be made with a catch to prevent its coming off when the pail is turned round by the hand in the bucket of ice. The freezing pail should be of pewter, because it prevents the contents of the vessel from congealing too quickly, and there is time to mix them thoroughly; for on this, in a great measure, depends the excellence of the ice: if it be made of tin, the congelation is too rapid, and the materials have not time enough to allow of their being well mixed.

When an article is iced, it does not lose its sweetness; no additional sugar or syrup is requisite; the loss of sweetness arises from the materials not being properly mixed or worked with a bamboo or spaddle when in the freezing pail. The natives do not open the freezing pail and stir the mixture with a spaddle; on the contrary, they fasten the lid down securely by putting paste all round the edges: consequently, their cream ice is as hard as real ice itself. Properly stirred it resembles hard snow, after the fashion of the Parisian ice cream.

No. III.—_Strawberry or raspberry ice cream._

Cream three-fourths, fresh milk one-fourth, five large table-spoonfuls of jam; two ditto of fresh lime-juice, one ditto of colouring mixture. If you find it not sweet enough, add a little syrup or melted sugar, not pounded sugar. Beat the cream, milk, and jam through a hair sieve, and mix them well; add the lime-juice and the colouring mixture; stir it well, and put it into the freezing pail. The pail holds about two quarts. Take a deep ice basket, lay a bazār blanket inside, place within it a clean dry bucket, put the freezing pot into the bucket.

No. IV.—_Freezing mixture._

Half _ser nowshādar_ (sal ammoniac), one _ser_ common salt, one _ser_ saltpetre, with eight or ten _ser_ of ice. The saltpetre and salt should be previously roughly pounded. Mix the whole of this together quickly in a blanket; put the mixture into the bucket until it is nearly up to the top and all round the freezing pail; turn the freezing pail round and round in the mixture, holding it by the handle for ten minutes, then leave it for a quarter of an hour, cover the top with ice; cover up all inside with the blanket, and put on the cover of the ice basket; do not let it stand near a _tattī_. In the course of ten minutes or a quarter of an hour, open the freezing pail, stir the cream round with a long wooden spoon, or a bit of bamboo, cut flat, or a spaddle. You will find it has congealed on the sides, but not in the centre; remove the spoon, put on the lid, turn the pail round for a short time, and cover it up again; this must be repeated until the cream is properly frozen, when it is fit for use. Should the cream not have frozen properly, the freezing mixture, if any remain over, or more ice, may be put into the bucket. In about an hour, or a little more, the cream ice will be ready. It should not be made until just before it is required for use.

Cream ices may be made with strawberry, raspberry, or any other jam in the above manner. The jam imported from France is finer and more reasonable than that sent from England.

No. V.—_To freeze two quarts of strawberry cream in a native kulfī._

The khānsāmāns make ice in a pewter vessel, called a _kulfī_; it contains a quart, and ought to have a removable lid. The bottom of the _kulfī_ should be a fixture. For two _kulfīs_ of this size take eight _chhattaks_ of saltpetre, eight ditto salt, four ditto _nowshādar_ (sal ammoniac); mix them together, having first pounded them separately. Mix these ingredients with ice sufficient to fill an earthenware pan, that with a broad mouth will hold two _kulfīs_ standing erect in it. Having put your _kulfīs_ in the jar, surround them with ice nearly to the rim; put the remainder of the ice into a napkin, and lay it over the top of the _kulfīs_; then cover over the whole with an earthenware cover. Open the _kulfīs_ in a quarter of an hour, and stir the cream with a flat bamboo, which is a better thing than a spoon for the purpose; cover them up; open again in another quarter of an hour, stir, and leave them for four hours; no fresh ice need be added.

For one _kulfī_ half the quantity of the mixture, and a smaller earthenware pan.

To keep the whole from the effect of the air and the _tattī_, it is better to place a bazār blanket in an ice-basket, then put in the earthenware pan, and having done all as above directed, cover the whole up with the blanket, and put on the cover of the ice-basket. (See Ice-pits, Vol. i. pp. 76-84.)

Nos. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.—See G. A. Jarrin’s Italian Confectioner, pp. 123-133. Also p. 229, _for colouring ice with cochineal_, _i.e._ kirmīz i farangī.

No. XI.—_To lacquer boxes._—Vol. i. p. 113.

Make your coloured wax of the best, clearest, and picked Chuppra _lakh_, only adding the colour necessary; whilst the box is on the lathe, having put a bit or two of lighted charcoal under it, turn the lathe, press the wax upon the box, the wax will come off and lacquer it; polish and smooth it with the dried leaf of the _ālū_.

No. XII.—_Karand patthar, corundum stone, or adamantine spar._—Vol. i. p. 114.

The cheapness and abundance of emery in Europe, and its being nearly equal to corundum in hardness, have, perhaps, prevented the Indian corundum from being brought home; but there appears every probability that the substance which has been lately sold at a high price in small quantities, under the name of _diamond powder_, said to be from the _diamond_ mines of India, and applied to the purpose of sharpening razors and other cutlery, is nothing else than corundum reduced to a fine powder. The common _karand patthar_ of India, the corundum or adamantine spar, so named from its hardness, will cut and polish all stones except the diamond. By the natives it is used with oil for removing rust from steel, after which the steel is re-polished with buffalo horn and a semicircular steel instrument.

No. XIII.—_Indian method of washing the hair._—Vol. i. p. 136.

A quarter of a _ser_ of _basun_, the yolks of two large eggs (no whites), the juice of two or three limes; mix the whole in a basin with cold water, add some hot water, strain it through a towel. Rub it well into the roots of the hair, and wash it out by pouring warm water over the head, until the hair is perfectly clean. The operation is most agreeably performed in a _hummām_. In a bathing-room it is necessary to have ready prepared six _kedgerī_ pots of boiling water, which can be mixed afterwards with cold. Having thoroughly dried the hair, put a small quantity of oil upon it. Use no soap. _Basun_ is the pounded and sifted meal of _gram_, i.e. _chanā_.

No. XIV.—Take seven _gelās_ (seed of mimosa scandens), break and put the kernels into a _chhattak_ of water for a night; pound them, and strain through muslin; add the juice of four or five limes, and the yolks of two or three eggs; wash the hair with the mixture.

No. XV.—_Ink for taking impressions off Hindūstanī seals._—Vol. i. p. 142.

Lampblack, one _paisā_, _gond_, (i.e. gum of the babūl, or gum Arabic,) two _chhattaks_. Having ground both, dry the whole on a plantain leaf. Mix two _paisā_ of water with one of the mixture; boil, and strain it for use. If not good add one grain of salt. Lampblack made in unglazed pans is better than any other. The ink should be put on the seal with the point of the finger. It should be very black, and thick; but put on very thinly. The paper to be wetted with water on a bit of muslin, and just patted down before the seal is pressed on the spot. If the paper come off on the seal the former is not damp enough. Use thick Chinese paper, or common writing paper.

No. XVI.—_To recover the ink of faded writing._—Vol. i. pp. 175, 176.

Fill up one quarter of a pint bottle with pounded gall nuts, add spirits of wine or gin to fill the bottle. Put the letter in a plate, and cover it with the mixture; after a short time the writing will become visible.

No. XVII.—Vol. i. p. 114.

Because a woman is a _she-wālā_ (_wālā_, a fellow).

No. XVIII.—_Treatment of cholera._—Vol. i. p. 203.

Our medical adviser said, he considered the best treatment was, “to give forty _measured_ drops of laudanum in a glassful of brandy and water every time the bowels are moved, which is preferable to giving a greater quantity, as that would produce drowsiness. You give opium to abate pain and stop the sickness, not to dull the senses, which are too dull already. After the first few evacuations, all that follow are like pipeclay and water,—one of the signs of cholera.”

Spirits of hartshorn in water we found very beneficial to the natives. Colonel Gardner said, “Half a wine glass of the juice of onions, rubbed up with ginger, red and black pepper, and garlic, I have seen administered in desperate cases of cholera with great success.”

No. XIX.—_To prepare skeleton peepul leaves._—Vol. i. p. 218.

Put a quantity of the fresh and finest leaves of the peepul into a pan, containing two or three quarts of water. Leave the pan in some distant part of the garden until the water wastes away, and the green of the leaves is corrupt. In ten days’ time take up a leaf, and if the green comes off, leaving the fibres perfect, it is time to remove the leaves; but if any of the green still adhere, replace the leaf, and let the whole remain in the dirty water for another ten days; after which take them out, wash them with pure water, and with a _soft_ toothbrush gently brush off any part of the green that may still adhere to the fibres. Leave them in clean water for some days, and brush them daily, very gently, separately, and carefully, until the skeleton is quite perfect. If not of a good colour bleach them by exposure to the sun, and pour water over them now and then during the exposure.

No. XX.—_To copy drawings with talk_—i.e. talc.—Vol. i. p. 219.

