book four

copies are known. It consists of a translation of Lucian’s πὲρι διψάδων by Henry Bullock, and a reissue of the latter’s Oration. On the title-page Siberch uses for the first time his ornamental border with the Royal arms at the base. A very curious statement, that this border is the first specimen of English copperplate engraving, has found its way into a number of books. Its earliest appearance seems to be in Herbert’s _Typographical Antiquities_, where a so-called facsimile is given. Now this facsimile itself is a very roughly-executed metal engraving, and from the text it is clear that Herbert made his description from this rough engraving and not from the book itself. The proof of this is clear. The engraver has added a rough facsimile of the two-lined colophon, immediately below the border, and Herbert, assuming it to be part of the title-page, has so described it in his text. The most cursory glance would show this border to be a woodcut, but the old statement goes on being repeated.

The fourth book, Baldwin’s _Sermo de altaris sacramento_ was issued in the summer, probably August, of 1521. In this is found for the first time the smaller device of the Royal arms. Eight copies of the book are known, two being in the University Library while another has lately been discovered in the library of Magdalene College. One of those in the University Library, which it is suggested may be an early copy sent to Nicholas West, bishop of Ely, to whom the book is dedicated, shows some variations from the ordinary copies. It is clear that it is an early issue, since the border is without a small break noticeable in other copies, and the first word of the title-page, Reverendissimi, has been misprinted Reverndissimi, a mistake almost immediately noticed and corrected. In this book, for the first time, Siberch begins to use one of his ornamental capitals, a fine six-line S.

Siberch’s fifth book, _Erasmus De conscribendis epistolis_, was issued in October 1521. This is a more important book in point of size than any which preceded it, containing eighty leaves, whereas the largest of the others only ran to twenty. It also shows certain marks of advance. We find for the first time a frequent use of fine initial letters, and it is the first book for which the printer obtained a privilege, unfortunately not printed in full. Four copies of this book are known, two in the British Museum, and two in Cambridge College Libraries, St John’s and Corpus. The last copy has the additional interest of being bound by a contemporary Cambridge stationer, Nicholas Speryng, and bears his mark and initials on the binding.

The Erasmus was followed by Galen _De Temperamentis_, translated from the Greek by Linacre. This is the commonest of Siberch’s books, at least twelve copies being known, but some of these show important variations. The first intention seems to have been to issue the _De Temperamentis_ alone, and it was so printed off on sixty-six leaves, with the signatures A⁴, Q⁶. Later it was determined to add another small treatise _De inequali intemperie_, so the last two leaves of the first issue, containing the end of the _De Temperamentis_ were cancelled, and two new sheets R⁴ and S⁶ added. Finally a preliminary quire of eight leaves was printed, making the complete book consist of seventy-four leaves. One copy of the first state is known, first noticed by Mr Bowes in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1894. On the verso of the penultimate leaf is a woodcut of the Adoration of the Shepherds and the colophon, on the verso of the last leaf the small block of the Royal arms and the date 1521. A transitional copy, containing the first issue with the end uncancelled, but the additional sheets added, is in the library of the Royal College of Physicians. All the remaining copies are of the revised issue. In it the last two leaves are mainly occupied with a list of the errata which had been found in the _De Temperamentis_, and on the verso of the last leaf is the device of the Royal arms. The woodcut of the Shepherds found in the early copies has not as yet been traced to an earlier source. It is apparently Low Country work of the fifteenth century; Sir Martin Conway ascribes it to about the year 1485.

Two copies of the Galen were printed on vellum, both of which are now in Oxford, one in the library of All Souls College, the other in the Bodleian. This latter copy possesses a curious pedigree. It was presented to the Bodleian in 1634 by Thomas Clayton, Regius Professor of Medicine. In a long Latin note which he has written in the volume he states that it was given by Linacre to Henry VIII. who in his turn gave it to Cuthbert Tonstall, and after passing through various hands it had come into his possession, and he finally has deposited it in the Bodleian. It is an interesting copy, but whether it ever belonged to Henry is very doubtful. It is in the original binding, but this is simply an ordinary stationer’s binding impressed in blind with the two panels of the Royal arms and Tudor rose used by many of the London binders of the time. Again one sheet has been incorrectly printed. In printing the reverse side of a sheet in signature S, the workman has laid the sheet the wrong way round on the form and consequently the pages follow one another in the wrong order, a fruitful and common cause of waste sheets. Finally the ornamental initials in the early part of the book have not been printed in, and no attempt has been made to supply them by hand. It does not seem probable that so poor a copy would have been presented to the King. An early inscription shows that it belonged to Tonstall, who gave it to Richard Sparchford, archdeacon of Shropshire, who gave it to the church of Ludlow.

The seventh book is a translation into Latin by Richard Pace of the sermon preached by John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, in London, to an audience said to have numbered thirty thousand, on the occasion of the public burning of Luther’s works. In this book for the first time Siberch made use of the device with his initials and mark within a chain work frame showing white on a black background, an uncommon style of device and one unlike any other used in England at the time. Of this book only four copies are known, two in the Bodleian, one in the library of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and one in the Rylands Library, Manchester.

The last dated of the early Cambridge books is the _Hermathena_ of Papyrius Geminus, issued on December 8, 1522. No less than three different states of the title-page are known. The first is quite free from ornament, in the second an attempt seems to have been made to supply the want of the old border device, and the upper part of the title is enclosed in a frame made by two horizontal border-pieces joined at the sides by a plain fine. In the third state, a third border-piece has been added at the bottom of the page and the black lines extended on either side to join all three. The book contains twenty-six leaves, the last leaf containing on the recto the colophon and printer’s device, on the verso the small _arma regia_ device. Six copies are known. With the title in the first state one copy remains, which formerly belonged to Bradshaw and is now in the University Library. Of the second state there are three copies, in Archbishop Marsh’s Library, in Lincoln Cathedral, and in St John’s College, Cambridge. Of the third state the two copies belong to the British Museum and the Duke of Devonshire. These last two copies are both printed on vellum, but the museum copy wants the last leaf containing the colophon and devices.

[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF FISHER’S SERMON, PRINTED AT CAMBRIDGE BY JOHN SIBERCH IN 1522.]

The publication of another Cambridge book, an edition of the Grammar of Lily and Erasmus, was proved by the discovery in 1889 of two leaves, found with some other most interesting fragments in the covers of a book in Westminster Abbey Library.

The Grammar is the _De octo orationis partium constructione libellus_ written for the use of St Paul’s School. It was composed originally by William Lily, and Colet, the founder of the school, sent the work to Erasmus to emend. Erasmus so altered it that Lily would not permit it to be called his work, and as Erasmus for his part refused to put his name to Lily’s work, the book was published anonymously. It became very popular, and many editions were issued abroad for the English market, so that it is just such a book as a Cambridge printer might be expected to print rather than to import.

These nine books comprise the whole output of the early Cambridge press. Though Cambridge obtained a special privilege shortly afterwards giving the right to print, the right was never exercised, and nothing was produced in the town until the two Universities restarted their presses towards the end of the sixteenth century.

The bookbindings that can definitely be assigned to Siberch are at present few in number. He used one fine roll divided into four rectangular compartments, containing a pomegranate, a turretted gateway with portcullis, a Tudor rose, and three fleurs-de-lys, all surmounted by a royal crown and within canopied archways. Below the fleurs-de-lys are his initials. This is a purely English design, and the tool was no doubt made for him after his arrival in Cambridge. Immediately Siberch gave up work, about 1523-24, the tool passed to Speryng, who mutilated it, so that we know fairly well the period during which it was used when undamaged. Its use in conjunction with other tools enables more of Siberch’s material to be identified. In the University Library is a copy of the _Epistolæ_ of Paulinus, bishop of Nola, printed at Paris in 1516, whose binding is impressed with two well-executed panel stamps separated from each other by this roll. On one is depicted St Roche tended by an angel for the plague and a dog bringing him food, on the other St John Baptist, standing on a mound and preaching to four persons seated below him. These two saints were popular subjects for binding panels, and a number of varieties, mostly copied one from another, are known, but this particular pair are especially well designed and engraved, and were chosen by Dibdin to reproduce in his _Bibliographical Decameron_.

On a folio in the library of Clare College, Siberch’s signed roll is found used with another roll or band containing figures of seven peasants, one piping, the rest dancing with hands joined, a very favourite design with Netherlandish binders.

The two panel stamps and this second roll are all foreign in appearance, and were no doubt brought by Siberch from abroad. After he gave up work they remained in England. I have a work of Erasmus, printed in 1532, certainly bound in this country, which has the two panels on the binding, while the roll with dancing figures occurs on a binding in St Paul’s Cathedral Library, lined with waste leaves of an Almanac for 1544. It is not improbable that Siberch had other panels, for we find, soon after he ceased to bind, stamps which were certainly his used in conjunction with others exactly similar in style. I saw lately a work of Erasmus, dated 1524, on which this St Roche panel was used, and with it was a panel with St Michael, and these two occur together elsewhere. One point, however, must certainly be noticed. The one panel binding that we can with certainty attribute to Siberch has three bands on the back, as was usual in the case of English bindings. Every other binding with his stamps which I have seen has four bands, and a binder would be most unlikely to change his habits on such a point.

The letter of Peter Kaetz to Siberch, referred to earlier, is of the greatest interest. It is written on one side of an oblong piece of paper, with the address on the other side. Unfortunately parts of the ends of some of the lines are missing, making parts of certain sentences vague, especially at the beginning, but generally the meaning is fairly clear. It has been translated by Mr Hessels as follows: “Know, Jan Siborch, that I have received your letter as [well as specimens] of your type, and it is very good; if you can otherwise ... and conduct yourself well then you will get enough to print. So I remain still in London because my master comes; I expect him from day to day, therefore I cannot even know when I cross, but so soon as I cross I shall do the best that is in my power. Item, I have told Peter Rinck three or four times of the Pater noster, but he tells me that he cannot find it; and Gibkerken has not yet given Jacob Pastor the ring, but he carries it every day on his hand and he will not give it to Jacob Pastor. Item, I send you 25 prognostications and 3 New Testaments small. The prognostications cost one shilling sterling the 25, and the 3 New Testaments cost 2 shillings and 6 pence sterling, so there is still due to you, which I remain in your debt. I have no more New Testaments, otherwise I should have sent you more. I have nothing else to write except [to ask you to] deliver the accompanying parcel to Niclas, and greet Baetzken for me with your whole family, and do not forget yourself. Petrus Kaetz.”

Among the fragments found with it was part of the manuscript copy of Croke’s book printed in May 1520, a sheet of the Papyrius Geminus printed in 1522, and two leaves of the Lily’s _Grammar_. The book in which they were found must have been bound after December 1522, but the tools on the binding are not those known to have been used by Siberch, and the book may have been bound after Siberch ceased work by someone occupying his old workshop or who had obtained his waste material. From internal evidence the letter would appear to have been written in 1521 just after Siberch had started printing, the reference to the excellence of the type, of which proofs had apparently been sent, and the remark by Kaetz that if Siberch conducted himself well he would get enough to print, both pointing to this conclusion. One small point may be noticed here in passing. The tone of the letter is that of an older to a younger man, or at any rate, of a man to one of his own age. Now in the colophons of books printed for Kaetz between 1523 and 1525 he is spoken of as “juvenis” and this may be taken as a slight argument for believing that in 1521 Siberch was a young man also.

The master to whom Kaetz referred was very possibly Christopher Endoviensis or Van Ruremond, who, when Kaetz set up in business on his own account, printed books for him. Van Ruremond we know printed English prognostications, single folio broadsides such as would be sold at a penny a piece, which as we know from Dorne’s day-book was the usual price of a single sheet, so that he may have been the printer of these supplied to Siberch at twenty-five for a shilling. The New Testaments were probably of a Latin version since they are called Nova Testamenta in the letter. Nicholas, to whom a packet was sent, was, we may suppose, Speryng.

After 1522 Siberch seems to have relinquished his business as a printer and stationer. We have no reference to him in accounts, and as his name does not occur in the Subsidy Rolls of 1523-24 it may be considered as fairly certain that he was not then in Cambridge. That he had definitely given up work is clearly shown by the dispersal of his material. The smaller neatly-executed cut of the Royal arms went to his friend Peter Kaetz, who, taking it with him on his return to Antwerp, used it in the edition of the Dutch Bible printed for him there in 1525 by Hans Van Ruremonde. Apparently the same block appears in an edition of Erasmus and Lily’s Grammar published at Antwerp by Godfried van der Haeghen in 1527 for sale in St Paul’s Churchyard. The fine border of the Galen also went to Antwerp and is found eventually on the title-page of a Dutch Prognostication of 1536 printed by Hendrick Pietersen van Middleburch. From a comparison of a recently-issued facsimile of the Dutch book with the original Cambridge book, it is clear the border is identical in both. What has now to be done is to trace it between 1522 and 1536. Lastly, the fine binding roll which he possessed passed into the hands of Nicholas Speryng who attempted to obliterate the initial I upon it and substitute an N. The latest binding on which it is found in an unmutilated state is on a book printed at Venice and finished on November 10, 1522, so that the binding cannot be earlier than 1523. The mutilated tool is found used with others belonging to Speryng on the binding of a book printed in 1524.

For a considerable time after 1522 we have no information. The debt of twenty pounds continued to be entered in the proctor’s accounts up to the year 1524-25, after which it dropped out. In 1538-39 the debt is re-entered in a most interesting memorandum which may be translated thus: “Note; that twenty pounds sterling are owing to the university by ‘Dominus’ John Lair, an alien priest, and Doctors Rydley, Bullock, Wakefelde, and Maundefelde, and it has their bond signed by all their hands, and sealed with their seals.” After several entries of a similar tenor we come to the final one in the Audit book under the year 1553. “John Syberche owes out of the money advanced to him [xx. li.], as is evidenced by his bond contained in the common chest, and his guarantors are Doctors Rydley, Bullocke, and Manfyld, together with Mr Wakfyld.” It would thus appear that like many another, Siberch was so influenced by the religious movements of the time, that he forsook his business in order to serve the Church, and it is therefore in this sphere that we should seek for further information about him. He seems also to have made use of his proper name Lair, sometimes corrupted into Law, rather than the name Siberch he had used as a printer.

