CHAPTER XVII

THE NEW ORDER

Just a year before the events of that 18th of April, described at the close of the last chapter, the Reverend Increase Mather had sailed for England as representative of “many congregations” in the colony, in an effort to secure from King James the restoration of an assembly, confirmation of land-titles, and as many of the old charter privileges as possible. Although he was more than once received in audience by the King, before the Revolution brought the negotiations to an abrupt end, it had been evident for some time that the churches' agent was likely to gain little more than fair words and memories of royal interviews.[1088] He had, however, succeeded in making useful friends, one among whom, Sir Henry Ashurst, became associated with him as agent, and another, Lord Wharton, introduced him to the Prince of Orange a month before the coronation, enabling him thus early to present a petition for the restoration of the charter.[1089]

Footnote 1088:

Mather sailed April 7, 1688. _Andros Tracts_, vols. III, pp. 130 _ff._, and II, pp. 274 _ff._ As the addresses which he carried with him were unsigned, and as they were merely issued “in the name of many Congregations,” it is impossible to say whom he really represented when he sailed.

Footnote 1089:

_Andros Tracts_, vol. III, pp. 146 _f._

Three days after that interview, a circular letter was prepared, to be sent to all the English colonies, ordering officials then in office to continue to administer affairs temporarily until the new government could send different instructions.[1090] Word of this was given to Mather by Jephson, a cousin of Wharton and an under-secretary to the King. Mather's alarm, when he heard of it, would seem to indicate that he either had definite information of the uprising planned in Boston, or very strong suspicions of what might occur. Prince William had already been two months in England, and it is incredible that Mather should not have sent home some word of an event of such overwhelming importance to the colony as the overthrow of the Stuart monarchy. His later censure of the colonists for not having promptly resumed the charter government, instead of temporizing, and his laying the blame for his partial failure in England upon their not having done so, may also suggest the nature of the advice sent by him.[1091] He could hardly have expected the new King to determine offhand the form of government for the Dominion of New England, then constituting over one half of the empire in America. An order for a few months' longer continuance of the Andros government, under the circumstances, would not have been a serious matter, unless that government had already been overthrown, or was about to be, by the colonists' acts. However that may be, Mather and Sir William Phips, now also temporarily in London, petitioned against the dispatch of the letter to New England, and succeeded in having orders issued instead for a new governor in place of Andros, and a temporary form of government, to include a popular assembly.[1092]

Footnote 1090:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 4, 7.

Footnote 1091:

_Andros Tracts_, vol. II, p. 291. _Cf._, however, Cotton Mather, _Diary_, vol. I, p. 138 _n._

Footnote 1092:

_Andros Tracts_, vols. II, p. 274, and III, p. 148; Palfrey, _History_, vol. III, p. 591 _n._; _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 6, 8, 11.

News of the revolution at Boston reached London the last week in June, and soon letters from Randolph and others supplied the English government with the details of what had occurred.[1093] Toward the end of July, orders were issued to the provisional government in Boston to send Andros and the other prisoners to England “forthwith,” on the first ship bound thither, and that they be treated civilly.[1094] The order was not received in Massachusetts until November 24, and then was not complied with.[1095] Although two ships were ready to sail in December, an embargo was laid upon the vessels, and it was not until the middle of the next February that the prisoners, after treatment which they considered unnecessarily harsh, were allowed to start.[1096] It had probably been felt that their presence in London might interfere with the success of the colony's agents.

Footnote 1093:

Sewall, _Diary_, vol. I, pp. 261 _f._

Footnote 1094:

_Randolph Papers_, vol. IV, pp. 290 _f._; _Andros Tracts_, vol. III, p. 111. The list of prisoners is in _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 109.

Footnote 1095:

_Randolph Papers_, vol. V, p. 23.

The leaders who had planned the Boston revolution had undoubtedly desired the eventual restoration of the old charter, and the return of the Church and themselves into control of the government. It is probable also that the majority of the inhabitants wished for the reëstablishment of charter government, which they looked upon as ensuring themselves against arbitrary acts by England or English officials. The desires of the people as a whole, however, were by no means identical with those of the leaders who formed the temporary government in Boston, or were acting as agents in England, virtually all of whom were of the narrowest clerical party. When the fall of the Andros government necessitated the formation of another, those who had taken the lead on the day of its overthrow associated twenty-two others with themselves, and formed a “Council for the safety of the people and conservation of the peace,” with Bradstreet and Wait Winthrop in the chief offices.[1097] The decision of a convention, held May 8, as to a new government was not considered sufficiently decisive, and another was convened, which included representatives from fifty-four towns. Hutchinson says that “two days were spent in disputes,” and that “the people without doors were also much divided in sentiments.” Apparently the representatives of forty towns voted in favor of resuming the charter, and those of fourteen against it.[1098] A compromise, not only between those for and against the charter, but also between those for and against the expediency of immediate resumption, resulted in the formation of a government composed of those officials who had been chosen in the last election under the old charter. Within a few weeks, Plymouth, which had never had a charter, and Connecticut and Rhode Island, the legal proceedings against which had never been consummated, also quietly resumed their former governments.[1099]

Footnote 1096:

_Randolph Papers_, vols. II, pp. 110, 116, 118, 121, V, pp. 20, 26 _ff._, and VI, pp. 325, 331, 334; _Andros Tracts_, vol. I, p. 174; _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 263.

Footnote 1097:

Hutchinson, _History_, vol. I, p. 340.

Footnote 1098:

_Ibid._, p. 344; _Mather Papers_, pp. 708 _f._

Footnote 1099:

_Plymouth Colonial Records_, vol. VI, pp. 206 _ff._; _R. I. Records_, vol. III, p. 266; _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 34, 62; _Conn. Col. Records_, vol. III, pp. 250 _ff._, 463 _ff._

Of the points to be considered in granting a new charter for Massachusetts, or the resumption of the old one, those most likely to be discussed by the people—outside of the question of land-titles, as to which the colonists were naturally unanimous—would be the assembly, the governorship, and the franchise. As to the justice and necessity of a representative body for legislation and taxation, there was probably no difference of opinion in the colony. For that matter, as we saw in the last chapter, there was virtually none in the English government at home, or among its officials in Massachusetts, with the all-important exception of the late, but unlamented, monarch. As to the governor, it was natural that the majority of the people should prefer a chief magistrate elected by themselves rather than one appointed by England, though it is not at all certain that they were right. The old oligarchical government had grossly misused its power, and those who had a keen recollection of what toleration had meant in the days before Andros, and who realized the military danger in the old system of small, disunited, and contentious colonies, can certainly be accused of no lack of “patriotism” in their preference for a royal governor, to serve as a check upon the intolerance and military incapacity of the old régime.

Probably the most disputed point, and the one on which the leaders in control were opposed to the best opinion among the people at large, was that of the franchise. The question was, whether Massachusetts was to remain the private preserve of a persecuting religious sect, or was to be the home of a free people. For half a century, the leaders and the old church party had resisted, by every means in their power,—by fraud, trickery, and bloodshed, as well as by legitimate influence,—the granting of a voice in the government to any individual who could not be counted upon to uphold the power and authority of the priesthood and the Church. Little by little, that power and authority had been declining as, on the one hand, the people had grown in intellectual independence, and, on the other, the leaders had shown themselves less and less worthy of their exalted position. But, in England, Mather was exerting every means to fasten the shackles permanently on the colony by insisting upon the old Congregational test for the suffrage. In acting thus, he claimed to be the representative, not of one element, but of the whole people, a majority of whom would have been disfranchised by his success. What the people themselves were thinking was shown by the vote at the town-meeting of Watertown on May 20, 1689, to choose representatives for the convention. After it had been agreed that they should be instructed to vote for the resumption of the charter, until further orders were received from England, it was added, as the only but significant restriction, that the number of freemen “be inlarged further then have been the Custom of this Colony formerly.”[1100] In this crisis, therefore, as has been the case all through our narrative, it is necessary to distinguish clearly the two separate struggles for freedom—that between the colony as a whole and England, and that between the liberal element among the people and the narrow oligarchical leaders, lay and clerical, of the theocratical party in control.

Footnote 1100:

_Watertown Records_, vol. II, p. 37.

The weakness of the provisional government, due both to the character of the men composing it, and to the lack of a clear mandate from the people, was evident from the start. When, for example, Dudley was released from prison on account of illness, on a bond for £1000, and confined to his own house, a mob broke into it and carried him back to jail. The keeper refused to retain him without a warrant, and he was again confined, in another house. The mob having discovered this, the excitement became so great, and the control of the government was so slight, that Bradstreet, the Governor, had to write to Dudley, and abjectly beg him to reincarcerate himself voluntarily, as otherwise the authorities could not protect his family.[1101] A fortnight later, a writer from Boston stated that there was much division among the people, and that “every man is a Governor.” Another wrote, July 31, 1689, that “all is confusion”; and, in October, Elizabeth Usher sent word to her husband that “there is little trade and the ferment is as great as ever.” A few days later, Governor Bradstreet himself was complaining to the Lords of Trade of the people who “are busy to weaken the hands of the Government,” and lamenting the Indian depredations and the empty treasury.[1102]

Footnote 1101:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 111, 120. Bradstreet's letter is cited from Board of Trade Mss., by Kimball, _Joseph Dudley_, pp. 52 _f._ The _Cal. State Pap._ reference gives the bail as £10,000. I have followed Kimball in stating it at £1000.

Footnote 1102:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 82, 111, 120, 158, 167.

Almost the first act of the provisional government had been to draw off and disperse many of the troops left by Andros to guard the eastern province, while the discipline of all was ruined by the dismissing of a number of officers on religious and political grounds.[1103] The Indians realized the situation, and, with the arms and ammunition previously supplied to them by the Boston merchants, descended upon the unhappy settlers. The fort at Pemaquid, the great importance of which had always been denied by the colonists because it was urged by Andros, was captured, owing to the carelessness of the small garrison left there, and about twenty houses were destroyed by the savages. At Saco, Oyster River, and other places, houses were burned, and the inhabitants murdered, and all the horrors of Indian warfare once more came thick upon the border. The sudden disintegration of the Dominion, the inability of the separate colonies to act together quickly and harmoniously, and the lack of authority and military ability, left the frontier defenseless. In April, 1689, war had been declared between France and England, and the colonies seemed helpless before the menace of the French and Indians from the north.

Footnote 1103:

_Andros Tracts_, vol. III, pp. 24 _ff._ The colony's defense against Andros's charges in this connection is weak and far from truthful. _Ibid._, pp. 34 _ff._

A few weeks after Massachusetts had disbanded the forces that Andros had collected, the government attempted to raise more by a draft. The people questioned both its authority to press men, and its ability to pay them, and, for the most part, flatly refused either to volunteer or to be drafted.[1104] A large part of Maine and the country eastward was overrun, and in October the inhabitants were reported to be flocking into Boston.[1105] In that month, Bradstreet wrote to the Lords of Trade that there had been great depredations in Maine, New Hampshire, and even in Massachusetts, and that the government's efforts to check them had been of no avail, although a joint force had finally been raised by Plymouth, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.[1106] Part of this force, wretchedly clothed and poorly supplied, had been sent eastward under Colonel Church, the veteran of Philip's War, but had accomplished little. Indeed, so carelessly was it outfitted and officered, that it was only when unexpectedly forced into action that the unhappy soldiers discovered that the ammunition did not fit their guns.

Footnote 1104:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 111, 120.

Footnote 1105:

_Ibid._, p. 158.

Footnote 1106:

_Ibid._, p. 167.

In January, 1690, the people of Maine sent a petition to England, complaining of lack of protection by Massachusetts, begging for help, and placing their losses at three hundred lives and £40,000 in goods.[1107] The people of Great Island, New Hampshire, likewise wrote to the mother-country, complaining of Massachusetts and of the danger from the French and Indians.[1108] In midwinter, came the frightful massacres at Schenectady and Salmon Falls; and even Bradstreet and the Council, on behalf of Massachusetts herself, wrote to the Lords of Trade, begging for arms and ammunition. The request was granted, and stores, including two hundred barrels of powder, were ordered shipped to Boston by the English government, although too late for the purpose that the colonists had had in mind but had not stated.[1109] In addition, the English navy was active in providing convoys for all the colonial shipping, including that of New England.[1110] Such items in the English records as “the convoys for Virginia, Maryland, Newfoundland and New England will sail on the 31st. October, and that for Africa on the 20th.,” or a list of ninety merchant ships, forming only one of the convoyed fleets from America, or the request by Massachusetts for a royal ship-of-war to guard her coastwise commerce, were the best answers to such premature “patriots” as the Reverend Joshua Moody, who was telling the men of Boston that they had no dependence on the Crown, and that the power of England was of no authority over them.[1111]

Footnote 1107:

_Ibid._, p. 212.

Footnote 1108:

_Ibid._, pp. 262 _f._

Footnote 1109:

_Ibid._, pp. 240, 273, 282 _f._

Footnote 1110:

_Ibid._, pp. 322, 575, 577 _f._, 675.

Footnote 1111:

_Randolph Papers_, vol. VI, p. 295.

The plan which had been conceived, and for which additional resources were needed, was that of attacking the French, who were the driving force behind the Indian raids, at their headquarters in Canada, instead of carrying on an almost impossible system of defensive tactics along a frontier several hundred miles long. The theory was good; but to put it in practice would require leaders with military ability, and a whole-hearted willingness on the part of the separate colonies to sink their petty jealousies and act together. Unfortunately, both the ability and the spirit of coöperation were lacking.

Massachusetts, indeed, carried out an easy and successful raid upon Acadia, whither Sir William Phips sailed from Nantasket, on April 28, 1690, with five ships and several hundred soldiers.[1112] Phips, who is said to have been one of twenty-six children of a Maine backwoodsman, and who in his youth was unable to read or write, had acquired wealth and social position, first, by the not very original method of marrying a rich widow, and, secondly, by the more unusual one of locating a sunken treasure-ship with £300,000 sterling, of which his share was a considerable one. He had already married the widow. When he arrived at Port Royal, in command of the Massachusetts fleet, he had no difficulty in securing the surrender of the fort, as his force outnumbered the garrison ten to one. A succinct diary tells, in admirable style, the important events of his short sojourn, it being pertinent to note that the Reverend Joshua Moody was his chaplain. “May, 11. The fort surrendered. May, 12. Went ashore to search for hidden goods. We cut down the cross, rifled the church, pulled down the high altar, and broke their images. May, 13. Kept gathering plunder all day. May, 14. The inhabitants swore allegiance to King William and Queen Mary.”[1113] All very satisfying, doubtless, to the Reverend Mr. Moody. But, unfortunately, the plunder, about the distribution of which some unpleasant things were later said in Boston, was found to amount to £3000 less than the cost of the expedition.[1114]

Footnote 1112:

The number of men and vessels varies in different accounts. _Cf._ _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 275 _f._, 376; Parkman, _Frontenac_, p. 247.

Footnote 1113:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 275 _f._

Footnote 1114:

_Ibid._, p. 376.

The easy conquest, however, inspired larger hopes, while the common danger to all the colonies might have been counted upon to induce them to lay aside their particularism, and join in a common effort, if anything could. A meeting of commissioners from Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New York was held at the latter city, and a combined attack on Canada was planned.[1115] A land force, made up of troops from Maryland and the four colonies just mentioned, was to march from Albany to capture Montreal, while, simultaneously, a fleet from Boston was to attack Quebec. There seems to have been no realization of the difficulties of carrying out such a complex joint operation, although, to the very letter notifying the English government of the grandiose scheme, had to be added a postscript, to the effect that there were already “great distractions amongst the Forces.” Everything went wrong. New York provided only one hundred and fifty of the four hundred men promised. The hundred and sixty sent from Massachusetts were recalled on news of the sacking of Casco. Plymouth sent none, and Connecticut less than her quota; the Indian allies, always uncertain, declined to move, and there were desertions among the whites. The colonies fell out over the appointment of a commander, agreement, but not harmony, finally being attained with the selection of Winthrop.[1116] Although the unfortunate force, ill-equipped and badly organized, reached Wood Creek, near the southern end of Lake Champlain, they were unable to advance farther, and, save for a little skirmishing, the whole expedition was a costly failure, demonstrating conclusively that, even in the face of overwhelming danger, the colonies, if left to themselves, were as yet unable to unite in effective action.

Footnote 1115:

_N. Y. Col. Docts._, vol. III, p. 732.

Footnote 1116:

_Ibid._, vols. IV, p. 194, and III, pp. 727, 752; _Documentary History of New York_, vol. II, p. 266.

Although the naval expedition against Quebec reached its objective, it also was unsuccessful, and was a mixture of farce and tragedy. Phips, who was quite incompetent as the leader of such an undertaking, was put in chief command, and on August 9 sailed from Boston with a force of about twenty-two hundred men, in thirty-two vessels of all sorts, mostly small. For some reason, which does not appear, nine weeks were consumed in reaching Quebec, of which the last three were spent within a few days of the city, owing to the lack of a pilot.[1117] The failure of the land expedition against Montreal, and Phips's delay in ascending the river, had allowed Frontenac to reach Quebec with reinforcements before the hostile fleet dropped anchor a little below the town. The conqueror of Port Royal first tried the effect of a demand for surrender, and sent a summons “as severe as our four clergymen (who were joined to the Council of War) could make it.”[1118] Frontenac treated it with contempt, and refused to send more than a verbal reply, except by his cannon.

Footnote 1117:

Walley's Journal, in Hutchinson, _History_, vol. I, p. 477; _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 384. Most of the contemporary accounts, French and English, are conveniently brought together by E. Myrand, in _Sir Wm. Phips devant Québec_; Quebec, 1893.

