Part 8

_a_, arms; _b_, basals; _r_, radials; _s_, stalk. ]

B. ECHINOZOA, or Echinoderms without stalks at any time of their existence. To this group belong the _Asteroidea_, _Ophiuroidea_, _Echinoidea_, and _Holothurioidea_.

CRINOIDEA.—This Order may be described as stalked, globular, or cup-shaped Echinoderms, in which the oral surface of the calyx or disk looks upwards, and in which five jointed and generally branched rays arise from the central disk. Their joints have jointed pinnules at their sides, and the sucking-feet have the form of tentacles.

The stalked representatives of this Order are placed on tables and brackets near the south door, and are worthy of being particularly noticed for their fine preservation, size, and beauty. The largest specimen of _Pentacrinus decorus_ was taken on a telegraph-wire, to the covering of which the stalk of the Crinoid is still attached. _Metacrinus_ is a more lately discovered genus, which appears to be confined to the eastern seas.

A few dried unstalked Crinoids are shown in Table-case 1; these show the leading modifications of structure in the two great genera _Antedon_ and _Actinometra_.

[Illustration:

Fig. 7.

Comet form of _Linckia_. ]

ASTEROIDEA.—This Order comprises Echinoderms with a depressed body of pentagonal or star-like shape, to the ventral surface of which the ambulacral feet are confined. The rays are more or less elongate movable arms, with skeletal structures, which consist of transversely arranged, paired, calcareous plates, articulated with each other like vertebræ, the series extending from the mouth to the end of the arms. The groove in which the ambulacral feet are arranged is uncovered.

Typical specimens of this Order are exhibited in Cases 2 & 3, in which the great variety of form in the genus _Asterias_ and beautiful examples of _Acanthaster_ are shown. Cases 6 & 7 contain specimens illustrating the curious habit of self-mutilation possessed by so many Echinoderms; among Starfishes, and notably in the genus _Linckia_, the single arms separated from the disk are able to develop a fresh disk and arms, and so to multiply the species. Cases 9–11 contain fine series of _Oreaster_.

OPHIUROIDEA, or “Brittle-stars.”—These Echinoderms appear to resemble the ordinary Starfish[25]; but they differ in having the organs of digestion, respiration, and reproduction confined to the disk, the arms having merely the function of locomotor organs. The arms therefore are more slender and cylindrical in form, and are sharply distinct from the disk; the separate joints consist of two central ossicles, which leave only a narrow canal between them, and these are covered above, below, and at the sides by specially developed investing plates; the lateral plates bear spines, which are always comparatively short and delicate, as compared with the spines found at the sides of the arm in starfishes.

The principal types of this Order are exhibited in Cases 17–22; the most exquisite of them are the forms whose arms are divided and subdivided till they end at last in the finest threads, as in _Astrophyton_, the so-called Basket-fish or Gorgon’s heads.

ECHINOIDEA, or “Sea-Urchins,” are Echinoderms in which the rays are not free, as in the Starfishes or Brittle-stars, but unite to form a compact, spherical, heart- or disk-shaped test; this test is covered with spines, which may attain to a great length, as is shown in the fine example of _Diadema saxatile_ from the Andaman Islands; some of the tests are flexible and very fragile. Owing to the quantity of specimens that are sometimes dredged at one spot, the naturalist has been able to gain a better idea of the range of variation in the species of Echinoderms than in some other divisions of the Animal Kingdom; an instructive series, showing the variations of _Echinometra lucunter_, is shown in Case 28.

The genus _Hemiaster_ offers an example of an Echinoderm in which the eggs are laid in special pouches; the hinder ambulacra are deepened to form pits, which are guarded by specially elongated spines (see Case 34); in these pits the young pass through all the stages of their development.

The minute structure of the spines of Sea-Urchins is illustrated by a series of figures on the wall.

The HOLOTHURIOIDEA, or Sea-Cucumbers, form the last order of Echinoderms. Their body, as indicated by their English name, is elongate, subcylindrical, with a more or less flexible integument, according to the extent of the reduction of the calcareous skeleton; the mouth is at one end of the body and surrounded by tentacles, the vent at the opposite end.