Perhaps further search in this new direction may result in fresh discoveries.

The stationers of Cambridge, like the stationers of Oxford, were of two classes, those officially appointed by the University and those who traded independently. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries there are frequent references to the rights of the University over the stationers. They had certain official duties, such as the valuation of books and the supply of the necessary school books at fixed rates, and the stationers chosen by the University received a small fee or salary for such work. After the middle of the fifteenth century the stationers can be traced in an unbroken series, but though we know their names and find entries of their business in accounts, there, at present, our information ceases. Five names are given in Mr Gray’s account of the early Cambridge stationers for the second half of the fifteenth century, Gerard Wake, John Ward, Fydyon, perhaps Fitzjohn, William Squire, and Walter Hatley. Of these, two, Wake and Hatley, were bookbinders, and perhaps some of their work may yet be identified, and if one single volume could be ascribed to either with certainty and the stamps they used definitely ascertained, then much of their work could be traced. William Squire is only known from receiving a settled fee of thirteen shillings and fourpence between the years 1482-6. He may perhaps, since we find the names Squire and Lesquier often used indiscriminately, be identical with the stationer William Lesquier whose goods were administered at Oxford in February 1501-2. Peter Breynans, another bookbinder, is mentioned in 1502, and a Lawrence Topfeller in 1506.

In May 1503 the award of Margaret, Countess of Richmond, and three other arbitrators was agreed to and signed. This covenant between the town and University contained special references to stationers, and enacted that only those stationers and binders who had always practised their trade should be considered under the jurisdiction of the University, a certain number, then in business, being exempted.

Our knowledge of early Cambridge bookbinding is curiously different from what we know of Oxford. There our knowledge of fifteenth-century work is full, and of early sixteenth almost a blank. For Cambridge there is a splendid series of early sixteenth-century work, while fifteenth-century specimens are almost unknown or at any rate unidentified. Mr G. J. Gray’s excellent monograph, lately published by the Bibliographical Society, has fully put on record what is known about Cambridge binding, and has the advantage of being well illustrated. The earliest examples facsimiled in his work are ornamented by means of the roll-tool, but there is a series of bindings ornamented with dies in the earlier manner produced probably about 1500, which may with considerable probability be ascribed to a Cambridge binder. These bindings are very distinctive in appearance and may easily be distinguished from others of the same period. One peculiarity enables us to identify this binder’s work even when on the shelves. He always ruled two perpendicular lines down the back. The leather used is nearly always the red-tinted variety which seems peculiar to Cambridge. The scheme of decoration of the sides consisted of a large centre panel divided by diagonal lines into a kind of diamond-shaped lattice work, and in each division thus formed a die was stamped. These dies, mostly square or diamond-shaped, contained conventional flowers or strange animals and birds. The best two, which are very finely engraved, have two cocks fighting and a pelican feeding her young. This binder also made frequent use of a small tool of a spray of foliage, plain and not enclosed in a frame, and this he used to build up borders and to finish the ends of the bands, a noticeable peculiarity. The boards were usually lined with vellum.

When Dr James prepared his catalogue of manuscripts in the library of Pembroke College, the librarian, Mr Minns, added an appendix containing an account of the early printed books and a plate of facsimiles of stamps used on some of the bindings. Those numbered 21 to 32 belonged to this binder and occur on four bindings. Three of these are on printed books ranging between 1478 and 1490. The fourth specimen is more important as affording a definite clue to a Cambridge origin, for it is on the second volume of the college register. A search for and examination of such bindings as remain in Cambridge might result in the discovery of some inscription or other evidence which might enable us to identify the binder.

The earliest of the important sixteenth-century binders and stationers is Garret Godfrey, and his name is first found affixed to a deed in 1503 which itself relates to the position of stationers and bookbinders in the University. He was a native of the Low Countries, and from the occurrence of the name Graten on some waste sheets extracted from some of his bindings, is supposed to have come from Graten in Limburg. He seems to have occupied a good position in Cambridge, and was chosen as one of the churchwardens of St Mary the Great in 1516, and continued to fill offices in connexion with the church for several years. He died in 1539 and was buried in St Mary’s, while his will, dated September 12, was proved on October 11.

Godfrey was well supplied with binding tools, and we find him in possession of at least five rolls. The most important contains figures of a griffin, a wyvern, and a lion, separated from each other by branches of foliage. Below the lion are the binder’s initials, the second having a sign like an arrow-head springing from the top, representing presumably his merchant’s mark. The workmanship of this roll very much resembles that of some of the fine London rolls of the time, those for example of John Reynes or Thomas Symonds, and it is quite probable that they may all have been engraved by the same man.

Godfrey’s second roll is divided into five divisions. The first four contain a turretted gateway with portcullis, a fleur-de-lys, a pomegranate, and a Tudor rose, each under a canopy and surmounted by a Royal crown. The fifth contains the binder’s initials G. G. and between them a shield charged with three horse-shoes. This introduction of a private heraldic shield into a bookbinder’s ornament, is, so far as my experience goes, quite without parallel and certainly requires explanation. Occurring as it does, between the binder’s initials, it must obviously have some connexion with him, and the initials are certainly those of Garret Godfrey. The late Sir Augustus Franks suggested that the initials stood for Guido Gimpus. The name is not mentioned by Burke in his _Armorial_, but Papworth allows a coat “sable, three horse-shoes argent,” to a family, Vytan-Gimpus, on the authority of Glover’s _Ordinary_. A third roll containing the Royal emblem in compartments, in the same order as in the previous one, also contains his initials, but with no arms. This is a much narrower roll than the second, and poorer in design. The fourth and fifth rolls have no mark or initials, one is of diaper work, the other of interlaced strap work. In addition Godfrey used a few small dies.

Nicholas Speryng, the second stationer, came originally from the Low Countries, and is found settled in Cambridge, perhaps as early as 1506, certainly by 1513. It seems likely that he had worked as a binder before coming to Cambridge, and that he brought some of his binding tools with him. An examination of his bindings shows that he often worked in a more old-fashioned style and with older tools than Godfrey. The ornamental frames on the sides of his bindings are in many cases built up by a repetition of single stamps, a troublesome system superseded by the invention of the roll. As he possessed the stamps he would naturally use them, but he would not have had them engraved had the use of the roll been then known to him. The two panel stamps which he used are also probably of foreign make. These contain representations of the Annunciation on the one side, and St Nicholas restoring the three murdered children on the other. The Annunciation was a very favourite subject with bookbinders, especially those of the Low Countries, while the St Nicholas had reference to the binder’s Christian name. It is curious to notice that the surname has been wrongly engraved, and reads Spiernick in place of Spierinck. Some years ago some fragments of an edition of Holt’s Grammar, the _Lac Puerorum_, printed in English at Antwerp by Adrian van Berghen, were found in the Bodleian, which, from the indentations still remaining on them, had clearly formed the boards of one of these bindings, and on one of the fragments the name Speyrinck was written. The piece of paper had doubtless formed the wrapper of a parcel addressed to him.

Speryng’s rolls were all engraved after he came to England. The finest, apparently engraved by the same hand as Godfrey’s, contains figures of a dragon, a lion, and a wyvern amidst sprays of foliage. Between the wyvern and dragon, in a wreath, are his mark and initials. A smaller roll is divided into five compartments, the first four containing a fleur-de-lys, a turretted gateway, a pomegranate, and a Tudor rose, each surmounted by a Royal crown and under a canopy, while the fifth contains his mark and initials. It is an almost exact copy of one of Godfrey’s rolls, with the badges arranged in a different order. There are two varieties of this roll. In the earlier the binder’s initial S is a rather badly engraved letter of a curious script form, but at a later date it has been re-engraved in the more usual form. Weale, describing the earlier state in one place, reads the initials N. G., and in another ascribes the roll to Segar Nicholson, a later Cambridge stationer.

Speryng had also a roll of diaper work resembling, though clearly differing from, Godfrey’s, and another roll with a graceful pattern of twining foliage and flowers. He also, like Godfrey, had several dies.

There is a binding in Westminster Abbey Library on a copy of a _Codex Justiniani_ printed at Paris in 1515 which both Godfrey and Speryng appear to have had a hand in with remarkable results. First the volume was bound by Godfrey, who ornamented the side with a framework made with his fine broad roll, with two parallel impressions of the same roll inside the panel. The volume somehow came later into Speryng’s hands. He filled up the vacant spaces with his own diaper roll, and then stamped his ornamental roll with his initials over Godfrey’s, mixing the ornaments in hopeless confusion. We find the body of Speryng’s wyvern with the head of one of Godfrey’s animals, and so on.

One roll used by Speryng had belonged to Siberch, and I found it many years ago on a binding in Westminster Abbey Library. Commenting on this binding Mr Gray writes: “We have evidence of Siberch’s grand roll being used by Spierinck on the binding of a Faber, Paris, 1526; the J is obliterated by the N being stamped over it, but not completely, for Siberch’s initial can be plainly seen underneath, and this roll was used with one of Spierinck’s own.” This explanation is hardly clear. Speryng did not use Siberch’s roll on the binding and then attempt to stamp an N over the J. What he did do was to try and cut on the brass tool itself an N which should replace the J, but the work was clumsily done and portions of the J still show.

The binding of the Faber just mentioned is stamped with Siberch’s mutilated roll and one of Speryng’s diaper rolls, and this was the only known example of the use of the mutilated roll. Not long ago, however, I found in the library of Queen’s College, Oxford, a copy of the _Decretals_ of Panormitanus printed at Lyons in 1524 in four large folio volumes in a magnificent Cambridge binding. On it is used the mutilated roll of Siberch, Speryng’s largest signed roll, and his smaller floral roll. Speryng died about the end of 1545 and was buried in St Mary’s Church. His will, dated August 20, 1545, was proved on January 27 following.

In 1523 an act was passed to prevent the taking of alien apprentices, and a further act of 1529 prohibited aliens, not householders, from exercising any handicraft, but in both acts the two Universities of Oxford and Cambridge were exempted. In the latter year Wolsey was petitioned by the University to be allowed to have three foreign licensed booksellers, and when in 1534 the act was passed restricting the dealings of foreign stationers, special permission was granted to Cambridge to elect three stationers or printers who might be aliens or natives. No similar privilege was either asked for by or granted to Oxford.

The University immediately appointed the three stationers, Nicholas Speryng, Garret Godfrey, and Segar Nicholson, who appear to have been themselves instrumental in procuring the grant. Strangely enough the date of this grant providing for increased activity apparently exactly coincides with a remarkable cessation of work. No book is known bound by Speryng printed later than 1533, though he did not die until the end of 1545, while the latest dated book bound by Godfrey, who died in 1539, is 1535. After this date we find no more fine bindings. The beautiful broad rolls and panel stamps went out of fashion and were superseded by narrow rolls of formal renaissance ornament. As at Oxford the succession of stationers and binders continued unbroken; but their work is of little interest.

LECTURE IV.

TAVISTOCK, ABINGDON, ST ALBAN’S SECOND PRESS, IPSWICH, WORCESTER, CANTERBURY, EXETER, “WINCHESTER,” AND “GREENWICH.”

The next place after Cambridge is Tavistock, where a book was printed in 1525. It was an edition of the _De consolatione philosophiæ_ of Boethius, translated into verse and divided into eight-line stanzas. In most manuscripts of the poem the author is given as Johannes Capellanus, but at the end of this edition are some verses whose first and last letters give the names of the patroness, Elizabeth Berkeley, and the translator, Johannes Waltwnem or Walton, said to have been a canon of Oseney. The colophon runs: “Enprented in the exempt monastery of Tavestok in Denshyre. By me, Dan Thomas Rychard, monke of the sayd monastery. To the instant desyre of the ryght worshypful esquyer Mayster Robert Langdon, anno d. MDXXV.” It was no doubt produced at the expense of Robert Langdon of Keverell, a rough woodcut of whose arms occurs at the end of the book. He was a wealthy Cornish gentleman, who married an heiress and died in 1548.

The book is printed in a neat and clear black-letter. On the title-page is a woodcut of the Almighty seated in a diamond-shaped panel, the outside angles being filled with symbols of the four evangelists. Copies of this book are not so rare as is generally supposed. There are two in the Bodleian, and one in Exeter College, Oxford. One is in the Rylands Library, another in St Andrews University, while Lord Bute, Mr Christie Miller, and the Duke of Bedford all have examples.

The only other Tavistock book known is the _Charter and Statutes of the Stannary_, printed nine years later. The colophon runs: “Here endyth the statutes of the stannary, Imprented yn Tavystoke ye xx. day of August, the yere of the reygne off our soveryne Lord Kynge Henry ye viii. the xxvi. yere.” The book is in quarto, and contains twenty-six leaves of thirty or thirty-one lines. On the title-page is a woodcut of the King’s arms supported by angels, which occurs several times elsewhere in the book. The colophon is on the penultimate leaf, and on the recto of the last leaf is a woodcut of the crucifixion of St Andrew, on the verso the same woodcut of the Almighty as is used in the Boethius. Of this book only one copy is known, in the library of Exeter College, Oxford. It is a most beautifully preserved example, entirely uncut, and was bequeathed to the college with a number of other rare books by the Rev. Joseph Sandford.