Footnote 1118:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 384. The summons is in Mather, _Magnalia_, vol. I, p. 186. _Cf._ Parkman, _Frontenac_, p. 279 _n._

Phips then called another council of war, and delayed action while seven hundred more reinforcements arrived at the city. The plan finally decided upon was a simultaneous attack by land and water. About twelve hundred men were to be landed, and after crossing a small river, were to ascend to the rear of the city, which they were to attempt to carry by assault, while the fleet bombarded it from the front. The land forces, under Major Walley, were set on shore, where they remained for some days, unable to advance, and suffering greatly from disease, hunger, and exposure. The necessary and expected support which the fleet was to provide them was almost wholly lacking, and neither boats, ammunition, nor food was supplied in proper quantities. On the other hand, Phips, with a total disregard of the land expedition with which he was supposed to be coöperating, fired away all the fleet's scanty store of powder and shot, expending a considerable portion of it in an unsuccessful effort to hit a picture of the Holy Family, which had been hung on the cathedral spire. Nothing having been accomplished by the futile cannonading, except to provide the Quebec gunners with shot for their guns, and the English ammunition being exhausted, the incompetent commander had nothing to do but to order a retreat and return to Boston. The land forces under Walley had behaved well, but in reëmbarking lost all semblance of discipline, took to the boats much like a base-ball crowd to the street cars, and abandoned their cannon.[1119] The self-flattering belief of democracy that training of any sort is a waste of time, and that, in military affairs, competent commanders and disciplined troops can be found at any moment in a crisis, had again proved a costly fallacy.

Footnote 1119:

Parkman, _Frontenac_, p. 287; Walley's Journal, pp. 470 _ff._; Phips's own account is in _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 45.

In November, Phips reached Boston with the first of his armada; and other vessels continued to straggle in at intervals until February. Some of them were never heard of at all. As the colony gradually came to a realization of the magnitude of the disaster, it was in despair, as it well might be. Few men had fallen in fighting, but, owing to the incompetence and thoughtlessness of the leaders, both civil and military, the mortality had been great. The lack of clothes and food, the cold, smallpox, fever, and exposure had killed men by scores. The loss was estimated as high as a thousand, and certainly ran into many hundreds.[1120] Moreover, the government, with an empty treasury, had recklessly financed the expedition by promises to pay, expecting to be reimbursed from the anticipated plunder. There was no plunder, and the colossal failure had cost £50,000.[1121] A Boston merchant wrote to a correspondent in London that, since assuming office, the new government had involved the colony to the extent of, possibly, £200,000, and that it was almost “run aground.”[1122]

Footnote 1120:

_Ibid._, pp. 376 _f._, 385, 369, 387.

Footnote 1121:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 377, 369; Parkman, _Frontenac_, p. 297; _Andros Tracts_, vol. II, p. 238.

Footnote 1122:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 377.

Virtually bankrupt, and with the discharged soldiers and other creditors clamoring for their pay, the government took the first step on the road to paper money, which was later to cost it dear. The debts were ordered paid with certificates receivable for taxes, ranging in denomination from two shillings to ten pounds.[1123] An original issue of £7000 was increased in a few months to £40,000; and owing to the government's lack of credit and stability, the notes fell quickly in value, and were soon at a discount of thirty to fifty per cent.[1124] Taxes rose to formerly unheard-of amounts, and the depression both of business and of sentiment became extreme.[1125] Cotton Mather was said to be satisfied to attribute all the colony's troubles to the presence of the Episcopalian congregation worshiping in the King's Chapel; and the Governor and Council wrote to England, pointing out that the whole disaster must have been due to God, who had “spit in our faces”—a phrase for a state paper which darts a vivid light, in several directions, among the colony's elect.[1126] There were many, however, who were inclined to lay the blame for the growing ruin of all their affairs in less exalted quarters. The government did its best to suppress or refute all criticism, and the press, whose lack of freedom had been so bitterly complained of only a few months before under Andros, was quickly taken in hand again, and a stricter censorship than ever established.[1127] Although nothing could be printed except propaganda in favor of the provisional government, the increasing discontent of many in all classes made itself heard, both in the colony and in England.

Footnote 1123:

A. McF. Davis, _Currency and Banking in the Province of Massachusetts Bay_ (New York, 1900), vol. I, pp. 10 _ff._

Footnote 1124:

Davis, _Currency_, vol. I, pp. 16 _f._; _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 377.

Footnote 1125:

_Ibid._, pp. 385, 387, 399.

Footnote 1126:

_Ibid._, p. 369; _Andros Tracts_, vol. III, p. 53.

Footnote 1127:

Duniway, _Freedom of the Press_, pp. 67 _ff._

[Illustration:

Original Draft of Indented Notes of 1690 Massachusetts Archives, State House, Boston ]

Despite all that has been written of the town-meeting, and the general impression that the average New Englander was almost solely a political and religious animal, there is little evidence to prove that the ordinary man in that section cared any more about government than the ordinary man in Virginia or Maryland. In fact, at a little later period, the more accurate election returns would seem to indicate that he then cared even less.[1128] The small minority that ran the government and the churches was naturally active and vocal. But the fact that four fifths of the people were reasonably content to join no church, and to have no voice in the government, certainly does not argue, in that time and place, any very high degree of political, religious, or intellectual interest as compared with the rest of America. In the blue haze of that incense in honor of the colonial New Englanders, lighted by themselves and tended by their descendants, we are apt, a little absurdly sometimes, to lose sight of coarse fundamentals. The average man or boy in the New England of this period probably looked upon the theory that the main end of the colony's existence was to make the world safe for the Congregational church, in very much the same way in which those of us who happened to be in France lately found that the average “doughboy” regarded his main end there to be making the world safe for democracy.

Footnote 1128:

McKinley, _Suffrage Franchise_, pp. 47, 357. _Cf._, also, L. G. Tyler, in _William and Mary Quarterly_, vol. XXVI, p. 278.

Such very truthful remarks as that already quoted, made by the residents of Cape Ann, when they replied to an early whiff of the incense by saying that their main end had been fish, cannot be too much emphasized. They are as precious as they are rare. Impersonal love of liberty is about as common as uncombined oxygen; and so long as the average man could catch cod, sell whiskey to the Indians, raise crops on land he felt was his own, or stand at his little shop-counter, he did not much care—much as, by way of conversation, he might talk—about the governor in Boston or the king in England. But let him believe that either was threatening his God-given right to accumulate pine-tree shillings, and there would be trouble.

This, the Governor and Council, by their evident inability to handle the situation, were rapidly bringing about. There is nothing unexpected in the cry now beginning to ascend to England, that “we mightily want a government,”[1129] or unpatriotic in the attitude of those who did not desire the complete restoration of the former conditions. In England, however, that was exactly what the agents, with Mather at their head, were striving for. Their charges against Andros had entirely broken down, as had their hopes of a restoration of the old charter.[1130] Attempts to have it restored by Parliamentary action or by a Writ of Error had both failed, and the agents' efforts were thereafter directed to obtaining from the King a new charter, with as favorable terms as possible.[1131] It may be pointed out that the agents were not representatives of the colony as a whole, but only of the old church party, and that the terms which would be considered favorable by them would be such as would ensure continued control by the theocratic element.

Footnote 1129:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 300.

Footnote 1130:

No one would sign even the brief charges submitted, and they were dismissed. _Andros Tracts_, vols. II, pp. 173 _ff._, I, pp. 150 _ff._, and III, pp. 19 _ff._

Footnote 1131:

_Andros Tracts_, vols. II, pp. 15 _ff._, 75 _ff._, and III, pp. 149 _ff._

The echoes of the events in the colony that we have been describing had been sounding in England with increasing loudness and frequency, in the shape of private letters and formal addresses.[1132] Mather, indeed, attempted to minimize all complaints from the colony, from whatever source, and was somewhat reckless in his imputations and disregard of facts. Thirty-four petitioners of Charlestown, including many substantial men, he characterized as “a few bankrupt Publicans and Vagabonds,” “persons brought up and educated in all manner of Debauchery and Depravation,” “greedy as Hell.”[1133] In his effort to prove the great prosperity and importance of New England under the old theocratic government, he grotesquely claimed that, whereas New England had turned a wilderness into a fruitful field, most of the other colonies had “turned a fruitful field into a barren wilderness.” The facts were probably far better known to the Lords of Trade than they were to Mather, and these showed that the population of the other colonies outnumbered that of New England more than two to one, while of England's colonial trade seven eighths was with the “barren wildernesses” of the sugar and tobacco colonies, and only one ninth with New England's “fruitful field.”[1134] In that very year, of the two hundred and twenty-six ships sailing from England to colonial ports, but seven were bound for New England.[1135]

Footnote 1132:

_Cf._, besides the authorities already cited, _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, pp. 212, 213 (2), 343, 366, 368, 409.

Footnote 1133:

_Andros Tracts_, vol. II, pp. 230, 240 _ff._ A report to the Board of Trade, in regard to these “vagabond” signers, probably exaggerated on the other side, puts down two as worth £12,000 each, two at £10,000, three at £6000, two at £5000, two at £4000, five at £3000, etc. _Cal. State Pap., Col., 1689-92_, p. 422.

Footnote 1134:

_Andros Tracts_, vol. II, pp. 254 _f._; _A Century of Population_, p. 9, gives 82,000 in New England and 124,000 in the south, in 1690. To the latter figure must be added those for the island colonies; Beer, _Old Colonial System_, vol. I, pp. 41 _ff._ The trade figures are for 1697.

Footnote 1135:

Beer, _Old Colonial System_. Of the remainder, 103 went to Virginia and Maryland, 71 to Barbadoes, 23 to the Leeward Islands, 20 to Jamaica, one to Bermuda, and one to Pennsylvania.

Mather's anonymous but scarcely veiled threats that the colony would revolt, if the old theocracy and its charter privileges were not restored,[1136] failed to impress the government, which, however, had been seriously endeavoring to meet all the legitimate aspirations of the colonists. Mather, who had had several interviews with King William, and had enlisted the sympathy of the Queen,[1137] had little difficulty in getting a number of proposals altered, when the reasons were pointed out; but the King and government were both firm in favor of a governor appointed by England, and a property, not a religious, qualification for the franchise. Mather bitterly opposed both these suggestions, particularly that relating to the suffrage, saying he would sooner part with his life than consent. The ministers of state, however, were growing somewhat tired of the clergyman's representations and misrepresentations, and curtly told him that his consent was neither “expected nor desired”; that he was not a plenipotentiary from a sovereign state; and that, if it was true, as he claimed, that Massachusetts would not accept the new charter, then she could “take what would follow,” for “his Majesty was resolved to settle the Countrey.”[1138]

Footnote 1136:

_Andros Tracts_, vol. II, pp. 245, 248, 269.

Footnote 1137:

_Ibid._, vols. II, pp. 277 _ff._, and III, pp. 156 _ff._

Footnote 1138:

_Andros Tracts_, vols. II, p. 281, and III, p. 165.

The obvious fact that the colonists were not by any means unanimous in their desire for the old charter, the genuine wish of the English government to provide toleration, the long record of delays and bickerings in the colony's relations with England, and the necessity for a different organization if the Navigation Acts were to be enforced, probably all had their influence in shaping the government's policy. Of still greater immediate import, perhaps, was the military situation. With the prospect of a life-and-death struggle with France, the Franco-British frontier in America became a sphere of the highest military interest and importance; and, aside from previous records or any preconceived ideas on the part of English statesmen, the colonists had, within the past year, shown that, if left to themselves, they were unable properly to safeguard either their own homes or the interests of the Empire.

As a matter of fact, the new charter, as finally granted, was a far better document than the one desired by Mather. What he had tried to get was a constitution for a virtually independent theocratic state, the fundamental law of which should provide for the perpetual retention of political power in the hands of a religious sect. What the English government granted was a charter by which the colony took her natural place, indeed, in an empire without whose protection she was defenseless, but which, at the same time, gave to her citizens a degree of self-government and political freedom which the theocratic group would never have been willing to concede. The substitution of a moderate property qualification for the franchise, in place of any other whatsoever, at once placed the colony abreast of the most liberal political thought of the day; while local self-government was restored in the form of a popular assembly. Regardless of the whims or religious prejudices of any clique in power, and irrespective of his class or creed, any resident of the colony who had been sufficiently industrious or fortunate to acquire a freehold estate worth forty shillings per annum, or real or personal property to the value of forty pounds, could now claim, as a right, a voice in the government of his commonwealth.[1139] Thanks to England, the final deathblow had legally been dealt to the theocracy, and the foundation laid for genuine self-government and religious toleration in the colony. Those elements in its future development which we are apt to consider as typically American had, in fact, in the case of Massachusetts, been forced upon her leaders, fighting against them to the last ditch, by an English King who could hardly speak the language of his subjects.

Footnote 1139:

The charter is printed in _Colonial Society Massachusetts Publications_, vol. II, pp. 7 _ff._

One important aspect of this change in the franchise must not be overlooked. Under the old religious test, there had been, within the body of enfranchised voters, no social question. All had possessed the vote, without distinction between rich and poor. The struggle for the franchise, therefore, would always have remained a purely religious one between those within and those without the pale of a particular church. With the abandonment of the religious test, and the substitution of a property qualification, the question became a social one, and the way was opened for that struggle for the democratization of the state and society which became the dominant motive in the Revolution of a century later. The colonies could never have united on a question of religion, or even of trade. The basis had to be so wide as to appeal to the most numerous class in every colony; and that appeal could only be social, and was found to lie in the demand for the abolition of privilege and the extension of democracy.

The new charter of 1691 must be regarded as an honest effort to devise such a governmental system as should allow to the colonists the greatest degree of local liberty consistent with the welfare and administrative necessities of the Empire as a whole, in the light of existing political theory. It cannot too often be pointed out that the colonial period _was_ a colonial period, and that the relations subsisting between England and the colonies were necessarily those subsisting between a sovereign state and its dependencies. There was no more reason for the colonist of Massachusetts or Barbadoes to consider himself entirely independent of English control, than there is for the settler in Alaska to consider himself wholly independent of the United States to-day. It is inconsistent to claim that the authority of Congress, in the twentieth century, should reach to Guam or Nome, but that the authority of Parliament, in the seventeenth, should have stopped at Land's End. To find fault with administrative arrangements proper under the above conditions, merely because they would have been unsuitable had the subsequently revolting colonies then been the independent states they later developed into, is to look through the wrong end of the historian's telescope. If we are to judge the governments provided for the colonies in comparison with models in later American history, they should not be compared with the constitutions of our sovereign states, but with those provided for our own dependent colonies and territories; and in their broader features, the constitutions granted by Congress to organized territories reproduce very closely the old royal governments of the earlier period.

In the first place, we may note that the governor of a territory is not elected by the people, but is appointed by the president, and is removable by him, as the Massachusetts charter of 1691 provided that her governor should be removable by the king. In territories, as in the colonies, laws passed by the bicameral legislature are subject, not only to veto by the governor, but also to disallowance by the higher sovereign power. The review of colonial legislation, to which our forefathers objected so strongly when colonists, we adopted ourselves when we, in turn became a “mother-country”; and in some cases, at least, the laws passed by territorial legislatures were specifically made subject to review by Congress. It is needless to remind the reader that the citizens of our territories are no more directly represented in that body than the colonists were in Parliament, and that taxation without direct representation is as much a factor in our present state as it was in the British Empire. In one respect, the Massachusetts charter of 1691, indeed, was more liberal than our territorial governments; for in Massachusetts the judges were appointed by the governor with the consent of the council, or upper house of the legislature, while in American territories they are appointed by the president without the consent of the inhabitants.[1140]

Footnote 1140:

Willoughby, _Territories and Dependencies_, pp. 54 _ff._; Bryce, _American Commonwealth_, vol. I, pp. 553 _ff._ The constitutions of the territories may be found in _Organic Acts_, Senate Document No. 148, 56th Congress, 1st Session. As an example of legislative review, _cf._ p. 96 (New Mexico): “All the laws passed by the legislative assembly and governor shall be submitted to the Congress of the United States, and, if disapproved, shall be null and of no effect.” Under the act organizing a government in Alaska, in 1884, it was specifically provided that there should be no legislative assembly. _Ibid._, p. 206.

To many in the colony, however, the change from the old charter form to the new seemed a loss of independence. The former governing element felt that their control had been vastly weakened. The church party anticipated that the end of all things might be due when the Congregational church no longer legally controlled the elections. The presence of a governor and other officials appointed by the Crown, the review of legislation, the right of appeal, and other evidences of the colony having become part of a great organization instead of a practically independent, even if insignificant, little collection of towns, was unwelcome to those who had had a false idea of the rôle which, in that time and place, it was possible for them and the colony to play in the world.

On the other hand, there were very substantial advantages under the new régime. Although, owing to an obscure and probably not very reputable intrigue, New Hampshire was given a separate government, the bounds of the new Massachusetts were extended to include Plymouth, Maine, and the eastern country as far as Nova Scotia.[1141] Moreover, the colonists had never really possessed anything like the rights which they had claimed and exercised under the old charter. The whole system of town government, for example, had been extra-legal. The infliction of the death-penalty was illegal, and there was no question that the colonists had exceeded their rights in taxing the non-freemen. Now all the false reasoning and sophistries that the settlers had indulged in, in their efforts to prove the old charter adequate as the basis of a government, were no longer necessary. Massachusetts at last had, what she had never possessed before, a written constitution, which clearly set forth her form of government, and validated, to a very great extent, those institutions which she had cherished.[1142] The royal officials, disliked as their presence might be by the irreconcilables, actually and symbolically brought the colony into relations with the larger life of the empire. In her thought, her commerce, and her political relations, New England's largest colony was at last forced out of that position of defiant isolation which her former leaders had chosen for her, and made to participate, so far as her provincial position allowed, in the main currents of the world's activities. The new charter definitely marked the end of one era and the beginning of another.

Footnote 1141:

For the form of government established in New Hampshire, which became a royal province, _vide_ Fry, _New Hampshire_, pp. 71 _ff._

Footnote 1142:

_Cf._ Greene, _The Provincial Governor_, pp. 92, 179. For a discussion of the charter, _vide_ Osgood, _American Colonies_, vol. III, pp. 439 _ff._

This change was more than political and economic. It has been evident from the foregoing narrative that the power of the clergy had been felt in every sphere of the colony's life. In the pulpits, in the schools, in the colleges, in the censorship of the press, in the legislature, even in the councils of war and the courts of justice, their influence had been incalculable. The story of the struggle against it, and of its gradual yielding to defeat, as the people more and more made good their right to believe as they would and live their lives as they chose, has occupied many of our pages. The course of development, however, which was to make Massachusetts the leader of liberal thought among the states, was a long one, and, in part, it was but a reaction and a protest against the theological repression of this earlier period.

