CHAPTER XX.

HARDLY had Henry Clay seated himself again in the Speaker’s chair and appointed the select committee on military affairs, when the process of reorganizing the government on a new and energetic footing began. November 19, David R. Williams, chairman of the military committee, reported a bill raising the soldiers’ pay to eight dollars a month, and exempting them from arrest for debt. At any previous moment in national history such a bill would have aroused paroxysms of alarm, but the Republicans of 1812 were obliged to accept it without a protest, and with grave doubts whether it would prove effective; while the Federalists tried only to strike out the clause which allowed minors above eighteen years of age to enlist without the consent of their parents, guardians, or masters. On this subject Josiah Quincy made a vehement speech, which ruffled the temper of David R. Williams. Quincy was defeated in the House; but the Senate by a vote of twenty-six to four saved the rights of parents, guardians, and masters, without reducing the age of enlistments. The bill became law December 12, and was quickly followed by another bill raising the bounty and organizing the recruiting service.

Before this matter was finished, the naval committee reported a bill for increasing the navy; and the two Houses vied with one another in their enthusiasm for this recently unpopular branch of the public service. Here and there an old Republican protested that he could not in conscience violate every fixed idea of his political existence by voting for a large naval establishment; but when the House was asked to appropriate money for four ships-of-the-line and six forty-four-gun frigates, although the Federalists were much divided as to the wisdom of building seventy-fours, and debated the subject at great length with contradictory votes, the House closed the discussion, December 23, by passing the bill as it stood. In the minority of fifty-six were several warm friends of the navy, who thought Congress needlessly extravagant.

“Frigates and seventy-fours,” wrote Jefferson,[376] “are a sacrifice we must make, heavy as it is, to the prejudices of a part of our citizens.” No one who saw the quickness of this revolution could doubt that whatever evils war might cause, it was a potent force to sweep nations forward on their destined way of development or decline. Madison, Monroe, Gallatin, as well as Jefferson and the whole Republican party accepted a highly paid mercenary army, a fleet of ships-of-the-line, a great national debt at high interest, and a war of conquest in coincidence with the wars of Napoleon, on ground which fifteen years before had been held by them insufficient to warrant resistance to France.

More serious suggestions were offered by the failure of Congress to act its intended part as the controlling branch of government. The founders of the Constitution had not expected the legislative power whose wishes the President was created to carry out, and which was alone responsible for the policy of government, to prove imbecile; yet every one saw that Congress was sinking, or had already sunk, low in efficiency. Before the declaration of war, this condition of the Legislature was concealed by the factiousness which caused it; but the first meeting of Congress during the war disclosed one of the commonplaces of history,--that no merely legislative body could control a single, concentrated Executive, even though it were in hands as little enterprising as those of President Madison. The declaration of war placed Congress in a new position. Although the sessions were unchanged in character, they became suddenly unimportant compared with Executive acts. Congress no longer counteracted directly the Executive will, or refused what the President required; the wishes expressed in his Annual Message were for the first time carried out like orders. On the other hand the country was excited by a reorganization of the Cabinet, and Congress seemed to feel itself superfluous, while the President decided upon the conflicting claims of politicians to act as channels for dispensing his power.

The exceptions to the newly-established discipline were chiefly found among the war leaders themselves, who had done most to make it necessary. As the demands of the government became greater, they interfered with favorite interests or prejudices. This was particularly the case with the required financial measures. Gallatin made in his annual report no direct recommendations; he contented himself with a brief statement of receipts and estimates; but in a letter to the Committee of Ways and Means, dated November 18, he suggested a resource which might to the extent of a few millions relieve the Treasury from its immediate burden. The resource was accidental. Immediately after the repeal of the British Orders in Council, British merchandise to a great amount was shipped to America in reliance on the Act of Congress of March 2, 1811, which declared that the repeal of the British Orders, at any time, should of itself put an end to the American non-importation. The declaration of war, five days before the British repeal, rendered inoperative the Act of March 2, 1811, so that the importers became liable not only to capture by the public and private armed vessels of both countries, but also to confiscation of their property by the government on its arrival in the United States. Both events occurred. Some vessels were captured at sea, and sent in; but these and all the rest were alike seized on their arrival, and libelled by the government without distinction. The question then arose, what should be done with them.

Under the law of forfeiture, one half was vested in the custom-house officers or informers, the other half in the United States; and the power to remit, in whole or in part, was vested in the Secretary of the Treasury. No one expected the government to exact the full forfeiture, for the importations had been made in good faith, and the property was chiefly American. As though to protect the owners the courts interfered, and in certain districts compelled the collectors to release the cargoes on receiving bonds to their appraised value. The action of the courts obliged the President to make the rule general. All the cargoes were released, the goods passed into the market, and only bonds to the amount of near eighteen million dollars, besides duties to the amount of five millions, remained in charge of the Treasury. The five millions were safe; but the bonds were by no means as good as the gold.