The press at Abingdon is represented by one book only, and of that only one copy is known, preserved amongst Archbishop Sancroft’s books in the library of Emmanuel. It is a _Breviary_ printed for the use of the brethren of St Mary’s Monastery, the black monks of the order of St Benedict. It is printed in red and black, in double columns, with thirty-four lines to the page, and there are no headlines, catchwords, or numbers to the leaves. When complete it should have contained 358 leaves, but unfortunately two leaves of the Kalendar containing the months from May to August are missing. The Kalendar at present consists of four leaves, three signed AI, AII, AIII, and one unsigned leaf; and the missing two leaves should have come between AII and AIII, which looks as though the printer had originally omitted them by mistake. But so important an error could not remain uncorrected. A very curious point about the book is that one part is set up entirely in quires of sixes, while the rest is set up in a way common to several early English printers, in quires alternately of eight and four leaves, thus doing away with the half sheet. The colophon states that the book was printed by John Scolar in the monastery of the blessed virgin at Abingdon, in the year of our Lord, 1528, and of Thomas Rowland, the abbot, the seventeenth year. Another colophon gives the more exact date of September 12. Throughout the book occur some curious woodcut initials. Two, a large E and S, are exceedingly bad copies of good work. A large C contains the figure of a knight in armour, a very close copy of one used earlier at Cambridge.

The printer, John Scolar, is doubtless the Oxford printer of 1517-18, but where he had been or what he had been doing in the intervening ten years we have not the slightest evidence to show. Since he is not mentioned among the stationers and booksellers in the Oxford Lay Subsidy Roll of 1524, we may presume he was not in the town.

The last of these monastic presses was at St Alban’s. The earlier press, spoken of in a previous lecture, was at work from about 1480 to 1486, but we have no reason for believing that it was connected with the abbey. The town is specifically mentioned in the colophons with no reference to the abbey, nor is any person connected with the abbey mentioned as favouring or assisting in the production of the books. As regards the revived press the case is quite different. The books were produced at the request of the abbot, Robert Catton, or his successor, Richard Stevenage, and the latter’s close connexion with the press is shown by the occurrence of his initials in the device placed at the end of some of the books.

The second St Alban’s press was at work from 1534 up to the time of the suppression of the abbey in 1539. One book, however, may be earlier than this date, a _Breviary_ of St Alban’s use. The unique copy is in the library of the Marquis of Bute at Cardiff Castle, but I have never had an opportunity of examining it, nor have any facsimiles from it been published, so that it is impossible to determine when or where it was printed. The librarian at Cardiff Castle considers it to have been printed at the abbey about 1526.

In 1534 was issued the _Lyfe and passion of Seint Albon prothomartyr of Englande_, translated by John Lidgate, and printed at the request of Robert Catton, abbot of St Alban’s. This book, of which two copies are known, has no printer’s name or place of printing, but is generally ascribed to Herford’s press. The next book is Gwynneth’s _Confutation of Frith’s Book_, dated 1536. Of this there is a copy in the University Library. It again contains no printer’s name, but has a device having in the centre the initials R. S. joined by a band, standing for Richard Stevenage, the last abbot of St Alban’s. In 1537 there is an edition of the _Introduction for to lerne to reken with the pen_. A copy was mentioned by Ames as in the possession of W. Jones, Esq., but this has since disappeared, though a last leaf containing the device is said to be amongst the Bagford fragments. There may be some confusion between this and Bourman’s edition, whose device was very similar to the one used by Herford. The description given by Herbert makes no mention of printer, place, or device, merely the date 1537.

Three more books are quoted by Herbert under the year 1538. _A godly disputation between Justus and Peccator_, _The rule of an honest life_, written by Martin, bishop of Dumience, and _An epistle against the enemies of poor people_. Two, if not three, appear to have had full colophons, stating that they were printed at St Alban’s by John Herford for Richard Stevenage, but unfortunately no copies of any of these books are now known, so that we have no book which contains Herford’s name which was printed at St Alban’s. These three books were originally mentioned in Maunsell’s catalogue, but Herbert’s entries are considerably fuller and must have been derived from some other source. There is no reason to doubt their genuineness, and we know from other evidence that Herford was at St Alban’s.

An undated book, printed at St Alban’s by Herford, was in Lord Spencer’s collection, and is now at Manchester. It is entitled, _A very declaration of the bond and free wyll of man: the obedyence of the gospell and what the very gospell meaneth_. This book, hitherto unknown to bibliographers, contains the name of the place only, and has no date or printer’s name.

In 1539 Herford appears to have been indiscreet and to have printed some very unorthodox book. Among the State papers is a letter from Stevenage, the abbot, to Thomas Cromwell, in which he writes: “Sent John Pryntare to London with Harry Pepwell, Bonere [Bonham] and Tabbe of Powlles churchyard stationers, to order him at your pleasure. Never heard of the little book of detestable heresies till the stationers showed it me.” The book spoken of must have been considered to be of importance, when three of the leading London stationers were sent down to make inquiries about it. It may be that this was the undated book last mentioned, for it alone is without the name or device of the abbot himself, yet if the printer had thought that he was publishing anything obnoxious to the powers, he would hardly have added “printed at St Alban’s” to his book. The abbot’s letter was dated October 12, and two months later the abbey was handed over to Henry VIII.’s commissioners. Of Herford we hear nothing more for five years.

On the suppression of the abbey the printing material was moved to London, where it was used for a short time by a printer, Nicholas Bourman. Now the name of the last abbot of St Alban’s was Richard Stevenage or Boreman, and it is quite probable that this Nicholas was some relative to whom the presses and type were entrusted during Herford’s absence. The device used by Bourman was almost identical with that used at St Alban’s by Herford, the initials of Richard Stevenage in the latter being replaced by N. B., and a book which had been printed in the abbey, the _Introduction to learn to reckon with the pen_, was reprinted by Bourman in 1539. The last definite date in a St Alban’s book is 1538, and, in the following year, Herford, the printer, was taken to London and presumably imprisoned or punished. The abbot was left with the printing material on his hands, which we may suppose from the occurrence of his initials in the device to have been at any rate partly his property. He therefore transferred it to London for the use of his relative until such time as Herford could resume work. This Herford did in 1544, and Bourman transferred the material back to him. After this Bourman’s name is found in no book, though he was a member of the Stationers’ Company and lived to the year 1560.

The death of Henry VIII. and the accession of Edward VI. in 1547 gave a fresh impetus to printing, and presses were set up in three new towns, Ipswich, Worcester, and Canterbury. For some years previous to this no book had been printed outside London, and with the religious opinions changing from day to day, even the London printers themselves hardly knew what they might or might not issue without fear of prosecution. Numbers of persons who had fled abroad returned, and with them came an immense number of foreigners seeking refuge from their own religious persecutions abroad. As might be expected, the three new presses were mainly devoted to printing books on the religious questions then occupying the attention of the public.

At Ipswich, some years before printing was introduced there, we find a book issued by a publisher. This was an edition of the _Historia Evangelica_ of Juvencus, and its imprint stated that it was to be sold at Ipswich in 1534 by Reginald Oliver. A copy occurred in the first part of Heber’s sale and was bought by Thorpe, the bookseller, but since then all trace of it has disappeared. The edition was probably that printed by Joannes Graphaeus at Antwerp with Oliver’s imprint added to a certain number of copies, and this is rendered more likely by the fact that the same printer issued in the same year an edition of the _Rudimenta-Grammatices_, a school-book which had been prescribed in 1528 by Cardinal Wolsey for use in the school which he had just founded at Ipswich. Wolsey prescribed the use of this book and others, not only for the use of his special school at Ipswich, but throughout England, and we find a number of editions printed at Antwerp to be sent over to England for sale. Juvencus was one of the authors whose book was recommended for use.

Of Reginald Oliver we hear nothing more. He took out letters of denization in 1535 in which he is described as “of Phrisia,” and is perhaps the Reynold Oliver who translated a tract about an earthquake in Mechlin in 1546 printed by Richard Lant.

As a stationer Oliver would be also a bookbinder, and perhaps the panel stamp may be assigned to him signed with the initials R. O. and a trade-mark. The panel is divided by a vertical line into two halves each filled by a large medallion. That on the right contains the Tudor rose, the left the Royal arms. In the left-hand upper corner is a shield with the cross of St George, in the right the binder’s mark. If he had been a London binder, this would have contained the city arms. There is nothing to connect this binding with Oliver except the initials, but these are uncommon, and no other stationer with them is known.

The first person to begin printing at Ipswich was a certain Anthony Scoloker, whom most writers have considered to be a foreigner, but who is definitely spoken of in the Subsidy Rolls as an Englishman. He was an educated man, printing translations of his own from French and German, and it is not improbable that he had left England on account of religious persecutions, and had returned under the milder rule of Edward. His settlement in Ipswich for a few months may perhaps be traced to the influence of Richard Argentine, a schoolmaster and physician of that town, who was a vigorous reformer in the reign of Edward, a violent Catholic in the time of Mary, and a penitent Protestant again under Elizabeth, dying in 1568 as rector of St Helen’s in Ipswich.

Of the seven books printed by Scoloker at Ipswich, three were translations by himself, three by Argentine, while the seventh was translated by Richard Rice, Abbot of Conway. The first book issued was _The just reckoning of the whole number of years to 1547_ translated by Scoloker from the German; of this an imperfect copy is in the University Library. His two other translations were _A Godly disputation between a shoemaker and a parson_, of which there is a copy in a private library, and _The Ordinary for all faithful Christians_. Of this there is a copy in the Rylands Library. Argentine’s three translations are Luther’s _Sermon upon John xx. and the true use of the keys_, Ochino’s _Sermons_, and Ulrich Zwingli’s _Certain precepts_. Copies of these three books are not uncommon. The book translated by Rice was Hermann’s _Right Institution of Baptism_.

The _Just Reckoning_ was translated by July 6, 1547, and, we may presume, printed shortly afterwards, but the remaining six books were all printed in the first five months of 1548. The dates of the translations of the three books by Argentine are January 28, January 30, and February 13. At the end of Zwingli’s _Certain precepts_, the earliest of Argentine’s translations, occurs Scoloker’s device, a hand reaching from the clouds and holding a coin to a touchstone inscribed “Verbum Dei.” From the clouds in the left-hand corner a face, representing the Holy Spirit, blows upon the stone. Below is printed the text, “Prove the spirits whether they be of God.”

Scoloker’s residence in Ipswich was a short one, probably because he did not meet with sufficient encouragement, and by June 1548 he was settled in London, for a book by John Frith, dated June 30, was issued by Anthony Scoloker and William Seres, dwelling without Aldersgate. This was printed by Scoloker and has his device on the last leaf. At London he continued in business until at least 1550.

The next printer to be noticed is John Overton, if indeed he ever existed, for it may be stated at once that nothing is known of him but his name. This is found in the colophon of Bale’s _Catalogue of British Writers_ from the time of Japhet, son of the most holy Noah, up to the year 1548, which states explicitly that the book was printed at Ipswich in England by John Overton on July 31, 1548. On the other hand we find on the title-page of a number of copies a no less definite statement that the book was printed at Wesel by Theodoricus Plateanus on July 31, 1548. One thing is clear from an examination of the book itself, and that is that it was certainly printed abroad, and Bale himself, in the introduction which he wrote to John Leland’s little book, entitled _The laborious journey and search of John Leland_, writes, “Since I returned home again from Germany where as I both collected and emprinted my simple work _De Scriptoribus Britannicis_.” Most writers have tried to make the two statements agree by suggesting that the main body of the book was printed abroad and brought over in sheets, and that it was completed after its arrival with two sheets printed by Overton at Ipswich. But these sheets unfortunately are in exactly the same type as the rest of the book. The Ipswich colophon occurs in all copies of the book, but the Wesel imprint only in some. A possible explanation may be found in the legal restrictions regarding the importation of foreign books. As regards copies sold abroad it would not matter where they were printed, but imported copies might meet with difficulties. Hence perhaps the Ipswich colophon and the suppression of the Wesel imprint.

The suspicion which gathered round the book and its imprints naturally spread to the printer himself, Theodoricus Plateanus. Was he a real person or not? Like John Overton, his name was only known from its occurrence in this book, and it was often assumed to be fictitious. A recent fortunate discovery made by Mr Murray of Trinity has proved that he was a genuine printer. Fragments of several books in Latin and German were found used in the binding of an English law-book, and on one of these was a colophon, dated 1548, the same date as Bale’s _De Scriptoribus_, “Drück tho Wesel by Dirick van der straten,” and leaves of Bale’s book were among the fragments. The discovery is particularly fortunate, not only as supplying the printer’s real name, which may enable us to trace him further, but also as showing us new founts of type undoubtedly used by him, and which were used also in several foreign printed English books which up to now could only be conjecturally assigned to certain towns or presses. Besides the _De Scriptoribus Britannicis_ several other of Bale’s works can now be definitely assigned to him.

The last of the three Ipswich printers and the most important was John Oswen, perhaps from his name and later connexion with Wales, a Welshman. He printed in the town apparently only during the latter half of 1548, but in that period issued ten if not more books. These are all without exception works of the reformers, Calvin, Oecolampadius, Melanchthon, and others. Calvin is represented by two books, _A brief declaration of the feigned sacrament_, and _A treatise on what a faithful man ought to do dwelling among the papists_. Of the latter book there is a copy in the University Library, of the former no copy is at present known.

Melanchthon’s book _Of the true authoritie of the Church_, and Oecolampadius’ _Epistle, that there ought to be no respect of personages of the poor_, are both quoted by Herbert though no copies seem to be known at present.

Of the remaining six books, there are copies of two in the University Library, bequeathed by Mr Sandars. These are: _A new book containing an exhortation to the sick_, of which another copy is in the British Museum, and a curious little 16mo volume, _An invectyve agaynst dronkennes_, of which the Cambridge copy is the only one known. Several bibliographies speak of it as a fragment, but though not in good condition it wants only the last leaf which would have been blank, or contained a device: all the text is complete.