Although the charter of 1691 had definitely ended the legalized control of the Congregational church, which was still to maintain a privileged position until 1812, the organization desperately struggled to retain its power. The members of the new government, thanks to the efforts of Mather in England, were nearly all of the clerical party. He had, indeed, succeeded in having the more important offices filled with the most fanatical, or the most subservient, of the men in the colony's public life. His son, the Reverend Cotton Mather, when he heard of the list of officials, wrote ecstatically in his diary: “The time for Favour was now come; the sett Time was come! ... all the Councellors of the Province are of my own Father's Nomination; and my Father-in-law, with several related unto me, and several Brethren of my own church, are among them. The Governour of the Province is not my Enemy but one whom I baptized, namely Sir William Phips, and one of my own Flock, and one of my dearest Friends.”[1143] He might have added that the savagely bigoted Stoughton was made Deputy Governor.

Footnote 1143:

Cotton Mather, _Diary_, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, Series VII, vol. VII, p. 148.

At the very time when this effort was being made still to control the government, in spite of its altered form, events occurred that gave a staggering blow to that unofficial power which the clergy had been accustomed to exert as the acknowledged intellectual leaders of the community. For, in the generation of 1690, the witchcraft frenzy, in which the clergy took a leading part, brought about the same sort of anti-clerical reaction that had been a result of the Quaker persecutions by them in the generation of 1660.

We shall not concern ourselves with the details of the horrible delusion, which, for the last time in New England, caused the blood of innocent victims to be shed as a result of theological beliefs. They may be found amply set forth elsewhere, and concern rather the antiquarian and the psychologist than the historian.[1144] For us, the interest lies in their influence upon the intellectual development of the colony, and the growth of its people.

Footnote 1144:

_Cf._ C. W. Upham, _History of Witchcraft and Salem Village_, Boston, 1867, 2 vols.; Palfrey, _History_, vol. IV, pp. 96 _ff._; the works of Cotton Mather and Robert Calef, edited by S. G. Drake and published as _The Witchcraft Delusion in New England_, 3 vols., Roxbury, 1866; I. Mather, _Remarkable Providences_, London, 1890.

It is quite true that communities in all ages and places have been occasionally subject to being thrown off their mental balance, and during the period of frenzy or panic have committed acts of folly or crime, for which they have subsequently been heartily repentant. But to state a fact is not to explain it; and to find the underlying cause of the psychologic disturbance in northeastern Massachusetts in 1692—during which two hundred persons were accused of being in league with the devil, one hundred and fifty were imprisoned, and twenty-nine put to death,—in such influences as the loss of the charter, or the “harsh aspects of the scenery,” seems to me wholly inadequate, to say the least.[1145] The scenery of the native American wild “invited to stern and melancholy musing,” as New England's best-known historian phrases it, for about a thousand miles north and south of Mr. Mather's study in Boston, or the Reverend Mr. Parris's cottage in Salem Village, and would seem to be rather dispersed as the cause of a very localized phenomenon.

Footnote 1145:

Palfrey, _History_, vol. IV, pp. 128 _f._

It is needless to point out that the belief in witchcraft had been widespread throughout the world; but since the days of King James I, there had been, among English people, only isolated cases, save during the years of the Puritan political supremacy in England and the closing days of that same supremacy in Massachusetts.[1146] Of the more than seventy cases in England since the Restoration, the great majority had resulted in acquittals, and in two cases only had the unfortunate victims been executed.

Footnote 1146:

W. Notestein, _History of Witchcraft in England_ (American Historical Association, 1911), pp. 400 _ff._

We have seen, in an earlier chapter, the extraordinarily large sphere accorded to the devil in Puritan theology, and that theology's virtual repudiation of science by its considering every event in the universe, from the sun's course in heaven to a spider's falling into the porridge, as a direct interposition of the divine will. While Boyle, Newton, and other founders of the new scientific age in England, were tracing the reign of law, the intellectual leaders of New England were engaged in gathering together collections of “remarkable providences,” ranging in interest from the sudden death of a Sabbath-breaker to the evident marking for destruction, out of a whole library, of a copy of the book of Common Prayer, by a mouse evidently brought up in the “New England way.” Of the moral earnestness of such men there is no question, nor of the abiding stamp which they have left upon the New England consciousness. Happily, much of the good they did has survived, while much of the political and intellectual damage they likewise did, and would have continued to do, had they had their way, has passed.

In 1681, a group of the most eminent of the clergy around Boston determined upon a large coöperative work, to involve the research of many authors, and the labor of some years. It was to be a collection of remarkable providences, of divine judgments, of “thunders as are unusual, strange apparitions, or whatever else shall happen that is prodigious, witchcrafts, diabolical possessions, judgments upon noted sinners,” and the like.[1147] Each clergyman was to make diligent search among his congregation, and it is obvious what a stimulant such a wholesale inquiry among the people, by the intellectual leaders of the community, would be toward arousing interest, and intensifying the belief, in such matters. A few years later, Increase Mather published his book on the subject, in which he gave numerous cases of witchcraft and possession, and recited the signs by which it might be known. It became the study of the young Cotton Mather, whom in 1686, at the age of twenty-three, we find wrestling in prayer to cast the devils out of New England, and undertaking to track down those leagued with them.[1148]

Footnote 1147:

I. Mather, _Remarkable Providences_, Preface.

Footnote 1148:

C. Mather, _Diary_, vol. I, p. 114.

Interest in the subject continued to be stirred up, and in 1688, the criminal nonsense of some children of Boston, and their accusations against a washerwoman, resulted in her being denounced as a witch. Cotton Mather, who had now found the case for which he had been longing, and in which he might do ghostly battle, took the eldest girl home with him. She played upon the clergyman's colossal vanity, and, on evidence which ought not to have shut up a dog, the unfortunate washerwoman was hanged. Mather now proceeded, by another book and by frenzied sermons, to arouse the fears and superstitions of the crowd. With one of the most noted clergymen in Boston doing all he could to foster it, the belief deepened and spread, and the minds of many, who would not otherwise have given thought to it, were prepared to believe in that “plot of the Devil against New England” which Mather preached.

Early in 1692, some children of Salem feigned the symptoms of which they had heard their elders speak. Two of them belonged to the family of the local clergyman, Mr. Parris, who now entered on the devil-hunt, with a fanaticism which knew no bounds, and an honesty which seems to have been questionable.[1149] To his efforts were added those of the Reverend Mr. Noyes. Charge after charge was launched against innocent people, and by the time Phips arrived in the colony as governor, in May, over a hundred persons were already in prison awaiting trial. Vain of his undeserved authority, the appointee and pliant tool of Mather, he immediately appointed an illegal court to try the witchcraft cases, with Stoughton as presiding judge. In the frenzy of superstitious fanaticism which followed, justice, legal evidence, even a verdict of the jury, were set aside, and victim after victim hurried to the gallows, while one, with horrible tortures lasting several days, was pressed to death under heavy weights.[1150] The clergy, formally referred to by the Governor and court for advice, while carefully hedging as to certain particulars, urged the court on to “speedy and vigorous prosecution”; and Mather wrote to one of them, extolling “the noble service” of “Encountering the Wicked Spiritts in the high places of our Air, & of detecting & of confounding of their confederates.”[1151] The Reverend Mr. Burroughs, of Wells, who avowed that “there neither are, nor ever were witches,” was condemned; and although the spectators at his hanging were so moved as almost to prevent the sentence from being carried out, Mather, who was witnessing the spectacle from horseback, told the people that the victim was not an ordained clergyman, and that, in any case, the devil often appeared as an Angel of Light.[1152]

Footnote 1149:

_Vide_ the remonstrance against him, in Upham, _Witchcraft_, vol. II, pp. 497 _f._, and Drake, _Witchcraft Delusion_, vol. II, p. 142.

Footnote 1150:

Sewall, _Diary_, vol. I, p. 364.

Footnote 1151:

Hutchinson, _History_, vol. II, pp. 52 _f._; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, Series IV, vol. VIII, p. 391.

Footnote 1152:

Sewall, _Diary_, vol. I, p. 363; Drake, _Witchcraft Delusion_, vol. III, pp. 38 _f._

[Illustration:

Testimonial to the Good Character of Rebecca Nourse, executed as a Witch Original in Massachusetts Historical Society ]

Finally, the reaction set in, and the sober sense of the community set itself against the ravings and goadings of the more fanatical clergy and church members. The commission of the special court expired with the assembling of the General Court, and was not renewed. Phips, evidently fearing criticism from England, wrote to the Earl of Nottingham, disingenuously laying all the blame for the judicial proceedings on Stoughton, and quoted Increase Mather and the other divines.[1153] Courageous laymen, like Thomas Brattle and Robert Calef, both merchants, exerted their influence against the delusion; and when Mather tried to start another alarm in Boston, less than a year after the last execution at Salem, public opinion was arrayed solidly against him. In 1700, Calef's book in answer to Mather's “Wonders of the Invisible World” was printed in London and quickly imported into the colony. Though the rage of the Mathers, father and son, was unbounded, their cause had been thoroughly discredited, and their day was past. They belonged, in reality, to the sixteenth century, while Calef, the merchant, defending the cause of intellectual freedom with no weapon but that of common sense, belonged to the eighteenth, the dawn of which was now at hand.

Footnote 1153:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1693-96_, p. 30.

It was the voice of that century to which the people were now to hearken. Thenceforth, happily for itself as well as for America, the church was to be unable to rely either upon political power or upon blind fanaticism to uphold its leadership—a leadership which now, perforce, took on a nobler form. The work of the founders was over. In the extension of their influence throughout the country, wherever we find groups of settlers from the New England states, we find, indeed the church, the common-school, and the town-meeting; but it is a liberalized church, a non-sectarian school, and a town-meeting in which the citizen's vote is not dependent upon the possession of any peculiar theological belief.

It was usual, in an earlier and less critical day, to trace all of New England's greatness, and of her noble contributions to our common American life, to the same little group of leaders, who were supposed to have done all because they did much. Life is not so simple as that, and in the founding of New England, and the development of her liberties, we must find place for English kings and statesmen, for colonial liberals and martyrs, as well as for Pilgrim Father and Puritan Priest.

THE END

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INDEX

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INDEX

The abbreviated form “Mass.,” refers to the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay—the “Bay Colony.”

Acadia, restored to France by treaty of St. Germain, 180; Massachusetts and the contest between Frenchmen for control of, 232, 233; raid on, by Mass., 438. And _see_ Port Royal. Acton, Lord, quoted, 66. Adventurers, motive of, in Plymouth venture, 93, 94; losses of, 114, 115; sell out to Pilgrims, 116. “Adventurers for New England in America, Company of,” 126 _n._ African Company, 45, 46. African slave-trade, 280. Agents, colonial, 297, 298. Agriculture, in England, 123. Alden, John, 179. Alexander, son of Massasoit, 346. Alexander, Sir W., 180. Algonquin Indian stock, 24. Allerton, Isaac, 115, 116, 180. Allyn, John, 416. Alva, Duke of, 122. American strain, first appears in second generation of settlers, 316, 317. Ames, Azel, 97 _n._ Amsterdam, Scrooby fugitives at, 88, 89; 381. Andrews, C. M., quoted, 297. Andros, Sir Edmund, appointed governor of New England, 411, 412; his original jurisdiction, 412, and its extension, 412, 413; difficulties of his administration, insuperable, 413, 414, 426; broad powers of, 414, 415, 416; relations with Puritan clergy, 421, 422; Puritan complaints against, 422, 423; and the question of taxation, 424, 425 and _n._; his powers further extended, 426; his dealings with the Indians, 426, 427; rumors impugning his loyalty, 427, 429; his position when William of Orange landed in England, 428; rising against in Boston, 428, 429; takes refuge in fort, 429; made prisoner, 430; sent to England, 432, 433; 407, 409, 418, 420, 421, 433, 434, 435, 444. Anne, the (vessel), 106. Antigua, 120, 367. Antinomian controversy, 166 and _n._, 167-171; report of synod on, 170; 206. Antinomians, Boston, 168, 169. Appalachian barrier, the, 2, 3, 4, 10, 175. Appeals, to England denied, 151, 152, 170, 214, 305, 322; heard by Royal Commissioner, 334; struggle over question of, 334; in Dudley administration, 409; under Andros, 414, 423. Appleton, Samuel, 356. Aquidneck, 227, 228. Argall, Samuel, breaks up French settlements at St. Sauveur, etc., 55, 56; 53. Armada, the, 30, 32. Arnold, Richard, 416. Articles of Confederation. _See_ United Colonies. Artillery Company of Middlesex, 322. Arundell, Thomas, 37. Ashley, Edward, 180. Ashurst, Sir Henry, 321, 432. Assembly, 409, 411, 414, 424, 432, 447. Assistants (Mass.), functions of, 141, 142; charter violated in regard to, 142; a majority of voting population, 142; and Deputies 154, 155; attempt to usurp power, 160; negative vote, 212; 189, 211, 373, 393. Atherton Company, secures mortgage title to Narragansett country, 249, 250; reasserts claim thereto, 386, 387; 325, 333, 336. Augusta, Maine, 178, 179. Aulnay, Charles de Menou, Sieur d', 181, 232, 233, 234. Austen, Ann, Quaker, 264. Avenant, C. d', etc., quoted, 287. Awashunks, squaw-sachem, 342, 343, 358.

Bacon, Lord, 59. Bacon's rebellion, 390. Balfour, A. J., quoted, 374. Ballot, secret, first use of in Mass., 161. Bancroft, Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, deprivations of Puritan clergy under, 71; and the Puritans, 74. Baptists, punishment of, 259, 260, 261, 262. Barbadoes, 8, 119, 120 and _n._, 121, 134, 175, 223 _n._, 302, 303, 307, 362 _n._, 367, 388 and _n._ Barbuda, 119, 120. Barrington, Sir Thomas, 196. Barrington, Lady Joan, 125. Bay Colony. _See_ Massachusetts Bay, Governor and Company of. Bay Path, 20 and _n._ Beers, Richard, 354. Bell, Philip, 133, 134. Bellingham, Richard, Governor of Mass., and Quaker women, 264; 333. Beothuks (Indians), 24. Berkshire Hills, 4. Bermuda, laws against Sabbath-breaking in, 112; 59, 119, 120, 194 _n._, 280, 285, 307, 367, 368, 404. Bermuda Assembly, 154. Bermuda Company, 46, 133. Berwick, England, 300, 301. Best, Thomas, 56. Biard, Father, 55 _n._, 56. Bible, the, God's will revealed to Puritans by, 79; Puritans alone hold key to, 80; laws based on interpretation of texts from, 209, 211. Bible-Commonwealth, Puritans plan to found, in Mass., 142, 143. Biencourt, Sieur de, 54. Biggar, H. P., quoted, 29 _n._ Bishop George, 264, 269, 373. Blackstone, William, 144, 151, 184. Blathwayt, William and Cranfield, 402, 403, 417. Block Island, 199, 200. Bloody Brook, massacre at, 356. Body of Liberties, 211. Bombay, 280. Boston, meeting at, to divide town land, 161; Antinomian attitude of church at, 168, 169; elections removed from, 169; reëlects Vane and others after invalidation of first election, 169; confederation of colonies discussed at, 224; merchants of, and the Acadian Expedition, 232, 233; import duties on goods entering port of, 243; church at, refuses to join Synod, 255; Royal Commission at, 331, 333, 334; dispute over Church of England services at, 420, 421; observance of Christmas and Sunday in, 422; merchants of, said to have supplied Indians with ammunition, 427; revolt against Andros government in, 428-430, 431, 433; 140, 159, 352, 353, 373, 396 _n._, 423, 437. Boston Bay, 5. Boswell, Sir W., quoted, 234. “Bound House,” 182, 324 _n._ Boundaries, natural, influence of, 3; disputes concerning, 183, 216, 217, 218, 228, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 318, 320, 321, 325, 331, 332, 380, 382, 385, 386. Bourne, Richard, 345. Boyle, Robert, 297 _n._, 332, 371, 453. Bradford, William, at Scrooby, 86; his early history, 86, 87; chosen Governor of Plymouth, 100; his _History of Plymouth Plantation_, quoted or referred to, 61 _n._, 89, 90, 92 _n._, 99, 101 _n._, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 114, 115, 131, 150, 180, 181, 190, 191, 225; 116, 164, 179, 198, 276, 370, 371, 416. Bradstreet, Simon, Governor of Mass., replies to King's letter, 389, 390; significance of his reëlection, 393, 394; 245, 323, 369, 373, 409, 429, 433, 435, 436 and _n._, 437, 442, 444. Braintree, 247. Brattle, Thomas, 455. Breedon, Thomas, 314. Brend, William, Quaker, cruel punishment of, 269. Brereton, Sir W., 127 _n._ Brewster, William, his early history and character, 86; cited before Commissioners of York and Privy Council, 87, 88; elder of church at Leyden, 89; 91, 92, 99, 116. Bristol, England, 27, 28. British Empire, not in existence at accession James I, 279; extent of, at Restoration, 279, 280; character of, 280, 281 and #_n._:, 282; most complete embodiment of Mercantile Theory ideal, 285, 286; why English colonies should remain within, 289; Sir E. Morris on, 291; source of its success, 301; views of England, and of the colonies, with regard to, 308, 309. Brockholls, Anthony, 428. Brooke, Lord, 125, 167, 179, 181, 191, 195, 196, 197. Brookfield, destroyed by Indians, 354. Brown, John, settles at New Harbor (Pemaquid), 109. Browne, John, 128, 132, 133. Browne, Samuel, 132, 133. Browne, Sir Thomas, 371. Brownists, 68. Brunhes, Jean, quoted, 11. Brunswick, Maine, Gardiner at, 150, 151. Bryce, James, Viscount, quoted, 14. Buckle, Henry T., quoted, 96 _n._ Buet, Hugh, 171. Bulkley, Peter and Stoughton, agents of Mass. in England, 380 _ff._; results of their mission, 383, 384; 389, 409. Bunyan, John, 371. Burrage, C., 131 _n._ Burrough, Edward, 273. Burroughs, Rev. George, 455. Butler, Samuel, 371. Buzzard's Bay, 5, 6.