First make your lampblack in this manner: Put a cotton wick into an earthen saucer, such as are put under flower-pots, put common oil into the saucer, light the wick, and place over it another earthen saucer, so that the flame may blacken it; in a few hours a quantity of lampblack will collect on the upper saucer, which is of the very best sort. Mix a little of this lampblack with fine linseed oil, dip your pen into it, and trace on the _talk_ with it, having first put your _talk_ over the drawing you wish to copy. When you take off the _talk_, if you put white paper beneath it, you will see if any part require to be darkened: touch the distances lightly, and the foregrounds strongly. Be careful not to put too much oil with the lampblack, or it will run, and spoil the drawing. Having finished your tracing, damp a piece of China paper with a sponge, put it on the _talk_ while it is _very damp_, take care not to stir it, put another piece of paper over it, and pass your hand steadily over all, when the impression will come off good and clear. Patterns for work may be copied in this manner: of course every thing is reversed. Ivory black will not answer.

No. XXI.—_To take off the impression from leaves and flowers._—Vol. i. p. 219.

Make your lampblack as above directed. Make two balls, about the size of your fist, with wool and wash-leather; put a bit of stick into the centre of each, to serve as a handle, and tie the leather tight upon it; flatten it to the shape of a printer’s ball; the top of a white leather long glove will do, or chamois leather. With a spatula mix some lampblack with a little linseed oil, put it on the balls, rub both balls together until it is all smooth and even, put a freshly-gathered leaf between the balls, pat the leaf on both sides, put it between two sheets of paper, rub your finger carefully over the leaf; take up the paper, and you will have two beautiful impressions. Stalks and flowers may be done in the same way, and corrected with a pen and some of the oil and lampblack. The Chinese books sold in the _burā bazār_, Calcutta, are excellent for this purpose.

No. XXII.—_To arrange a turban._—Vol. i. p. 234.

The turban should be of fine India muslin, twenty-one yards in length, by fourteen inches and a half in breadth. Take one end, put it over your head, allowing a quarter of a yard to hang down your back; twist the muslin in front of your forehead, so that it may form a sort of skull cap on the top of your head; after which, begin to bind the turban round your head, and go on, until, in fanciful bands, you have used up the whole. Take the little end hanging down your back, turn it up, and stick it under one of the folds. This turban, when properly put on, is not at all large. Should it not set out enough, you must first bind a smaller and coarser turban around your head, and put the fine one over it. A Benares gold turban, or a Bengal muslin, spotted in gold, should be worn over a turban of this sort; they are too flimsy to set properly of their own accord. A long fine Cashmere shawl forms into a beautiful turban.

_Another method._—Turbans are more generally put on in this manner than in the preceding: Take the middle of the cloth, put it over the front of the head, and pass the two ends behind. Take one end, and pass it round and round your head until it is all used up; after which take the other end, and pass it round in some different fashion; when you have used it all up it ought to set properly.

Almost all turbans are thus put on, with the exception of stiff turbans, which are made over a bamboo frame; they are formal, and want the graceful and fanciful ease of a turban formed of a strip of muslin hastily thrown around the head.

Some are formed on a light wicker frame; others, made up by regular turban makers in the bazār, are formed on blocks, and the muslin is plaited and put on in a very exact and regular style. Some turbans appear as if formed of coloured rope, so tightly do they twist the muslin into a cord ere it is wound round the head.

No. XXIII.—_The Coles, the Bheels, the Gonds, the Khonds, &c._—Vol. i. p. 236.

AN EXTRACT FROM “THE TIMES,” NOV. 23, 1847.

“Our readers are aware that the Hindoos are not the aboriginal inhabitants of India. Arriving from the north-west, they first occupied that moiety of the peninsula to the north of the Nerbudda called emphatically Hindostan, and subsequently crossed that river into the Deccan, or ‘south’ portion of the country, where they dispossessed the natives as before. There are reasons for concluding that this expulsion of the early inhabitants by the Brahminical Hindoos was characterized by great ferocity on the part of the invaders. The inferior tribes, however, were by no means exterminated. Under the various denominations of Bheels, Coles, Gonds, Khonds, &c., they still exist in the peninsula, to the number, it is computed, of at the least two or three millions. Whether they are branches of the same family or not appears hardly ascertained, but they all possess features in common, and are altogether distinct, not only from the Hindoo, but also from the Thibetan varieties of native tribes near the Himalayan range. They are small, dark, and active, with a peculiarly quick and restless eye, highly barbarous, and owning only a few importations of Hindoo superstitions or civilization. They have little clothing, few arms but bows and arrows, and no ordinary food beyond berries or game. They have no repugnance to killing or eating oxen, and bury their dead instead of burning them. Their religious rites involve much greater barbarism than the Brahminical precepts; indeed, it is alleged by the advocates of Hindoo excellence that the most objectionable practices attributed to the disciples of Brahma have either been imported from these tribes at a late period, or erroneously related by writers who confused the identity of the nations. This is said to have been particularly the case with human sacrifices, which had no place in the original code of the Vedas, while they were so inveterately established among these older tribes, that the disturbances of the present day have actually originated in the defence of the rite. The main retreat of these people from the persecution of the invaders was in the hills, which, under the names of the Vindhya and Santpoora ranges, rise on each bank of the Nerbudda, and form the barrier between the Deccan and Hindostan. At the eastern extremity these hills expand into a lofty mountain rampart on the confines of Orissa and Berar, forming, with the contiguous districts, the most barbarous and unreclaimed portion of the whole peninsula. Much of it, in fact, is unexplored to this day, as may be seen by a glance, in any map, along the western frontier of Orissa. Such are the actors, and such the scene of the present disturbances. A few words more will explain their origin and character.

“The eastern coast of India between the Delta of the Ganges and the mouths of the Kistna came into our possession by successive instalments. In 1765 the sagacity of Lord Clive demanded, and his power obtained, the cession of that maritime province known by the name of the Northern Circars, previously attached to the Government of the Deccan, but readily and cheaply yielded by the emperor to the request of the victorious general. This carried the Madras presidency along the coast nearly up to the confines of Bengal; the sole interruptions to a continuity of English territory being the Southern Sircar of Guntoor at the lower end, still depending on the Deccan, and the province of Cuttack at the upper, claimed by the Mahratta Prince of Berar. The former, after considerable turmoil on both sides, was surrendered by Nizam Ali in 1788, and the latter by Bhonslay at the end of the first great Mahratta war of 1803. The contiguous districts, forming part of the ceded territories, were restored by the policy of Sir G. Barlow, and did not finally return to us till the conclusion of the war of 1818, when the inveterate hostility of Apa Saheb was punished by the demand of these peculiar territories on the Nerbudda, solely valuable as opening a communication between Bengal and Bombay. We found the eastern country in the hands of petty Rajahs of ancient standing, and some consideration amongst their subjects, though they were not of the aboriginal race, but individual families (apparently Rajpoots) of the invading nation who had contrived to establish themselves in hereditary power amongst the savages. As long as we were content to allow these people their ancient licence, to accept a small uncertain subsidy by way of rent, and leave them to their own privileges and habits, things went well enough; but as soon as the more scrupulous civilization of later times introduced or attempted reforms, disturbances at once ensued. A settlement of a fixed, though not extortionate, rent was imposed upon the Rajahs, and when this fell seriously in arrear they were dispossessed. Police were introduced in some of the villages, and civil courts established. The consequences were speedily visible. In 1816 the Goomsoor people rose in arms to demand an ejected Rajah; and though a force of 3000 men in the country repressed these outbreaks, yet they could not be prevented from aiding a similar insurrection in Cuttack immediately afterwards, nor was peace entirely restored for three long years, and then only after some conciliatory abolitions of the obnoxious institutions.

“In the present case the rebellion (in Goomsoor) is based on our interference with their Meriah sacrifices, in observance of which rite they store, fatten, butcher, and dissect some hundreds of children annually, distributing the fragments, as a propitiatory offer to the local Ceres, over the surface of their fields, and the old cry for their indulgent Rajahs is again raised. The Khonds—the precise tribe who gave us so much trouble in 1816—are again the chief insurgents, though common cause is eagerly made by all their neighbours. Their method of fighting is to lurk in their tangled thickets and shoot their arrows from the ambuscade. Recently, too, they exchanged a herd of bullocks which they captured, for some fire-arms, and they are said now to possess some 700 or 800 matchlocks. This, of course, does not make them less noxious, but their offensive warfare forms but a small part of the dangers of the campaign. The tracts about which they roam are, beyond all comparison, the most pestilential in India. The air of Shikarpoor is bracing and salubrious compared with the atmosphere of these territories. The malaria of their jungles is almost certain death, and a bivouac in the bush will cause far more havoc in an invading force than a battery of cannon. In addition to this, beasts of prey swarm in every cave and forest, numerous and ravenous enough to give a clean account of all stragglers. The ordinary briefness of an Indian campaign is here so far circumscribed, that there are very few weeks in the year when an inroad would even be attempted, and at this moment not 200 men of the regiment employed there are fit for duty.

