CHAPTER XII.
A BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF BACKBONED LIFE 333
PICTURE-HEADING--Man as he lived in caves after the Glacial Period, among animals of species many of them now extinct--the cave bear (_Ursus spelæus_), cave lion, cave hyæna (_Hyæna spelæa_), elk, musk-sheep (_Ovibos moschatus_), mammoth (_Elephas primigenius_), and the sabre-toothed tiger (_Machairodus_), fighting with the man.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PICTURE-HEADINGS described under “Contents.”
_Frontispiece._ FISH OF THE DEEP SEA--1. Chauliodus, one foot long; 2, 9, 10, 11. Harpodon or Bombay Duck, six inches; 3. Plagiodus, six feet; 4. Chiasmodus, one foot, with Scopelus in its stomach; 6. Beryx, one foot and a half; 8. Scopelus, one foot.
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The Lancelet, _Amphioxus lanceolatus_ 11
Sea-Squirt or Ascidian 14
Lamprey and Ammocœtes 16
Structure of Minnow and Living Fish 23
The Blue Shark 29
The Sturgeon, _Acipenser sturio_ 31
The Sturgeon’s Head and Feelers 32
The Ceratodus of Queensland 34
Remoras clinging to a Shark 51
Flying-Fish pursued by the Dorado 54
The Fishing Frog, _Lophius piscatorius_ 59
The common Sole, _Solea vulgaris_ 61
The Hippocampus or Sea-Horse 63
Sticklebacks and their Nest, _Gasterosteus aculeatus_ 65
Metamorphosis of the Frog 72
The common smooth Newt, _Lissotriton punctatus_ 78
Proteus of the Carniola Caverns 79
The Axolotl and Amblystoma 80
The Flying Tree-Frog of New Guinea, _Rhacophorus Rheinhardti_ 86
The Tortoise 96
Carapace of the Tortoise 98
Back of a young Tortoise 99
Skeleton of a Lizard 103
Gecko and Chamæleon 105
The Nile Crocodile 108
Skeleton of a Snake 111
Common Ringed Snake 113
The Boa Constrictor 115
The Cobra di Capello 118
Jaw of a Rattlesnake 119
Common English Viper, _Pelias berus_ 121
The Sparrow 125
Skeleton of a Sparrow 126
The Adjutant Bird 128
The Ostrich at full Speed 137
The Giant Moa and Tiny Apteryx 140
A Group of Sea-Birds 144
Albatrosses and Penguins 147
A Group of Wading Birds 149
The Flamingo 150
Brush Turkeys and their Egg Mounds 158
Wood-pigeon on her Nest 160
The great green Woodpecker, _Gecinus viridis_ 163
The Kingfisher, _Alcedo ispida_ 166
Nest of the Common Wren, _Troglodytes parvulus_ 171
Nest of the Tailor-Bird 173
Eagle bringing Food to its Young 175
Jaw of Dromatherium, and Tooth of Microlestes 183
The Duck-billed Platypus and the Echidna 188
Head and Feet of Ornithorhynchus 189
Australian Marsupials 193
Tasmanian Marsupials 197
South American Marsupials and imperfect-toothed Animals 200
African imperfect-toothed Animals 202
Skulls of an Insect-Eater and a Rodent 217
A Group of Insect-Eaters 220
A Group of Rodents 221
The Pyrenean Desman 226
The Beaver 227
The Taguan and the Colugo 231
Skeleton of a Bat 233
A Bat Walking 235
Fruit-Bats hanging in a Mauritius Cave 238
Aye-aye and Lemur 244
Woolly Monkey and Child 247
The Gorilla at Home 254
The Babirusa, a double-tusked Hog 262
Skeleton of a Wild Ass 266
The Camel 270
The Red-deer with branching Antlers 272
A Buffalo Cow defending her Calf 274
The Elephant 277
The Weasel 280
The Ichneumon 281
The Wolf 283
The Tiger 287
The Claw of the Cat or Tiger 289
The Polar Bear and Walrus 294
The Sea Otter 302
Skeleton of the Sea Lion 304
Sea Lion and Seal 306
Sea Lions on the Watch for Wives 311
The Manatee 314
Skeleton of a Whale and Mouth 318
Whale suckling her Young 319
The Porpoise 324
The Sperm Whale 327
[Illustration: THE GREAT BACKBONED FAMILY]