Cabot, John, voyages of, 27, 28, 42; his charter, 34, 299. Cabot, Sebastian, 27, 32. Calais, lost to England, 44; represented in Parliament, 388. Calef, Robert, 455, 456. Calvin, John, quoted, 77; 84. Calvinism, and the Puritans, 77. Cambridge Platform, adopted by synod (1648), 256; opposed in General Court, but finally passed (1651), 257. Campbell, Douglass, 89 _n._ Canada, abortive expedition against, 439-441; 291. Canonchet, Narragansett sachem, forced to sign humiliating treaty, 358; capture and death of, 360. Canonicus, Narragansett sachem, 199, 353. Cape Ann, fishing settlement on, 108, 109, 125; 5. Cape Cod, 5, 37, 97, 339. Cape of Good Hope, 280. Cape Porpus, 245. Carlisle, Earl of, 134. Carolinas, settlement of, 312. Carr, Sir Robert, member of Royal Commission, 330, 331, 334, 335. Carrying trade, restrictions on, by England and France, 288; Holland, England's most serious rival in, 312. Cartwright, George, member of Royal Commission, 330, 331, 334, 335. Carver, John, first Governor of Plymouth, death of, 100; 91. Casco, 439. Casco Bay, 178, 245. Castle Island, fortifications on, 159, 322, 331; 429, 430. Catholics, in England, under Elizabeth, 69 and _n._; and the English Church, 70, 71; laws against, suspended in England, 118. And _see_ Rome. Cecil, Sir R., 51. Challons, Henry, sails for New England, 49; disobeys instructions, 49; 50. Chamberlain, Richard, Secretary of New Hampshire, 400, 401. Champlain, Samuel de, settles on St. Croix Island, 38, 39; explores and maps New England coast, 39, 40; 53 _n._ Champlain, Lake, 4, 312, 440. Charity, the (vessel), 104, 105. Charles I, results of his incompetent government, 118; dissolves Parliament, 134; 139, 157, 159, 162, 215. Charles II, orders suspension of proceedings against Quakers, 273, 274 and _n._; his letter confirming Charter of Mass., etc., how complied with, 323, 324; on claim of Mass. to independence, 336; orders agents sent to England, 336; his letter, sent by Randolph, 377, 378, acted on by General Court, 380, 381; other letters of, and their effect, 389, 390, 391; his death, 407; 279, 298, 299, 314, 315, 317, 318, 321, 322, 331, 332, 366, 399, 400. Charlestown, proposed settlement at, 127; church at, 143; 140. Chartered companies, 45 _ff._ Charters, early commercial, 34, 35. Charters of American colonies. _See_ Colonial charters. Chatham, Mass., 39. Chauncey, Rev. Charles, and Quakers, 270. Chelmsford, Mass., 345. Chief, Indian, office of, 17. Child, Robert, case of, 213, 214 and _n._, 253, 298, 305, 315, 425. Chillingworth, William, 146. Christ, in Puritan theology, 80, 82. Christianity, unity of, broken up by development of state churches, 282. Christison, Wenlock, Quaker, 272, 273. Church, Benjamin, 348, 361. Church, the, and the average man, 66, 67; compulsory attendance at, 172; penalty of excommunication from, 172; in New England, process of joining, how made difficult, 253, 254. And _see_ Clergy. Church of England, relation of Puritans to, 64 _ff._; struggle for control of, 71, 76, 77; abuses in, 74, 75; low pay of clergy, 74, 75; Calvinism and, 77; services of, tabooed in New England, 130; services of, where held in Boston, 420, 421. Church-covenant idea, 143. Church members, number of, in New England, 132; 154, 172, 197, 331, 383, 384, 394, 395. Church-membership test for franchise in Mass., dissatisfaction with, 253, 254; growth of more liberal attitude respecting, 262, 263. And _see_ Franchise. Churches, new, organization of, restricted, 162. Clan, the, the Indian's little world, 18. Clarendon, Earl of, his colonial policy, 311, 312, 313; Maverick's reports to, 315; 332, 371. Clark, Mary, Quaker, 268. Clarke, John, Baptist, his _Ill Newes from New England_, 259, 260; 249, 320. Cleeve, George, 244. Clergy, number of, deprived under canons of 1604 and under Puritan domination, 71; starvation pay of, 75; reactionary views of, 194; in Rhode Island and Connecticut, 195; attitude of, in Mass., 211; and the Gorton case, 219, 220; and Miantanomo, 240, 241; seek compromise in matter of church-membership, 262, 263, but strive to enforce conformity in matters of doctrine, 263 _ff._; failure of, as leaders, explained, 395, 396; important legal questions referred to, 417; relations with Andros, 421, 422; decrease in power of, in Mass., 450, 451; and the witchcraft delusion, 451, 455. Climate, of New England, 10 and _n._ Clive, Lord, 54. Cloth industry, in England, decline in, 123. Coast-line, value of, 6. Cobham, Lord, 36. Coddington, William, commission of, as Governor of Rhode Island, withdrawn, 249, 250; 161, 169, 185. Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, and the Mercantile Theory, 285, 288, 289; his policy abandoned by France, 291; 298. Colleton, John, 297 _n._ Colonial charters, terms of, 34, 294; defects of, 366, 367; compared with Constitutions of U. S. colonies and territories of to-day, 448, 449 and _n._ Colonial trade, English laws regarding, 287. Colonies, American, successive grouping of, 2; beginnings of, their real characters, 33; terms of charters of, 34; questions as to status of settlers in, 35, 36; importance of distance of, from mother-country, 36; by-products of English commercial activity, 35; value of, 47; relation of area to barrier in, 175; in 1660, 280; Dutch shut out from carrying trade of, 291; interests of, neglected or misunderstood in England, 295; and the administrative confusion in England (1643-1660), 295, 296; scheme for organization of, following the Restoration, 296, 297; and the acts for control of trade and shipping, 298; restriction on shipment of European goods to, 300, 301; offer no assistance in solution of problem of their relation to England, 307, 308; modified view of contest between England and, 364; problem of, calls for new treatment, 366; demand of, for assemblies and self-taxation, 367, 368; why post of royal governor in, was not attractive, 405, 406; convoys for shipping of, furnished by England, 437, 438. Colonists, early influence of geographic environment on, 13; misconceive political system of Indians, 17; dealings of, with Indians, 14, 24, 25, 34, _ff._; status of, with respect to England, 292; failure of imperial theory to take account of human nature in, 301, 302; non-representation in Parliament not the essential grievance of, 302; their spirit of resistance to interference considered, 302, 303; numbers of, in New England, in 1675, 338 and _n._; missionary efforts of, among Indians, 345, 346; their land-hunger, 340, 341; why unprepared for hostilities in 1675, 348, 349; ignorant of Indian warfare, 350; and the new form of government (1685), 408, 409; legal position of, 410. Colonization, first English attempts at, 33; mainsprings of, 90; effect of Mercantile Theory on, 283, 284. Columbus, Christopher, 26, 44, 398. Comantine, Fort, 280. Commerce, supersedes religion as prime influence in politics, etc., 366. And _see_ Trade. Common lands, 153, 418. Common-school education, in New England and Virginia, 369, 370. Common schools, 396, 397, 456. Common-stock theory, in founding of Plymouth, 93 _f._; in operation of colonies, 113, 114; failure of, in Plymouth, 113. Commons. _See_ Common lands. Conant, Roger, settles at Salem, 125; 127. Confederation. _See_ United Colonies. Congregational Church, under new charter of Mass., 451. Congregationalism in New England, 130, 131, 411. Connecticut, geographical advantage of, 6; early settlers in, 120, 189, 190, 191; franchise in, 172; opposed to policies of Mass., 183, 184, 186; Mass. sends expedition to, 187; constitution of, 192; “Fundamental Orders” of, 192, 193; influence of, and of Mass., on development of American thought, contrasted, 193, 194; character of emigrants to, 195, 207; settlements in, after destruction of Pequots, 206 _ff._; absorbs New Haven, 208, 318-320; growth of population of, 224; objects to proposed terms of confederation, 225; and the Dutch, 236, 237; controversy over taxation, 242, 243; disputed boundary line between Mass. and, 243; treatment of Quakers in, 268, 275; relation of, to England, 306; flouts Navigation Acts, 313; Winthrop obtains liberal charter for, 318; boundary between Rhode Island and, 320, 321; population (1675), 338; and the Pequots, 343; raising troops in, 351, 355 _n._; and friendly Indians, 356; war expenses of, 363; schools in, 369; treatment of Indians by, 387 and _n._; steps to cancel charter of, 412, 413; added to jurisdiction of Andros, 413; validates land-titles, 418, 420; Indian attacks in, 427; resumes former government (1689), 433, 434; 209, 215, 226, 227, 317, 325, 332, 336, 339, 341, 353, 386, 439. Connecticut River, 6, 186, 187, 190, 339, 340, 345, 360, 361. Conservative and liberal groupings in New England, 373, 374. Cooper, Sir Anthony A., 297 _n._ Cooper, J. Fenimore, 14. Corbitant (Indian), 101. Cotton, Rev. John, a follower of Ann Hutchinson, 167; abjures Antinomianism, 170; at Boston, 189; his death, 259; defends punishment of Baptists, 261; quoted, 129, 130, 131, 132, 143, 161; 125, 147, 162, 165, 166, 173. Cotton, John, and Philip's son, 362. Council Established at Plymouth, etc., granted a charter, 62, 63. Council for New England, 106, 126, 157. Council for Plantations, 296, 297, 329. Council for the Safety of the People, etc., 433. Country, and town, conflict of economic interests, etc., between, 373, 374. Covenants of Grace and of Works, 166. Cradock, Matthew, 128, 138, 151, 157. Crandall, John, Baptist, 259, 260. Cranfield, Edward, appointed royal governor of New England, 402; his character, 402; dealings with Blathwayt, 402 and _n._, 403 and _n._, and with Mason, 403; his course considered, 404 _f._; removed, 404; quoted, 420; 406, 407, 411. Cromwell, Oliver, forces war on Holland, 236, 237 and _n._; quoted, on liberty of opinion, 275; 125, 137, 209, 287, 296, 298, 369. Crown, the, and the colonies, 293 _ff._ Cushman, Robert, 91, 94, 95, 97, 102. Cutt, John, first President of New Hampshire under royal control, 400. Cuttyhunk, 37.

Damaris Cove, 104, 115. Dand, John, 214. Danforth, Thomas, 389, 394, 429. Daniel, Thomas, 400. Darley, Henry, 197. Davenport, Rev. John, founder of New Haven, 206, 207. Davison, William, 86. Dawson, S. E., quoted, 27 and _n._ Deer Island, 357. Deerfield, attacked by Indians, 354, 355, 356. Delaware River, settlements on, 234, 235, 236. Democracy, not aimed at in Mayflower Compact, 98; opposition of Mass. leaders to, 143; genesis of, in America, 144, 419; only partial in early town meetings, 154; in Rhode Island, 186, 195, 248; in Connecticut, 192, 193, 195; and Calvinism, 194; still on trial, 365. Deputies in General Court, 154. And _see_ Assistants. Dermer, Thomas, 60, 61 and _n._ Devil, the, the saving grace of Puritan doctrine, 82. Dexter, Henry M., 96 _n._, 165 _n._ Dexter, Thomas, 151. Digges, Edward, 297 _n._ Discovery, right of, basis of title to new lands, 41 and _n._, 42; questions connected with, 42. Dissent, growth of, 364, 372. Distance, from England, influence of, 292, 294, 295, 301, 302. Divine right of kings, theory of, a protest against divine right of popes, 365. Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York, 412, 413. Dorchester, church at, 143; 140, 190. Dorchester (England) fishing company in Mass., 108, 125. Dorrell, John, 127 _n._ Dover, N. H., founded, 108; acquired by Puritans, 181; dispute between church factions at, 217, 218; treacherous seizure of Indians at, 361; 178. Dowdney, Richard, Quaker, 268. Downing, Emanuel, 138, 141, 217 _n._ Downing, Sir George, quoted, 173. Doyle, J. A., quoted, 187 _n._ Drake, Sir Francis, 30, 32, 95 _n._ Draxe, Sir James, 297 _n._ Dryden, John, 371. Dudley, Joseph, appointed agent of Mass., 392; of moderate views, 392 n.; Governor of Mass., New Hampshire and the King's Province, 408 and _n._, 409; legality of his commission protested by General Court, 410; dissatisfaction with his moderation, 411; superseded by Andros, 411; 416, 425, 429, 430, 435. Dudley, Joseph, and John Richards, agents of Mass. in England (1682), 392, 393. Dudley, Thomas, Deputy Governor of Mass., 169; 125, 126, 138, 140 _n._, 147, 161, 162, 167, 179, 213, 227, 258. Dunster, Henry, 206. Dupleix, Marquis, 54. Dutch, helpfulness of, in trade with Indians, 115; and the Pilgrims, 187; at Hartford, 188 and _n._; territorial claims of, 234; outnumbered and crowded out by English, 234, 235, 236; treaty with, not ratified by England, 236; shut out from carrying trade of English colonies, 291; instructions of Royal Commission concerning, 330, 331; reduction of, 336. Dutch West India Co., 313 _n._ Dyer, Mary, Quaker, fiendish treatment of, 271; 268.

East, the, search for new routes to, 27, 29; European trade with, in hands of Spain and Portugal, 29. East India Company, 45, 46, 59. Eastland Company, 45, 46. Eaton, Samuel, 263 _n._ Eaton, Theophilus, founds New Haven, 206, 207, 208; 128, 213. Education, in New England, original object of, religious, 370; influence of, 370, 371. And _see_ Common schools. Edward IV, his charter of 1462, 34, 35. Edward VI, 69. Edwards, Jonathan, character of his writings, 82. Election to General Court, right of, under Mass. charter, 141, 142. And _see_ Franchise. Eliot, Rev. John, pleads against sale of Indians into slavery, 362; 345, 357, 380. Eliot, Sir John, 134, 136, 137. Elizabeth, Queen, relations of England and Spain under, 30, 31, 32; her methods of government, 31; her patent to Sir H. Gilbert, 32, 33, 35; state of England at her accession, 69, 70; her opportunism, 70; vague standard of religious conformity under, 70; 41, 44, 83, 146. Ellis, George E., quoted, 267. Emigration, causes of, 1620-1640, 119 _ff._; influence of form of, 153; Mass. places restrictions on, 190; from England, cessation of, 222, 223; complaints regarding, 422. Endicott, John, governor of colony at Salem, 125, 126, 127; hews down Maypole of Merry Mount, 127; confirmed as governor of Mass., under new charter, 128; his views of church government, 131; censured for sending the Brownes to England, 133; his character, 147; at Block Island, 200; as Puritan leader, 258, 259; and the Quaker persecution, 265, 272, 273; his violent language, 270 _n._; his death, 275, 333; 124, 134, 135, 140, 143, 156 _n._, 162, 163, 260, 264, 315, 430. England, chief imports of, 12; basis of her claims to part of New World, 27, 28, 42; and Spain, under Elizabeth, 30, 31; preys upon Spanish commerce, 36; claims all North America, 41 and _n._, 42; treaty of 1604 with Spain, 42, 43; economic conditions in, 43, 44; abandons continental conquest after loss of Calais, 44; trading companies formed in, 45, 46, 47; value of colonies to, differing views, 45, 46, 47; state of, at accession of Elizabeth, 69, 70; problem of church settlement, 70; low state of morality in, 73, 74; balance-sheet of American exploration, 91; conditions in, about 1630, 118, 123, 124; laws against Catholics suspended, 118; emigration from, largely due to other than religious causes, 121, 122; Puritan leaders in New England propose to govern independently of, 155, 156; effect of domestic political events in, to postpone Colonial affairs, 159, 160, 208, 209, 214, 215, 216, 295, 296; and France, scene of first step in struggle between, 180, 181; breach between Puritan leaders in, and in Mass., 195 _ff._; attitude of New Haven toward, 208; why emigration ceased, 222, 223; and Holland, conflicting territorial claims of, 234, 235, adjusted by treaty, 236; relations of colonies with, 278, 279, 292, 293, 294, 295; and colonial shipping, 286; laws of, relating to colonial trade, 288; application of Mercantile Theory by, and the Dutch, 291; value of Navigation Acts to, 291, 292; scheme for organization of colonies after Restoration, 296, 207, 298; acts for control of trade and shipping, 298 _ff._; interference of, with colonial rights, 302, 303; relation of Mass. to, defined by General Court, 305, 306; relation of other colonies to, 306; and the defiant attitude of New England, 313; complaints against Mass. to government of Charles II, 313 _ff._; change in relation of colonies to, 317, 366; rights and interests of citizens of, 327, 328; question of location of sovereignty in, 364 _ff._; her wars from 1672 to 1815, wars of trade, 366; intellectual revival in, 371; Stoughton and Bulkley agents of Mass. in, 380 _ff._; her patience exhausted, and why, 390, 391; her offer of compromise, not accepted, 393; Mass. charter annulled by _scire facias_, 394; and the new government in New Hampshire, 399 _ff._; and the question of land-titles in New England, 418 _ff._; effect of her method of dealing with the question, 420; Revolution in (1688), 428; circular letter of new government to colonies, 432; war between France and, 436; furnishes convoys for colonial shipping, 437, 438; echoes of discontent in Mass. in, 444, 445 and _n._; Mather's labors in, 445, 446. And _see_ British Empire, Charles I, Charles II, Clarendon, Elizabeth, James I, James II, Lords of Trade and Plantations. “England and Ireland, Realmes of,” 35 _n._ English, the, none of great river highways originally held by, 3; locus of earliest effort at colonization by, 12; treatment of Indians by, 39, 40; break up French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia, 54-56; numbers of, in different colonies, in 1630, 120, 121; emigrants to Ireland, 120. English and French possessions in North America during settlement period contrasted, 3. English nation, involved in founding of settlements by Englishmen, 281. English seamen, under Drake and his fellows, 30, 31. Esquimaux, 24. Essex County, Mass., resistance to tax-levy in, 425, 426. Established Church, a necessity in England, 70, 146; where real struggle for control of, lay, 71. And _see_ Church of England. European civilization, effect on, of expansion due to opening of new lands, 30, 31, 398, 399. European commerce with the East, etc., 26; seeks new route to East, 26, 27; passes into hands of Spain and Portugal, 29. European goods, restrictions on shipment of, to colonies, 300, 301. Evelyn, John, 372. Exeter, N. H., founded, 182; and the settlement at Hampton, 182, 183.