There are copies of two other books in the library of Clare College, Peter Moone’s _Short treatise of certain things abused in the Popish church long used_, and John Ramsey’s _Plaister for a galled horse_. Both these books are rhyming attacks on the Catholics. There is another copy of the first in the British Museum, but the two leaves in the University Library which were supposed to belong to this edition are really from the press of William Copland in London. Of Ramsey’s book the copy at Clare is the only one known, but another edition was printed at London by Raynalde in the same year. The next book is a translation of Anthony Marcourt’s work, entitled, _A declaration of the Mass_; of this there is a copy in the Bodleian, and finally there is another issue of Hegendorff’s _Domestical or household sermons_, of which there is a copy in the British Museum.

[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF THE EXHORTATION TO THE SICK, PRINTED AT IPSWICH BY JOHN OSWEN IN 1548.]

Oswen and Scoloker between them printed within a year at least eighteen books at Ipswich, all of them expounding the religious views of the reformers, and examples of fourteen are known. Though there may have been other inducements which caused these printers to settle in that town, no doubt one of the chief reasons was its accessibility to the Continent. Numbers of English people who had fled abroad during the religious troubles of Henry’s reign were pouring back into the country, and many would pass through Ipswich, and would purchase to carry with them for their own use and for their friends copies of the books which set forth the religious views for which they had undergone such hardships, but which seemed at last to be on the winning side. Again Ipswich, while easy to get to, was equally easy to get away from, so that perhaps discretion caused the printers to wait and see how their books were received before they definitely settled in an inland town.

Oswen, though he continued in business a few months longer than Scoloker, seems also to have found Ipswich an unremunerative centre for his work, and towards the end of 1548, crossing with his material from the east to the west of England, settled at Worcester. On January 6, 2 Edward VI., that is at the beginning of 1549, Oswen obtained a privilege from the King to print “every kind of book or books set forth by us concerning the service to be used in churches, ministration of the sacraments, and instruction of our subjects of the Principality of Wales and marches thereunto belonging for seven years, prohibiting all other persons whatsoever from printing the same.” What this privilege definitely meant, or what use Oswen made of it, is not clear. He certainly printed nothing concerning the service of the church, or for the instruction of the subjects, specially adapted to the Principality of Wales. He printed editions of the Prayer-book and New Testament, but they were in English and varied in no respect from the editions put forth by the authorised printers, Whitchurch and Grafton. The three or four Welsh books issued in the vernacular during the period in which his privilege was in force, Salisbury’s Dictionary in English and Welsh and Introduction to Welsh pronunciation, extracts from the laws of Hoel, and the Epistles and Gospels in Welsh, books both for the instruction of the subject and the service of the Church, were printed by other printers. For these, or some of them, at any rate, privileges had been obtained from Henry VIII. By the beginning of 1549 Oswen was settled in Worcester in the High Street, issuing a book as early as January 30. Besides his printing office in Worcester he appears to have had another shop absolutely on the Welsh border, for at the end of some of his colophons are the words: “They be also to sell at Shrewsbury.”

Oswen’s four editions of the New Testament, from 1548 to 1550, as given by Herbert, seem to resolve themselves into one quarto edition dated January 12, 1550. Of the Prayer-book there were certainly three issues. The first is a quarto dated May 24, 1549. It contains an injunction which “streightly chargeth and commaundeth that no maner of person do sell this present boke unbounde, above the price of II Shillinges and two pence ye piece. And the same bound in paste or in boordes, not above the pryce of thre shillynges and eyght pence the piece.” The next edition, a folio, dated July 30, 1549, has a similar injunction fixing the price at two shillings and sixpence unbound, and four shillings bound. It will be noticed that His Highness’s Council in their wisdom decreed that the cost of binding a quarto and a folio should be exactly the same, namely eighteen pence. The last issue, the rarest of all, was a folio printed in 1552. Apart from Prayer-books and Testaments we know of seventeen books printed by Oswen in the four years between 1549 and 1553. Seven in 1549, five in 1550, three in 1551, and two in 1553.

The first book issued in 1549 was Henry Hart’s _Consultorie for all Christians_. This is dated January 30, but is probably 1549 rather than 1550, since the printer has printed at the beginning his newly-granted privilege in full.

Six other books are dated 1549. Of these three, Hegendorff’s _Household Sermons, The Dialogue between the seditious anabaptist and the true Christian_, translated by John Veron, and the _Spiritual Matrimony between Christ and the Church_, are given by Herbert, but he had apparently never seen copies and none are at present known. Of _Certeyne sermons appointed by the King’s majesty to be read_, there are two copies in the British Museum. Herbert quotes _A message from King Edward VI., concerning obedience to religion_, as printed by Oswen at Worcester, August 5, 1549. This is apparently another edition of the message “to certain of his people assembled in Devonshire” printed by Grafton in July, but addressed to the people of Wales.

The last of the year’s books was a _Psalter_ printed in red and black and issued on September 1, of which there is a copy in the British Museum.

For the year 1550 there are four books, and of these one St Ambrose, _Of opression_, said to be translated by Oswen himself, is known only from the entry in Herbert, derived from Maunsell’s catalogue. The other three, Zwingli’s _Short pathway to the Scriptures_, _The godly sayings of the old, ancient faithful fathers_ translated by John Veron, and Gribald’s _Notable and marvellous epistle_, are known, the first two from copies in the University Library and elsewhere, the last from a copy in the Bodleian. To the end of this year we may ascribe a very rare little octavo, _Almanack and prognostication for the year of our Lord_ 1551. _Practised by Simon Heringius and Lodowyke Boyard_. In April 1551 a new edition was issued of Bullinger’s _Dialogue between the rebel Anabaptist and the true Christian_, which is known from copies in the Bodleian and Brasenose College Library. Herbert had quoted an earlier edition of 1549, of which no copy is known and which is perhaps due to some confusion with the present edition. Bullinger’s _Most sure and strong defence of the baptism of children_, translated by John Veron, was also issued this year, and a copy is in the Bodleian. The third and last book of 1551 was issued in May, Hooper’s _Godly and most necessary annotations in the XIII. chapter to the Romans_, of which there is a copy in the University Library.

From May 1551 until May 1553, exactly two years, no dated book is known from Oswen’s Worcester press, except the folio Prayer-book of 1552. Nor is there any undated book to be ascribed to these years, for Oswen’s books, so far as we know, are all dated. This is another of those unaccountable gaps that we so often find in the career of a printer.

The last two Worcester books were issued in 1553, a _Homily to be read in time of pestilence_, written by Bishop Hooper and dated May 18, and the _Statutes of the seventh year of Edward VI._ A copy of the _Homily_ is in the University Library. It is a handsomely printed thin quarto, and has on the title-page besides four border-pieces, a woodcut of the Royal arms with supporters, and another of the youthful king seated on his throne. The _Statutes_ are described by Herbert from a copy in his own possession, but where it is at present is not known.

Oswen printed altogether at Worcester some twenty-one books, so that it heads the list of provincial presses as regards numbers. The press is also noticeable for the comparative excellence of the printing and the variety of good border-pieces and initial letters, very much superior to the material used by most of the contemporary printers. From the class of books he issued we can well understand the cessation of his press as soon as Mary succeeded to the throne.

There remain three books to be noticed which appear to be connected with Oswen. These are John Sawtry’s _Defence of the marriage of priests_, another book with a similar title by Philip Melanchthon, and lastly a _Treatise of baptism and the Lord’s Supper_. The colophon of the first runs: “Printed at Awryk by Jan Troost, 1541 in August,” that of the second, “Printed at Lipse by Ubryght Hoff,” while the title-page says, “Translated out of latyne into englisshe by Lewes Beuchame in the yere of the Lorde 1541 in August.” The colophon of the last runs: “At Grunning 1541 April 27.” The three books are obviously from the same press; initials, borders, type, all agree, and copies are in some cases bound together. They are no less obviously printed in England, but by whom? The only clue so far is an initial M which appears identical with one used by Oswen, while on the other hand the borders do not occur in any of Oswen’s books though he uses a large selection. Again, why should all three books be dated 1541 which, if they were the work of Oswen, must be a false date. Though admitting the clue which connects them with Oswen, it would be safer for the present until more evidence is forthcoming to class them under “printer unidentified.”

At present, though a good start has been made in the Catalogue of Early English Books in the University Library, a very great deal remains to be done, and if done at all to be done very carefully, on the subject of books with fictitious imprints or with none at all. Hitherto if there was anything the least strange in the appearance of a book, or if its subject were of a controversial nature, it was promptly docketed “printed at a secret press on the Continent.” That many such books were printed at Continental presses is quite clear, but in the majority of cases any danger in connexion with such books was not to the printer, but to the person who introduced them into this country. In consequence the foreign printers rarely tried to deceive, and once their types are properly identified, it is not difficult to ascribe foreign printed books to their right printers. But on the other hand, I suspect that a considerable number of books now generally ascribed to Continental presses were really produced in this country. The wording of various enactments against seditious books makes it clear that the authorities of the period at any rate considered that numbers were printed in this country, and if that is so we must look for them outside the ordinary and known productions of our regular printers. If we take away all the unsigned books which may be clearly ascribed to foreign presses, a very large number will still remain about which we know, for the present at any rate, little or nothing.

Canterbury was the last of the provincial towns to start a press, and its first book was an edition of the _Psalter_ printed in 1549. One or two early writers, however, quoted a book printed there about 1525. The title runs: _A goodly narration how St Augustine the Apostle of England raysed two dead bodies at Longcompton, collected out of divers authors, translated by John Lidgate, Monke of Bury_. Printed at St Austens at Canterburie in 4to. No copy of the book is at present known, but it is conjectured that, like another book connected with Canterbury, _The history of King Boccus and Sydracke_, it may have been printed by a London printer, “at the coste and charge of Dan Robert Saltwoode, monke of St Austen’s at Cantorbery.”

John Mychell, the first printer, seems to have begun his career in London, where he printed two books, the _Life of St Margaret_ and the _Life of St Gregory’s mother_, at a printing office with a long and interesting history, _The long shop in the Poultry_. He probably worked there between the tenancies of Richard Kele, who left it in 1546, and his apprentice Alde, who worked there later. Mr Allnutt, in an article on Provincial Presses, asserts that he quitted Canterbury for London in the reign of Queen Mary and quotes these two books as proof, but that would mean that he came to London after 1555, in which case we might expect to find some mention of him in the Stationers’ Registers, and at that time, too, the long shop in the Poultry was occupied by another printer. I think it may be taken for certain that he went from London to Canterbury.

Mychell’s first Canterbury book, the _Psalter or psalms of David after the translation of the great Bible_, printed in 1549, is an extremely rare book. The only copy quoted by bibliographers is one which was in Dr Lort’s sale in 1791. This copy passed to Lord Spencer and is now in the Rylands Library. It was reissued again in 1550 and a copy is in the University Library. The only known copy of the other book issued in 1550, John Lamberd’s _Treatise of predestination_, is also in the University Library. In 1552 and 1553 there were at least three issues of a _Breviat Chronicle_ compiled or at any rate edited by Mychell himself.

The nine undated books which he issued were mainly theological and controversial. One of these, entitled _Newes from Rome concerning the blasphemous sacrifice of the papisticall Masse_, was printed for E. Campion. It is curious, considering the title of the book, that this E. Campion was in all probability the London bookseller of the time, Edmund Campion, the father of the celebrated Jesuit martyr.

Two others are quoted by Herbert, _A short epistle to all such as do contempne the marriage of us poor preestes_ and _The spirituall matrimonye betweene Chryste, and the Soul_, no copies of either being at present known, though a title-page of the second is among the Bagford fragments.

Mychell printed also an edition of Stanbridge’s _Accidence_, of Lidgate’s _Churl and Bird_, and of Robert Saltwood’s _Comparison between four birds_. Saltwood was keeper of the chapel of the Virgin Mary at Canterbury when on December 4, 1539, he signed the surrender. His name is not found after this nor does he appear in the list of pensioners. He seems to have taken an interest in poetry, and it was for him that the _Boccus and Sydracke_ was printed, so perhaps we may trace to his instigation the separate works of Lidgate which Mychell printed. In the colophon to his own book Saltwood is described only as monk, with no mention of Canterbury, and the place of printing is not stated, so that it may have been issued by Mychell at London.

Mary’s succession seems to have caused the cessation of the press, and certainly the class of theological works, which had been its main output, was not such as would be received with favour under the changed conditions.

Mychell, however, still remained at Canterbury, though his press was idle. The only piece of printing that can be assigned to him after Mary’s accession is a semi-official tract of four leaves. _Articles to be enquyred in thordinary visitacion of the most reverende father in God, the Lorde Cardinall Pooles grace Archebyshop of Caunterbury wythin hys Dioces of Cantorbury. In the yeare of our Lorde God M. V. C. Lvi._ Pole was only consecrated Archbishop in March 1556, so that the pamphlet must have been printed after that date. No perfect copy is known, but the first and last leaves, which belonged to Herbert and which he described in his _Typographical Antiquities_, are now in the Douce Collection in the Bodleian. The pamphlet is unique in another respect, as it is the only piece of provincial printing in England issued during Mary’s reign.

Ames in his _History of Printing_, published in 1749, mentions two books printed for Martin Coffin, a stationer living at Exeter. The first, an edition of Stanbridge’s _Vocabula_, was printed at Rouen by Lawrence Hostingue and Jamet Loys. This would put the date about 1505 when these two printers were in partnership and before 1508 when Hostingue left Rouen.

The other book is an edition of _Catho cum commento_, also printed at Rouen by Richard Goupil who was at work about 1510. This is also mentioned in Bagford’s notes. The first of these books was sold in Thomas Rawlinson’s sale where Ames probably saw it, and the second may perhaps have been bound up with it, but since that sale in 1727 all traces of them have disappeared.