Gallatin expressed to the Committee of Ways and Means the opinion, that in view of the extraordinary profits of the importers, who had no right to any profit at all, substantial justice would be done by remitting that half of the forfeitures which would otherwise fall to the collectors, and by exacting for the public only an equivalent for unexpected war profits. His plan aimed at placing the importers, as nearly as possible, in the condition they had expected, on the withdrawal of the non-importation, when they ordered the importations to be made.[377]

Gallatin’s views were explained more fully in the course of the debate. The importers had been aware of their risk, and had not taken it without much hesitation, after consulting Jonathan Russell, then in charge of the legation at London. The Government held non-importation to be more effective than armies or fleets in bringing England to terms, and the non-importation was still in force as a war measure. Gallatin’s orders, which admitted these goods for sale, violated the law and the policy of government; but if the goods had been admitted, as was the case, at least they should not be used to diminish the government’s receipts from internal taxation. The duties already levied to the amount of five million dollars did not exceed twenty-five per cent on their cost, while the goods themselves commanded war prices, and no other goods of the same kind were allowed to enter the country. The profits could hardly fail to be great, and no small part of these profits, besides the invested capital, was British. Finally, within the wider questions of equity, law, and policy remained the fact that bankruptcy in one form or another stood directly before the Treasury, and that four or five million dollars might be the means of national salvation.

If objections were to be made, one might have supposed that Cheves, Clay, and Calhoun would have resisted Gallatin’s idea because it offered too much encouragement to mercantile speculation resting on violation of law; but nothing was more uncertain than the moral sensitiveness of a political body. What seemed to one statesman a right and proper act seemed evident dishonesty to another; nor had the science of ethics made sensible progress toward the invention of practical tests. Statesmen who saw nothing improper in the seizure of West Florida, the attacks on East Florida, or the campaign of Tippecanoe; who maintained the doctrine that the admission of Louisiana dissolved the Union, or that Champagny’s letters satisfied the demands of government and the Acts of Congress,--war Democrats and Federalists alike, representing the morality and the energy of the country, joined in attacking Gallatin’s plan. Langdon Cheves, chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, after reporting from the committee, November 25, a resolution to leave the subject to the Secretary of the Treasury, began a speech, December 4, by declaring that he trembled for the consequences of the measure; it would shake the party to pieces; it would make angels weep.

“I trust in God,” cried Cheves, “no man who may be thus consigned by this House to the Secretary of the Treasury to await his decision and to supplicate his clemency, will so far forget what he owes to his own true interests and to his character as a free citizen as to give an equivalent for that sum of money which may be demanded as the government’s share of the profits. I would rather see the objects of the war fail,--I would rather see the seamen of the country impressed on the ocean and our commerce swept from its bosom,--than see the long arm of the Treasury indirectly thrust into the pocket of the citizen through the medium of a penal law.”

Henry Clay admitted and favored total confiscation, but not the idea of a compromise:--

“The law ought to be enforced or not. He thought a compromise in the case dangerous and undignified; indeed, he felt shocked at the idea of an equivalent. Already are our laws too openly violated or fraudulently eluded. Shall we degrade them still further by carrying them into the market and fixing a price upon their violation? Extend the principle of an equivalent, from cases of prohibition merely, to instances of moral turpitude,--to felony and homicide,--and every gentleman will see its enormity. No, sir! Let us not pollute our hands with this welt-gild!”

Calhoun would not allow that the government could properly act at all:--

“If our merchants are innocent,” he said, “they are welcome to their good fortune; if guilty, I scorn to participate in its profits. I will never consent to make our penal code the basis of our Ways and Means, or to establish a partnership between the Treasury and the violators of the Non-importation Law.”

William Lowndes fortified his position by an argument showing that “if the plan of confiscation and of a rigid execution of the law were dismissed, no just principles of policy and not even the interests of the Treasury could sanction an exaction which would resolve itself into a tax.” Josiah Quincy found himself for once in accord with his chief opponents, and declared that in his opinion highway robbery stood a little higher in point of courage, and was a little less in point of iniquity, than this Treasury attempt to make calumny the basis of plunder. Felix Grundy said: “Gentlemen have assumed a strange, high-minded position in this argument, the force of which, I confess, is beyond my comprehension.”