Fairfield, Conn., 206. Farmers, white and colored, comparative efficiency of, in North, 8. Faroe Islands, 12. Fenwick, George, 242. Finch, Katherine, 172. Firearms, sale of, to Indians, 113, 344; Indians required to surrender, 344, 347; English, inferior to Indian, 350. Fish, staple of exchange, 11; demand for, in Europe, 28; opposition to monopoly in, 106. Fisher, Mary, Quaker, 264. Fisheries of New England, 11, 104, 106, 286, and of Newfoundland, 286; produce a race of seamen, 11. Fiske, John, 28 _n._ Flemings, in England, 122. Folger, Peter, “A Looking-Glass for the Times,” 274 _n._ Forefathers Day, 99 _n._ Forests, as barriers, 3, 4; extent of, in New England, 9. Fortrey, Samuel, _England's Interest and Improvement_, quoted, 283, 284. Fortune, the (vessel), captured by French with first shipment of pelts, 102. Fowle, Thomas, 213, 214. France, Verrazano sails under flag of, 28; claims all North America, 41; Mercantile Theory in, 285; Colbert's policy abandoned by, 291; at war with England, 337, 446. Franchise, religious test for, 172, 185, 192, 197, 213 _f._, 217, 252, 253, 254, 319, 383, 384, 389, 392, 393, 445, 446; royal orders concerning, 323; new law concerning, characterized, 331, 332; property qualification for, 389, 392, 393, 445, 446; question of, in new charter for Mass., 434, 435, 445, 446. Frazer, J. G., quoted, 68 _n._ “Free planters,” in New Haven, 207, 208. Free speech, denial of, inevitable, 143; 212. Freemen, in Mass., the only enfranchised voters, 142; petition for increase in number of, 144; limited to church members, 145, 162; 152, 154, 155, 160, 314, 400, 435; in Connecticut, 192; in New Hampshire, 217. French, the, on New England coast, 38; permanent settlement of, at Quebec, 38; beginning of friendship with Indians 39, 40; colonization contrasted with English, 39, 340, 345; settlements of, broken up, 54-56; capture the Fortune, 102; missionary efforts of, 345; supply Indians with arms, 361; danger to English colonies from, 426; behind Indian raids, 438. French West Indies. _See_ West Indies (French). Frontenac, Count, 440. Frontier, natural, 1; westward movement of, causes grouping of colonies into East and West, 2; unlimited, in North America, and its effect on institutions, 29, 30; constant advance of, 176 _ff._, 195, 197, 198; the refuge of restless and discontented, 177; influence of, on domestic concerns of colonies, 209 _ff._; spirit of resistance to interference developed on, 302; advance of, followed by erection of towns, 340; influence of, 367, 419. Fuller, Samuel, 131. Fuller, Thomas, 371. “Fundamental Orders” of Connecticut, 192, 193. Fur-trade, exhaustion of, in New England, 6; beginnings at Plymouth, 102, 114, 115; importance of, 178, 179; 238.

Gama, Vasco da, 27. Gardiner, Christopher, takes refuge with Indians, 150; relations with Gorges, 150, 151; 156. Gardiner, Lyon, 196, 200, 201. Gawsell, Gregory, 125, 134. General Court of Connecticut, representation in, 192; relation of, to towns, 192; declares war against Pequots, 202 _ff._; 413. General Court of Massachusetts Bay, functions of, under charter, 128; first session of, 141; towns represented in, 154; functions of, enlarged, at expense of freemen, 160; and R. Williams, 163; establishes council of magistrates for life, 161, 162; refuses to accept Vane's resignation, 168; disciplines Wheelwright, 169; invalidates election of Vane and others, and admits them on reelection, 169; passes new immigration law, 169; purged for lack of zeal, 170; and atones therefor, 170 _ff._; dispute between magistrates and deputies in, 189; resolution of, as to laws in force, 209, 210; judgment of, in “Sow” case, 212; appeal of non-church members for increase of privileges, denied, 213, 214; legislates to assist debtors, 222; grants land in Rhode Island to Braintree men, 247, 248; convokes synod, 255; Cambridge Platform adopted by, against opposition, 257; passes laws against Quakers, 265, 266, 268; enacts death penalty by bare majority, 270 _n._; severity of laws modified, 273; growing opposition in, to persecution of Quakers, 275; defines relations of colony to England, 305, 306; censures Leverett for violation of Navigation Acts, 313; sends addresses to King and Parliament, 321; revives severe laws against Quakers, 323; laws passed by, repugnant to laws of England, 327; and the Royal Commission, 331, 332; passes new election law, 331, 332; answers of, to requests and charges of Commission, 333, 334; letter of Carr and others to, 334, 335; refuses to send agents to England, 336; disregards petition of citizens opposed to its action, 336, 337; asserts God's reason for Philip's War, 349; and the Indians, 357; replies to royal letter, 380, 381; tergiversations of, regarding Navigation Acts, 384, 385; seeks extension of northern boundary, 385; agrees to administer oath of allegiance and to legislate against treason, 387; reënacts Navigation Acts, 387; sends Dudley and Richards as agents, 392, 393; deadlocked as to acceptance of offer to compromise in matter of annulment of charter, 393; protests legality of Dudley's commission, 410. And _see_ Assistants. Geographic factors, in New England, 11 _ff._; influence of, 153, 292. Geographic science, progress in, 26, 27. Gerrard, Sir Thomas, 38. Gilbert, Adrian, 41. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, terms of his patent, 32, 33, and questions raised thereby, 35, 36; failure of his colonizing efforts, 36; 31. Gilbert, Sir John, 52. Gilbert, Raleigh, founds settlement on Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River, 50, 51, 52. Gilman, John, 400. Godfrey, Edward, 244, 245 and _n._, 314. Goffe, Sir Thomas, 128. Goffe, William, regicide, 314. Gombroon, 280. Gomez, Estienne, voyages of, 28. Gooch, G. P., quoted, 84, 144. Good Hope, fort of, 234, 235, 236, 237, 242. Goodman, John, 100. Gookin, Daniel, 357. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, attitude of Puritans toward, 49; sends vessel to New England, 49 and _n._; his agents in Maine, 60, 61; secures new charter, 62; his _Briefe Narration_, 103; grant to Mason and, 104; consents to issuance of patent for settlement at Salem, 126; and Morton, 149; his relations with Puritan peers, 149; and the Bay Colony, 149, 150; attacks the colony's charter, 151, 156 _ff._; details of his scheme, 158; his hopes dashed, 159; appointed governor of New England, 158, 159; and Mason, divide province of Maine, 177, 178; his death, 244; claim of heirs of, to Maine, declared valid, 375, 376, 382; 48, 51, 52, 125, 216, 218, 245, 314, 324. Gorges, Ferdinando (the younger), protests against absorption of Maine by Mass., 314; sets up his claim against that of Mass., 324, 325; 335, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385. Gorges, John, 125, 149. Gorges, Robert, Governor of New England, 106; forms settlement at Wessagussett, 108; 109, 126, 127 _n._, 149. Gorges, William, 178. Gorton, Samuel, a wanderer, 218, 219; banished from Providence, 219; buys Indian land, 219; action of Mass. against, 219, 220; his religious views, 221 and _n._; 239, 240, 241, 247, 248, 305. Gosnold, Bartholomew, his voyage in 1602, 36, 37; at Jamestown, 48, 49; 40. Gove, Edward, 403. Grafton, Mass., 345. Gray, Thomas, 151. Great Island, N. H., 437. Green Mountains, 4. Greene, John, 386. Greenland, 12. _Groans of the Plantations, The_, quoted, 388 _n._ Groton, 360. Guadaloupe, 291. Guercheville, Madame de, founds St. Sauveur, on Mt. Desert, 55; 41. Guiana, 91. Guiana Company, 46. Guinea Company, 46. Guinn, ——, 402. Gunnbiörn's Skerries, 12 _n._

_Habeas Corpus_, right of, not extended to colonies, 425 _n._ Hadley, Mass., 354 and _n._, 355, 356. Hakluyt, R., “A Discourse concerning Western Planting,” quoted, 31 _n._, 37. “Half-way Covenant,” 263. Halley, Edmund, 371. Hampden, John, 125, 136, 137. Hampton, dispute over settlement at, 182, 183. Hanham, Thomas, 48, 50 and _n._ Hardy, Thomas, 72. Harlow, Edward, 54. Harris, William, 338 _n._ Harrison, William, 44. Harrisse, H., 28 _n._ Hartford, Dutch at, 188 and _n._; 191, 192. Harvard College, 369. Harvey, William, 371. Hatfield, Mass., 360. Hawkins, Sir John, 30. Hawkins, Sir Richard, 60. Haynes, John, Governor of Mass., 167, 189. Henchman, Daniel, 353. Henri IV, 38, 41. Henrietta Maria, Queen, 118. Henry II, 41 _n._ Henry IV, his charter of 1404, 34. Henry VII, 27, 28. Henry VIII, break with Rome under, 68, 69; 71. Henson, Rev. H. H., 96 _n._ Herrick, Robert, 371. Hibbens, Ann, 264. Higginson, Rev. Francis, teacher of Salem church, 131; quoted, 129, 417; 127, 140, 263 _n._, 371. High Commission, Court of, 71, 80, 151. Hilton, Edward and William, settle on Piscataqua River, 108 and _n._ Hilton patent, the, 196. Hinckley, Thomas, 416. Hobbes, Thomas, 371. Hobomack (Indian), 101. Hobson, Captain, 54, 60. Hocking, ——, murder of, at Augusta, 178, 179 _n._, 298. Hoffe, ——, 169. Holden, Christopher, Quaker, 268. Holden, Randall, 386. Holland, Earl of, 125. Holland, her claims to territory in New England, invalid, 53 and _n._; state of, in early 17th century, 89 and _n._; religious toleration in, 118; treaty with England, not ratified, 236; Cromwell forces war on, 236; United Colonies declare war on, 238; carrying trade of, 298; England at war with, 337; peace with, 375; 146, 312. And _see_ Dutch. Holmes, Obadiah, Baptist, whipped at Lynn, 259 _ff._ Hooker, Rev. Thomas, arrives at Newtown, 189; denied permission to go to Connecticut, 189; but takes his congregation thither, 190, 191; his “famous sermon,” 192 and _n._, and J. Winthrop, 193, 194; his death, 258; 167, 168, 195, 210, 372. Hopkins, Edward, Governor of Connecticut, 213. Hopkins, Steven, 101. Hopkinton, 345. Housatonic River, 235 and _n._ Hubbard, William, quoted, 97, 354 _n._ Hudlston, John, 103 _n._ Hudson, Henry, on coast of Virginia, 53; Dutch claims based on voyage of, 53; 6. Hudson River, 53 and _n._ Hudson-Mohawk river highway, 3, 312. Huguenots, and the fall of Rochelle, 118; in England, 122. Hull, Rev. Mr., 227. Humphrey, John, 124, 127, 128, 134, 138, 140 and _n._, 141, 157, 196, 223. Hunt, Thomas, 59. Hutchinson, Ann, and the Antinomian controversy, 165 _ff._; tried and banished, 171; 210, 220. Hutchinson, Edward, 354. Hutchinson, L., quoted, 84, 85. Hutchinson, Thomas, _History of Massachusetts Bay_, quoted, 258, 259, 433; 424. Hutchinson, William, 165.

Iceland, 12. Immigration law (Mass.), terms of, 169, 170, 173. And _see_ Emigration. Imperial sovereignty, 293. India, English successes in, 56; English interests in (1660), 280. Indian land-titles, purchase of, 39, 340 _f._ Indian warfare, colonists ignorant of, 350. Indians, dealings of colonists with, 14, 24, 25, 39, 40, 198, 199, 239 _ff._; character and mental traits of, 14 _ff._; still in Stone Age at time of discovery of America, 16; agriculture and the chase, 16, 19, 20; political and social organization of, 17 _ff._; war, their natural condition, 19; position of women among, 21, 22; and the arts, 22; economic life, 23; in animistic stage of religious belief, 23; linguistic, the best method of classification of, 23, 24; numbers of, in New England, 24, 338, 339; foundation of friendship with French, 39, 40; sickness among, 99, 100 and _n._; and the Pilgrims, 101, 102; beginnings of trade with, 102, 115; threats of trouble with, 103; plot of, against Wessagussett, foiled, 105; Morton sells fire-arms to, 113; and Morton, 148; Williams escapes to, 165; solicit colonists to come to Connecticut River, 187; slight danger from, in New New England, 197, 198; rumors of general uprising, 240; geographical distribution of, 339; land-dealings of settlers with, 340 _ff._, 348, 349; Puritans' treatment of, and their reaction to it, 342; special laws for, 343; causes of friction with, 344; missionary work among, 345, 346; changed relations of whites and, 348, 349; innocent, inhuman treatment of, by Mass., 357; supplied by French with arms, etc., 361; treacherous seizure of, at Dover, 361; terms of treaty with (1678), 362 and _n._; psychological effect of war on, 362; treatment of captives by colonists, 362; protests against sale of, into slavery, 362; control of relations with, in all North America, given to Andros, 426; threats of trouble with, 426; expeditions against, at divers places, 427; hostilities begun by, 436, 437. And _see_ Beothuks, Iroquois, Narragansetts, Nipmucks, Pequots, Praying Indians. Indies, English rights of trade with, surrendered by treaty of 1604, 43. Individual, the, responsibility of, to God, 67; rights of, and the Gorton case, 221. Individual initiative, development of, in Tudor times, 31. Individual liberty, and the struggle between England and her colonies, 329. Individualism, increasing sense of, 66, 67. Inquisition, the, 31. Insurance (cargo), high cost of, 114. Intercolonial trade, New England's share in, 10; 300. Ipswich, resistance to tax-levy in, 425. Ireland, schemes for colonizing, 33; settlements in, 59 and _n._; English emigrants to, 120. Irish Plantation Society, 33, 46, 47. Iroquois, superior art of, in pottery, 22; 24, 312. Island colonies, planted by England, 119. Isothermal lines, on Atlantic coast, 10. Italy, cities of, lose Oriental trade, 29.

Jamaica, religious toleration in, 276; 287, 367, 381. James I, 40, 42, 47, 48, 51, 58, 71, 132, 279. James II, opposes grant of popular assembly in New England, 414; proclamation of, in view of invasion from Holland, 428; dethroned, 430; 408, 410, 411, 424, 427, 431. Jamestown, founded, 38, 49; troubles of, 61, 62; massacre at, 103; 91. Java, 280. Jephson, W., 431. Jermyn, Sir Robert, 72. Jesuits, at St. Sauveur, 55, 56; missionaries in America, 345. Johnson, Lady Arbella, 140. Johnson, Isaac, 125, 128, 138, 140. Joint stock. _See_ Common stock. Jones, Christopher, captain of the Mayflower, 95 _n._, 97 and _n._ Jones, Thomas, 95 _n._, 97 _n._ Josselyn, Henry, 244.

Keaynes, Robert, and the “Sow” case, 211, 212, 232 _n._, 314 _n._ Kennebec River, trade with settlements on, 115, 116; Hocking affray on, 178; 6, 50, 104. Kieft, Dutch governor, 235. King David (vessel), 289 _n._ King's Chapel (Boston), 421, 442. King's Province, organized, 332, 333; Dudley, governor of, 409; 386, 387. Kirk, Sir W., 180. Kirke, Percy, comes near being governor of New England, 407 and _n._ Kittery, 245. Kittredge, George L., _Robert Child the Remonstrant_, 214 _n._ Knower, Thomas, 151.

La Saussaye, M. de, 55 and _n._ La Tour, Claude Etienne de, in Acadia, 232, 233, 234. Labrador current, 12. Land, travel by, effect of difficulty and expense of, 7. Land, free grants of, in New England colonies, 153; and the development of American ideals, 176; method of acquisition of, from Indians, 340, 341; title to, by conquest, 341; “one of the gods of New England,” 243; prospect of owning, the main attraction to emigrants, 419; effect of wide distribution of small holdings, 419. Land-system of New England, 153. Land-titles, in Mass., establishment of new government complicated by question of, 416 _ff._; Higginson on derivation of, 418. Land-values, in England, rise of, 123. Lathrop, Thomas, 355. Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, declares war on Puritans, 157; 121, 148, 151, 158, 162. Lawyers, scarcity of, in New England, 417. Lechford, T., 132. Leddra, William, Quaker, 272, 273. Lee, Robert E., quoted, 408. Leere, Sir Peter, 297. Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre P., _De la Colonisation_, etc., quoted, 44 _n._ Lescarbot, Marc, 39 and _n._ Levant Company, 45, 46. Leverett, John, agent of Mass. in England, 321, 322; and Randolph, 378, 379; on the relation of Mass. to England, 378; 312, 313, 350, 389. Levett, Christopher, settles at York, 108. Leyden, Pilgrim church at, 89; seven articles of the church at, 92; emigrants to Plymouth, 97, 98. Liberal sentiment in religion and economics, growth of, in New England, 373, 374. Liberty, double nature of struggle for, in colonial period, 155, 311, 329, 435; not a natural fact, 365; and the struggle between England and the colonies, 395, 396. Liberty of conscience. _See_ Religious toleration. Lincoln, Earl of, 92, 125, 138, 149, 177, 197. Littleton, Mass., 345. Local governments in New England. _See_ Towns. Locke, John, 371. London, capital for Pilgrims' enterprise largely subscribed in, 99; 381. And _see_ Adventurers. London Company, provided for in Virginia charter, 48; founds Jamestown, 48, 49; changes in charter of, 62; hostility of, to Gorges, 62. Long Island, 226. Long Island Sound, 4, 5, 6, 206, 339. Longmeadow, 360. Lord's Prayer, the, frowned on by Puritans, 82. Lords Commissioners for Plantations in General, charter of Mass. investigated by, 157, 158. Lords of Trade and Plantations, take over colonial affairs, 375; and the New England question, 375 _ff._; Randolph's report to, 379; examine merchants as to trading practices of New England, 379, 380; advise _Quo Warranto_ process against Mass., 384; advise reconstruction of government of New Hampshire, 402; and Cranfield, 404; and the Mason claim to New Hampshire, 405; 391 and _n._, 408, 412, 436, 437, 445. Louis XIII, 181. Louis XIV, 288. Love, W. de L., 191 _n._ Lyford, John, a canting clergyman, 106, 107; and Oldham, 107; banished, 107, 108. Lygonia grant, 244. Lynn, Henry, 151. Lynn, Mass., Baptists fined at, 259, 260; matter of iron-works at, 314 and _n._; 140.