“The Khonds are in nowise disaffected to us, nationally. On the contrary, when Sir G. Barlow surrendered their country again to Berao, against our compact and their entreaties, he was forced in decency to offer a home in Cuttack to those who chose still to live under English rule, and the struggle between the latter wish and the reluctance to quit their birthplaces produced some very tragical scenes. Towards the west, too, the Bheels are enrolled in local corps in the Company’s service, and conduct themselves with very great credit. The only rebellion is that of a hardy, barbarous, and inaccessible race, against masters whose supremacy they gladly own, but whose civilization they are averse to borrowing.”

No. XXIV.—_Bengal coins._—Vol. i. p. 273.

4 kaurīs = 1 gunda. 20 gundas = 1 pun. 4 puns = 1 ānā. 4 ānās = 1 kāhan, 1280 kaurīs, or about one quarter of a rupī.

Kaurīs, small white glossy shells, are made use of for small payments in the bazār. They rise and fall according to the demand there is for them, and the quantity in the market.

Accounts are kept in rupīs, with their subdivisions.

3 pie = 1 pāisa. 4 pāisa = 1 ānā. 16 ānās = 1 rupī. 16 rupīs = 1 gold muhr. 100,000 ” = 1 lākh. 100 lākh = 1 karor, or 100,000,000 rupīs.

No. XXV.—_Easy method of preserving small birds._—Vol. i. p. 289.

Birds to the size of a pigeon may be preserved from putrefaction by an easy process, and by a method which will effectually guard them against the attacks of insects. Carefully remove the abdominal viscera at the vent, by means of a wire bent to a hook at one end; then introduce a small piece of the antiseptic paste, and afterwards as much clipped cotton or tow as may be thought sufficient, with some of the paste mixed with it; remove the eyes and fill the orbits with cotton imbued with the paste; draw out the tongue, which remove, and pass a wire from the mouth into the cavity of the cranium, merely to give the antiseptic access to the brain; bind a piece of thread round the rostrum, another piece round the body and wings; then hang it up by the legs, and pour in at the vent from half an ounce to two ounces, according to the size of the bird, of alcohol; let it be hung in an airy situation, and it will soon dry without any unpleasant smell.

No. XXVI.—_Antiseptic paste._

Antiseptic paste is made by mixing eight parts of finely-powdered white arsenic, four parts of Spanish soap, three parts of camphor pulverized in a mortar, with a few drops of alcohol, and one part of soft soap. If it become too dry add a little spirits of wine.

No. XXVII.—_Arsenical soap._—Vol. i. p. 289.

Powdered arsenic one pound, white Marseilles soap one pound, powdered camphor three ounces; fine lime, in powder, three ounces; salt of tartar, six ounces; keep it corked in a jar. Melt the soap, and gradually mix the other ingredients. When required to be used, take a little out, mix it with water until it is of the consistence of thick cream; spread on the skin thinly with a brush. By using too much you render the skin brittle—put a little cotton wool on the part when done. Useful for the skins of quadrupeds, large birds, and also for insects, moths, and butterflies.

No. XXVIII.—_Dye for the moustache._—Vol. i. p. 319.

Mix one _ser_ of large _hurs_ (_hura_, ink-nut, myrobalan chebulic) with half a _pāisa_ weight of _ghī_, fry them until they are quite black and split, take them out and cover them over with red-hot charcoal ashes at night. Wipe them clean, and separate the pulp, which reduce to a subtile powder in an iron mortar; add to every _tolā_ of the above powder three-fourths of a _masha_ of _tūtiyā tā’ūsi_, and half a _masha_ of salt.

When you wish to dye your hair, take some of the powder, mix it with water so as to form an unctuous paste, and grind it very fine in an _iron_ mortar; apply it to the hair, and tie it up with fresh-gathered castor oil leaves. Should the hair not be dyed as required, wet the hair with water, as also the leaves, and tie it up again, as the dye will not have the desired effect if the hair be not kept moist with it. The mortar must be of iron, or the mixture will be spoiled.

Eight _rattīs_ (seed of abrus precatorius) make one _masha_, twelve and a half _mashas_ one _tolā_ or _sicca rupī_ weight.

No. XXIX.—_To dye the beard and moustache._—Vol. i. p. 320.

Boil four or five _anolas_ (myrobalan emblic, Lin.) for a short time in water, till they impart their colour to it. Grind up indigo leaves (_busmuh_) on a _sil_ (a rough slab of stone, with a stone roller), with the above decoction, and use the preparation as a dye, after having exposed it to the sun for a short time. This receipt was given me by Seyd Husain, an old _peshkār_ at Prāg.

No. XXX.—_Perfumed tobacco cakes._—Vol. ii. p. 8.

Tobacco, one _mŭn_, _gurh_ (thick sugar), one _mŭn_; _gulkand_ (_gūlabī_) conserve of roses, ten _sers_; _gulkand_ (_séo_), five _sers_; _paurī_, three _tolās_; musk, one _tolā_, amber, one ditto; _ugur_, _pāo bur_, i.e. a quarter of a _tolā_; _tugger_, one quarter of a _tolā_.

The tobacco and _gour_ to be mixed, and left in a _gharā_ for five days, the other ingredients to be then added, and the whole buried for ten days before use. One of the cakes is sufficient for a quart bottle of rose-water, into which it is to be broken; and in this state of solution it is sufficient to impregnate with its flavour a _mŭn_ of tobacco. This receipt was procured from one of the attendants on her Highness the Bāiza Bā’ī.

No. XXXI.—_Authorities quoted in the Work._—Vol. ii. p. 181.

“Moor’s Hindū Pantheon;” “Ward, On the Religion, &c., of the Hindoos;” “Wilford’s Dissertation on Egypt and the Nile;” “Asiatic Researches;” “Maurice’s Indian Antiquities;” “Frazer’s Tour through the Himalaya Mountains;” “Capt. J. A. Hodgson’s Survey of the Ganges and Jumna;” “Adam’s Roman Antiquities;” “Mishcat ul Masabih;” “Dow’s History of Hindostan;” “Tod’s Annals and Antiquities of Rajah’stan,” and “Travels in Western India;” “Herklot’s Qunoon-e-islam;” “Franklin’s Shah Alum,” and “Life of George Thomas;” “The Ku’rān;” “Ainslie’s Materia Medica;” “Louden’s Encyclopedia of Plants.”

No. XXXII.—_Extracts from “The History of Delhie, and adjacent Ruins;” a manuscript, by Colonel Franklin._—Vol. ii. p. 222.

“The tomb of Imām Mirmaun is a lofty building of red granite, close to the Kutb Minar. This saint is said to have lived in the reign of Altumush.”

“The mausoleum of the monarch Altumush is about four hundred yards south-west of the Kutb Minar. The walls are of granite, the tomb of plain marble, and there is no dome to the building.”

“Near this is an octagonal building, the tomb of Adam Khan, a Pathan nobleman, who was high in the confidence of Altumush.”

“The tomb of the saint Kutb-u-Dīn is of white marble, and a fine mosque of red granite adjoins it. The court of the mosque contains the tombs of the Emperor Bahadur Shah, who died in 1707, and the Emperor Alum Shah, deceased 1807; and also that of the last Emperor, Akbar Shah.”

“Connected with these tombs is a small marble mosque, built by Aurangzēb, the father of Bahadur Shah. The marble enclosure where the body of saint Kutb reposes was built by Ferocksher, who was assassinated by the Syuds of Burrah, in 1713. Zabtah Khan, father of the infamous Gholam Khadir Ali Bahadur, and a number of other nobles, with many of the royal family, are interred in the area. It is reported that three hundred thousand martyrs to the Muhammadan faith are buried in this vicinity; in the number must be included those who fell in the eight battles fought with Rājā Pittourah, by Kutb-u-Dīn Abeck.”

“Tuglukabad was built by the Patan Emperor, Yeas-u-Dīn Tugluk Shah, who died in 1324. The place is a mass of ruins; the palace was large and extensive; four massive bastions still remain. On a detached rock, connected with the palace by a causeway, is the tomb of Tugluk Shah; the rock is enclosed by a rampart of stone, with circular bastions. To the east of Tuglukabad few ruins are to be seen, but thence to beyond the Shalimar gardens, to the west, a distance of about twenty-five miles, the whole face of the country is one sheet of ruined palaces, gardens, streets, and tombs.”

“The Kutb Minar is about twelve miles south-east of Delhi, and half-way is the mausoleum of Munsoor Alī Khan Sufdar Jung, Wuzeer of the Emperor Ahmad Shah, who died 1753. It is a fine edifice raised on a terrace.”

“The tomb that contains the body of Sufdar Jung is on the ground-floor; the marble cenotaph is in the apartment above it. To the east the entrance is through a noble gateway, to the north of which is the mosque.

“About two hundred yards from this is the mausoleum of the great Byram Khan, _khān-khānān_ and guardian to Mahomed Akbar. The colours of the enamel of the inside of the dome over Secunder Shah, one of the Pathan dynasty, deceased 1275, are as fresh as ever. This mausoleum is a very fine one; it lies about half a mile north-west of Sufdar Jung’s.”