December 11 the House in Committee of the Whole, by a vote of fifty-two to forty-nine, rejected Gallatin’s suggestion. December 15 a bill came from the Senate remitting all forfeitures on goods owned by Americans and shipped from England before September 15, when the declaration of war became known there. After a sharp debate this bill passed by a vote of sixty-four to sixty-one,--Calhoun, Cheves, and Lowndes voting with the Federalists and securing its passage. This decision closed one source of revenue for the year.

The course taken by Cheves, Calhoun, and Lowndes was largely due to their dislike of the non-importation system on which the proposed forfeiture rested. They wished to abolish commercial restrictions; they were anxious to avoid internal taxation, and to supply the Treasury with revenue by admitting British goods under heavy duties. So earnest was Cheves in pursuit of this object that he hardly tolerated any other, and made no secret of his hope that the failure to exact these forfeitures and to lay internal taxes would compel Congress to depend upon imports for resources.

“How are the exigencies of the government for the next year to be supplied?” he asked as early as December 4. “Is the deficiency to be derived from [internal] taxes? No! I will tell gentlemen who are opposed to them, for their comfort, that there will be no taxes imposed for the next year. It was said last session that you would have time to lay them for this session, but I then said it was a mistake. You now find this to be the fact. By your indecision then, when the country was convinced they were necessary, you have set the minds of the people against taxes; but were it otherwise, you have not time now to lay them for next year.”

Calhoun also laid down emphatic principles on this point, dwelling in strong language on what he held to be the radical error of Virginia statesmanship.

“At the end of the last session,” said Calhoun, December 8, “I recommended high duties as a substitute for the Non-importation Act. High duties have no pernicious effects, and are consistent with the genius of the people and the institutions of the country. It is thus we would combine in the highest degree the active resources of the country with the pressure on the manufactures of the enemy. Your army and navy would feel the animating effect.... The non-importation as a redress of wrongs is radically defective. You may meet commercial restrictions with commercial restrictions, but you cannot safely confront premeditated insult and injury with commercial restrictions alone.... It sinks the nation in its own estimation; it counts for nothing what is ultimately connected with our best hopes,--the Union of these States. Our Union cannot safely stand on the cold calculation of interest alone; it is too weak to withstand political convulsions; we cannot without hazard neglect that which makes man love to be a member of an extensive community,--the love of greatness, the consciousness of strength.”

The three South Carolinians--Calhoun, Cheves, and Lowndes--had a financial policy of their own, in which they received some private sympathy, if not much active support, from the Treasury. Gallatin, in his own way, stood in a position almost as solitary as that of John Randolph; but condemned as he was to support the burden of a war which Congress had insisted upon, with only such financial means as Congress left him, he could feel little sympathy with any financial scheme, for all were more or less clumsy and inefficient. As far as he could see, nothing but peace could save the Treasury. In June, at the time of declaring war, he urged taxation; but the party feared taxation, and preferred to wait the chances of military success. In December these expected successes turned into disasters; the country showed an unforeseen hostility to the war. Taxation might easily be fatal, for the war found little real support except in Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Southern States, precisely where internal taxation would excite deepest resistance. The war leaders would not hear of laying taxes at such a moment, and they had no great difficulty in carrying their point. Gallatin himself could afford to wait. The accidental importations from England after the repeal of the British orders brought five million dollars into the Treasury,--a sum so much greater than had been expected, and so ample for meeting the interest on old and new loans, that Gallatin could not think himself obliged to exhaust his influence and risk that of his party in order to wring taxes from a timid Congress. The secretary’s attitude brought upon him a fair and just rebuke from John Randolph, that he had trifled with the dignity of the House.[378] Had Gallatin been inclined to retort, he would have replied that so far as the Treasury knew, the House had no dignity to trifle with; but Gallatin never lost control of his temper or his tongue, and after having been the readiest and boldest adviser of his party he had become a master in the art of silence. He expressed once more his belief in the necessity of taxation;[379] but this done he let Congress go its own gait.

Cheves aspired to abolish the remains of Jeffersonian statesmanship,--non-importations, embargoes, and restrictions,--and to restore the freedom of commerce; and in support of this scheme he obtained from Gallatin a letter dated Feb. 9, 1813,[380] expressing the decided opinion that Congress must not only impose war taxes, both external and internal, but must also repeal the non-importation, if the increased expenditures authorized by law were to be met. February 15 Cheves introduced a bill carrying out the secretary’s opinion so far as to suspend the Non-importation Act in part, though continuing it against articles specially enumerated. Two days afterward the House, by a vote of sixty-nine to forty-seven, instructed the Committee of Ways and Means to report tax-bills, although Cheves complained that the instruction was deceptive, and that no system of taxation could possibly be adopted within the fortnight that remained of the session. Apparently Cheves looked on the motion as a manœuvre to save the Non-importation Act; but he could hardly have been prepared to see the Federalist member, Elisha Potter of Rhode Island, rise, February 20, and declare that his constituents had invested a capital of four or five million dollars in manufactures protected by non-importation, and that Cheves’s bill, sacrificing as it did the interests of the manufacturing States, ought not to pass.