McIlwain, C. H., _The High Court of Parliament_, etc., quoted, 307. Machias, 180. Madras, 280. Magellan, Ferdinand, 27. Magistrates, right of, to perpetual reelection, 161, 162. And _see_ Assistants. Maine, geographical conditions in northern, 5; thinly settled, 5; coast of, long a debatable land between French and English, 39; settlers in, 120; early history of, 177 _ff._; Mason and Gorges grant divided between them, 177, 178; scene of first step in struggle between France and England, 180, 181; slow growth of population in, 183; no settled government in, 217; claim of Mass. to territory in, 217; province of, annexed by Mass., 244, 245; conditions in, under Mass., 317; Gorges claim to, 324, 325, 376; again taken under jurisdiction of Mass., 335, 336; losses of, in Philip's War, 363; bought by Mass., 386; disaffection of people of, 386 and _n._; Mass. ordered to surrender title-deeds of, 389, but sets up government there, 389, 390; Indian troubles in, 427, 437; included in Mass. under new charter, 449; 3, 215, 227, 339, 361, 393. Malynes, Gerard, 114 _n._; Maps, early, of Atlantic coast, 28. Marlborough, Earl of, 134. Marlborough, Mass., 345, 357, 360. Marshall, Christopher, 263 _n._ Martha's Vineyard, gold sought on, 60; 345. Martinique, 291. Martyn, Richard, 400. Marvell, Andrew, 371. Mary, Queen, 31, 69. Mary II, Queen, 445. Maryland, settlers in, 120; religious freedom in, 275; 285, 439. Marsden, J. B., quoted, 76. Mason, John, bounds of grants to, 104; and Gorges divide province of Maine, 177, 178; death of, 181; claim of heirs of, to land in New Hampshire, declared valid, 375, 376, 382; 109, 126, 156, 159, 216, 245, 324. Mason, Capt. John, leads expedition against Pequots, 202 _ff._ Mason, Robert, protests against annexation of New Hampshire to Mass., 314; his title confirmed by Parliamentary committee, 324, 325; and the new royal government, 399 _ff._; difficulties of, 401; deal with Cranfield, 403 and _n._; his claims impossible to adjust, 404, 405; 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 390, 409, 420. Massachusetts, coast of, 5, 6; misapprehension concerning emigration to, 119; settlers in, in 1630 and 1640, 120; population of, and of Barbadoes compared, 121; proportion of Puritan element in population of, 121, 122. Massachusetts Bay, Pilgrims' first trading voyage to, 102; 37. Massachusetts Bay, Governor and Company of (Bay Colony), charter granted to, 127, 128; original patentees, 127, 128; shades of religious belief, 129; transfer of charter to Winthrop and others, 138-140; removal of charter to America, 139; settlements of Winthrop and his band, 140; climatic and economic conditions in, 140, 141; violations of charter of, 141, 142, 145, 162; freemen of, only enfranchised voters, 142; non-church members seek a share in management of affairs, 145; limitations of founders, 147, 148; severe measures against critics, 151, 152; elements in political history of, 155; Gorges's attack on, 156 _ff._; writ of _Quo Warranto_, to repeal Charter, 158, 159; prepares for armed resistance, 159; towns of, question legislation by magistrates, 160; election of magistrates for life in, 161, 162; and Ann Hutchinson, 166 _ff._; control of oligarchy in, how confirmed, 169, 170, 171, 172; intolerance of leaders criticized by friends in England, 172, 173; technical rights of colonists under charter, considered, 173; results of intolerant policy on intellectual life of, 174; dispute with Plymouth over Hocking case, 178, 179; refuses to aid Plymouth against French, 181; and Wheelwright's settlement in Exeter, 182; and the settlement at Hampton, 182, 183; influence of, in Rhode Island and Connecticut, 183 _ff._; contrast between Rhode Island and, 185, 186; sends expedition to Connecticut, 187 and _n._, 188; restrictions on permission to leave colony, 189, 190; and settlements in Connecticut, 190, 191, 207; influence of, on development of American thought, 193, 194; attitude of clergy in, 194, 195; isolation of, 197; dealings with Indians, 198 _ff._, and their results, 201 _ff._; appeals to R. Williams to mediate with Indians, 201; appeals to Plymouth for aid, 202; demand for return of charter to England, refused, 209; beginnings of opposition to oligarchy in, 210, 211; adopts the “Body of Liberties,” and new code of laws, 211; claims of, to territory of Maine and New Hampshire, 216, 217, 227, 328; annexes Dover, 217, and Exeter, 218; intervenes in Gorton case, 219, 220, 221; population and resources of, 221, 224; alienates her friends in England, 223; submits draft of proposed Confederation, 224, 225; her policy, to extend her claims and control, 226; her advantages, 226, 227; her spite against Rhode Island, 227; territorial acquisitions before formation of Confederation, 228; dominates councils of Confederation, 230; the inglorious expedition to Acadia, 232 _ff._; effect of abstention of, from quarrels with Dutch, 237, 238; her purity of motive questioned, 238; and the declaration of war against the Dutch, 238, 239; controversy with Connecticut over taxation, 242, 243; imposes import duty on goods from other colonies entering Boston, 243; disputed boundary line between Connecticut and, 243; annexes Maine and New Hampshire, 243, 244; results of her policy of annexation, 245, 246; development of that policy checked in South, 246 _ff._; claims Pequot country and Narragansett country, 250; increasing demand for reform in franchise, 253, 254; arrogance of theocracy in, 262; growth of liberal opinion in, 262; persecution of Quakers in, 264-277; religious intolerance of leaders in, considered, 276, 277; tendency of, to escape from jurisdiction of England, 304, 313, 322, 326, 376; and the oath of allegiance, 304 and _n._; official declarations of her attitude, 304, 305; her attitude contrasted with that of other colonies, 306; close connection of theology and politics in, 311; complaints against, on divers grounds, 313 _ff._, instructions of, to agents in London, 321, 322; prepares to defend herself by force, 322; letter of Charles II, confirming charter, etc., how complied with, 323, 324; and the Mason and Gorges claims, 324, 325; critical importance of her attitude, 326; logical result of her untenable assumption of virtual independence, 327, 328, 329; position of liberal element in, 329; Royal Commission in, 331 _ff._; successfully reasserts claim to New Hampshire, 335; Maine again under her jurisdiction, 335, 336; ordered to send agents to England, 336; ultimate result of her defiance, 337; charged with conniving to make Indians drunk, 344 and _n._; “Praying Indians” in, 345; raising troops in, 351, 355 and _n._; drives Narragansetts into opposition, 352, 353; division of command against Indians between Connecticut and, 355, 356; refuses to use services of friendly Indians, 356, 357; her inhuman treatment of Indians, 357; unable to protect eastern settlements, 362; towns destroyed in war, 363; cost of war to, 363; her independent attitude notorious, 367; laws concerning schools in, 369, how nullified, 370; growth of dissent in, 372, 373; her disregard of Navigation Acts, 376; Randolph, special messenger from England to, how treated, 377, 378; sends agents to England, 380, 381; opinion of Judges on charter and boundaries of, 382, and of Attorney General on certain laws of, 382, 383; her defiant attitude censured in mandate to Stoughton and Bulkley, 383; purchases Maine from Gorges, 386; her government there illegal and unpopular, 386 and _n._; and the King's Province, 387; inconsistency of, regarding taxation without representation, 388; terms of royal letter to, 389; establishes government in Maine against royal command, 389; how her charter might have been saved, 390; consequences of her illegal trade, 391; _Quo Warranto_ process against charter, 393; England offers to drop proceedings, on terms, 393, 394; her charter annulled, 394; loss of charter, why not to be regretted, 394 _ff._; her two valuable contributions to American political life, 397; and the appointment of Dudley as governor, 408; question of land-titles in, 416 _ff._; increased liberty of individual in, under Andros, 423; and the spectre of Rome, 427, 428, 429; Mather, in England, seeks restoration of charter, 431, 432; compromise government formed in, after fall of Andros, 433 _ff._; points to be considered in drawing new charter for, 434, 435; two separate struggles for freedom in, 435; difficulties about raising troops, 437; Indian depredations in, 437; losses of, in expedition against Canada, 441, 442; financial troubles of, 442; increasing discontent in, 442 _ff._; failure of attempts to obtain restoration of charter, 444; complaints against, reach England, 444, 445; new charter of (1691), 446 _ff._; opinions of new charter in, 449, 450; bounds of, extended, to include Plymouth, Maine, etc., 450; rights of, under old and new charters, 450; effect of new charter, 450. And _see_ Boston, Franchise, General Court of Mass., Puritan leaders, Puritans, Salem, Theocracy. Massachusetts Company, 46. Massasoit, Wampanoag sachem, Plymouth settlers make treaty with, 101; his death, 346; 105. Masson, D., cited, 76. Mather, Cotton, and the witchcraft delusion, 452 _ff._; quoted, 451, 455; 442. Mather, Increase, and Philip's son, 362; in England, 431, 432; seeks restoration of charter of Mass., 431, 432; quoted, 422, 453, 454; 407, 427, 435, 444, 445, 446, 451, 455. Mathews, L. K., 338 _n._, 339 _n._ Matinicus Island, 55. Maverick, Samuel, the only freeman not a church member, 213, 214; corresponds with Clarendon on affairs in Mass., 315; his plans for reorganization of colonies, 315, 316, 317; member of Royal Commission, 330, 331; letters of, to Mass., 334, 335; advice of, as to charter of Mass., 336; 144. Mayflower, the, chartered by Pilgrims, 95 and _n._; sails from Plymouth, 96, 97; her ship's company, 96, 97; arrives at Provincetown, 97, and at Plymouth, 99; sails for home, 101. Mayflower Compact, the only basis of independent civil government in Plymouth, 98; 116. Mayhew, Thomas, 345. “May-Pole of Merry Mount,” 110, 111; destroyed by Endicott, 127. Medfield, Mass., 360. Medford, Mass., 140. Medicine-men, 22, 23. Mercantile Theory, discussed, 282 _ff._; the ideal empire according to, 284, 285; in France, 285, 288, 289; British Empire most complete embodiment of ideal of, 285, 286; New England fails to fit into, 286 _ff._; corollaries of, 288; modern view of, 290, 291; effect of abandonment of, by France, 291; 309. Merrimac River, 7, 104, 178, 216, 245, 324, 340, 382, 385. Merry Mount. _See_ Morton, Thomas, Mt. Wollaston. Mexico, conquest of, 29. Miantanomo (Indian), taken prisoner by Uncas, 239; placed in custody of English and put to death, 240, 241; a consistent friend of the English, 240; 199, 201, 205, 219, 358. Middle class, growth of, 85; Puritanism and, 85. Milford, Mass., 206. Milton, John, _Of True Religion_, etc., quoted, 80; _Paradise Lost_, 82; 371. Minorities, rights of, and the Puritans, 73. Misselden, L., _The Circle of Commerce_, etc., quoted, 282, 283. Mississippi River, 3, 6, 426. Mohegans (Indians), 202, 204, 239. Monhegan Island, permanent settlement on, 108, 115; 178. Montcalm, Marquis de, 54. Montreal, unsuccessful expedition against, 439, 440. Monts, Sieur de, charter granted to, by Henri IV (1603), 38, 39; attempts to found settlement, 38, 39; 53. Montserrat, 120. Moody, Rev. Joshua, 438, 439. Morell, Rev. William, 106. Morris, Sir E., quoted, 291. Morton, Nathaniel, _Memorial_, 97 _n._ Morton, Thomas, with Wollaston at Mt. Wollaston, 109, 110; his character and “doings,” 110; sells fire-arms to Indians, 113, 148; sent back to England, 113; false grounds of his banishment, 148, 149; joins hands with Gorges, 149 and _n._; 97, 127, 150, 151, 156, 158. Moseley, Samuel, his unique brutality, 357; 350, 356. Moundeford, Sir Edward, 125. Mount Desert. _See_ St. Sauveur. Mount Wollaston (Quincy), Morton and Wollaston at, 109, 110; expedition against, 113. Mun, Thomas, and the Mercantile Theory, 283, and _n._ Murray, Gilbert, _Rise of the Greek Epic_, quoted, 14, 15. Muscovy Company, 32, 45, 46. Myrand, E., quoted, 440 _n._

Nantasket, 104, 351. Nantucket, 345. Narragansett Bay, colonizing sites around, 184; settlements on, 246; 6, 318, 339. Narragansett country, encroachments of Mass. on, 386; 320, 325. Narragansett River, 321. Narragansetts, challenge the Pilgrims, 103; and Pequots, 199, 200, 201; won over to colonists by Williams, 201; seek protection of English crown, 247; lands of, claimed by Mass., 250; and by Rhode Island, 251, and mortgaged to Atherton Co., 251; number of, 338, 339; forced to join colonists against Philip, 352, 353; colonists declare war on, 358; defeated at Pettisquamscott, but not annihilated, 359, 360; 199, 202, 204, 239, 240, 341. Nashobeh, 357. Natick, 345. Nationality, growth of idea of, 66. Naumkeag River, 104. Navigation Acts, 291, 292, 297, 298, 299, 301, 303, 308, 312, 313, 326, 330, 334, 366, 373, 376, 378, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387, 401, 411, 446. Negroes, 285. Neville, ——, 87. Nevis, island of, 119, 120, 367, 429. New Amsterdam, 119, 120, 187, 188. New England, group of colonies in, generally homogeneous, 2; a geographical unit, 2; topographical characteristics of, 4, 5; rivers of, 6; effects of exhaustion of fur-trade in, 7; conditions that stimulated manufacturing in, 7, 8, 9; economic impossibility of slavery in, 8; comparative value of land in, and in Southern colonies, 9; shipbuilding in, 9, 10; marked seasonal changes in, 10; intercolonial and foreign trade of, 10, 13; fishing industry, the corner-stone of prosperity of, 11; geographic factors in life of, 11 _ff._; forced to find other outlets than England for her products, 12, 13; influence of environment on settlers in, 13; numbers of Indians in, 24; Gosnold's voyage, 36, 37; failure of efforts to found permanent settlements in, 38; the de Monts charter, 38; coast of, explored and mapped by Champlain, 39; included in territory granted to Plymouth Co., 48; conflicting claims to, could be settled only by force, 53; Smith's map and writings spread knowledge of, 58, 59; effort to found a state in, by self-confessed elect, 81; beginning of settlements on coast of, 103, 104; missionary work in, 345; genius of, never military, 349; second generation of settlers in, true colonials, 368; Lords of Trade deal with problem of, 375 _ff._, 379, 380; Randolph Collector of Customs in, 385, 386; vain efforts to settle problem of, 390, 391; seven jurisdictions in, 406; New York and the Jerseys united with, under Andros, 413. New England colonies, Plymouth men not the only founders of, 109; why Puritanism flourished in, 112, 113; comparative numbers of settlers in, and in other colonies, 120; Congregationalism in, 129, 130; Church of England services tabooed in, 130; church system of, and the Salem Church, 131, 132, 133; land-system of, 153; effects of frontier life and distance on relations of, with England, 208, 209, and on domestic concerns of, 209 _ff._; course of, during troubles in England, 215 _ff._; possible methods of unifying, 216; population of, in 1640, 221; economic disaster in, 221, 222; cessation of emigration to, 222, 223; threatened emigration from, 223, 224; confederation of, discussed, 224, 225; intense local feeling an obstacle, 225, 226; tendency toward expansion, 226; differing status of, in proposed confederation, 227, 228; unification of, meant absorption by Mass., 246; parts of a complex system, 278; not independent states, 278, 279, 292; and the Mercantile Theory, 286 _ff._; trade relations of, with England, etc., 286, 287; considerately treated by England, 300, 301; foreign commerce of, 312; and the Navigation Acts, 312, 313; situation of, how changed by Restoration, 317; Maverick's plan for reorganization of, 315, 316; native-born colonials in, 316, 317; boundary disputes in, 325; objects of suspicion in England, 326; economic welfare of, bound up with that of the Empire, 326, 327; growth of, 1660 to 1675, 338 and _n._; settled area of, in 1675, 339; laws of, concerning dealings with Indians, 341, 343; effects of jealousy among, in war-time, 350; difficulty of raising troops, 350, 351; treatment of Indian captives by, 362; losses of, in Philip's War, 362, 363; result of the war on public sentiment in, 363; characteristics of religious element in, 368, education in, 369; impoverishment of intellectual life in, 371, 372; rise of new parties in, 372, 373; evasion of Navigation Acts by, 376; trade practices of, 379, 380; plans for general government of, 406, 407; saved from Col. Kirke, 407 and _n._; temporary government of Dudley a step toward consolidation of, 409; omission of popular assembly a blunder, 409, 410, 411, 414; further steps toward consolidation, 412, 413; under Andros, 413 _ff._; law-making power, where vested, 414, 415; functions of the Council, 414 _ff._; question of land-titles in, 416; dearth of lawyers and legal knowledge in, 417; legal questions referred to clergy, 417; equalizing of economic status in, 419; new government of, pledged to allow liberty of conscience, 420 _ff._; taxation in, under Andros, 424, 425; surpassed by other colonies in population and volume of trade, 445 and _n._; witchcraft delusion in, 451-456. New England Company, settlement at Salem under first charter, 126 and _n._; 46. New England conscience, first consignment of, arrives on Mayflower, 97; 372. New England town, origin of, 152; universal in Puritan colonies on mainland, 153; status of, 153, 154. “New England Way,” in religion, 121, 254. New Englanders, early, certain convictions of, 9; how kept within bounds, 11, 12; drawn out to sea, 12; indifference of, to government, 443, 444. New Hampshire, thinly settled, 5; settlers in, 120; Mason's share of province of Maine, 178; growth of population in, 183, 224; no settled government in, 216; claims of Mass. to territory of, 216, 217; absorbed by Mass., 228; conditions in, under Mass., 317; Mason's title to, confirmed, 324, 325, 376; Mass. reasserts her claim to, 335; Randolph in, 379; Mass. ordered to withdraw from government of, which is vested in Crown, 389; new government of, the first royal government in New England, 399 _ff._; complications caused by Mason title to, 399 _ff._; breakdown of attempt to govern by local officials, 401; form of government modified, 402; Cranfield as governor of, 402 _ff._; Dudley governor of, 408, 409; Indian depredations in, 437; given separate government in new dispensation, 449, 450 _n._; 215, 243, 339, 361. New Harbor (Pemaquid), settlement at, 109. New Haven, settled, 206; founders of, 206; reactionary provisions of fundamental agreement, 208; absorbed by Connecticut, 208; financial condition of, 221; and the Dutch, 236, 237; savage laws against Quakers in, 268; Sylvester's complaint against, 314, 315 and _n._; wiped out by Connecticut charter, 318; element in, disaffected to theocracy, 319, 320; Indian attacks on, 427; 209, 215, 226, 227, 234, 235. New Jersey, religious freedom in, 276; united to New England under Andros, 413. New Netherland, acquisition of, by English, 312, 315, 316, 330; boundary of, 332; 318. New Testament, the, in Puritan theology, 82. New York, cost of carriage of merchandise in, 7; Nicolls first Governor of, 330; English authority established at, 336; united to New England under Andros, 413; 439. Newburyport, 104. Newcastle, Duke of, 389, 413. Newfoundland, fisheries of, 28, 285; 59, 120, 280. Newfoundland Company, 46. Newport, settled, 185; 247, 249. Newton, Isaac, 371, 453. Newtown, elections removed to, from Boston, 169; 155. Nicolls, Richard, first Governor of New York, 330; advice of, as to Mass., 336; 331. Nipmucks, destroy Brookfield, 354. “No taxation without representation,” 302, 303, 387, 388, 449. Noddle's Island, settlement on, 109. Noell, Martin, 296, 297 _n._ Non-church members, in New England, 144, 145, 212-214, 262. Nonconformist, and Puritan, 65, 66. North America, three contestants for empire in, 28, 29, 41 _ff._ North and South Virginia Companies, 46. Northampton, Mass., 360. Northfield, Mass., destroyed by Indians, 354, 355; 339. Northwest Passage Company, 46. Norton, Rev. John, as Puritan leader, 258, 259; and Quakers, 268, 269, 270; 323, 430. Norwalk, Conn., 206. Norwich, England, 123. Nottingham, Earl of, 455. Nova Scotia. _See_ Acadia, Port Royal. Nowell, Increase, 128. Nowell, Samuel, appointed agent of Mass., 390. Noyes, Rev. Nicholas, 454.