As these animals cannot be shown in a dried state, some of them, preserved in spirit, are placed in Wall-Case IV. According as they have or have not the sucking-feet of the Echinoderma, they are ordinarily divided into the _Pedata_ and the _Apoda_; the latter are represented by _Synapta_, which may attain to a great length, and by _Chiridota_; the Pedata are illustrated by the genera _Cucumaria_, _Psolus_, and _Holothuria_. Deep-sea investigations have revealed the existence of another group of specially modified Holothurians—the _Elasipoda_; these are remarkable for their well-marked bilateral symmetry and the distinctness between the dorsal and ventral portions of the body; the prominent processes on the dorsal surface are not contractile.

An exhibition of some interest is to be found in a Table-Case against the wall, in which there are various specimens of the edible Holothurians—_trepang_ or _bêche-de-mer_; these were all bought in the market at Canton, and may be taken to be typical of the kinds offered for sale in various eastern countries.

WORMS.

By the name “Worms,” people commonly indicate a number of different forms whose relations with one another are by no means so close as those of a Holothurian and a Crinoid, or a Mussel and an Octopus. There are not, indeed, any common characters by the possession of which the worm-like animals can at once be distinguished from other animals. We take the divisions, examples of which are here represented, either by drawings, models, or specimens preserved in spirit separately.

The groups referred to may be enumerated as follows:—

_Platyhelmia._│Turbellaria. „ │Trematoda. „ │Cestoda. _Nemertinea._ │ _Nematoidea._ │ _Chætopoda._ │

PLATYHELMIA, or Flat-Worms.—These form the lowest and simplest division of the group.

The parasitic Platyhelmia—the Tapeworms (_Cestoda_) and the Flukes (_Trematoda_)—occupy Case I.; the life history of the common Tapeworm (_Tænia solium_) is shown by the aid of models and figures. A model of the anterior end of the common Tapeworm shows the four suckers and the crown of hooks; the unjointed neck is followed by the joints (_proglottids_), which increase in size the farther they are from the neck. Several entire specimens of _Tænia_ follow, showing the size of the whole worm and the form of its joints. The structure of the body is shown in the models of two joints. The growth and development of the _Tapeworm_ is dependent on a migration or a change of the hosts which it inhabits in the various stages of its life; and although the different kinds of Tapeworm differ from each other somewhat in certain details of their migration and development, their life history exhibits, on the whole, the same events which we find in _Tænia solium_, a common Tapeworm of man in Northern Europe. This worm is matured in the intestines of man; its final joints consist merely of fertilized ova which have already passed through the earlier stages of development; when the joints are detached and discharged, their contents escape in the form of embryos contained in a thick chitinous shell. If these are now swallowed by a pig, the shell is digested by the gastric juices of the new host, and a rounded embryo, which is provided with three pairs of hooks, is set free; by means of these hooks the guest makes its way through the wall of the stomach or intestine, and finally settles down in the muscles of its host. The embryo now loses its hooks, and gradually acquires a bladder-like form, the central cavity of which is filled with fluid. This bladder-worm (_Cysticercus_) has its outer wall pushed inwards at the anterior end, and on this hooks and suckers become developed. We have now a narrow head and neck with an attached bladder, the head being at this time hollow. If during the long time that these bladder-worms remain alive, the pig is killed for food, its flesh is found to be “measly”; if it is afterwards insufficiently cooked and eaten, the worms are conveyed into the human stomach. Here the bladder-like termination becomes absorbed, and, the neck beginning to grow, we have the commencement of the form from which we started, and the completion of that “vicious circle” which is so curious a characteristic of many forms of parasitic life.

[Illustration:

Fig. 8.

_Tænia solium_: showing the head (_h_) with its suckers (_s′_) and crown of hooks (_s_), the unjointed neck (_n_), and a few of the succeeding joints (_j_). ]

In other Tapeworms the cyst may be more complicated than that in the pig, as, for example, the form found in the sheep’s brain or the liver of the horse.

Of the other Cestode parasites mention should specially be made of those of Fishes; the vulgar notion that the parasites of these animals are dangerous to man has been shown to be entirely erroneous.

[Illustration:

Fig. 9.