Such a change of attitude foreshadowed a revolution. New England had her price. The system which Jefferson forced upon her at the cost of the Southern States had begun to work its intended effect. Under the pressure of Virginia legislation, New England was abandoning commerce and creating manufactures. While every Federalist newspaper in the country denounced the restrictive system without ceasing, nearly every Federalist in the House voted with Potter in its favor. By seventy-nine votes to twenty-four, the Committee of the Whole struck out Cheves’s proposed relaxation, and converted his bill into a measure for the stricter enforcement of non-importation. Cheves and Lowndes were then obliged to vote against their own bill, so amended, in a minority of forty-five to sixty-seven.

Nothing remained but to depend upon loans and call an extra session to consider the taxes. The loan bill, passed January 26, authorized the President to borrow sixteen million dollars on any terms he could obtain, provided only that the nominal capital might be repaid at the end of twelve years. Attempts to limit the rates of interest and discount were defeated, and the bill passed by a vote of seventy-five to thirty-eight. Another bill immediately followed, authorizing the issue of treasury notes bearing interest at five and two fifths per cent, to be redeemed in one year. Five millions in such notes were to be issued at all events, and five millions more in case the loan should prove less advantageous than the notes. By these means Congress proposed to supply the needed twenty-one million dollars, although no one could say with confidence how much these millions would cost, or whether they could be obtained at any price.

There ended the financial work of the session. The military and naval results were more considerable. Besides the Act increasing the soldiers’ pay to eight dollars a month, Congress authorized the President to raise twenty new regiments of infantry for one year’s service, with full pay, bounty of sixteen dollars, and invalid pensions of five dollars a month. Six new major-generals and an equal number of brigadiers were authorized February 24; the departments of the commissary and quartermaster-general were placed on a better footing; the general staff was organized with comparative liberality,--until, March 3, 1813, the last day of Madison’s first term, the President, who had begun his career of power in an Administration which in effect abolished army and navy, commanded a regular force consisting by law of fifty-eight thousand men,[381] and was surrounded by major-generals and brigadiers by the dozen, instead of the solitary brigadier Wilkinson who had been left to command the frontier garrisons of 1801, while four ships-of-the-line, six forty-fours, and six sloops-of-war were building to reinforce the six frigates and the rest of the navy actually in service; and in addition to all this, an unlimited order had been issued for flotillas on the lakes.

With each new Act, John Randolph showed how his old friends were giving the lie to their old political professions; but by common consent party consistency was admitted to be no longer capable of defence. The party which had taken power in 1801 to carry out the principle that the hopes of society and the rights of the States must not be risked by war for points of pride or profits of commerce, declared with equal energy in 1812 that the country had no choice but to sacrifice hopes and rights because England would not expressly abandon a point of pride. Doubtless this momentary position was far beyond the conscious convictions of the party, but it made a precedent; and although political parties were apt to think that precedents could be ignored, history seldom failed to show that they decided the course of law. As far as concerned the old Republican party, the triumph of the national movement was for the time complete.

Yet the government was not so rigid in its logic, even in regard to municipal legislation, as it professed to be. If the dispute about impressment was to be settled, it must be settled by a general consent to abandon the practice. Whether governments consented expressly or tacitly, by a preliminary agreement, by treaty, by legislation, or by simply ceasing to impress, was a matter of little concern provided the practice was stopped. The United States were not obliged to wage war on England or France merely because, under old international law, those governments claimed what they called a right to seize their subjects on the high seas. Indeed, the cause of war would not have been removed by an express surrender of impressment on the high seas, though it had been accompanied by an equally express surrender of the right of search. The difficulty lay deeper and extended further than the American flag had ability to go. Much the larger number of impressments took place on shore or within British waters. Many of the American seamen for whose sake the war continued to be fought were American only in the sense that they carried American papers. They were British-born, in British service, and were impressed in the grog-shops of London or Liverpool. The American government could hardly concede to its seamen the liberty refused to its ships,--of carrying double sets of papers, and appearing as American or British at will; yet if the American protection had legal meaning, it entitled the seaman to complete immunity, no matter where he might be, or might have been in the past, or might intend to be in the future, even though he had never been in the United States in his life. The British officer could not be allowed to disregard the protection, even though such a system would make seamen a privileged class, with double nationality and no allegiance.