Martin Coffin remained some time longer in England, for we find him taking out letters of denization in the year 1524 on April 28, and in these he is described as a bookbinder.

Lastly we may notice two books printed abroad which, by having the names of English towns printed in their colophons, have sometimes been considered as the productions of English provincial presses. The earlier of the two is _The Rescuyinge of the Romish Fox_ written by William Turner under the pseudonym of William Wraghton. The book is a violent attack on Stephen Gardiner, then Bishop of Winchester, and ends with the colophon: “Imprinted have at Winchester. Anno Domini, 1545. By me Hanse Hit Prik.” The obvious meaning is that the fictitious Hans Hitprik has imprinted the book against the bishop, not at the town, of Winchester. Nevertheless the book has been quoted over and over again as a Winchester printed book.

The second book is Luther’s _Faythfull admonycion of a certen true pastor_, with the colophon, “Imprinted at Grenewych by Conrade Freeman in the month of May 1554. With the most gracious licence and privilege of God almighty, King of heaven and earth.” This last sentence is quite enough to show the nature of the work, and that the name of the place and printer are alike fictitious.

Both books are apparently from the press of Christopher Froschover at Zurich, a prolific printer of controversial books.

In Seyer’s _Memoirs of Bristol_, published in 1823, the claim was put forward for the existence of an early press at Bristol on the strength of extracts from some manuscript Kalendars to the effect that “In the year 1546 a press for printing was set up in the castle which is used daily to the honour of God.” No trace of anything printed at Bristol in the sixteenth century has been found, and perhaps the date quoted may be an error for 1646, about which time a press was certainly at work in the town issuing sermons and other tracts.

When we consider the places where presses were at work during this period, or where stationers lived who commissioned books, it seems surprising that other towns of equal or greater importance have nothing to show printed or published in them. So much that has come down to us has survived by so slender a chance that there is always the hope that further information may be found and other towns added to our list. Hereford is only represented in a colophon by the unique copy of one book, Exeter by two books which have been lost for over a hundred and fifty years.

Chester, for example, is a town where we might have expected to find books printed or published. The stationers there were certainly important, for they formed themselves along with the heraldic painters and embroiderers into a company which obtained a charter from the Mayor and Aldermen on the feast of St Philip and St James in 1534, formally enrolled in 1536. After some trouble I ran the registers of the Company to earth, but unfortunately the first volume has been lost, so that the records between the years 1536 and 1587 are missing, and any information about the period we are now concerned with, irrecoverable at present.

Chester was the centre of a large and important district, and was also the chief port of embarkation for Ireland (it was from there that Edward King set out on his ill-fated voyage), so that we might well expect its stationers to have published something, or some printer to have set up a press. And there are many other towns in a similar position. We know from records that they supported a number of stationers, and it is hard to believe that nothing was printed for them, even an almanack.

Within the period we have been examining, roughly the hundred years since the invention of printing up to the passing of the Stationers’ Company’s Charter in 1557, printing had been practised in nine provincial towns. The two fifteenth-century presses, Oxford and St Alban’s, ceased simultaneously in 1486. York, away in the north of England, had a press at work between 1509 and 1516. Then comes a curious revival; a second press at Oxford from 1517 to 1519, a press at Cambridge in 1521 and 1522, at Tavistock in 1525 and 1534, at Abingdon in 1528, and a second at St Alban’s from 1534 to 1538. Then came the Reformation and the accompanying changes in the old order of things after which not one of the old presses ventured to start again. The accession of Edward VI. seems to have given a new impetus to book-production, and the remaining three of the early provincial presses were started during his reign, Ipswich working in 1547 and 1548, Worcester from 1548 to 1553, and Canterbury from 1549 to 1556.

When we come to sum up the books produced, it must be admitted that the output was miserably small. Between 1478 and 1556 the provincial presses of England issued about one hundred and eleven books, not three books in two years; twenty-one more books were printed for provincial stationers, bringing up the number to one hundred and thirty-two, not two books a year. Between 1478 and 1516, thirty books were printed in three towns; between 1517 and 1538, twenty-six in five towns; and between 1548 and 1556, fifty-five books in three towns. The output of many foreign provincial towns far surpassed that of all the English put together.

But in looking at the history of the book trade in England during the period, one point is especially striking, the very great disproportion between the numbers of printers and of stationers. The books produced by the English presses formed but an infinitesimal portion of the literature circulated in the country. The number of printers we can reckon fairly accurately, for there must be few, if any, who have left no trace; with stationers it is quite otherwise, for we are almost entirely dependent on records and registers, of which vast numbers have utterly perished. In these early times, fortunately for us, if unfortunately for themselves, people seem to have been continually engaged in lawsuits, and it is from records of law pleas and actions that much of our information is derived, though often it consists of mere names.

It is very difficult for us now to arrive at a clear conception of the position of a stationer or the character of the book trade of that period. Reading and writing were not very common accomplishments, books were relatively expensive and purchasers must have been few, yet in a small town like Bury St Edmund’s we find about the year 1505 no fewer than six stationers. We know the names of six, there may have been more, yet how were even six to earn a livelihood? The trade of a stationer then was more comprehensive than now, for he was a bookseller and a bookbinder, but even then his business cannot have been large and would hardly be sufficient to keep him. It is clear, however, from numerous contemporary references, that stationers often engaged in other business apart from their own. We find them dealing in various things besides books, but by far the most favourite occupation supplementary to selling books was to keep a public-house. Numbers of the early stationers are spoken of also as beer brewers. In the Oxford University Archives we constantly find licences granted to the booksellers to sell wine or beer. The early English printer, Jean Barbier, who had worked at London and Westminster at the end of the fifteenth century, is cited in a London lawsuit as “Johannes Barbour nuper de Coventre, bere brewer, alias dictus Jehanne Berbier nuper de Coventre, prenter.” Anthony de Solen, the first printer at Norwich, was admitted a freeman of that city on the condition “that he shall not occupye eny trade of marchandise eyther from the parts beyonde the seas or from London, but onely his arte of prynting and selling of Renysh wyne.” References to this dual business are very frequent, and it seems to have continued as late as the seventeenth century.

The importation of foreign books into England during the end of the fifteenth and early part of the sixteenth centuries must have been very large. The revival of learning was setting in, the country was gaining a reputation for scholarship and attracting foreign students, and every encouragement was given by the authorities to the book trade. In the grant given to Peter Actors, he was allowed to import books without paying customs, so that there was some tax upon imported books, though it was probably very slight.

For almost every class of book of a learned character the English purchaser was dependent on the foreign printer, and English scholars as a rule sent their own works to the Continent to be printed on account of the greater facilities and probably also for the lesser cost.

The two classes of tradesmen who dealt in books were well described by Fuller in the seventeenth century. The one he calls “stationarii, publickly avouching the sale of staple books in standing shops, whence they have their names,” the other he designates “circumforanean pedlers, ancestors to our modern Mercuries and hawkers.” No doubt, as on the Continent, the stationer was accustomed to send round periodically a van laden with books from town to town, and village to village, and, putting up at the village inn, advertise and show his wares there.

The chief opportunity for selling books was at the various fairs, and to these the agents of the London booksellers would journey, not only to sell books to the public, but to do wholesale business with the local stationers. It is quite clear that a large number of important foreign printers and publishers kept premises in London, and their representatives would also be present at the fairs. These fairs were very important centres of trade. They continued for a week, sometimes two, and while they continued, the ordinary shops of the town were compelled to close. There is evidence to show that to the principal fairs many of the London booksellers went themselves, leaving their shops in charge of an assistant. In 1487 an attempt was made by the Corporation of London to prevent London freemen attending local fairs, but a general outcry was made that many goods, amongst them books, would not be obtainable, and the ordinance was repealed. The subject of the book trade at fairs is too large to be considered here, but it must be remembered that by far the largest fair in England, a not unworthy rival to Frankfurt, was held at Sturbridge by Cambridge, and it retained its reputation for bookselling for some centuries.

After the first quarter of the sixteenth century the freedom of the foreign book trade was menaced by many ominous acts culminating in the act of 1534, which seriously interfered with the sale of foreign books and the trade of the foreign stationer, and about the same time the disuse and suppression of the various service books destroyed another branch of the trade.

The book trade received a further severe blow from the literary side by the advent in England of what was contemptuously styled by many of the old scholars with distrust and dislike, the “New Learning,” the teachings of Luther, Melanchthon, and the reformers. The revival of learning and classical study which had given so great an impetus to the book trade was superseded by religious and doctrinal quarrelling, which, though for a time encouraging the importation of controversial pamphlets, soon brought down upon all concerned the heavy hand of authority, with the result that, while the literature of the “New Learning” was prohibited, the demand for books of other classes had ceased.

The last twenty years of Henry VIII.’s reign was an anxious time for printers and booksellers; it seemed impossible to foretell what might safely be printed. Books which one year were condemned to be burnt appeared a couple of years afterwards, “cum privilegio regali.” During these years, therefore, we find the provincial press almost entirely unrepresented: between 1538 and 1548 not a single book was printed, at any rate overtly, and in the ten years before that, hardly half a dozen. As we have seen, the short reign of Edward VI. saw more books printed in the provincial towns than had been produced since the invention of printing, but this fruitful time was short.

The accession of Mary was marked by an outpouring of seditious books which naturally did not please the ruling powers. Several enactments were issued against them, seemingly with little effect. Finally, in 1557, Philip and Mary, “considering and manifestly perceiving that several seditious and heretical books, both in verse and prose, are daily published, stamped and printed by divers scandalous, schismatical, and heretical persons, not only exciting our subjects and liegemen to sedition and disobedience against us, our crown and dignity, but also to the renewal and propagating very great and detestable heresies against the faith and sound catholic doctrine of holy mother the church,” determined upon a decisive step. The weapon they forged was ingenious. They granted a Charter to the Stationers’ Company forbidding anyone to print who did not belong to it. The stationers were naturally active in putting down anything which competed with themselves, while the King and Queen could in their turn keep a firm grasp on the stationers. The various enactments of the Stationers’ Charter practically put an end to the provincial book trade.

In my brief survey of the subject I hope I have at any rate shown some of the many points of interest with which it abounds. It is one moreover eminently associated with the name of Mr Sandars. The provincial presses always had a great attraction for him, and to his liberality the University Library is indebted for many of the specimens it possesses.

Perhaps what may have struck you most is how much we have yet to learn on the subject, how little we really know. A good deal of what has been said has been, not about books which we now possess, but about books which we have lost. A cloud of obscurity still hangs over the subject, but the cloud has a silver lining. Think how much there still remains for us to discover.

APPENDIX I.

LIST OF BOOKS PRINTED BY PROVINCIAL PRINTERS OR FOR PROVINCIAL STATIONERS.

NOTE.

When more than three copies of a book are known, only three are quoted, preference being given to those in the great libraries.

KEY TO LIBRARIES.

A British Museum. B Bodleian. C Cambridge University. D John Rylands Library. E Bibliothèque Nationale. F Lambeth Palace. G Balliol College, Oxford. H Brasenose College, Oxford. I Clare College, Cambridge. J Corpus Christi College, Oxford. K Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. L Emmanuel College, Cambridge. M Exeter College, Oxford. N Jesus College, Oxford. O Jesus College, Cambridge. P Merton College, Oxford. Q New College, Oxford. R Oriel College, Oxford. S Queen’s College, Oxford. T St John’s College, Cambridge. U St John’s College, Oxford. V Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. W Trinity College, Cambridge. X Wadham College, Oxford. Y York Minster. Z Norwich Cathedral. Aa Westminster Abbey. Bb Ripon Cathedral. Cc Lincoln Cathedral. Dd Worcester Cathedral. Ee Archbp. Marsh’s, Dublin. Ff Ushaw, St Cuthbert’s College.

Herb. = Herbert’s Typographical Antiquities.

Priv. = Copy in a private collection.

I. OXFORD.

1478.

Rufinus. Expositio in simbolum apostolorum 4to A.B.C.

1479.

Aristotle. Textus ethicorum 4to A.B.D. Egidius. De peccato originali 4to B.D.R.

1481.

Alexander de Hales fol. A.B.C.

1482.

Lathbury. Expositio super trenis Jheremie fol. A.B.C.

1485.

Phalaris. Epistolæ 4to D.J.X.

1486.

Mirk. Liber festivalis fol. B.D.F.

s.a.

Alexander de Villa Dei. Doctrinale (_fragments_) 4to T. Anwykyll. Latin Grammar Ed. I. (_fragments_) 4to C.K.W. Anwykyll. Latin Grammar Ed. II. 4to B. Augustine. Excitatio 4to A. Cicero. Pro Milone (_fragments_) 4to B.P. Hampole. Explanationes in Job 4to C.D. Priv. Latin Grammar (_fragments_) 4to A. Lyndewode. Constitutiones provinciales fol. A.B.C. Swyneshede. Insolubilia 4to P.Q. Terentius. Vulgaria 4to A.B.C.

_John Scolar._

1517.

Burley. Super libros posteriorum Aristotelis 4to B.U.

1518.

Burley. De materia et forma 4to B.C.N. Dedicus. Super librosethicorum Aristotelis 4to A.B.C. Laet. Prenostica (_fragments_) b.s. C.J. Questiones de luce et lumine 4to B.C.N. Whitinton. De heteroclitis nominibus 4to B.C.N.

s.a.

Opus insolubilium 4to A.

_Charles Kyrfoth._

1519.

Compotus manualis 4to C.

_Richard Pynson for George Chastelayn_

s.a. (1507).

Lugo, P. de. Principia 4to A.C.D.

_Wynkyn de Worde for Henry Jacobi._

s.a. (1513).

Sirectus. Formalitates 4to A.Q.

_Peter Treveris for John Dorne._

1527.

Tractatus secundarum intentionum 4to C.

s.a. (1527).

Opus insolubilium 4to C.J.