_Limnæa truncatula._ ]

The _Flukes_ infest animals of all kinds; that which is most dangerous to sheep, and the cause of much pecuniary loss (_Distoma hepaticum_), is selected here as a type; its structure is shown by a large model, and its life history by a series of diagrams (Figs. 10–13). Here, again, we have a creature which infests two hosts. If the larvæ which escape from the sheep fall on wet ground in or near a pool, they make their way to a small pond-snail (_Limnæa truncatula_, Fig. 9), into the lung-chamber of which they bore their way. On leaving them the larva may be, and is, too frequently, eaten by a sheep, and makes its way into the liver of that animal, where it causes the disease known as the “liver rot.”

The damage done by the liver-fluke may be imagined from the fact that in the winter of 1879–80 no less than three millions of sheep died of rot in the United Kingdom; this heavy loss is no doubt largely due to the immense number of eggs to which a single fluke may give rise. It has been estimated that every fluke may produce, during its life, several thousands of eggs; and in one case Prof. A. P. Thomas found as many as 7,400,000 eggs in the gall-bladder of a sheep which was suffering from rot, and which, at that time, had in its liver about 200 flukes.

The _non-parasitic_ Flat-worms are shown, magnified, in the upper parts of Cases I. & II. The _Turbellaria_ proper, without any or with a simple or a branched intestine, but without a vent, are represented by _Convoluta_ and _Thysanozoon_: the general structure is shown by a diagram in Case II., which is here reproduced (Fig. 14). _Planaria_, _Thysanozoon_, and _Bipalium_ serve to illustrate the forms of members of this group.

The Nemertine Worms (_Nemertinea_), with a straight intestine, with a vent, and with a proboscis, may attain to a very considerable length; _Carinella_ and _Lineus_ are represented by large figures, and various species are shown in spirit. These forms, which used to be very unsatisfactory to exhibit, on account of the great difficulty of preserving them complete and uninjured, are now, with improved methods, very satisfactorily shown, as the specimens purchased from the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth prove.

[Illustration:

Stages in the life history of the Fluke.

Fig. 10. Egg of Fluke, showing the operculum and the contained yolk-spheres. Magnified 340 diams.

Fig. 11. An embryo forcing its way by its boring-papilla (_p_) into the wall of the lung of a Snail (_e.p._) Magnified about 340 diams.

Fig. 12. A young _Rédia_ (natural size, ½ millimetre or ¹⁄₅₀ inch): _pl._, pharynx; _g_, contained germs; _p_, characteristic posterior processes of the _Rédia_.

Fig. 13. Free-swimming _Cercaria_, before the commencement of the formation of the cyst. Magnified 100 diams. ]

[Illustration:

Fig. 14. Diagram of the structure of a Turbellarian: _ng_, nerve- (cerebral) ganglia; _nb_, nerve-branches; _yg_, yolk-glands; _t_, testis; _o_, ova; _ov_, ovary; _c_, cirrus; _m_, mouth; _ph_, pharynx.

Fig. 15. Diagram of a Nemertine: _b_, brain; _m_, mouth; _n_, renal organs; _id_, diverticula of intestine; _g_, gonads; _sn_, side nerve-trunk; _pr_, proboscis in its dorsal sheath.

Fig. 16. Diagram of the structure of a Nematoid; _m_, mouth; _ph_, pharynx; _a_, anus; _o_, orifice of genital tube. ]

NEMATODES (Thread-Worms or Round-Worms).—These are for the most part parasitic, and infest plants as well as animals; the common Round-Worms living parasitically in man (_Ascaris_, _Stronaylus_, _Trichocephalus_) belong to this Order. Sometimes they are parasitic in their early stages and later live a free life—such are _Gordius_ and _Mermis_. A specimen of a Mantid is exhibited from which half the body of the infesting _Gordius_ has already protruded (Fig. 17). One of the most remarkable _Gordii_ is the great elongated _G. fulgur_, or “Lightning Snake,” from Celebes. Another very large Nematode is the so-called Guinea-worm, or _Dracunculus medinensis_, which is found beneath the skin of the leg; it is very possible that this worm was the cause of the illness which afflicted the Israelites in their journey through the desert from Egypt to the Promised Land.

[Illustration:

Fig. 17.

_Gordius_ escaping from a Mantid. ]

[Illustration:

Fig. 18.

Figure of _Trichina spiralis_, showing the worms encysted in muscle. ]

Of all Nematodes the most dangerous to man is the small worm which is known as _Trichina spiralis_ (Fig. 18); a series of models are shown which give a good idea of the structure of the female and the smaller male. The young make their way through the walls of the stomach of their host, and encyst themselves among its muscles: a piece of a sternothyroid muscle is shown, taken from a man in whose body it was calculated there were forty millions of encysted _Trichinæ_.