“The tomb of the saint Nizam-u-Dīn, who lived in the reign of Secunder Shah, lies about half a mile east-south-east of Humaioon’s; and adjoining is the tomb of the Princess Jahānārā, as well as that of the Emperor Mahomed Shah, deceased 1748. Here also is the tomb of the famous poet Chusero, who flourished 1280; it is of red granite, small and plain. A Persian nobleman, Tuckee Khan, here lies interred; as also his son, Azim Khan. They attended Humaioon on his return from Persia. Azim Khan’s tomb in the centre of the building is surrounded by others of his family. From the tomb of Nizam-u-Deen two roads lead to modern Delhi, the upper through the Pathan city, a heap of ruins; and the lower by the river-side, and Secunder Shah’s Fort, (1297,) which contains a superb mosque. West, are the ruins of the palace of Feroze Shah (1351).”

“The old _lall Darwaza_, or red gate of the Pathan city, is about four hundred yards east of the Delhi Gate of the modern city. It is lofty, and built of red granite.

“The palaces and mosques are numerous. The palace of Sultan Dara Sheko, eldest son of Shahjahan, is now the Magazine. The palace of the minister of the late Shah Alum is now the Residency. The palace of Ali Murdan Khan is near the Cashmere Gate; that of Sadut Khan is at the Cabul Gate; and in the Adjmeer street are the ruins of the palace of the Wuzeer of Mahomed Shah.

“Connected with the palace at Delhi by a stone bridge is the Fort of Selīm Garb, built on a rock in the river: it was formerly used as a prison for the Empress.

“Outside the Cashmere Gate, on the bank of the river, is the Koodsiya Bagh, built by Shahjahan; it is now in ruins. From this garden, and encircling the city, is Mogul Parrah, a most extensive town, now a mass of ruins. Outside the Ajmeer Gate is the tomb of Ghazi-o-dīn, and appertaining to it are the ruins of a college. On the opposite side of the road are the tombs of Kummeer-u-Dīn, his father and his daughter, which are worthy of a visit.

“About three miles from the city is the royal garden, named Toal ka Tourah. Of the famous garden of Shalimar, about ten miles from the city, on the road leading to Kurnaul, there are no remains.

“Near the tomb of Zeenut-al Nissa is that of Malaka Zemanī, one of the widows of the Emperor Mahomed Shah. She was implicated in the rebellion of Ghoolam Khadir. A small mosque of red granite is near the tomb.

“Leading out of a postern south of the Lahore Gate, is a mosque called the Kuddum Roosool, or foot of the Prophet, in memory of the Arabian prophet, ‘_Nubbee Kurreem_,’ Mahummud himself,—no other person has this appellation of ‘the Prophet of Beneficence.’” A number of tombs of men of rank are in the area, and on the outside: this is deemed a holy spot, and as sacred as Nizam-u-Dīn’s, or Kutb-u-Dīn’s.

“The Subzy Mundee, or vegetable market, is about three miles from the city on the road to Kurnaul, and beyond this, on both sides of the road, are the ruins of houses and gardens, reaching far beyond Shalimar: a number also lay on the west of Kudsīya Bagh, beyond the range of hills that rise about four miles west of the city, take a semicircular sweep, and extend in the shape of a semicircle to Tuglukabad east, forming an amphitheatre, the whole extent of which is covered with ruins.”

No. XXXIII.—Vol. ii. p. 311.

“Because it is a fellow-feeling for a fellow-creature.”

No. XXXIV.—Vol. ii. p. 333.

Mr. Greville, zoological artist, 85, New Bond Street, charges for specimens as follows:—A cock moonal, or blue pheasant, 5_l._; a hen do., 1_l._, a pair of the red Argus pheasants, 3_l._; a flying squirrel, 1_l._ 5_s._; a flying fox, 5_s._; a vulture, 2_l._ Although the price of birds for sale (not set up) is so high, he would give but little for them, and appeared to think 3_l._ for a pair of moonal pheasants, cock and hen, would be a very great sum. The charges for setting up are extra.

Mr. Drew, a bird-stuffer at Plymouth, charged for setting up birds as follows:—A pair of eagles, 1_l._; one pair of pheasants, 10_s._; one pair, ditto, smaller, 7_s._; one brace of birds, still smaller, 5_s._; one pair of humming birds, 4_s._

INDEX.

A.

Aboo, tomb of, vol. ii. 223.

Abrus precatorius, i. 315.

Acacia Arabica, i. 221; ii. 74.

Achibut chamber, i. 213.

⸺, sacred, i. 214.

Adansonia digitata, i. 116-118, 225.

Æschynomene grandiflora, i. 316.

⸺ paludosa, i. 286.

Āghā Meer, i. 165.

Agra, great gun at, i. 276.

Akbar Shāh, tomb of, at Secundra, i. 374.

Albatross, i. 8, 9; ii. 354.

Ali Merdan Khan, palace of, ii. 218.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, his canal of paradise, ii. 194.

Allahabad, arrival at, i. 71.

⸺, residence at, i. 77.

⸺, sātī at, i. 91.

⸺, temple of Bhawānī at, i. 95.

⸺, pillar in the fort at, i. 309; ii. 295, 468.

⸺, city of, i. 309.

⸺, garden, caravan-sarā’e, and great well at, ii. 465-467.

Alligarh, fortress of, ii. 187.

Alligators, tame, ii. 88.

⸺ in their own wildernesses, i. 328.

Alms, necessity of giving, i. 465, 466.

Amaranthus Gangeticus, i. 314, 315.

⸺ Tricolor, i. 314.

Amazonian Mahratta lady, ii. 54, 55.

Amherst, Lord, i. 58.

Andaman Islands, i. 18; ii. 476.

Anna, Purna-Devi, ii. 179.

Ants, strange notion of the Muhammadans respecting, i. 314.

⸺, white, i. 145, 146, 312, 313.

Arwarī fish, i. 393; ii. 182, 295.

Apathy of the natives, i. 296.

Appa Sāhib, his six wives, ii. 9.

Archer, Lord, i. 58.

Architect of the gods, ii. 64.

Arrak, i. 147, 148.

Arrows, poisoned, ii. 73-76, 366.

⸺, whistling, i. 235.

⸺ of the Coles, i. 236.

⸺, Persian and Arabian, ii. 41.

Artocarpus integrifolia, i. 233.

Arzumund Bānū, account of, i. 350, 351.

Asclepias gigantea, i. 275.

⸺ rosea, i. 311.

Asiatic Society of Calcutta, ii. 105.

Asoca, a shrub sacred to Mahadēo, ii. 175.

Assam leaf insect, ii. 104.

Auckland, Lord, arrival of, at Allahabad, ii. 137.

⸺, Lord, and the Misses Eden visit the ex-Queen of Gwalior, ii. 137, 138.

Avatars, the ten, ii. 153-168.

Ayha, revenge of an, i. 137.

⸺ and durwān, i. 142, 143.

B.

Baboo Ramohun Roy, i. 29.

Bāghmars, tiger-killers, ii. 130-133.

Bāgh-sira, i. 290.

Bāiza Bā’ī, her Highness the, ii. 2-9, 22, 32-39, 43-52, 54-56, 61-63, 109-113, 116-118, 135-138, 291-293, 296, 342-344, 465.

Balaiyā lenā, ceremony of, ii. 110.

Bandarponch, the mountain, ii. 265-269.

Banglā of the pilgrim, view from the, ii. 237.

Barāh or Varāha, the third avatar, ii. 156.

Barkandāz, i. 67, 135, 299.

Barrackpūr, i. 38; ii. 101.

Basil.—_See_ Tulsī.

Bassia longifolia, i. 122.

Baths, steam, i. 86, 100, 368, 419.

Bauhinia scandens, ii. 77, 78.

Bazār, Barā, i. 57.

Beauty, female, notions of, entertained by the natives of India, i. 385.

Beetle-wings used in embroidery, i. 67.

Beggars, river, ii. 102.

Ben Oge, ii. 244.

Benares, i. 66-68; ii. 61, 435, 470.

Bengālī woman, i. 60; ii. 97.

Berhampūr, ii. 98, 99.

Bhadráj, expedition to the summit of, ii. 248.

Bhadrināth, great peak of, ii. 260, 261.

⸺, town and temple of, ii. 262, 263.

Bhagwān, or Bhawānī, the goddess, ii. 450.

⸺, temple of, ii. 449.

⸺, a form of Dūrgā, ii. 179.

⸺, temple in Alopee Bagh, i. 95, 96.

Bhardoajmun, temples of, i. 216.

Bhoodder Ram, the dwarf, i. 224.

Bhora, a lucky mark, ii. 9.

Bhŭgŭvŭtēē, the cow, a form of Dūrgā, ii. 174.

Bhurtpore, i. 55.

Bihishtī, i. 299.

Biloa, or Malura, a shrub, ii. 175.

Bird-catchers, i. 338.

⸺, Chiri-mārs, peculiar method of snaring their game, ii. 278.

Birds, worshipped by the Hindūs, ii. 328.

⸺, springes for, i. 338.

⸺, Indian, ii. 232, 234.

Blundell, Major, death of, ii. 235.

Board of works, i. 111-114.

Bojesmāns, ii. 360, 362.

Bombax ceiba, i. 341.

Booteah Chharrā, used as shot, ii. 255.