II. ST ALBAN’S.

_Schoolmaster Printer._

1480.

Albertus. Liber modorum significandi 4to E. Saona, L. de. Rhetorica nova 8º A.B.C.

1481.

Canonicus, J. In physica Aristotelis fol. B.Y. Exempla sacræ scripturæ 4to A.

1486.

Book of St Alban’s fol. A.B.C.

s.a.

Andreæ, A. In logica Aristotelis (1481) 4to O.X.Z. Chronicles of England (1485) fol. A.D.K. Datus, A. Super eleganciis Tullianis (1479) 4to C.

_John Herford._

1534.

Life and passion of St Alban 4to A.B.

1536.

Gwynneth. Confutation of Frith 8º A.C.

1537.

Introduction to reckon with the pen (_fragment_) 8º A.

1538.

Disputation between Justus and Peccator 8º Herb. Epistle against enemies of poor people 8º Herb. Rule of an honest life 8º Herb.

s.a.

Breviary of St Alban’s 8º Priv. Declaration of bond and free will 8º D.

III. HEREFORD.

_Rouen for Ingelbert Haghe._

1505.

Breviarium Herfordense 8º B. Dd.

1517.

_Eustace Hardy, Rouen, for J. Caillard and J. Gachet_

Ortus Vocabulorum 4to D.

IV. EXETER.

_L. Hostingue and J. Loys, Rouen, for Martin Coffin._

s.a. (1505).

Stanbridge. Vocabula 4to Herb.

_R. Goupil, Rouen, for Martin Coffin._

s.a. (1510).

Cato cum commento 4to Herb.

V. YORK.

_Hugo Goes._

1509.

Directorium Sacerdotum 4to V.Y.

s.a.

Accidence 4to. Donatus 4to.

_Ursyn Mylner._

1516.

Whitinton. De consinitate grammatices 4to A.

s.a. (1514).

Festum Visitationis Beatæ Mariæ 8º Herb. Supplement to Breviary 8º L.

_P. Violette, Rouen, for Gerard Wandsforth._

1507.

Expositio Hymnorum et sequentiarum 4to B.D.

_Wynkyn de Worde for J. Gachet._

1509.

Manuale Eboracense 4to B. Bb.Ff.

_P. Olivier, Rouen, for J. Gachet._

1516.

Missale Eboracense fol. A.B.C.

1517.

Hymni 4to A.

s.a. (1516).

Manuale 4to Ee. Processionale 8º Bb.

_F. Regnault, Paris, for J. Gachet._

1526.

Breviarium 8º A.B.C.

_(N. le Roux), Rouen, for J. Gachet._

1530.

Missale 4to B.S. Ee. Processionale 8º A.B. Ff.

_F. Regnault, Paris, for J. Gachet._

1533.

Breviarium 16º A. Priv.

VI. CAMBRIDGE.

_John Siberch._

1521.

Bullock. Oratio 5to A.B.F. Augustinus. Sermo 4to B. Lucian. πὲρι διψάδων 4to A.F.T. Balduinus. Sermo de altaris sacramento 4to B.C.W. Erasmus. De conscribendis epistolis 4to A.K.T. Galen. De temperamentis 4to A.B.C.

1522.

Fisher. Contio 4to B.D. Papyrius Geminus. Hermathena 4to A.C.T.

s.a.

Lily. De octo partibus orationis constructione (_fragments_) 4to Aa.

_Eucharius Cervicornus, Cologne, for J. Siberch._

1520.

Croke. Introductiones in Rudimenta Græca 4to Cc.

VII. TAVISTOCK.

_Thomas Rychard._

1525.

Boethius. Book of Comfort 4to B.D.M.

1534.

Statutes of the Stannary 4to M.

VIII. ABINGDON.

_John Scolar._

1528.

Breviarium Abendonense 4to L.

IX. IPSWICH.

_Anthony Scoloker._

1547.

Reckoning of years to 1547 8º C.

1548.

Hermann. Right institution of baptism 8º Priv. Luther. Sermon on John xx. 8º A.B. Ochino. Sermons 8º A.B.C. Ordinary for all faithful Christians 8º D. Zwingli. Certain precepts 8º A.B.C.

s.a.

Disputation between shoemaker and parson 8º Priv.

For _Reginald Oliver_.

1534.

Juvencus. Historia Evangelica 8º.

_John Oswen._

1548.

Calvin. Declaration of the feigned sacrament 8º Herb. Calvin. The mind of the godly J. Calvin 8º A.B.C. Exhortation to the sick 8º A.C. Hegendorff. Domestical sermons 8º A.B. Priv. Marcourt. Declaration of the Mass 8º B. Melanchthon. Of the authority of the Church 8º Herb.

s.a.

Book of Prayers (_fragments_) 16º Priv. Invective against drunkenness 16º C. Moone. Treatise of things abused 4º A.I. Oecolampadius. Epistle ... of the poor 8º Herb. Ramsey. Plaister for a galled horse 4º I.

_Theodoricus Plateanus, Wesel, for John Overton._

1548.

Bale. Illustrium Britanniæ scriptorum summarium 4to A.B.C.

X. WORCESTER.

_John Oswen._

1549.

Book of Common Prayer fol. A.B. Book of Common Prayer 4to A.C. Bullinger. Dialogue between anabaptist and Christian 8º Herb. Certain sermons appointed by the King’s Majesty 4to A. H.H. Consultorie for all Christians 8º C. Priv. Hegendorff. Domestical sermons 8º Herb. Message sent by the King’s Majesty 16º Herb. Psalter or Psalms of David 4to A. Spiritual matrimony between Christ and Church 16º Herb.

1550.

Almanack and prognostication for 1551 8º. Ambrose. Of oppression 16º Herb. Gribald. Notable and marvellous epistle 8º B. New Testament 4to A.G. Veron. Godly sayings of ancient fathers 8º A.B.C. Zwingli. Short pathway to the Scriptures 8º A.B.C.

1551.

Bullinger. Defence of the baptism of children 8º B. Bullinger. Dialogue between anabaptist and Christian 8º B.H. Hooper. Godly annotations in Romans xiii. 8º A.B.C.

1552.

Book of Common Prayer fol. B.

1553.

Hooper. Homily in time of pestilence 4to A.B.C. Statutes 7 Edward VI. fol. Herb.

XI. CANTERBURY.

_John Mychell._

1549.

Psalter or Psalms of David 4to D.

1550.

Lamberd. Treatise of predestination 8º C. Psalter or Psalms of David 4to C.

1552.

A breviat chronicle 8º A.B. A breviat chronicle 8º A.

1553.

A breviat chronicle 8º A.

1556.

Pole. Visitation articles 4to B.

s.a.

Erasmus. Two dialogues 8º A.C. Hurlestone. News from Rome (for E. Campion) 8º A.B.C. Lidgate. Churl and bird 8º B. Melanchthon. Confession of faith of the Germans 8º Herb. Ridley. Exposition on Philippians 8º B.C. Saltwood. Comparison between four birds 4º Priv. Short epistle of the marriage of priests 8º Herb. Spiritual matrimony between Christ and the soul (_fragment_) 16º A. Stanbridge. Accidence 4to C.

APPENDIX II.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

_General._

ALLNUTT, W. H. English provincial presses. (Bibliographica, Pt. V., pp 23-46.) 8º. London, 1896.

ALLNUTT, W. H. Notes on printers and printing in the provincial towns of England and Wales. (Library Association Proceedings.) 8º. London, 1879.

AMES, J. Typographical antiquities: being an historical account of printing in England. 4to. London, 1749.

BRITISH MUSEUM. Catalogue of books in the library of the B.M., printed in England, Scotland and Ireland, and of books in English, printed abroad to the year 1640. 3 vols 8º. London, 1884.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. Early English printed books, 1475-1640. Compiled by C. E. Sayle. 5 vols. 8º. Cambridge, 1900-7.

COTTON, H. A typographical gazetteer. Second edition. 8º. Oxford, 1831.

DUFF, E. G. A century of the English book trade. Short notices of all printers, stationers, bookbinders and others connected with it, from 1457 to 1557. (Bibliographical Society Publications.) 4to. London, 1905.

DUFF, E. G. Early English printing. A series of facsimiles of all the types used in England during the sixteenth century, with some of those used in the printing of English books abroad. Fol. London, 1896.

DUFF, E. G. Early printed books. 8º. London, 1893.

HAZLITT, W. C. Bibliographical Collections and Notes. 8 vols. 8º. London, 1867-1903.

HERBERT, W. Typographical antiquities. Begun by Joseph Ames. 3 vols. 4to. London, 1785-90.

PLOMER, H. R. A short history of English printing, 1476-1898. 4to. London, 1900.

PLOMER, H. R. Some notices of men connected with the English book trade from the Plea Rolls of Henry VII. (Library, Third Series, I., pp. 289-301.) 8º. London, 1910.

WEALE, W. H. J. Bookbindings and rubbings of bindings in the National Art Library, South Kensington. 2 parts, 8º. London, 1894-98.

_Cambridge._

BOWES, R. Biographical notes on the University printers, from the commencement of printing in Cambridge to the present time. (Cambridge Antiquarian Society Proceedings, vol. v., pp. 283-363). 8º. Cambridge, 1886.

BOWES, R. Fascimiles of title-pages and colophons of early Cambridge books. (A series of photographs and lithographs.) 4to. Cambridge [1879].

BOWES, R. On a copy of Linacre’s Galen de Temperamentis, Cambridge 1521, in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. (Cambridge Antiquarian Society Proceedings, vol. ix. p. 1.)

BOWES, R., and GRAY, G. J. John Siberch: bibliographical notes, 1886-1905. 4to. Cambridge, 1906.

BRADSHAW, H. Doctissimi viri Henrici Bulloci oratio. With a bibliographical introduction by the late Henry Bradshaw, M.A. 4to. Cambridge, 1886.

FOSTER, J. E. On two books printed by Siberch, in All Souls College, Oxford. (Cambridge Antiquarian Society Proceedings, vol. viii. p. 31.) 8º. Cambridge.

GRAY, G. J. The earlier Cambridge stationers and bookbinders, and the first Cambridge printer. (Bibliographical Society, Monographs, No. 13.) 4to. Oxford, 1904.

GRAY, J. P., AND SONS. A note upon early Cambridge binders of the sixteenth century. 4to. Cambridge, 1900.

JENKINSON, F. J. H. On a letter from P. Kaetz to J. Siberch. (Cambridge Antiquarian Society Proceedings, vol. vii. p. 188.) 8º. Cambridge, 1890.

JENKINSON, F. J. H. On a unique fragment of a book printed at Cambridge early in the sixteenth century. (Cambridge Antiquarian Society Proceedings, vol. vii. p. 104.) 8º. Cambridge, 1890.

_Ipswich._

BECK, F. G. M. A new Ipswich book of 1548. (Library N.S., vol. x. pp. 86-9). 8º. London, 1909.

_Oxford._

ATKYNS, R. The original and growth of printing. 4to. London, 1664.

BLADES, W. The first printing press at Oxford. (Antiquary, 1881, I., pp. 13-17.)

BOWYER, W. The origin of printing, in two essays. 8º. London, 1774.

GIBSON, S. Abstracts from the wills and testamentary documents of binders, printers and stationers of Oxford, 1493-1638. (Bibliographical Society Publications.) 4to. London, 1907.

GIBSON, S. Early Oxford bindings. (Bibliographical Society Monographs, No 10.) 4to. Oxford, 1903.

HESSELS, J. H. Fragments of a Latin Grammar. With an additional note, by W. Blades. (Athenæum, 1871, II., pp. 593, 622.) 4to. London, 1871.

LINDSAY, T. M. An Oxford bookseller in 1520 [John Dorne]. (Report of Stirling’s and Glasgow’s Public Library.) Glasgow, 1907.

MADAN, F. A chart of Oxford printing “1468”-1900. With notes and illustrations. (Bibliographical Society Monographs, No. 12.) 4to. Oxford, 1904.

MADAN, F. The day-book of John Dorne. (Oxford Historical Society. Collectanea, vol. i.). 8º. Oxford, 1885.

MADAN, F. The early Oxford press: a bibliography of printing and publishing at Oxford, “1468”-1640. 8º. Oxford, 1895.

MIDDLETON, C. A dissertation concerning the origin of printing in England. 4to. Cambridge, 1735.

POLLARD, A. W. A new Oxford book of 1517. (The Library N.S., vol. x. pp. 212, 213.) 8º. London, 1909.

SINGER, S. W. Some account of the book printed at Oxford in 1468. 8º. London, 1812.

_St Alban’s._

BLADES, W. The Book of St Alban’s. Printed at St Alban’s in 1486. Reproduced in facsimile, with an introduction by William Blades. 4to. London, 1901.

BLADES, W. The printer at St Alban’s. (Book-worm, I., pp. 169-172.) 8º. London, 1866.

BLADES, W. The schoolmaster printer of St Alban’s. (Antiquary, 1880, I., pp. 28-30.)

BLADES, W. Some account of the typography of St Alban’s in the fifteenth century. 8º. London, 1860.

SCOTT, E. Who was the schoolmaster printer of St Alban’s? (Athenæum, 1878, I., pp. 541, 763; II. pp. 497, 623.) 4to. London, 1878.

_Worcester._

BURTON, J. R. Early Worcestershire printers and books. (Associated Architectural Societies’ Report, xxiv., pp. 197-213.)

_York._

DAVIES, R. A memoir of the York Press. 8º. Westminster, 1868.

DUFF, E. G. The printers, bookbinders and stationers of York up to 1600. (Bibliographical Society Transactions, V., pp. 87-108.) 4to. London, 1900.

HENDERSON, W. G. Manuale et Processionale ad usum insignis ecclesiæ Eboracensis. Edited by W. G. H. (Surtees Society, vol. 63.) 8º. Durham, 1875.