Other Nematodes infesting man, such as _Filaria sanguinis hominis_, are too small for exhibition.

Plants are not free from the attacks of Nematodes, and examples are shown, accompanied by an illustrating figure, of the Ear-cockle gall of wheat; this gall is due to the injuries inflicted by a minute Thread-worm—_Tylenchus tritici_. Wheat is, of course, by no means the only cultivated plant that is attacked by these minute worms; the history of most has, however, still to be made out.

Holding a somewhat uncertain position in relation to the Round-worms are the parasitic _Acanthocephali_ (Thorn-headed Worms) and the free-swimming _Chætognatha_, or Bristle-jawed Worms; examples of both of these groups are shown, together with diagrams illustrative of their general structure.

ANNULATA or Chætopoda.—So-called because consisting of a series of rings, and being provided with chætæ or bristles; they are to be associated with the Arthropoda, under the one head “Appendiculata,” a better name than “Articulata,” since Cuvier did not include worms in his group. The creatures that are most familiarly called worms are to be found in Case III.; here are a few examples of the numerous kinds of worms that are found living freely in the sea, of earth and freshwater Worms, and of Leeches. All these worms are distinctly characterized by the fact that they consist of a number of definite rings (somites), whence they have been called _Annulata_. The marine Worm and the Earthworm differ from the Leech in that these rings are provided with chætæ or bristles, of which there are a number in each bundle in the marine, and a few only in the terrestrial or freshwater form: hence the marine Worms are called _Polychæta_ and the latter _Oligochæta_.

The former are divisible into two great groups. There are those that are free-swimming and are able to forage for themselves, such as the lovely Sea-mouse (_Aphrodite aculeata_), the large _Eunice gigantea_, the common _Nereis pelagica_, or the exquisitely coloured _Chloeia flava_. Others live a more retired life, dwelling in tubes, which they fashion for themselves; they lead either a solitary or a social life. Here we have examples of _Sabella_, _Sabellaria_, _Serpula_; a number of forms of worm-tubes, showing their great variety and beauty (see especially the delicate _Filograna_), are to be seen in the small Table-cases placed against the north wall of the Gallery. Attention should be especially directed to Mr. A. T. Watson’s beautiful preparations of _Terebella littoralis_. We give a figure (Fig. 19) after a drawing by that gentleman of the home of _Panthalis oerstedi_, the tube-forming habits of which have been carefully observed by him.

[Illustration:

Fig. 19.

Home of _Panthalis oerstedi_. ]

[Illustration:

Fig. 20.

Section across the body of an earth-worm to show the disposition of the more important organs; the body wall (_w_) consists of dermis, circular, and longitudinal muscles; the body cavity is divided by membranes (_c_) into a series of chambers, in each of which opens the mouth of a coiled nephridium (_n_). The axis of the cavity is occupied by the intestine (_i_); above and below it is a longer blood-vessel (_v_), and below it is also the central nerve-cord (_nc_). ]

The _Oligochæta_ are represented by the common Earthworm, the influence of which in the formation of mould and in the general ploughing of the soil was carefully investigated by Mr. Darwin; and by the little _Tubifex rivulorum_ (Bloodworm), which owes both its red colour and its ability to dwell in mud, which is so poor in oxygen as to be unfit for respiration, to the same chemical compound as that which gives the red colour to our blood and carries the oxygen of respiration all over the body.

[Illustration:

_Acanthobdella_: _e_, eyes; _ch_, chætæ; _s_, sucker. ]

The _Hirudinea_, or Leeches, are often said to be distinguished from the _Chætopoda_ by the absence of bristles, but, as a fact, _Acanthobdella_ (Figs. 21 and 22) has very well marked bristles. They always have a sucker at the hinder end of the body by which they are attached to their prey; they are found in fresh water (_Piscicola_), on sea-fishes (as _Pontobdella_), or in moist places, as the Leech (_Hirudo_). The last-named has three jaws, armed with as many as ninety denticles. _Trochetia subviridis_ (Land-Leech) is a species which is found rarely and sporadically in England.