Oakes, Uriah, 371. Oath of Supremacy, 71. Old Connecticut Path, 20 and _n._ Old Providence, attempt to found colony at, 125; colony planted at, 134, 135; threatened emigration from New England to, 223, 224; 141, 194. Old Testament, the Puritans' delight, 80. Oldham, John, character of, 106; and Lyford, 107; banished, 107; murdered, 199, 200; 127 and _n._, 187. Oliver, F. S., _Alexander Hamilton_, quoted, 293. Opportunism, 70. Orange, Prince of. _See_ William III. Osgood, H. L., _American Colonies in the 17th Century_, quoted, 35 _n._, 217, 330, 338 _n._ Oyster River, 436.

Pacific Ocean, the Western boundary of Connecticut, as defined in charter, 318. _Pacte coloniale_, similar to modern trust, 284. Palfrey, John G., _History of New England_, 201 _n._, 217 _n._, 260 _n._, 267, 338 _n._ Papists, excluded from England's demand for religious freedom in colonies, 389. Parkhurst, Anthony, quoted, 29 _n._ Parliament, Puritan members of, 75 and _n._; takes permanent place among English institutions, 293; control of colonies by, confined mostly to trade, 294; non-representation of colonies in, 302, 303, 388; issues commissions to privateers, 304, 305. Parliamentary sovereignty, doctrine of, 293. Parris, Rev. Samuel, 452, 454. Parties, substitution of, for churches, as political forces, 310; close connection of theology and, in Mass., 311. Passamaquoddy Bay, 38. Patents. _See_ Charters. Patrick, Daniel, 203. Patuxet, 249, 250. Pawcatuck River, 250, 321. Peckham, Sir George, 38. Pecksuot (Indian), 105. Pejebscot, 178. Pelham, Sir William, quoted, 123 _n._ Pemaquid, fort, captured by Indians, 436; 178, 181, 335, 426. And _see_ New Harbor. Pennacook, 183. Pennsylvania, cost of carriage of merchandise in, 7; religious freedom in, 276. Penobscot River, Pilgrim trading-post on, 180, 181, seized by French, 181. Pepys, Samuel, 372. Pequot Harbor, 200. Pequot war, 202, 203, 224, 339. Pequots, and Narragansetts, 198, 199, 200; Mass. and Narragansetts join hands against, 201; outrages committed by, 201; Connecticut declares war against, 202 _ff._; annihilated, 203 _ff._; their country thrown open to settlement, 206; lands of, claimed by Mass., 250; special laws for, in Connecticut, 343, 344. Peter, Rev. Hugh, quoted, 204; 167. Pettisquamscott, Narragansetts defeated at, 359 and _n._ Philip III, of Spain, 51, 58. Philip, Wampanoag sachem, forced to give up arms of his people, 345, 347; succeeds Alexander, 346; charged with disloyalty, 346; inevitable result of harsh terms imposed upon, 346, 347, 348; his character and abilities, 348; prepares for general uprising, 348; Plymouth authorities informed of his plot, 351, 352; escapes into central Mass., 353, 354; war passes out of his control, 357, 358; his breakdown as a leader, 361; killed by Christian Indians, 361; fate of his wife and son, 362. Philip's War, 351-363. Phips, Sir William, captured Port Royal, N. S., 438, 439; first governor of Mass., under new charter, 451; 432, 440, 441, 454, 455. Phratry, the, 18 _n._ Pierce, John, patents granted to, 93 and _n._; under second patent becomes owner of land on which Plymouth stood, 105, 106; sells out to Pilgrims, 106; 102, 104. Pilgrims, the, at Leyden, 89 _ff._; their motives in leaving Holland, 90; without means for emigration, 90; uncertainty of, as to their destination, 91; send emissaries to London, 91, 92; attitude of James I toward, 92; efforts of, to raise money, 93; agreement of, with Weston and others, 93 _ff._; leave Holland for England, and sail from Plymouth on Mayflower, 95, 96; at Provincetown, 97; a mixed lot, 97; London element among, 98; Mayflower Compact signed by, 98; found a pure democracy, later modified, 98; land at Plymouth, 99 and _n._; their enterprise made possible by capital subscribed in London, 99; the Scrooby leaven, 99; make treaty with Samoset, 101; and friendly Indians, 101, 102; first trading voyage to Mass. Bay, 102; obtain grant of land on Cape Ann, 108, 109; outnumbered by other settlers, 109; and Puritans, distinction between, 129; settlements in Maine occupied by, 180; and the Dutch, 187, 188; send expeditions to Connecticut River, 187; forced to yield land at Windsor, 190, 191; claims by Mass. to Maine lands, in conflict with, 218. And _see_ Bradford, W., Plymouth Colony, Scrooby. Piscataqua River, settlements on, 108 and _n._; 178, 385. Plastrier, Captain, 54, 55. Plumbers Hall, 64. Pluralism, 74, 75. Plymouth, England, 96. Plymouth, Mass., Pilgrims land at, 99 and _n._; first buildings at, 99; sickness at, 100; visit of Samoset to, 100; “perticulers” at, 106, 107; Christmas sports at, 110, 111. Plymouth colony, Bible and beaver the mainstays of, 102; new recruits for, 102, 103; challenged by Narragansetts, 103; the largest single settlement in New England until 1830, 103; and Weston's new settlement at Wessagussett, 104, 105; buys out Pierce, 106; financial condition of, 113; failure of common-stock theory in, 113; location of, poor for Indian trade, 114; forced to resort to coasting voyages for skins, 114; abandoned by London Adventurers, 114, 116; capital secured by, 115; interference of outsiders with trade of, 116; new patent granted to, confirming holdings on Kennebec, 116; Mayflower Compact continued in force, 116; franchise in, 172; dispute with Mass. over Hocking incident, 178, 179; Mass. asks aid of, against Indians, 202; prosperity of, 221; treatment of Quakers in, 268, 275; relation of, to England, 306; “Praying Indians” in, 345; and Alexander, 346; harsh terms imposed on Philip by, 346, 347; raising troops in, 351, 355 _n._; war expenses of, 363; schools in, 369; Andros governor of, 411; resumes former government after Revolution, 433, 444; joined with Mass. under charter of 1691, 449; 226, 227, 333, 339, 344, 349, 352, 439. Plymouth Company, provided for in Virginia charter, 48; territory granted to, includes New England, 48; operations of, under patent, 40 _ff._; makes John Smith Admiral of New England for life, 60; superseded by the “Council established at Plymouth in the County of Devon,” 62, 63. Plymouth Harbor, 37. Pocasset, 352. Political disabilities due to religious test for franchise, 254. Popham, Sir Francis, 52, 54. Popham, George, founds settlement on Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River, 50 and _n._, 51; 48. Popham, Sir John, sends vessel to New England, 50; his death, 52; 48, 49 and _n._ _Popham Memorial_, 52 _n._ Popish Plot, the, 389. Popular assembly, denied to New England under Dudley government, 410, 411, and under Andros government, 414, 424; universal demand for, 434. Port Royal, N. S., Poutrincourt returns to, 53, 54; burned by Argall, 56; captured by Phips, 438, 439; 180. Portland, harbor of, 5. Portsmouth, N. H., harbor of, 5; founded, 108; 178, 181, 217 _n._ Portsmouth, R. I., settled, 185; 247, 249. Portugal, and import trade from the East, 29; conquest of, by Spain, 32. Poutrincourt, Jean de, 53, 54. Povey, Thomas, 296, 297 _n._ “Praying Indians,” number and distribution of, 345, 346; mistaken policy of Mass. regarding, 356, 357; 354. Predestination, doctrine of, 77, 78. Presbyterian discipline, Puritans seek to substitute, for established form, 76. Press, censorship of, in Mass., 370. Pring, Martin, 37, 40. Privateering, 42, 43. Privy Council, and the Scrooby fugitives, 88; Gorges's petition to, 156, 157; 329. Probate of wills, etc., in Mass., 423, 424. Providence, R. I., settled, 184, 185; appeals to Mass. in Gorton case, 219; under jurisdiction of Mass., 220, 228; 247, 360. Providence Company, 46. Provincetown, Mayflower arrives at, 97. Purchas, Samuel, 50 _n._, 54 _n._ Puritan, derivation of word, 64; includes Separatist and Non-conformist, 65. Puritan casuistry, example of, 232. Puritan clergy, gifts of livings to, 72, 73; their learning, 73; pay of, 75; inordinate length of sermons of, 421. Puritan leaders, intend to govern independently of England, 155; their motives considered, 162, 163; their ruthless action not to be excused, 172; criticized by their friends in England, 172, 173; in Mass., and in England, 195 _ff._; increase of religious liberty dreaded by, 323. And _see_ Puritans. Puritan party, rise of, 84; emigration to Mass., 118, 119. Puritanism, essentially a movement of protest, 81, 82, 83; its domination a misfortune, 83, 84; the reasoned expression of the middle-class state of mind, 85; second victory of, and its consequences, 111; balance of good and evil of, 111, 112; in Bermuda, 112; why it flourished in New England, 112; not the only successful colonizing force, 119; influence of New England form of, 121; in England, 124; unhealthy growth of, in New England, 174. Puritans, and ethics, 8, 81, 82; conservative, half-way policy of, 68; and the Church of England, 70, 71; their struggle for control, not for toleration, 71, 72, 74; a small minority of both clergy and laity, 73; fanaticism among, 74; wished to adopt Presbyterian form of government, 76; nature of their struggle with the Church of England, 76, 77, 78; Calvinism and, 77, 78; obsessed by religious questions, 78; deemed themselves elect, 78, 79; and the reign of law, 79; rely on God's will, as revealed by Scriptures to them alone, 79; in spirit almost Jews, 80; their God the God of the Old Testament, 80, 82; sayings of Christ disregarded by, 80 and _n._; status of the devil in their doctrine, 82; and the New Testament, 82; their virtues mainly negations, 82; their political beliefs, 83; social and blood ties between, 124, 125; and Pilgrims, distinction between, 129; persecution of, by Court party, 134; and the Mass. charter, 142; objects of, in coming to Mass., 142, 143; and the unenfranchised class, 144; and T. Morton, 148, 149; their morbid interest in indecent sexual matters, 265 _n._; their violent language, 270 _n._; and Quakers, 264; again in opposition under Andros, 422; their changed attitude as to what constitutes tyranny, 422, 423. Pym, John, 137, 196, 197, 223. Pyncheon, William, quoted, 155. Pynchon, John, 308, 354, 355, 356, 409, 416.

Quakers, in 17th century, 263; specially obnoxious to Puritan leaders in Mass., 263, 264; their beliefs, 264; persecution of, in Mass., 264 _ff._; how treated in Rhode Island and elsewhere, 266, 275, 276; 267; reaction in favor of, 268, 269, 272; proceedings against, halted by Charles II, 273, 274 and _n._, but renewed, 274; brutal law against, revived in Mass., 323; 313, 314, 322. Quebec, founded, 38; seized by Kirk, 180; French college at, 369; unsuccessful naval expedition against, 440, 441. Quincy, Mass. _See_ Mt. Wollaston. Quinnipiack, 207, 226. Quit-rents levied in Maine by Mass., 386; and the sale of unallotted and other lands in New England, 418, 419. _Quo Warranto_ proceedings, against charter of Mass., threatened, 385, begun, 393, and abandoned, 394; to cancel charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut, 412, 413.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, and Gosnold, 36, 37; 68. Randolph, Edward, sent as special messenger to Mass., 377; his character and views, 377; how treated in Mass., 377, 378 and _n._; in New Hampshire, 379; his report to Laws of Trade, 379 and _n._; his charges and recommendations, 381; appointed Collector of Customs in New England, 385, 386; obstructed in his duties, 389; brings royal letters to Mass., 391; suggests temporary government of New England, 408; dissatisfaction of, with Dudley government, 411; quoted, 373 _n._, 407 and _n._; 384, 393, 403, 405, 406, 409, 410, 413, 417, 420, 423, 424, 427, 429, 432. Ratcliffe, Philip, mutilated and banished, 151; 156. Ratcliffe, Rev. Robert, 420. Ray, John, 371. Razilly, Claude de, 232. “Reasons for raising a fund,” influence of, in grant of Virginia Charter, 45, 46. Reformation, the, 84, 364. Religion, Puritan imagination concentrated on questions of, 78; shades of, in Mass., 129, 130; and politics, in Puritan state, 143; superseded by commerce, as prime influence in politics, etc., 366. Religious liberty, government of Rhode Island based on, 252, 253; trend toward, 262, 263; progress in, 275, 276; bigoted opposition to, in Mass., 277; increase of, how regarded by theocracy, 323. Religious test for franchise, abandoned in Mass. charter of 1691, 447. And _see_ Franchise. Religious toleration, not seriously considered except in Holland, 118; denial of, in New England, inevitable, 143; non-existent in Mass., 174; denied by church synod, 256, 257; in Mass., under new government, 420 _ff._; 389. Rents, in England, rise of, 123. Restoration of the Stuarts, not inimical to interests of liberty and the colonies, 246; changes following the, 278; extent of British Empire at, 279, 280; marks beginning of modern English, 311, and of American history, 316; 252, 293, 295, 309, 364. Reyce, Robert, quoted, 123 _n._, 124 _n._ Rhode Island, land locked waters of, 6; settlers in, 120; franchise in, 172; founders of, opposed to policies of Mass., 183, 184; R. Williams the true founder of, 184, 185; first settlements in, 184, 185; character of emigrants to, 195. Rhode Island colony, founded by charter of 1644, 185; contrast between Mass. and, 185, 186; functions of General Assembly of, 186; defects of form of government, 186, 187; growth of population of, 224; ill-feeling of Mass. against, 227, 228; sends privateers against Dutch, 237; Mass. policy of annexation set back in, 247-250; protests arrest of her citizens at Stonington, 251; internal government of, firmly established, 252; kindly treatment of Quakers in, 266, 267, 275, 277; relation of, to England, 306; proclaims free trade with Dutch, 313; proclaims Charles II, 317; and Connecticut, 320, 321; obtains new charter, 320; in danger of annihilation, 325; boundaries of, 332; given jurisdiction over King's Province, 332, 333; population of, in 1675, 338; towns destroyed in, 363; schools in, 369 _n._; seeks establishment of Supreme Court over all New England, 387; charter of, canceled, 412; added to jurisdiction of Andros, 412; resumes former government after Revolution, 433, 434; 209, 215, 226, 227, 231, 318, 336. Rich, Sir Nathaniel, 125, 133, 134, 138, 141. Richards, John appointed agent of Mass., 390, 392. And _see_ Dudley, Joseph, and Richards. Richelieu River, 4. Richmond's Island, 178. Rigby, Alexander, 244. Rivers, as boundaries, 1; only means of communication with interior in America, 6. Robinson, John, his early history, 86; minister of church at Leyden, 89, 90; his parting address to Pilgrims, 95, 96; 71, 92, 146. Robinson, William, Quaker, 271, 272. Rochelle, fall of, 118. Rocroft, Captain, 61. Roman law, and right of discovery, 41. Rome, fear of her influence, 427, 428, 429. Rosewell, Sir Henry, 127. Roxbury, 140, 190. Royal Commission sent to New England, members of, 330 and _n._; instructions to, 330, 331; at Boston, 331 _ff._; answers of General Court to charges and requests of, 333, 334; letter of, to Mass., 334, 335; in New Hampshire and Maine, 335; establishes English authority at New York, 336; result of their mission in New England, 336; recommendations of, as to Mass., 336.