HENDERSON, W. G. Missale ad usum insignis ecclesiæ Eboracensis. Edited by W. G. H. (Surtees Society, vols. 59, 60.) 2 vols. 8º. Durham, 1874.

LAWLEY, S. W. Breviarium ad usum insignis ecclesiæ Eboracensis. Edited by S. W. L. (Surtees Society, vols. 71, 75.) 2 vols. 8º. Durham, 1880-3.

RAINE, J. Fabric Rolls of York Minster. Edited by J. R. (Surtees Society, vol. 35.) 8º. Durham, 1859.

Register of the Freemen of the City of York, 1272-1558. (Surtees Society, vol. 96). 8º. Durham, 1897.

SKAIFE, R. H. Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi in the City of York. Edited by R. H. S. (Surtees Society, vol. 57.) 8º. Durham, 1872.

INDEX.

Abingdon, printing, 70

_Accidence._ _See_ Stanbridge, J.

Actors, Margaret, 24

Actors, Peter, 23-25, 32, 125

Actors, Sebastian, 24, 25

Acts affecting printers, 1, 2, 23, 24, 42, 44, 62, 63, 71, 96, 126-128

Ægidius de Columna, _De peccato originali_, 9, 10

_Æsopus moralizatus_, 8

Albertus, _Liber modorum significandi_, St Alban’s, 36

Alchorne, Stanesby, 5

Alde, John, 117

Alexander de Hales, 11, 12, 14,19

Alexander de Villa Dei, _Doctrinale_, Oxford, 19

Allnutt, W. H., 117

_Almanac for_ 1544, 85

_Almanac for_ 1551, J. Oswen, 114

_Alphabeta_, 50, 51

Ambrose, St, _Of oppression_, J. Oswen, 113

Ames, J., 52, 54, 55, 71, 102, 119, 120

Andreæ, A., on _Logica_ of Aristotle, 36

Andrews, L., 59

Atkyns, R., _Original and growth of printing_, 3, 4

Antwerp, printing, 52, 87, 88, 105

Anwykyll, J., _Grammar_, Oxford, 13-15, 19

Aretinus, F., 18

Aretinus, L. B., 9

Argentine, Richard, 106, 107

Aristotle, _De anima_, Oxford, 11; _Logica_, St Alban’s, 36; _Nichomachean Ethics_, Oxford, 9; _Physica_, St Alban’s, 36

Askew, Anthony, 5

_Athenæum, The_, 13, 40

Augustinus, St, _De miseria ac brevitate vitæ_, J. Siberch, 77; _De misericordia Dei_, Oxford, 16; _Excitatio ad elemosinam faciendam_, Oxford, 14, 16

Austin, St, Fair, 28

Avissede, R., 52

Awryk, printing, 115

Baetzen, 86

Bagford, J., 44, 53, 54, 71, 102, 118, 120

Baldwin, _Sermo de altaris sacramento_, J. Siberch, 79

Bale, J., _De scriptoribus Britannicis_, 107-109

Bancroft, R., 77

Barbier, Jean, 124

Bars, John, 25

Bath, Marquis of, Library, 38

Bedford, Duke of, Library, 99

Bennett, Richard, 16

Benson, George, 65

Berghen, A. van, 94

Berkeley, Elizabeth, 98

Berners, Juliana, 39, 40

Beuchame, Lewis, 115

Beverley, printing, 54

_Bible_, Dutch, 87

Bibliotheca Columbiniana. _See_ Seville

Bibliothèque Nationale, 17, 36, 37

Bindings: Cambridge, 19, 80, 83-86, 88-97 Caxton, 18 Fragments in, 12, 13, 17, 19, 26, 65, 74, 83, 86, 94 Ipswich, 105 Low Countries, 31 Oxford, 10, 12, 30-33 Panel Stamps, 24, 25, 32, 81, 83, 84, 94, 105 Price of, 112 Winchester, 32 York, 58, 61, 63, 64

Blades, W., 37

Blew, W., 46

Bodleian Library. _See_ Oxford

Boethius, _De consolatione philosophiæ_, Tavistock, 98

Bonham, W., 103

_Book of Common Prayer_, J Oswen, 112-114

_Book of Hours._ See _Horæ_

_Book of St Alban’s_, 39, 40

Boppard, C. von, 20

Borders, 11, 12, 77-79, 82, 87, 115, 116

Bourchier, T., 3

Bourman, N., 102-104

Bowes, R., 80

Bradshaw, H., 13, 19, 20, 27, 37, 56, 71, 72, 75, 77, 82

Brasenose College. _See_ Oxford

Bretton, W., 26

_Breviary_, Abingdon, 70, 99; Hereford, 65, 66; St Alban’s, 101; York, 43, 46, 49, 51, 60, 61

_Breviary_, Supplement, York, 55

_Breviat Chronicle_, J. Mychell, 118

Breynans, Peter, 90

Bristol, printing, 121

British Museum, 8, 13, 16, 23, 26, 31, 37, 51, 53, 57, 59, 60, 61, 69, 76, 79, 83, 110, 113

Brooke, Sir John, 61

Brunswick, printing, 26, 27

Bullinger, H., _Defence of the baptism of children_, J. Oswen, 114; _Dialogue between Anabaptist and Christian_, J. Oswen, 114

Bullock, H., 88; Translation of _Lucian_, 78; _Oratio_, J. Siberch, 76, 78

Burley, W., _Principia_, J. Scolar, 69; _Super libros posteriorum Aristotelis_, J. Scolar, 67

Burton, R., 10, 77

Bury St Edmunds, 124

Bute, Marquess of, Library, 99, 101

Caillard, Jean, 66

Caius, Dr J., 74-76

Calvin, J., _Brief declaration of the feigned, sacrament_, J. Oswen, 109; _Treatise on what a faithful man ought to do_, J. Oswen, 109

Cambridge libraries: Caius College, 75 Clare College, 36, 84, 110 Corpus Christi College, 14, 18, 19, 71, 72, 79 Emmanuel College, 55, 99 Jesus College, 37 Magdalene College, 79, 82 Pembroke College, 59, 91 Peterhouse, 36 St John’s College, 17, 19, 32, 59, 79, 82 Sidney Sussex College, 52 Trinity College, 14, 17, 76 University Library, 8, 14, 16, 17, 25, 28, 32, 35, 36, 46, 59, 70, 77, 79, 82, 84, 101, 106, 109, 114, 118

Campion, E., 118

Canonicus, J., _In Physica Aristotelis_, St Alban’s, 36

Carmelianus, P., 18

_Catho cum commento_, M. Coffin, 120

Catton, R., 101

Caxton, W., 3, 18, 20, 21, 35, 36, 40, 41, 72

_Certain sermons appointed by the King_, J. Oswen, 113

Cervicornus, E., 73

Chastelayn, G., 25

Chauncy, Sir H., 34

Chester, Stationers’ Company, 122

Cholmley sale, 46

Christie Miller Library, 99

_Chronicles of England_, Caxton, 38; Machlinia, 36; St Alban’s, 38; W. de Worde, 34, 41

Cicero, M. T., _Pro Milone_, Oxford, 11-13

Clayton, T., 81

Coffin, Martin, 119, 120

Colbert, J. B., 16, 65

Colet, J., 83

Cologne, printing, 7, 8, 15, 16, 19, 20, 73

Columna, Æg. de. _See_ Ægidius

Colyns, Dr Martin, 46

_Compotus manualis ad usum Oxoniensium_, C. Kyrfoth, 70

Condover Hall, 14

Conway, Sir M., 81

Copenhagen, printing, 57

Copland, W., 110

Copyright, origin of, 68

Corpus Christi College. _See_ Cambridge, Oxford

Corpus Christi Guild, York, 44

Corsellis, F., 3, 4

Corsellis, J., 6

Corsellis, N., 4

Coster, L. J., 6

Coxe, O., 27

Croke, R., _Introductiones in rudimenta Græca_, 73, 74, 86

Cromwell, Thomas, 61, 103

Currer, Miss, 38

Daly, Denis, 5

Datus, A., _Super eleganciis Tullianis_, St Alban’s, 35

Davies, R., _York Press_, 48, 50, 52, 59, 60

_Decor Puellarum_, N. Jenson, 18

Dedicus, J., _Super libros Ethicorum Aristotelis_, J. Scolar, 68

_Description of Britain_, 41

Deventer, printing, 5, 14

Devonshire, Duke of, Library, 83

Dibdin, T. F., 5, 27, 38, 84

_Directorium Sacerdotum_, York, H. Goes, 52, 53, 54; P. Violette, 46, 47, 49, 51

_Doctrinalia_, 50, 51

_Donatus_, G. ten Raem, 8

_Donatus minor cum Remigio_, H. Goes, 53, 54

Dorne, John, 26-29, 70, 71, 87

Dublin, Archbishop Marsh’s Library, 59, 60, 76, 82

Dublin, Trinity College Library, 80

Egmont, F., 43

Ellis and Green, 13

_Encyclopædia Britannica_, 41

Endoviensis, Chr. _See_ Ruremond

_Epistle against the enemies of poor people_, J. Herford, 102

Erasmus, D., 5, 28, 76, 83, 84; _De conscribendis epistolis_, J. Siberch, 79, 80

_Exempla sacræ scripturæ_, St Alban’s, 36, 37

_Expositio Hymnorum_, York, G. Wandsforth, 45, 50, 51

_Expositio in symbolum apostolorum_, Oxford, 2, 8-10, 18

_Expositio Sequentiarum_, A. Myllar, 46; York, G. Wandsforth, 45, 50, 51

Faber, J., 95, 96

Ferrebouc, Jacques, 58

_Festum visitationis Beate Marie Virginis_, U. Mylner, 55

Fisher, J., 75; _Contio_, J. Siberch, 82

_Fortalitium fidei_, Lyons, 19

Fothergill, Marmaduke, 43

Foxe, J., 45

Frankfurt Fair, 28, 126

Franks, Sir A. W., 93

Freeman, Conrad, 121

Freez, Edward, 44, 45

Freez, Frederick. _See_ Wandsforth

Freez, Valentine, 44, 47

Frideswide, St, Fair, 28; Monastery, 27

Froschover, Chr., 121

Fuller, T., 45, 125

Fydyon, 89

G. I., binder, 64

G. N., binder, 95

G. W., binder, 64

Gachet, G., 62

Gachet, John, 58-62, 64, 66

Gachet, W., 62

Galen, _De temperamentis_, J. Siberch, 80, 81, 88

Garlandia, J. de, _Grammar_, 46

Geminus, P. _See_ Papyrius

Gibkerken, 86

Gibson, S., 19, 31

Gimpus, Guido, 93

Godfrey, G., 19, 92-97

_Godly disputation between shoemaker and parson_, A. Scoloker, 106

_Godly disputation between Justus and Peccator_, J. Herford, 102

Goes, Hugo, 47, 51-54

Goes, M. van der, 52

_Golden Legend._ _See_ Jacobus de Voragine

Gouda, printing, 57

Gough, Richard, 43

Goupil, Richard, 120

Govaert van Ghemen, 57

Gowthwaite, John, 63

Graphaeus, J., 105

Graten, G. van. _See_ Godfrey

Gray, G. J., 74, 89, 90, 95

Greene, J., 16

Greenwich, 121

Gribald, N., _Notable and marvellous epistle_, J. Oswen, 114

Grope Lane, Oxford, 29

Grunning, printing, 115

Gutenberg, J., 3, 4

Gwynneth, _Confutation of Frith’s book_, J. Herford, 101

Haberdasher Hall, 23

Haghe, Ingelbert, 65, 66

Hales, A. de. _See_ Alexander

Hamman or Hertzog, J. _See_ Hertzog

Hampole, _Explanationes in Job_, Oxford, 14, 16

Hannibal, T., 52

Hardy, Eustace, 66

Harkes, Garbrand, 71

Harley, E., of Oxford, Library, 54

Hart, H., _Consultorie for all Christians_, J. Oswen, 113

Hartshorne, C. H., 17

Hatley, Walter, 89

Heber’s sale, 105

Hegendorff, _Domesticall sermons_, J. Oswen, 110, 113

Henderson, W. G., 59, 60

Hengwrt, Library, 45, 66

Henry VIII., 81

Herbert, W., 4, 29, 37, 44, 72, 78, 102, 109, 113-115, 118, 119

Herford, J., 101-104

Hermann, _Right institution of Baptism_, A. Scoloker, 107

Hertzog, J., 43

Hessels, J. H., 85

Hewtee, John, 24

Hildyard, Chr., 53

_History of King Boccus and Sydracke_, 117, 119

Hit Prik, Hans, 120

Hoff, Ubryght, 115

Holivier, P. _See_ Olivier

Hollen, _Preceptorium_, A. Koburger, 19

Holt, J., _Lac Puerorum_, A. van Berghen, 94

Hooper, J., _Godly annotations on Romans xiii._, J. Oswen, 114; _Homily in time of Pestilence_, J. Oswen, 114

_Horæ_, 21, 69, 78; York, 51, 59, 60

Horwood, A., 14

Hostingue, L., 120

Hothyrsall, T., 52

Howberch, 25

Huby, Edward, 63

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 40

Hunte, T., 13, 14, 18, 23

Hylton, A., 10

_Hymnal_, York, J. Gachet, 59, 64

Imposition, wrong, 81

Inglis, J. B., 16

Inner Temple Library, 37

Insomuch, John, 34

_Introduction to lerne to reckon with the pen_, J. Herford, 102; J. Bourman, 104

_Invective against drunkenness_, J. Oswen, 110

Jacob, Edward, 43

Jacobi, H., 25, 26, 30, 32, 68

Jacobus de Voragine, _Golden Legend_, 17, 21

James, Dr M. R., 91

Jenson, N., 18

Jeremiah, _Lamentations_. _See_ Lathbury

John of Aix-la-Chapelle, 23

John of Spire, 18

John Rylands Library, 5, 8, 10, 16, 21, 45, 66, 82, 99, 102, 106, 118

Jones, W., 102

_Just reckoning of the whole number of years_, A Scoloker, 106, 107

Justinian, _Codex_, Paris, 1515, 95

Juvencus, _Historia evangelica_, 104, 105

Kaetz, Peter, 85-87

Kele, Richard, 117

Kirchheim, printing, 78

Kyrfoth, Charles, 70

Lair de Siborch, J. _See_ Siberch

Lamberd, J., _Treatise of predestination_, J. Mychell, 118

Lambeth Palace Library, 21, 53, 76, 77

Langdon, Robert, 98

Lant, Richard, 105

Lathbury, J., On _Lamentations_, 11, 12, 19, 32

Latin Grammar, 11, 13, 54. _See_ also Anwykyll

Laurentius de Saona, _Rhetorica nova_, St Alban’s, 36, 40, 71

Lee, Edward, 45

Leipzig, printing, 73, 115

Leland, J., _Laborious journey_, 108

Le Roux, Nicholas, 60

Lesquier, W. _See_ Squire

_Libellus sophistarum_, W. de Worde, 29

_Liber Festivalis._ _See_ Mirk, J.