⸺, probable origin of, ii. 255, 256.

Borassus flabelliformis, ii. 69.

Bore, the, ii. 391.

Boundaries, how determined in the Hills, ii. 275.

Bow, charmed, i. 237.

⸺, pellet, i. 236, 237, 312.

⸺ of the Coles, i. 236.

⸺, a, reversed, i. 297.

⸺ of the Hill-men, ii. 76, 77.

⸺, the spring, ii. 73.

Bower, of the pilgrim, i. 310-312.

Bracelet-bound brother and sister, ii. 117, 118.

Brahma, the creator, ii. 149-151.

⸺, the first personage of the Hindū triad, ii. 149.

Brahmanī bull, i. 66; ii. 427.

⸺ ducks (anas cæsarca), i. 341; ii. 80, 417.

Brahmanical thread, i. 304, 305.

Bricks, ancient, ii. 88.

Britons, ancient, resemblance between them and the Hindūs, i. 218; ii. 259.

Brŭmhū, or Brahm, the one god without a second, ii. 148, 149.

Buddha, history of, the ninth avatar, ii. 162-168.

Buffaloes, curious manner of crossing rivers, i. 161.

Bulliah, the fair at, ii. 67, 413.

Bunce, little Jack, i. 118, 222.

Būndelā, children, sale of, ii. 294, 295.

Bungalow, or banglā, i. 137.

Burāt, the day of, i. 437-446.

Burtreenath, the god, his residence, ii. 61.

Butea frondosa, i. 309.

⸺ superba, i. 310.

Buxar, the stud at, ii. 67.

By’ā birds, i. 220, 221; ii. 74.

Byragies, i. 256.

C.

Cachnár, ii. 77, 78.

Cairipūr, ruins of an ancient fort near, i. 38.

Calcutta, i. 20, 21.

Camel, how to dress a, ii. 36.

⸺, curious method of stealing a, ii. 192.

⸺ battery, Major Pew’s, ii. 299, 300.

⸺ camelus bactrianus, i. 224.

Cape hen, battle of one with a terrier, i. 10.

Carāites, hymn of the, i. 269, 270.

Carnicobar, i. 14-18.

Casowtee stone, ii. 88, 89.

Cassia fistula, i. 317.

Cawnpore, i. 121.

Chak-chakkī wālās, i. 299.

Chakwā.—_See_ Brahmanī Ducks.

Champa, i. 274.

Chandar-nagar, ii. 100.

Chāotree, i. 447.

Chapel at Pennycross, ii. 341.

Chārpāī, description of, i. 387.

Chaunrīs, i. 239.

Cheetā hunting, i. 398, 399.

Chinsurah, ii. 100.

Chiraghdanīs, ii. 62.

Chitpore, corn-mills at, ii. 101.

Cholera, dread of, entertained by the natives, ii. 253.

⸺, insanity cured by the fear of, i. 202.

⸺, remarkable method of frightening it away, i. 281.

Chounsah, its murda-ghāt, or place for burning the dead, ii. 66, 67.

Chowringhee, i. 20.

Christians, native, i. 175; ii. 293-295, 288.

Christmas, presents at, i. 120, 171.

Churīs, or bracelets, i. 388; ii. 308.

Chŭrŭk Pūja, i. 26-28.

Cicalas, ii. 236, 237.

Cintra oranges, ii. 99.

Cloud-end, ii. 231.

Cocky-olli bird purchased by the pilgrim, ii. 142.

Coins, Assam, ii. 14, 15.

⸺, ancient, found at Kannouj, ii. 29, 30.

⸺ ⸺, of Secunder-al-Sānī, i. 133.

⸺, Putlī, ii. 55, 56.

⸺ ⸺, conjectured to be Venetian, ii. 55.

Coles, the bow and quiver of the, i. 236.

⸺, war hatchet of the, ib.

Colgong, rocks of, ii. 71, 72.

Combermere, Lord, i. 75.

Commission, curious, given to the pilgrim by the Bāiza Bā’ī, ii. 291, 292.

Constantia wine, why so expensive, ii. 312.

Conway, inscription on a tombstone in the church of, ii. 336.

Coodseah Begam, garden of, ii. 218.

Cornwallis, Marquis, his tomb, ii. 65.

Coronation of the king of Oude, anniversary of the, i. 87-90.

Corpses, Hindū, horrible appearance of, in the river, i. 167.

Corruption of words by the natives, i. 278.

Cotton plant, i. 341.

⸺, Bourbon, ib.

⸺ tree, ib.

⸺ seed, i. 58.

Cow, the, a form of Dūrgā or Bhawānī, i. 157, 158.

⸺ tails, i. 238, 239.

Cows, manner of doing pūja to, i. 307.

Cross, the Southern, ii. 375.

Crossing the line, i. 5.

Crows, whimsical mode of frightening, practised by the natives, i. 220.

Cummer-o’-deen, Cawn, palace of, ii. 218.

Curamnassa river, i. 65.

Cusu or kooshŭ grass, i. 307; ii. 425.

D.

Dākait, adventures of one at Gaur, ii. 82, 83.

Darah Shekoah, palace of, ii. 218.

Darzī, native tailor, i. 141.

Dasturī, what, i. 22.

Datura, species of, i. 148.

Dead, burning the, i. 167; ii. 424, 432.

Death, indifference of the Hindoos concerning, i. 331.

Debts, interest on, i. 37.

Deer, mouse, i. 40.

⸺, spotted, ib.

Delhi, first view of, very imposing, ii. 192, 193.

⸺, plan of the fort and palace of, ii. 193.

⸺, church at, ib.

⸺, the throne of the padshāh, i. 368.

Dēodar oil, ii. 253.

Devi, the goddess, an appellation applied particularly to Dūrga, ii. 177.

Devotee, Indian, singular vow of one, i. 227.

Dewālī, festival of the, i. 162.

Dewtas, or deotās, the mountain spirits of the Himalaya, ii. 268.

Dhrumsālā, description of a, i. 116.

Dhul Dhul, i. 298.

Dil-Kushā, park of, i. 181.

Diseases, native, method of transmitting through flowers, i. 223.

Dishes, ready dressed, i. 65.

Dispute, theological, between a Musalmān and a Hindū, ii. 287, 288.

Dividend, satisfactory, i. 273.

Dīwān-i-am, ii. 217.

Dīwān-i-khāss, ib.

Dolīs, for carrying women, ii. 227.

Domnī, i. 426, 427.

Dūb-grass, i. 232.

Ducks, wild, curious method of catching, i. 228.

Dŭkshina-rayŭ, the god, ii. 107.

Dūrga, the goddess, i. 34; ii. 178.

Dūrga-pūja, i. 34, 35.

Durwān, door-keeper, i. 142.

E.

Earthquake at Prāg, i. 222, 285.

⸺ in the Hills, ii. 240, 244, 248.

⸺ in Assam, ii. 132.

Eating the air, i. 140.

Eclipse of the moon, horror of the natives at, ii. 112.

Eed, festival of the, i. 353.

Egg, mundane, of the Hindoos, ii. 180.

Ektara, musical instrument so called, i. 251.

Elephant Minār, i. 407.

⸺ -fights, i. 176.

⸺, -swimming, an, i. 159; ii. 68.

Elephantiasis, i. 26.

Etmad-od-Doulah, tomb of, i. 372.

F.

Fakīr near Barrackpore, i. 38.

⸺ at Prāg, his cruel treatment by thieves, i. 306.

⸺’s rock at Janghira, ii. 71.

Fakīrs, their character of dishonesty, i. 64.

⸺, libertinism of, i. 258.

Famine at Kanauj, ii. 144, 145.

Fan palm, ii. 69.

Fane, Sir Henry, arrival of at Allahabad, ii. 60.

Fathīghar, ii. 1.

Fathīpoor Sicri, i. 401.

⸺ ⸺, pilgrimage of Akbar Shāh to, i. 402.

Fevers, Indian, i. 82, 83.

Ficus Indica, i. 214.

Fights, buffalo, i. 178.

⸺, elephant, i. 176.

⸺, horse and tiger, i. 178.

⸺, quail, i. 74, 75.

⸺, ram, i. 178.

⸺, rhinoceros, i. 177.

⸺, tiger, i. 178.

Fish, flying, i. 4; ii. 491.

⸺, order of the, i. 458, 459.

Foot of a Chinese lady, model of the, ii. 105.

Forgery, i. 145.

Fortune-tellers, precepts of Muhammad concerning, i. 282.

Fox, flying, i. 307.

France, Isle of, i. 138.

⸺ ⸺, visionary old man at, i. 139.

Frazer, murder of Mr. Wm., ii. 50, 51.

⸺, Wm. tomb of, at Delhi, ii. 193.

Frontispiece, description of the, i. 263-266.

Fulbertus Sagittarius, i. 59.

G.

Gaja Rājā Sāhib, ii. 3, 4, 6.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺ performs pūja at the shrine of Mahadēo, ii. 111.

Ganesh, history of, in the Introduction to Vol. I.

⸺, description of plate of, i. 263.

⸺ gigantic image of, on the banks of the Ganges, i. 68.