Sabino, settlement planted by Gilbert and Popham at, 50; settlement at, abandoned, 50. Sachem, office of, 17. Saco, 244, 436. Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River. _See_ Sabino. St. Castine, Baron de, 426. St. Croix Island, de Monts and Champlain settle at, 38, 39; settlement broken up, by Argall, 55. St. Croix (West Indies), 119, 120. St. George, fort, 50. St. George's Island, 38. St. George's River, settlement on, 109; 38 and _n._; St. Germain, treaty of, 180, 232. St. Helena, 280, 285. St. Kitts, 119, 120, 134. St. Lawrence River, 3, 6, 426. St. Loe, Captain, 411. St. Sauveur, colony founded by Mme. de Guercheville at, 55, broken up by Argall, 55. Salem, charter granted to Puritan settlement at, 125, 126; limits of land grant conflict with those of other patents, 126; new arrivals at, 127 and _n._; and deaths at, 140; R. Williams teacher of church at, 163; forced to expel Williams, 164; polity of church at, and growth of Congregationalism, 130; covenant of church at, 131; church at, refuses to join synod, 255; and the witchcraft delusion, 454; 104, 382. Salmon Falls, massacre at, 437. Saltonstall, Sir Richard, quoted, on religious intolerance in Mass., 261; 128, 138, 161, 181, 196, 232, 321, 409. _Salus populi, suprema lex_, 306, 310. Samoset, Sachem, visits Plymouth, 100, 101. Sandys, Sir Edwin, and the Pilgrims' project of emigration, 91, 92; treasurer of Virginia Co., 92; 62, 133. Sandys, Sir Samuel, 91. Sassachus, Pequot Sachem, 203. Sassamon, John, discloses Indian plot, 351; murdered, 351. Savage, James, 187 _n._ Saving remnant, doctrine of the, 73, 74. Say and Sele, Lord, letter to Winthrop, quoted, 223; 125, 143, 167, 179, 181, 191, 195, 196, 197, 217, 222. Saybrook, Conn., settled, 196; Indian murders at, 201; 200, 202, 215, 226, 242. Scalping, practice of, 15, 16. Schenectady, massacre at, 37. Schmoller, E., quoted, 290. _Scire Facias_, writ of, against Mass. charter brings judgment of annulment, 394 and _n._ Scrooby, independent church at, 86 and _n._; persecution of members of, 87, 88, who decide to flee to Holland, but are arrested, 88; finally reach Amsterdam, 88; remove to Leyden, 89; their life there, 89 _ff._ Sea, influence of, on discovery and settlement of new lands, 11, 12. Sea-power and an ocean empire, 291. Seal, importance of, in grants of land, 417, 418. Selden, John, 134. Semple, Ellen C., quoted, 10. Sempringham, England, 138 and _n._ Senegal, 285. Separatism, and the Pilgrims, 129; and the Puritans, 130. Separatists, and Puritans, 65, 67; their action logical and courageous, 68; number of, 68. Sequasson, and Uncas, 239, 240. Settlers, early, in America, in no sense Americans, 316. Sewall, Samuel, and the Dudley government, 411; quoted, 407, 421 and _n._, 422; 372. Shamans. _See_ Medicine-men. Shattuck, Samuel, Quaker, 273, 274. Shawmut, settlement at, 109. Sheepscot, settlement at, 109; 178. Sheffield, Lord, 108. Shepard, Thomas, 372, 373. Shipping, in New England, 286. Shoals, Isles of, 5. Six-mile Island, Indian murders at, 201. Skelton, Rev. Samuel, pastor of Salem church, 127, 131. Smith, John, at Jamestown, 49; his character, 57; on New England Coast, 57, 58; his map the beginning of modern New England cartography, 58; his _Description_, 58; carries fish and furs to London, 59; made Admiral of New England for life, 60; 54 _n._, 94, 370. Smith, Richard, 265 _n._; Smythe, Sir Thomas, 62. Somers Islands. _See_ Bermuda. South Carolina, religious freedom in, 276. South Meeting-house (Boston), 421. Southampton, Earl of, 36, 37, 54. Southampton, England, Pilgrims at, 96. Southampton, L. I., 206. Southcott, Thomas, 127. Southern colonies, comparative value of land in, and in New England, 9. Southerton. _See_ Stonington. Southold, 206. Southwell, Sir Robert, 409. Southwick, Daniel, 268, 270, 271. Southwick, Provided, 268, 270, 271. Sovereignty, theory of later Stuarts as to, 365, 366; location of, the main question in old and New England, 374, 375. “Sow” case, 212. Spain, possessions of, in South America, 29, 42 and _n._; conquest of Mexico by, 29; oriental trade in hands of, 29; and England under Elizabeth, 30, 31; extravagant pretensions of, after conquest of Portugal, challenged by Elizabeth, 32; claims all of North America, 41; treaty of 1604 with England, 42; and English settlements in Virginia and Maine, 50, 51. Speedwell, the, takes Pilgrims from Holland to England, 95, 96; left in England, 96. Spice Islands, 285. Springfield, Mass., destroyed by Indians, 356; 242, 354. Squanto (Indian), faithful friend of settlers, death of, 105; 59, 60, 61, 101, 102, 103. Stagg, Captain, 304. Stamford, 206. Standish, Myles, in Mayflower's company, 97; not a Puritan, 97; his character, 97; 102, 105, 107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 179. Stansby, ——, 172. State, theory of the, 374. States (of the U. S.), artificial character of boundaries of, 1; histories of, localized, 1. Stevenson, Mamaduke, Quaker, 271, 272. Stone, Samuel, at Newtown, 189; murdered by Pequots, 198, 199, 200. Stoneman, John, 49 _n._ Stonington, declared to be part of Suffolk Co., Mass., 250; clash between Mass. and Rhode Island at, 251. Stoughton, William, agent of Mass. in England, 380 _ff._; presides at trials of “witches,” 454; 345, 368, 369, 390, 391, 392, 409, 416, 424, 429, 451. Stratford, 206. Strawberry Bank, 217 _n._ Strong, Richard, 36. Stuarts, the, and the colonies, 296, 309; and Parliament, 366; colonial policy of, 366; 399. Stuyvesant, Peter, as negotiator, 235, 236; charged with inciting Indians to attack colonies, 237; 313_n._ Sudbury, 360. Sugar, 285. Sumatra, 280. Supreme Court of Judicature over all New England, suggested by Rhode Island, 387. Swally, battle of, 56. Swansea, Indian murders at, 352. Sylvester, Giles, and New Haven, 314, 315 and _n._ Synod, convoked to consider religious problems, 255 _ff._; adopts Cambridge Platform, 256.

Taxation, controversy over, between Mass. and Connecticut, 242, 243; enforcement of general bill concerning, under Andros, resisted in Essex County, Mass., 425; 152, 172, 383, 387, 388, 410, 424. And _see_ No taxation without representation. Taxes, levying of, under Mass. charter, 152. Taylor, Jeremy, 371. Thames River (Conn.), 340. Theocracy, the, fundamental idea of, 311; and the struggle for intellectual and political freedom, 329; interpretation of Mass. charter by, inconsistent with spirit of liberty, 395; results of efforts to perpetuate, 395, 396. And _see_ Clergy, Puritan leaders. Theology, and politics, close connection of, 311. Thompson, David, settles at mouth of Piscataqua, 108 and _n._, on Thompson's Island, 109; 115. Thompson's Island, 109. Thorne, Robert, 31. Timber, in New England, 9, 11. Time, element of, 368. Tithes, commutation of, 74, 75. Tobacco culture in England, 300 and _n._; 285. Tobago, 367. Toleration Act, 276. Tordesillas, treaty of, 41. Totems, 18. Town, the, unit of Southern New England frontier, 339, 340; and country, conflict of economic interests, etc., between, 373, 374. Town-government system of Mass., extra-legal under old charter, 450. Town-meetings, law limiting holding of, 426; 152, 154, 396, 397, 456. Towns, land granted to, in chartered colonies, 417; titles of, not valid, 417, 418; under new charter, 425, 426. Trade, monopoly of, in colonial charters, 34; with Indians, and Plymouth, 114; and shipping, ordinances for control of, 298 _ff._ And _see_ Commerce. Trade routes, early, 4 and _n._; policed by England, 289 _n._ Transoceanic Empires of 17th century, a new type, 280. Treat, Robert, 355, 356, 416. Trelawney, Robert, 184 _n._, 244. Tribe, the, 19. Trinidad, 367. “True and Sincere Declaration, A” (Jamestown), 61. Turner, Frederick J., quoted, 224. Tyng, Jonathan, 409, 416.

Uncas, Mohegan sachem, and Sequasson, sequel of quarrel between, 239, 240; and Miantanomo, 240, 241; 204, 205, 358. Underhill, John, 202, 203, 217. Uniformity, Act of, 311, 312. United Colonies of New England, nature of government of, 229; existence of England ignored by, 229; defects of, 229; did valuable service, 229, 230; largely dominated by Mass., 230; conditions in, 1643 to 1660, 231, 232; dealings of, with Dutch, 234, 235, 237; weakened by abstention of Mass., 238; declare war on Dutch, 238; and the case of Miantanomo, 240, 241; action of, criticized, 241; Mass. refuses to accept decision of, in tax dispute with Connecticut, 242, 243; weakness of bond between members, 245, 349, 350; undertake to settle dispute concerning Gorton's lands, 248, 249; urge death penalty for Quakers, 268; new Articles of Confederation, 355 _n._; raise more troops, 355, 358, 359, 360. United States, sectional divisions of, 2. Unity, religious, 66. “Unspottyd Lambs,” 64, 74. Upshall, Nicholas, Quaker, 266. Usher, Elizabeth, 436. Usher, Roland G., 87 _n._

Vane, Sir Harry, Governor of Mass., a follower of Ann Hutchinson, 167, 168; fails of reëlection, 168; deputy for Boston, 167; returns to England, 170; pleads for religious liberty, 275; 173, 249. Vassall, William, 214. Vaughan, William, 400. Venezuela, 43. Verrazano, Giovanni da, voyages of, 28. Vines, Richard, 60. Virginia, charter of, issued in 1606, 46; provides for two colonies, 48; settlers in, 120; fewer common schools, but wider culture in, 370; 285, 367. And _see_ London Company, Plymouth Company. Virginia, North, events in, 52 _ff._ Virginia Company, approves the Pilgrims' project, 92; dissensions in, 92; 33, 128. Virginia House of Burgesses, 154.

Wakefield, Gibbon, 119. Waldron, Richard, 361, 400. Walley, John, 440, 441. Walton, Izaak, 371. Warwick, Earl of, 72, 125, 126, 133, 134, 138, 141, 149, 184 _n._, 191, 195, 196, 197, 217. Warwick, R. I., settled, 185; 247, 248, 249. Wash, neighborhood of, the special area of emigration, 122 _ff._; Puritanism in, 124, 125. Watertown, church at, 143; town-meeting of May, 1689, 435; 140, 155, 190. Weetamoo, squaw sachem, warns English of Philip's plot, 352. Welde, Thomas, 263 _n._ Wells, Maine, 245. Wenicunnett. _See_ Hampton. Wessagussett, Weston's settlement at, abandoned, 105; permanent settlement at, 108. West, Captain, Admiral of New England, 106. West, John, 423, 424. West Indian colonies, more important than continental ones, 46; effect of limited area of, 175. West Indies (English), trade relations of, with England and New England, 286, 287; 285, 312. West Indies (French), trade relations with New England, 287. Westminster Confession, adopted by church synod, 256. Weston, Thomas, and associates, agreement with Pilgrims for joint-stock company, 93, 94; procures separate patent for himself, 104, 105; ruined, becomes a trader at Plymouth, 105; 96, 102. Wethersfield, Indian outrages at, 201; 191, 192. Weymouth, George, 37, 38, 40. Whalley, Edward, regicide, 314. Wharton, Lord, 432. Wheeler, Thomas, 354, and _n._ Wheelwright, John, disfranchised and banished from Mass., 170; founds Exeter, 182 and _n._; 165, 166, 167, 183, 210. White, Rev. John, quoted, 172; 124, 126, 136. White Mountains, 4. Whitney, J. D., quoted, 9. Wigglesworth, Michael, 206, 371. Willard, Simon, 354. William III, effect in Boston of news of his landing in England, 428, 429; and the colonies, 431, 432; 445. Williams, Roger, _A Key into the Language of America_, 20; and Cotton, 129; his character, 163; teacher of Salem church, 163; his doctrine as to power of magistrates, 163; advocates religious toleration, 164, 165; attacks validity of charter, 164; banished from the colony, 164; escapes to Indians in Rhode Island, 165; had few adherents, 165; his expulsion a great loss, 165; founder of colony of Rhode Island, 184, 252; makes peace between Narragansetts and colonies, 201, ingratitude of Mass. toward, 201 and _n._; quoted, 185, 204, 343; 71, 125, 146, 147, 195, 199, 202, 220, 227, 240, 241, 247, 248, 249, 260, 362. Williams, Captain, 54. Wilson, Rev. John, 167, 172, 260, 261. Wincob, Jacob, patentee, 92 and _n._ Windsor, Conn., settled by Pilgrims, 188; Dorchester men and Pilgrims at, 190, 191; 192. Winslow, Edward, imprisoned, 158; quoted, 90, 100, 103, 215; 101 and _n._, 115, 116, 158, 164, 179. Winslow, John, 428. Winslow, Josiah, Governor of Plymouth, commands expedition against Narragansetts, 359 and _n._; 314 _n._, 346, 349 _n._ Winter, ——, 184 _n._, 244. Winthrop, Fitz-John, commands expedition against Canada, 439 _ff._; 409, 416, 429. Winthrop, Henry, 135. Winthrop, John, his character, 135, 137; a Puritan, 135; his reasons for emigrating, 136, 137, 138; elected governor of Mass., 140, 145, 169; goes to America with settlers, 140; and R. Williams, 164; abandons lenient course, 167; and T. Hooker, 193, 194; opposes limitation of judicial authority, 211; on the “sow” case, 212; and the expedition to Acadia, 232, 233; death of, 258; his character and services considered, 258, 259; quoted, 240, 241, 255, 256, 307, 308; 79, 119, 121, 125, 134, 139, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 155, 156 and _n._, 160, 161, 162, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 179, 185, 187, 189, 195, 196, 204, 213, 214, 215, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 315. Winthrop, John, of Connecticut, quoted, 268 and _n._ Winthrop, John, Jr., Governor of Connecticut, 318; as colony's agent in England, procures charter, 318; 167, 173, 191, 196, 199, 201, 320. Winthrop, Robert C., 136 _n._ Winthrop, Stephen, quoted, 172, 173. Winthrop, Wait, 409, 416, 433. Wise, John, punished for refusing to pay taxes, 425. Wissler, Clark, quoted, 22. Witchcraft delusion, the, in New England, 451-456. Wolfe, James, 54. Wollaston, Captain, and Thomas Morton at Mt. Wollaston, 109, 110; goes to Virginia, 110. Wood, William, 371. Wood Creek, 440. Wyborne, John, 344 _n._, 376.

Yale, David, 206, 213. York, Commissioners of Province of, 87. York, County of, organized, 245. York, Duke of, 335. And _see_ James II. York, Maine, settlement at, 108, 178, 244. Younge, Sir John, 127.

Zuniga, Pedro de, Marques de Villa Flores et Avila, 50, 51.

MCGRATH-SHERRILL PRESS GRAPHIC ARTS BLDG. BOSTON

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Transcriber’s Note

In the Index, an entry may _end_, after one or more subtopics, with a list of general references, contrary to the more common practice, where those general references precede any subtopics. On one occasion, (Keaynes and the “sow case”), the semi-colon seems to be an error, since the page sequence is retained, and all refer to that topic.

Spelling in quoted material is frequently not modern, and only noted (but not corrected) when suspicious.

John Clarke of Rhode Island is mentioned on p. 258 and in footnote 656 is 'John Clark'. To avoid confusion, each instance has been corrected.

Several words appear midline both hypenated and unhyphenated (breakdown/break-down, foreshadow, fore-shadow, bloodthirsty/blood-thirsty) and both are retained. Where a is hyphenated only on a line break, the hyphen is removed if there is another instance midline without it.

Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The lion's share of those are small inconsistencies of punctuation in the footnotes. The references are to the page and line in the original.

130.37 _Narraganset Club Publica[t]ions_ Inserted. 184.13 The lands around Narra[n]gansett Bay Removed. 195.36 in the Car[ri/ib]ean Caribbean Replaced. 205.28 of the Puritan planters[.] Added. 225.33 of a genuine union[.] Added. 236.38 New Haven[ /’]s complaint Replaced. 259.19 John Clark[e] Added. 259.27 Clark[e] was fined £20 Added. 259.30 Clark[e], having asked Added. 260.29 John Clark[e] Added. 263.27 unparallel[l]ed torrents of abuse Removed. 387.18 “not reach [Amerrica],” _sic._ 402.28 that Bla[t]hwayt consented Inserted. 454.31 superstitious fan[a]ticism Inserted. 462.55 his chara[ca]cter Removed. 469.49 provided for in Virgi[a]nia charter Removed. 480.29 with Indians, and P[l]ymouth Inserted. 481.21 pleads for religio[n/u]s liberty Inverted.