Lidgate, J., 101, 119; _Churl and Bird_, J. Mychell, 118; _Godly narration of St Augustine_, 117; _Life of St Margaret_, J. Mychell, 117

_Life and passion of St Alban_, J. Herford, 101

_Life of St Gregory’s mother_, J. Mychell, 117

Lily, W., _De octo orationis partium constructione libellus_, J. Siberch, 74, 83, 86; G. van der Haeghen, 87

Linacre, T., 77, 81

Lincoln Cathedral Library, 82

Logic. _See_ Swyneshede, R.

London, St Paul’s Cathedral Library, 85

Longleat Library. _See_ Bath, M. of

Lort, Dr, 118

Loys, Jamet, 120

Lucian, πὲρι διψάδων, 78

Luther, M., _Faithfull admonition of a true pastor_. C. Freeman, 121; _Sermon on John xxii._, A Scoloker, 106

Lyndewode, W., _Constitutiones provinciales_, Oxford, 14, 17, 19, 21

Lyons, printing, 96

Lystrius, Gerard, _Oratio_, 4, 5

MacCarthy, Count J., 17

Madan, F., 6, 8, 12, 17, 27, 67

Magdalen College. _See_ Oxford

Magdalene College. _See_ Cambridge

Manchester, Rylands Library. _See_ John Rylands

Manfield, Dr, 74, 88

_Manual_, York, J. Gachet, 58, 59

Marcourt, A., _A declaration of the Mass_, J. Oswen, 110

Marsh’s Library. _See_ Dublin

Martens, Thierry, 20

Martin, Bp. _Rule of an honest life_, J. Herford, 102

Martyn, Thomas, 54, 55

Mauditier, Jean, 65

Maunsell’s _Catalogue_, 102, 113

Mawburn, F., 53

Meerman, G., 5

Melanchthon, P., _Defence of the marriage of priests_, Ubryght Hoff, 115; _Of the true authority of the churchs_, J. Oswen, 109

Meltynbe, John, 63

Merton College. _See_ Oxford

_Message from King Edward VI._, J. Oswen, 113

Messingham, T., 63

Michael de Hungaria, _Tredecim sermones_, 10

Middleton, Conyers, 6, 72

Minns, E. H., 91

Mirk, J., _Liber festivalis_, 20

_Missal_, Hereford, 65; York, 46, 49, 51, 59, 60, 61

_Modus Confitendi_, G. ten Raem, 8

Molner, Gertrude, 20

Moone, P., _Short treatise of certain things abused_, J. Oswen, 110

Moore, Bp., John, 59

More, John, 50

Moreaux, Peter, 63

Morgan, J. Pierpont, 16

Morin, M., 59

Murray, A. G. W., 108

Mychell, J., 117-119

Myllar, Andrew, 46

Mylner, U., 50, 51, 55-58

_New book containing an exhortation to the sick_, J. Oswen, 110

New College. _See_ Oxford

Newell, Thomas, 63

_Newes from Rome_, J. Mychell, 118

Nicholson, Segar, 95, 96

Niclas. _See_ Speryng

Norres, Dr, 74

Norwich, printing, 2, 125

Norwich Cathedral Library, 37

_Nova Festa_, York, U. Mylner, 55, 56.

O. R., binder, 105

Ochino, B., _Sermons_, A Scoloker, 106

Oecolampadius, _Epistle_, J. Oswen, 109

Oliver, Reginald, 105, 106

Olivier, Pierre, 59, 60, 65

_Opus insolubilum_, J. Scolar, 69; P. Treveris, 28, 29

_Opusculum grammaticale_, G. van Ghemen, 57

_Ordinary of all faithful Christians_, A Scoloker, 106

_Ortus Vocabulorum_, J. Gachet, 65, 66

Osborne, Thomas, 4

Oswen, John, 109-116

Overton, John, 107, 108

Oxford, Earl of. _See_ Harley

Oxford Libraries: All Soul’s College, 12, 81 Bodleian, 8, 10, 14, 15, 21, 23, 36, 43, 45, 46, 55, 60, 61, 65, 69, 76, 78, 81, 82, 94, 99, 110, 114, 119 Brasenose College, 11, 33, 114 Corpus Christi College, 27, 28 Exeter College, 99 Magdalen College, 12, 25, 31 Merton College, 12, 17 New College, 17, 26 Oriel College, 10 Queen’s College, 60, 96 Wadham College, 37

Pace, Richard, 82

Paffroet, R., 5, 14

Panormitanus, _Decretals_, 96

Papyrius Geminus, _Hermathena_, 74, 82, 86

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. _See_ Bibliothèque

Paris, printing, 58, 60, 61, 95

Parker, M., 71, 72

Pastor, Jacob, 86

Pate, Richard, 25

Paulinus, _Epistolæ_, Paris, 84

Pelgrim, Joyce, 26

Pepwell, H., 103

Peregrinus de Lugo, _Principia_, R. Pynson, 25

Phalaris _Epistolæ_, Oxford, 14, 18, 23

_Pica._ See _Directorium_

Pietersen, H., 88

Plateanus, Th. _See_ Straten, D. van der

Plinius, _Epistolæ_, 4, 5

Pole, R., _Articles to be enquired at Visitation_, J. Mychell, 119

_Primer._ See _Horæ_

Privileges, 68

_Processional_, York, J. Gachet, 59, 60

Procter, F. _See_ Wordsworth, C.

Proctor, R. G. C., 20, 26

_Prognostication for 1536_, Dutch, H. Pietersen, 88

_Psalter_, J. Mychell, 117, 118; J. Oswen, 113

Pulleyn, R., 47-50

Pynson, R., 13, 25, 44, 51, 76, 77

Quaritch, B., 10

Quentell, H., 15

_Questiones de luce et lumine_, J. Scolar, 69

Raem, G. ten. _See_ Ten Raem

Ramsay, J., _Plaister for a galled horse_, J. Oswen, 110

Rawlinson, R., 59

Rawlinson, T., 55, 57, 120

Raynalde, T., 110

_Regimen Sanitatis_, J. Dorne, 27

Regnault, F., 60, 61

Remigius, _Dominus que pars_, J. Dorne, 27

Reynes, J., 92

Rice, Richard, 106, 107

Richard, Jean, 65

Richmond, Countess of, 65, 66, 90

Ridley, Dr, 88

Rinck, P., 86

Ripon Cathedral Library, 59

Rolle of Hampole. _See_ Hampole, R.

Rood, Theodoric, 8, 12, 14, 18, 19, 23, 31

Rouen, printing, 45, 51, 59, 60, 65, 66, 120

Rowland, T., 100

Royal College of Physicians’ Library, 80

_Rudimenta grammatices_, J. Graphaesis, 105

Rufinus Tyrannius, _Expositio_. See _Expositio_

Ruremond, Chr. van, 87

Ruremond, Hans van, 87

Rychard, T., 98

Rylands Library. _See_ John Rylands

St Alban’s Press, 9, 22, 34-42, 72, 100-104

St Andrews University Library, 99

Salisbury, W., 112

Saltwood, R., 117, 119; _Comparison between four birds_, J. Mychell, 118

Sandars, Samuel, 110, 128

Sandford, J., 99

Sawtry, J., _Defence of the marriage of priests_, Jan Troost, 115

Scauseby, Sir J., 50

Scolar, J., 67-70, 75, 100

Scoloker, J., 106, 107, 110, 111

Selden, J., 78

Seres, W., 107

Seville, Bibliotheca Columbiniana, 45

_Short epistle to such as condemn the marriage of priests_, J. Mychell, 118

Shrewsbury stationer, 112

Siberch, J., 73-80, 84-89, 95, 96

Signs: Arma Regia, Royal Arms, J. Siberch, 76, 79 Bull, F. Freez, 44 Elephant, F. Regnault, 61 Long Shop in the Poultry, J. Mychell, 117 Our Lady of Pity, W. de Worde, 58 Rose, F. Freez, 44 St John Evangelist, G. Chastelayn, 25 Sun, W. de Worde, 57, 58 Trinity, H. Jacobi, 26

Singer, S. W., 7

Sirectus, A., _Formalitates_, W. de Worde, 26, 68

Smith, George, 5

Smith, Richard, sale, 65

Solen, A., 125

Southwark, printing, 28

Sparchford, R., 81

Spencer, G. J. Earl, 5, 10

Speryng, N., 80, 84, 86-88, 93-97

Spire, John of. _See_ John

_Spiritual matrimony between Christ and the church_, J. Oswen, 113

_Spiritual matrimony between Christ and the soul_, J. Mychell, 118

Squire, W., 89, 90

Stanbridge, J., 13; _Accidence_, H. Goes, 53; J. Mychell, 118; R. Pynson, 25; _Vocabula_, M. Coffin, 120

Stationer to the King, 23

Stationers, University, Cambridge, 89, 90; Oxford, 22

_Statutes of 7 Edward VI._, J. Oswen, 114, 115

_Statutes of the Stannary_, 99

Stevenage, R., 101-103

Straten, D. van der, 108, 109

Strype, J., 71, 72

Sturbridge fair, 126

Sutherland, Duke of, sale, 28

Swyneshede, R., _Logica_, Oxford, 14, 16

Symonds, T., 92

Symson, Sir John, 50

Tabbe, H., 103

Tanner, T., 71

Ten Raem, Gerard, 8

Terentius, P., 13; _Vulgaria Terentii_, Oxford, 14, 15

Testament, New, Latin, 86, 87; English, J. Oswen, 112, 113

Theodoric, 19, 20

Ther Hoernen, A., 16, 20

Thoresby, Ralph, 43

Thorne, J. _See_ Dorne

Thorpe, T., 105

Tonstall, C., _Oratio in laudem matrimonii Mariæ et Francisci_, R. Pynson, 68

_Tractatus secundarum intentionum logicalium_, P. Treveris, 29

_Treatise of baptism and the Lord’s Supper_, Grunning, 115

Treveris, P., 28, 29

Trinity College. _See_ Cambridge, Dublin

Troost, Jan, 115

Turner, Robert, 3

Turner, W., _Rescuynge of the Romish fox_, H. Hitprick, 120

Tutet, M. C., 36, 57

Uffington, T., 23

Upton, N., 40

Van Damme, P., 5

Van der Haeghen, G., 87

Van der Straten. _See_ Straten

Van Ruremond. _See_ Ruremond

Vaughan, R., 45, 66

Vellum, books printed on, 11, 12, 17, 38, 44, 59, 81, 83

_Venerie de Twety_, 40

Venice, printing, 18, 43, 77

Veron, J., 113, 114; _Godly sayings of the old fathers_, J. Oswen, 113

_Very declaration of the bond and free will of man_, J Herford, 102

Violette, Pierre, 45, 46

Virgilius Maro, P., 13

_Vocabularius Ex-quo_, G. ten Raem, 8

Voragine, J. de. _See_ Jacobus

Vouillième, E., 20

_Vulgaria Terentii._ _See_ Terentius

W. G., binder, 64

Wake, Gerard, 89

Wakefield, Dr, 88, 89

Waltwnem, J., 98

Wandsforth, F., 43-45, 47, 49-51, 63, 64

Wandsforth, G., 44, 45, 47-49, 64

Ward, John, 89

Warwyke, E., 48

Warwyke, J., 48

Waterson, R., 47

Watson, H., 47, 53, 54

Weale, W. H. J., 95

Welles, John, 63

Wesel, printing, 108, 109

West, Nicholas, 79

Westminster Abbey Library, 12, 73, 83, 95

Weywick, M., 47, 48, 50. _See_ also Warwyke

Whitinton, R., _Grammar_, 29; U. Mylner, 57; J Scolar, 69; W. de Worde, 77

Winchester binding, 30, 32

Winchester, printing, 120

Wodhull, M., 36

Wolsey, T., 76, 96, 105

Wood, Anthony à, 29

Worcester Cathedral Library, 65

Worde, W. de, 26, 29, 30, 34, 38, 41, 47, 48, 53, 54, 57, 58, 67, 69, 70, 77

Wordsworth, C., and F. Procter, _Breviary_, 56

Wraghton, W. _See_ Turner

Wutton, Mr, 25

Wyer, Robert, 54

Wynkyn Lane, 29

York Minster Library, 36, 52, 64

York, Stationers’ Company, 63

Zurich, printing, 121

Zwingli, U. _Certain precepts_, A Scoloker, 106, 107; _Short pathway to the Scriptures_, J. Oswen, 113

PRINTED BY TURNBULL AND SPEARS EDINBURGH

Transcriber's Notes:

Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.

Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.

Perceived typographical errors have been changed.