⸺, his battle with Parashu-Rāma, ii. 176.

Ganges, happiness of dying in sight of the, ii. 392.

Gangoutrī, Captain Hodgson’s description of, ii. 264, 265.

⸺, peak of, ii. 244.

Gardner, Colonel, i. 90, 181, 183, 229-231, 251, 408, 418, 420-428.

⸺ ⸺, death of, and of his begam, i. 458.

⸺ ⸺ and his begam, their tombs, ii. 185.

Garuda, the Man-Eagle, or Bird-God, _see_ Gŭroorŭ, ii. 174.

Gaur, the ruins of, ii. 84-87.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, Chambers’ description of, ii. 89-96.

Gazooddeen Cawn, madrasa, or college of, ii. 219, 220.

Ghāzīpūr, palace of the Nawāb of, ii. 65, 418.

Ghirgit, the, why held accursed by the Muhammedans, i. 300, 301.

Ghurī, description of the, i. 250.

Ghuznee, remains of the ancient city of, ii. 325, 326.

Gillespie, Gen., death of, ii. 242, 248.

Goat, balancing, i. 273.

Goats, Bengālī, i. 77.

⸺, Jumnapar, ib.

Goblin, address of a Hindū to a, ii. 12.

Gods, 330,000,000 in the Hindū Pantheon, ii. 147.

⸺, pedigree of the, ii. 148-181.

Gooltura, i. 317.

Goorz, Goorzmar, i. 465.

Gopalŭ, ii. 122.

Gopī Nat’hŭ, ib.

Gosain, detection of theft by a, i. 102, 103.

⸺, his temple, i. 104, 105.

Gosseina, i. 193, 194.

Gossypium herbaceum, i. 341.

Govinda, songs of, ii. 116, 117.

Gram-grinder, description of a, i. 232, 233.

Grass-cutter, i. 231.

Grasshoppers, enamelled, i. 275.

Great gun at Agra, account of the, i. 276-278.

Gumuki, i. 267.

Gunduc river, the rapidity of its stream, ii. 68.

Gūnth, or Hill pony, description and character of one, ii. 226.

Gŭroorŭ, the vahan of Vishnŭ, description of, ii. 328.

⸺ invoked by the Hindoos to obtain protection from snakes, ii. 328.

Gynee club, i. 251.

H.

Hæmanthus toxicaria, ii. 366.

Hanasa, the swan, the vahan of Brahma, ii. 174.

Hail, tremendous storm of, i. 291.

Hair, washing the, i. 136.

Hanging one’s self for spite, i. 249.

Harrow boys, i. 53.

Hastings, Lord, death of, i. 71.

Heat, prickly, i. 5.

Heber, Bishop, death of, i. 60.

Hebrew hymn, i. 270.

Hessing, Colonel, tomb of, i. 418.

Hibiscus cannabinus, i. 316.

⸺ Indica, ib.

⸺ longifolius, i. 315.

⸺ mutabilis, ib.

⸺ sabdariffa, i. 316.

Hill people, ii. 75-77.

Hills on fire, ii. 246.

Himalaya mountains, elevation of, ii. 260-270.

Hindostanī song, i. 133, 134.

Hindū triad, ii. 147.

Hindūs will neither make converts or be converted, ii. 288.

Hoogly river, ii. 102.

⸺ ⸺, introduction of steam boats on the, i. 32.

Hooqŭ cakes, ii. 8.

Horrors, bottle of, i. 243.

Horseradish tree, i. 314.

Horse, Skinner’s, i. 76.

Horses, lucky and unlucky marks on, ii. 9-11.

⸺, native, extremely vicious, ii. 279.

⸺, poisoning of, by the natives, i. 138.

Horses, stud of, marks on, i. 161.

House, pakka, what, i. 137.

Houses, Indian, style of, i. 21.

Hukāk, i. 113.

Humaioon, mausoleum of, at Delhi, ii. 197, 198.

Humming birds, i. 311.

Hŭnoomān, the Monkey-god, account of, i. 109.

⸺, temple of, i. 115.

⸺, his fiery tail, ii. 269.

Hurdwar, ii. 265.

Hyat-ool-Nissa Begam, the pilgrim’s visit to, ii. 213, 214.

Hymn, Hebrew, i. 270.

I. J.

Jagana’th, a form of Krishna, ii. 172.

⸺ made of the vertebra of an animal, i. 262.

⸺, temple of, ii. 381.

⸺, the idol, ii. 384.

⸺, the swing of, ii. 382.

⸺.—_See_ Krishna.

Jahānārā Begam, tomb of, i. 371, 372.

Jahāngīrī Mahul, i. 361.

Jama Khānas, i. 354.

Jamh O Deen Muhammad, visit from, i. 33.

Jampān, description of a, ii. 227.

Janao, or sacred thread, i. 304, 305; ii. 62.

Jasmine, double Arabian, i. 274.

Jasminum sambac pleno, ib.

Ice, consumption of American, i. 287.

⸺ pits at Allahabad, i. 78, 222.

Ichneumon, i. 314.

Idiot son of a Brahman, i. 225.

Jellinghy flat, vessel so called, ii. 105.

Jerrīpānī, ii. 236.

Jodh Bā’ī, tomb of, i. 407; ii. 465.

Illness, singular mode of getting rid of, believed in by the natives, i. 223.

⸺, feigned, punishment of, ii. 303.

Imām-Bārā, i. 179.

Imāms, leaders of the faithful, i. 293-295.

John Strong, the drummer, presents his wife to a comrade, and desires to contract a second matrimonial alliance, ii. 293.

Ipomæa quamoclit, i. 310.

⸺ speciosa, i. 311.

Ishk-pechā, i. 310.

Jumna, storm on the, ii. 53, 54.

Jumnotrī, peaks of, ii. 265.

Jungipūr, toll at, ii. 97.

Jŭtayoo, a bird worshipped by the Hindoos, ii. 328.

K.

Kadam-i-rasūl, history of the, ii. 86, 87.

Kadam Sharīf, footprints of the prophet, at Gaur, ii. 86.

Kafir warrior, ii. 369.

Kailās, the mountain, ii. 266.

Kaldung, the mountain, ii. 269.

Kalī, a name of Dūrga, ii. 178.

Kalī Mā’ī, temple of, at Kalī Ghāt, ii. 104.

Kalī Nadī river, ii. 28.

Kalkī, or the horse, the tenth and final avatar yet to come, ii. 168.

Kaloo-rayŭ, a form of Shivŭ, ii. 106, 107.

Kalsās, i. 96; ii. 417-421.

Kalunga, brave defence of, by the Ghoorkas, ii. 242, 243.

Kam-dhenū, the cow of plenty, ii. 159.

Kama-Deva, the god of love, ii. 171, 172.

Kanauj, ruins of, ii. 29, 30.

⸺, legend of, ii. 146.

⸺, ancient Hindū ruin at, ii. 143.

Kanwar Wālā, i. 260.

Kartikeya, the god of war, ii. 176.

Kasīm bazār, ii. 98.

Kedernāth, peak of, ii. 263.

⸺, temple of, ib.

Keeree pass, ii. 276, 277.

Kharīta of her Highness the Bāiza Bā’ī, ii. 250.

Khud, a narrow valley between two hills, so called, ii. 240.

Khŭnjŭnŭ, the wagtail, a form of Vishnŭ, ii. 329.

Kimkhwāb, manufactory of, ii. 62.

Kodalee, the Thugs’ pickaxe, i. 153.

Kookree of the Ghoorkas, description of, ii. 243.

Korah, or bughalee, of the Ghoorka officers, ii. 243.

Kos Minār, i. 377; ii. 188.

Kotīla of Feroze Shāh, ii. 198.

Krishn, or Kaniyā-jee, history of, ii. 118-24.

⸺ and the 16,000 gopīs, sporting as elephants, horses, &c.. ii. 121.

⸺ as gopalū and gopī nat’hŭ, ii. 122.

⸺ Radha, i. 263, 264; ii. 116, 122.

Krishn, descent of Vishnŭ as, ii. 168-171.

⸺ the bones of, and history, ii. 381-385.

Kurma, the tortoise, the second avatar, ii. 155.

Kutab Kí Lāt, ii. 205, 206.

Kutab Minār, ii. 202-205.

Kutcherry, a, i. 122.

Kywan Jah, Prince, i. 73.

L.

Lachhmī, the goddess of beauty, i. 42, 206, 207.

⸺, the wife of Vishnŭ, ii. 176, 177.

Ladies, native, their amusements in the zenāna, i. 230, 231.

La Martinière, i. 179.

Landowr, ii. 229.

Lāthī, what, i. 132.

Leaf-grasshopper, i. 242.

Leprosy, Arabian, i. 204-206.

Line, ceremonies of crossing the, i. 5-7.

Light, phosphoric, of the waves; description of the animal causing, ii. 353.

Lights, festival of, i. 162, 163.

Locusts, i. 288, 289.

Lucnow, visit to, i. 73.

⸺, second visit to, i. 175.

M.

Mach, Machchha, the Fish, or first avatar, ii. 153-155.