The Myzostomaria form a division of Polychæta all the members of which live parasitically on Crinoids, and otherwise present great differences in their habits. Some move about freely on the Crinoids they infest, others are more sluggish and rarely move, others produce galls or cysts on their host, and yet others are internal parasites, and live in the alimentary canal. It is of interest to note that there are corresponding degrees of difference between the young and old specimens of the different groups of species.

The general organisation of Myzostomaria is shown in the accompanying figure (Fig. 23) in which the dorsal wall of the body is supposed to be transparent so as to allow of the chief internal organs being seen.

[Illustration:

Fig. 23.

Diagram of Myzostomum to show the general form of the body and the marginal extensile cirri (_c_); within these and on the ventral surface are four pairs of suckers, and more internally five pairs of appendages each bearing two hooks; the proboscis (_p_), the digestive tract and its ramifications, and the reproductive organs are outlined as if seen through a transparent wall; _a_, anus. ]

The last group of Worms here represented is that of the _Gephyrea_; with the advance of our knowledge it is probable that they will be found to be more intimately allied to the _Annulata_ than is now generally supposed; it will be seen indeed that _Echiurus_ has bristles at its hinder end; _Sipunculus_ is the best known representative of the unarmed _Gephyrea_; _Bonellia_ is interesting both from the fact that it owes its green colour to a matter closely resembling the chlorophyll of green plants, and from the possession by the female of a proboscis, which is protruded from the hole in the rock occupied by the worm: the male is very much smaller than the female, and is not nearly so well developed. Owing to the mode of lighting the Gallery, the visitor may have to shift his position several times before gaining a good view of the whole length of the proboscis.

INDEX.