Magellan clouds, ii. 353, 375.

Magic, temple of, i. 404.

Mahabarat, a poem composed by Vyasa, ii. 179.

Mahadēo, or Mahā-Dēva, a form of Shivŭ, ii. 175, 176.

Mahratta Camp, ii. 32, 33.

Map of Delhi, ii. 222.

“Marchioness of Ely,” voyage in the, i. 2.

Marriage of a nīm to a peepul, i. 72.

⸺ of Susan Gardner to Unjun Sheko, i. 420-448.

Martine, General Claude, i. 179.

⸺, his magnificent tomb, ib.

Martynia, proboscidea, i. 319.

Masjid Jāma, the great mosque at Delhi, ii. 220, 221.

⸺ Kala, or black mosque, ii. 221, 222.

⸺ Akbārābādee, ii. 200.

⸺ of the Princess of China, i. 373, 374.

⸺, the Golden, ii. 84.

⸺, Motī, the mosque of pearl, i. 360.

Mats, Calcutta, i. 313.

Meerunke Sarā’e, ii. 143.

Melaleuca Kȳ’a-pootie, i. 317.

Mem Sāhiba, speech of the, i. 334.

Menagerie at Lucnow, i. 182.

⸺ at Barrackpūr, i. 39.

Mendicants, religious, i. 39.

⸺, account of, i. 256-260.

Menhdī, day of, i. 430-435.

Metcalfe, Sir Charles, arrival of, at Allahabad, ii. 49.

Mher-ul-Nissa, or Noormahul, or Noor-jahān, history of, i. 361-364.

Michelia champaca, i. 274.

Milton, descendants of, ii. 380.

Mint at Gwalior, ii. 56.

Miriam Zumanī, tomb of, i. 377.

Monghir, ii. 69.

Monkey, holy, ii. 125.

⸺, one kept in or near a stable, and why, ii. 13.

Moorshadabad, palace of the Nawāb at, ii. 98.

Mor-pankhī, a kind of pleasure-boat so called, ib.

Mountain storm, ii. 251.

Moustache, to dye the, i. 320.

Muhammad, the prophet, i. 107, 293-301, 453, 454, 459-466.

⸺, anecdotes concerning, i. 248, 282.

Muharram, account of the, i. 295-300; ii. 17-21, 374.

Mulka Begam, i. 381.

⸺ ⸺, divorce of, from Mirza Selīm, and marriage to Mr. James. Gardner, i. 382.

Mulka Zumanī, i. 192, 193.

Mŭndodŭrēē, the wife of the giant Ravuna, i. 110.

Murder of two ladies in a zenāna, ii. 56.

N.

Nāch girls, i. 29, 30, 391, 427-429, 431.

Nāg-panchamī, i. 308.

Nalāpanī, ii. 269.

Nara-Singha, or the Man-Lion, the fourth avatar, ii. 157.

Native servants, ludicrous quarrels of, i. 146, 147.

Nauclea gambir, i. 318.

⸺ Orientalis, ib.

Nawāb, the, the Merchant, and the Palkī, ii. 306, 307.

⸺, a Muhammadan title of honour, singularly bestowed also on the ladies of the family of the Emperor of Delhi, i. 394, 415, 458.

⸺ Hakīm Menhdī, his house and zenāna, ii. 17-20.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, reappointed minister in Oude, ii. 135.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, his death, ii. 139.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, suspension-bridge of, ii. 182.

Newlands, ii. 235, 371.

Nicobar, islands of, i. 14; ii. 476.

Nicumbha the fiend, i. 35.

Nīm tree, i. 71, 72, 112.

Nobutpoor, i. 65.

Noor-jahān, history of, i. 361-364.

⸺, turret of, i. 364.

Nose-ring, i. 385.

“Not at home,” Indian expression equivalent to, i. 388.

Nulgoon Pass, ii. 269.

Nusseer-ood-Deen-Hydur, death of, ii. 114.

Nut Log, or wandering gipsies, account of, i. 272.

Nyctanthes the sorrowful, i. 312.

Nymphæa, the, i. 311.

O.

Oats, i. 223.

Obelisk at Gaur, ii. 92-94.

Observatory near Delhi, ii. 209-212.

Ocymum album, i. 217.

⸺ pilosum, ib.

Oleander, i. 78.

Omens, bad, during the march of the Nawāb Hakīm Menhdī, ii. 135.

One-eyed men supposed to be more knowing than others, ii. 13.

Oomeid Thug, narrative of, i. 243-246.

Orange, H.R.H. Prince Henry of, and the Hon. the Misses Eden visit Lucnow, ii. 140.

Oude, heir apparent of, ii. 139.

⸺, King of, Ghazee-ood-Deen Hyder, i. 173.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, his meeting with the Governor-General, i. 174.

P.

Pachīsī-board, i. 405, 406.

Padshah Bāgh, the, i. 180.

Paganini of the East, i. 251.

Paharīs, or Hill-men, description of, ii. 227.

⸺, curious customs of the, relating to marriage, ii. 259.

Palanquins, i. 24.

Palia Gadh, glen of, ii. 267.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺ ⸺, wild legends connected with the, ii. 268.

Palma, island of, i. 3, 4; ii. 350.

Pān and Atr, ii. 4, 5, 445.

⸺ Gardens, ii. 86.

Panchāyāt, or native court of justice, ii. 305.

Pandanus odoratissimus, i. 318.

Pankhā, i. 25.

Paper, sheets of, immense, ii. 201, 202.

Paradise, canal of, ii. 195.

Parda of the Mahrattas, ii. 45.

⸺, procession in, ii. 46, 47.

Parisnāth, temple of, i. 324; ii. 166.

Parkyal, ii. 269.

Parswanáth, the god, Budhist or Jain, i. 325; ii. 166.

Pārvutī, ii. 145, 175.

Pathan, barbarous treatment of a, i. 284.

Peacock, goose, and owl, the, worshipped by the Hindoos, ii. 329.

Pebbles from the Soane and Cane rivers, i. 113, 114.

Pedigree of the gods, ii. 147, 148.

⸺ of Col. Wm. L. Gardner, i. 420.

⸺ of the kings of Oude, i. 186.

Peepul tree, i. 217, 221, 222.

⸺ ⸺, remarkable quality of its seeds, ii. 295.

⸺ ⸺, its skeleton leaves, i. 218.

Pheasant, red, ii. 232.

⸺, blue, of the Himalaya, ii. 232.

Phŭlŭ-Hŭrēē, i. 164, 165.

Pico, the island of, ii. 494.

Pigeon, Cape, i. 8.

Pilgrim, the, and another lady, are mistaken for cadets, ii. 302, 303.

⸺ the, taken for a foreigner; also for a lancer, ii. 329.

Pintado, i. 8.

Pīr Shāh, tomb of, ii. 223.

Plague, alleged appearance of, at Palee, ii. 110.

Poinciana pulcherrima, i. 317.

Poison, African, and poison-bulb, ii. 366, 367.

Polyanthus tuberosa, i. 318.

Porto Santo, island of, i. 3.

Powder works and rocket manufactory, i. 225, 226.

Punica granatum, i. 317.

Punishment, brutal, inflicted by the King of Oude, i. 169.

Punishments of the grave, Muhammadan notions concerning the, i. 464-466.

Purānas, the sacred, ii. 179.

Q.

Quail shooting, i. 229.

⸺, pitched battle of, i. 74, 75.

Quarrel, laughable, between an ayha and an abdār, i. 140, 141.

Qui hys, old Indians why so called, i. 145.

Quicksand, accident in a, i. 247.

R.

Radha Krishn, ii. 122.

Rājā, a Hindū sovereign; a title bestowed also most singularly upon the ladies of Scindia’s family, ii. 342, 465.

Rāj ghāt, Allahabad, i. 114.

Rākhī, or bracelet, festival of the, ii. 117, 118.

Rāma, or Rām, descriptions of, i. 263.

⸺ Parashu, the sixth avatar, ii. 159.

⸺ Chandra, the seventh avatar, ii. 160, 161.

⸺ Bala, the eighth avatar, ii. 161.

⸺ Sīta, i. 342; ii. 161.

⸺ Leela festival, i. 108.

Ranayana, an epic poem, ii. 179.

Rās, sacred dance so called, ii. 116.

Rat, the vahan of Ganesh, ii. 174.

Rat’s granary, ii. 241.

⸺, Bandicote, i. 51.

Ravuna, the giant, i. 109, 110.

Reeçee Khoond, warm spring at, ii. 71.

Reflection of distant objects, extraordinary power of seeing the, i. 139.

Rhododendron, white, ii. 232.

⸺ ⸺, juice of the petals of the, alleged to have an intoxicating quality, ii. 232.

Rice, trial by, i. 40.

Riding, style of, practised by the Mahratta ladies, ii. 5, 6.

Roasting a sirdar-bearer, charge for, ii. 30.

Rockets, i. 225.

Roomal, or handkerchief of the Thugs, i. 156.

Roomee Durwāza, i. 179.

Rosaries, i. 258-260, 267.