Acanthaster, 114

Acanthobdella, 124

Acanthocephali, 122

Acmæidæ, 9

Actinometra, 113

Adeonidæ, 66

Ætheriidæ, 39

Alcyonidium, 67

Amaroucium, 99

Amathia, 67, 68

Amphineura, 7–9

Ampullariidæ, 14

Ancylus, 27

Annulata, 122

Anodonta, 39

Antedon, 111–113

Aphrodite, 122

Aplacophora, 9

Aplysiidæ, 23

Apoda, 115

Appendiculariidæ, 105

“Apple-Snails”, 14

Architeuthis, 48

Argonauta, 46

Ascaris, 120

Ascidia, 83, 93

Ascidiacea, 90

Ascidiæ Compositæ, 96

Ascidiæ Salpiformes, 99

Ascidiæ Simplices, 90

Ascopodaria, 73

Astartidæ, 38

Asterias, 108, 114

Asterina, 111

Asteroidea, 112, 113

Astrophyton, 114

Atlantidæ, 22

Auger-shells, 21

Auriculidæ, 26

Aviculidæ, 33

Bartlettia, 39

Basket-fish, 114

Basommatophora, 26

Bêche-de-mer, 115

Bipalium, 118

Bird’s head Coralline, 58

Bladder-worm, 117

Blastoidea, 112

Bloodworm, 124

Boat-shells, 20

Boltenia, 91, 92

Bonellia, 126

Borer, 43

Botryllidæ, 96, 97

Botrylloides, 97

Botryllus, 97, 98

Bowerbankia, 67

Brachiopoda, 74–82

Brechites, 44

Bristle-jawed worms, 122

Brittle Stars, 114

Bubble-shells, 23

Buccinidæ, 18, 19

Bugula, 58, 59

Bullidæ, 23

Caberia, 62

Calamaries, 4

Calyptræidæ, 14

Cardiidæ, 40

Carditidæ, 38

Carinariidæ, 22

Carinella, 118

Carrier-shells, 17

Cassididæ, 18, 19

Catenicellidæ, 66

Cavolina, 23

Cellularina, 58

Cephalopoda, 45–50

Cerithiidæ, 17

Cestoda, 116

Cestode parasites, 116

Chætoderma, 9

Chætognatha, 122

Chætopoda, 116, 122

Chama, 41

Chelyosoma, 93

Chilostomata, 57

Chirodota, 115

Chiroteuthis, 47

Chitonidæ, 7, 8

Chloeia, 122

Clams, 41

Clavagellidæ, 44

Clavelina, 94, 95

Clavelinidæ, 94

Clione, 24

Coat-of-mail shells, 7

Cockle, 40

Colella, 97, 98

Comatulidæ, 111

Conchologists, 17

Conidæ, 21

Convoluta, 118

Coralliophilidæ, 20

Corbula, 42

Cowries, 14

Crania, 74, 80

Creeping Coralline, 60

Crepidula, 14

Crinoidea, 112

Crinoids, 109

Crisia, 69

Crisiidæ 69

Cristatella, 71, 72

Cryptochiton, 8

Cryptoplax, 8

Ctenostomata, 57, 66

Cucumaria, 115

Culeolus, 92

Cup-and-saucer Limpets, 14

Currant Squirter, 92

Cuspidariidæ, 45

Cuttlefish, 48

Cyclophoridæ, 13

Cyclostomata, 57, 68

Cynthiidæ, 91

Cypræidæ, 14

Cysticercus, 117

Cystidea, 112

Dentaliidæ, 28

Desert-snail, 6

Diadema, 114

Diazona, 94

Dipsas, 36

Discinidæ, 80

Distoma, 118

Distomidæ, 96

Doliidæ, 18

Doliolidæ, 100, 103

Doliolum, 90, 103

Dracunculus, 121

Dyscolia, 82

Ear-cockle gall, 122

Ear-shells, 12

Earthworms, 124

Echinoderma, 106–115

Echinoidea, 112, 114

Echinometra, 114

Echinozoa, 112

Echiurus, 126

Ectoprocta, 57

Elasipoda, 115

Electra, 62, 63

Elephant-tooth shell, 1

Entoprocta, 57, 73

Escharina, 64

Eulamellibranchia, 38

Eunice, 122

Euthyneura, 23

False Limpets, 9

Fan-Mussel, 34

Fan-Shells, 38

Fasciolariidæ, 18

Feather-star, 111

Filaria, 122

Filibranchia, 32

Filograna, 123

Fissurellidæ, 11

Flat-worms, 116

Flukes, 118, 119

Flustra, 54, 62

Flustrina, 62

Fountain-shell, 17

Fredericella, 71

Freshwater Limpets, 27

Freshwater Mussels, 38

Freshwater Oyster, 39

Freshwater Polyzoa, 70

Freshwater Snails, 7, 26

Freshwater Worms, 122

Gapers, 42

Gastropoda, 9–28

Gephyrea, 126

Giant Clam, 41

Glassy Nautilus, 22

“Glory-of-the-Sea” Cone, 21

Glottidia, 78

Goodsiria, 99

Gordius, 120, 121

Gorgon’s head, 114

Guinea-worm, 121

Gymnolæmata, 57

Gymnosomata, 24

Haliotidæ, 12

Hammer Oyster, 33

Harpidæ, 20

Harp-shells, 20

Helicidæ, 27, 28

Helmet-shells, 18

Hemiaster, 110, 114

Heteropoda, 22

Hippuritidæ, 41

Hirudinea, 124

Hirudo, 124

Holothuria, 107, 115

Holothurioidea, 112, 115

Ianthinidæ, 16

Idmonea, 69

Julinia, 98

Keyhole Limpets, 11

Kinetoskias, 59–61

Kuphus, 43

Lamellibranchia, 29–45

Land-Snails, 26

Larvacea, 104

Leeches, 124

Lepralia, 64

Leptoclinum, 98, 99

Lichenopora, 69

“Lightning-Snake”, 121

Lily-Encrinites, 110

Limidæ, 37

Limnæa truncatula, 118

Limnæidæ, 26

Limpet, 9

Limpet Snails, 26

Linckia, 113, 114

Lineus, 118

Lingula, 74, 75, 77–79

Lithodomus, 33

Littorinidæ, 14

Liver-fluke, 118

Loligo, 46

Lophopus, 71, 72

Lotoriidæ, 18

Loxosoma, 73

Lucinidæ, 38

Lunulites, 64

Mactridæ, 40

Magellania, 75, 77, 82

Magilus, 20

Malleus, 33

Margaritana, 39

Marine worms, 122

Melaniidæ, 17

Meleagrina, 33–35

Melons, 20

Membranipora, 63

Mermis, 120

Metacrinus, 113

Mineralogists, 17

Mitridæ, 18

Molgula, 91

Molgulidæ, 90

Mollusca, 1–53

Money-Cowry, 15

Moss Animals, 56

Mucronella, 65