Runjeet Singh, meeting of Lord Auckland with, ii. 297.

Rupees, recovery of the stolen, i. 102.

S.

Saadut Ulee Khan, tomb of, i. 182.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, baths of, ii. 218, 219.

⸺ ⸺ ⸺, palace of, ii. 218.

Sāchak, day of, i. 428.

Saharanpūr, botanical garden at, ii. 224.

Sā’īs, whimsical complaint of a, i. 234.

Salt-box, peculiar kind of, used by the Hill-men, ii. 89.

Salvia Bengalensis, i. 315.

Saraswatī, the goddess of learning, science, and the fine arts, ii. 177, 178.

⸺, picture of, riding on a peacock, on the cover of Vol. I.

⸺ the river, i. 213.

Sarson, a species of mustard plant, ii. 88.

Sāti without a head, stolen and brought on board the pinnace, ii. 25.

⸺ at Allahabad, i. 91.

⸺ at Nobutpoor, i. 65.

⸺ at Ghazīpūr, ii. 419.

⸺ abolished, i. 161.

⸺ mounds in Alopee Bagh, i. 95.

⸺ ⸺ at Beerpūr, ii. 66.

School, experimental, fecundity of the young ladies in, ii. 293-295.

Scorpion, the fact of its self-destruction when tormented by fire, ii. 238, 239.

“Seagull,” the pinnace, description of, i. 322.

⸺, loss of the, ii. 59.

Sefder Jung, palace of, ii. 218.

Sekunder al Sānī, ii. 25.

⸺, inscriptions on coins of, i. 133.

Selīm Ghar, i. 364.

⸺, Shaik, of Cheestie, tomb of, i. 403.

Sensitive plant, i. 315.

Serampūr, ii. 101.

Servants, list of, i. 209.

Shah’ālam, tomb of, ii. 208.

Shah Burj, the royal tower, ii. 218.

⸺ Kubbeer-oo-deen Ahmud, i. 65.

Shahjahan, i. 349.

Shāhjahānabad, modern city of, ii. 193.

Shalgramŭ, description of the, i. 43-45.

Shalimar, gardens of, ii. 218.

Shark, blue, i. 8.

Shawl, looking-glass, i. 239, 240.

Sheep, Doomba, i. 78.

⸺, Karral, ii. 239.

Sher Afgan, i. 361.

Shield, silver, presented to Mr. Blood by the 16th Lancers, ii. 188.

Shīsha-mahal, or house of glass, i. 365, 366.

Shivŭ, the destroyer, the third personage of the Hindū triad, ii. 172, 173.

Sholā floats (com. sola), ii. 100.

Shooting season on the ocean, i. 9, 10.

Shubbeah Begam, i. 422.

Sikrī Gālī, ii. 72, 397.

Simundee Begam, tomb of, i. 358.

Sircar, or Sarcar, i. 21, 22.

Sīta Khūnd, boiling spring of, ii. 69, 70.

Sitar, description of a, i. 250.

Sitee Khānam, i. 359.

Skip-jacks, i. 5.

Slang, essay on, ii. 283, 284.

Slavery at the Cape, extraordinary story relative to, ii. 357.

Sling, peculiar, used by the Hill-men, ii. 243.

Small pox, ravages of, ii. 110.

Snake-boats, ii. 98.

⸺ charmers, ii. 436.

⸺ ⸺, imposture of a, i. 108.

⸺ sea, i. 12.

Snakes, directions of Mohummud relative to, i. 107, 108.

⸺, dread of, not innate in man, i. 302.

Sneezing, Hindū superstitions relative to, ii. 289.

Snowy ranges of the Himalaya, first view of the, ii. 224.

Soane, blue waters of the, ii. 67.

Soap stone, i. 343.

Sola, hats and other articles made of, i. 286; ii. 100.

Sonahlā Mahal, or chamber of gold, i. 375, 377.

Song, Hindostanī, i. 134.

Sorcery, practised with a charmed bow, i. 237.

Spider, the, why held sacred by the Muhammedans, i. 300, 301.

Spirit of a man destroyed by a tiger, superstition relating to the, ii. 13, 14.

Sporting in Assam, ii. 125-133.

Spring-bow, ii. 73, 74, 131.

Squirrel, Jack Bunce the, i. 18.

Srīphul, or the flower of Srī, the poetic name of the biloa, ii. 175.

Stars, falling, Mahomedan philosophy of i. 248.

St. Helena, ii. 316-320.

Stone, flexible, ii. 256.

Stones, those used in the Mosaic of the Tāj, i. 357.

Storm, the spirit of the, ii. 349.

Strelitzia regina, ii. 365.

Sugar mills, ii. 457-460.

Sunderbands, ii. 106.

Superstitions of the natives, ii. 9.

Surya-Kund, hot spring of, ii. 262.

Sutherland, Major, Resident of Gwalior, ii. 183, 184, 186-188.

T.

Tailors not allowed to make clothes for Hindū ladies, ii. 113.

Tāj Mahul, i. 348-359.

⸺ ⸺, ground plan of the, i. 356.

Taziya, what, i. 296.

Temple of the Gosain, i. 104.

Theatre, Artillery, at Meerut, ii. 190.

Theodore, Mrs., her collection of stuffed birds and beasts, ii. 225.

Thermantidote, i. 199, 208.

Thief detected by a Gosā’īn, i. 102, 103.

Thieves, domestic, i. 101-104.

Thug, confessions of a, i. 123-131.

⸺, escape of a gentleman from a, i. 168.

Thugs, execution of eleven, i. 151, 152.

⸺, ⸺ ⸺ twenty-five, i. 201, 202.

⸺, customs of the, i. 153-158.

⸺, dice, i. 151.

⸺, slang terms used by the, i. 130.

Tiger, _au naturel_, ii. 225.

⸺ hunting on foot, ii. 128-130.

⸺ tracks, ii. 72, 73.

⸺ claws, charms made of, ii. 12, 13.

Tīka, ornament so called, description of the, i. 254.

Timber rafts, ii. 99, 100.

Title conferred on the pilgrim by her Highness the ex-Queen of Gwalior, ii. 7.

Toddy, injurious, i. 147, 148.

Tongue, protrusion of the, an expression of shame among the Hindū women, i. 165.

Tooth-brushes regarded with horror, i. 462.

Travati the Elephant, the vahan of Indra, ii. 174.

Treasures, hidden, ii. 41, 42.

Triveni, what, i. 213.

⸺, pilgrimage to the, i. 212, 213.

⸺, the Gāja Rājā and all her ladies bathe at the, ii. 48.

Tulsī, pūja of the, i. 42.

⸺, sweet, ib.

⸺, various sorts of, i. 217.

Turban, arrangement of a, i. 234.

U.

Ubruk (talc) applied to many uses, i. 219.

Unicorn, alleged existence of the, in the Himalaya, i. 239.

Up-Country men, their hatred of the Bengalīs curiously exemplified, ii. 309, 310.

Ussuf-ood-Dowla, his tomb, i. 179.

V.

Vaccine department done away with, evils resulting therefrom, ii. 110.

Valmiki, the first Indian poet, ii. 179.

Vamana, or the Dwarf, the seventh avatar, ii. 157-159.

Vase, silver, a prize gained by the pilgrim in a lottery, ii. 112.

Vedas, the, ii. 180, 181.

Vessel, spirit of a, i. 345.

Viasa, an Indian poet, compiler of the Vedas, ii. 179.

Vishnŭ the Preserver, the second personage of the Hindū triad, i. 27, 42-45; ii. 151, 152.

Visionary old man, the, i. 139.

Voyage on the Ganges, vessels for, i. 31.

W.

Waterspouts, ii. 475, 493.

Wax of the human ear, i. 177.

Wax, sealing, i. 309.

Widows, Hindū, the privations to which they are subjected, ii. 7, 8.

Wind raised by a sāti, ii. 25.

Wolff, the Rev. Joseph, i. 268-272.

Women, Bengālī, ii. 97, 98.

⸺, their great influence over men in India, i. 140.

Wood-cutters of Bengal, their peculiar mode of worshipping Kuloo-rayŭ, ii. 107.

Y.

Yāk, or cow of Thibet, tail of, i. 238, 239.

Yam, rut aloe, (dioscorea sativa,) i. 316.

Z.

Zamia horrida, ii. 365, 366.

⸺ longifolia, ib.

Zeenut-al-Masjid, ii. 200.

Zenāna or zanāna of a Calcutta baboo, i. 60.

⸺ of the king of Oude, i. 87-90, 192-195.

⸺, revelations of life in the zenāna of a Timoorian princess, i. 379.

⸺, life in the, and chīta hunting, i. 391.

⸺, marriage in the zenāna, i. 421

⸺ of the Nāwab Hakim Menhdi, ii. 19, 20.

⸺ of Nāwab of Fathīgarh, ii. 16.

Zenāna-ghar, ii. 208.

Zoffani, picture painted by, i. 181.

Zumanī Miriam, tomb of, i. 377.

THE END.

GILBERT & RIVINGTON, Printers, St. John’s Square, London.

[Illustration: Elevation of the Himālāyā Mountains.]