Annoyed by this insuperable obstacle to an arrangement, Monroe offered the British government to prohibit by Act of Congress the employment of British seamen in the public or private marine of the United States.[382] The offer was meant as an inducement for England to sacrifice her seamen already naturalized in America, on the chance of recovering those who might not carry American papers; but it bore to England the look of an evasion, and was received by Lord Castlereagh in that sense.[383] The subject had reached this stage when it was brought before Congress by the President’s Annual Message, and was referred by the House to the Committee of Foreign Relations. January 29 Felix Grundy made a report from the committee,[384] doubtless written in concert with Monroe and intended to support his position, since it approved what the secretary had done and gave authority to his views. The report asserted with emphasis that impressment alone prevented an armistice. More than once, as though this were the weak point of the government’s situation, Grundy returned to the theme that impressment “must be provided for in the negotiation; the omission of it in a treaty of peace would not leave it on its former grounds,--it would in effect be an absolute relinquishment.”

The danger of thus committing the government to a _sine qua non_ which might need to be abandoned was becoming more evident every day, for already Napoleon was known to have suffered some great disaster in Russia, and his power in Spain was evidently threatened with overthrow. After Napoleon should have been routed in Russia and Spain, and the American armies should have abandoned the hope of conquering Canada, the chance of driving England into an express surrender of impressments would vanish. Wisdom dictated caution; but Monroe’s letters and Grundy’s report, while committing the government to a _sine qua non_ preliminary to negotiation, proposed to escape the inevitable difficulty by an expedient less dignified than the country had a right to expect. Grundy reported a bill to serve as the groundwork for peace.

This bill began by a prospective, reciprocal prohibition, “from and after the termination of a treaty of peace,” to employ on any vessel, public or private, any but actual citizens, “or persons who being resident within the United States at the time of such treaty, and having previously declared agreeably to existing laws their intention to become citizens of the United States, shall be admitted as such within five years thereafter in the manner prescribed by law.” With these exceptions, Congress was to dismiss all foreign seamen from the American service, and to forbid forever the sea as a livelihood to persons coming into the country with the intention of acquiring citizenship, after the treaty of peace.

The objections to this measure were evident. It seemed tacitly to admit the right of impressment; it denied to one class of citizens rights in which all others were protected, and its Constitutionality was at least doubtful; it trenched on Executive functions and the treaty-making power; it placed American merchants under great disadvantages, depriving them of seamen, and under many circumstances making it impossible for an American ship to return from a distant port. Yet perhaps its worst practical fault consisted in pressing upon England, as an ultimatum, terms of peace which she had again and again rejected and was certain to reject. Indeed, the only argument of weight advanced in favor of the bill was that its rejection by England would heal the divisions of America. Unfortunately, even this argument seemed to have little foundation.

The bill passed the House by a vote of eighty-nine to thirty-three, and February 12 went to the Senate. There Giles took it in hand, and after sharp opposition it was amended and passed, February 27, by a vote of eighteen to twelve. In its adopted form the Act did not contain the clause that roused most opposition, but reached the same result in a less direct way:--

“From and after the termination of the war,” ran the new statute, “it shall not be lawful to employ on board any of the public or private vessels of the United States any person or persons except citizens of the United States, or persons of color, natives of the United States.... No person who shall arrive in the United States from and after the time when this Act shall take effect shall be admitted to become a citizen of the United States who shall not for the continued term of five years next preceding his admission as aforesaid have resided within the United States, without being at any time within the said five years out of the territory of the United States.”

The subject of impressment was so difficult to understand, even in its simpler facts, that the practical workings of this measure could not be foreseen. No one knew how many naturalized British seamen were in the American service, or how many British seamen not naturalized; and there was no sufficient evidence to serve as the foundation for a probable guess as to the number of impressments from American ships, or how they were distributed among the three classes,--(1) native American citizens; (2) naturalized British seamen; and (3) seamen avowedly British subjects. According to a report made from the Department of State, Feb. 18, 1813,[385] the supposed number of seamen registered in the United States since 1796 amounted to about one hundred and forty thousand. The actual number in any one year was unknown. In 1805 Gallatin estimated them, from the registered tonnage, at fifty thousand.[386]

Foreign seamen served chiefly in the foreign trade; and since the registered tonnage in foreign trade increased from 750,000 tons in 1805 to 984,000 tons in 1810, the number of seamen increased proportionately from 45,000 to 60,000 or thereabout. In 1807 Gallatin estimated the increase at five thousand a year, more than half being British sailors.[387] Probably fifteen thousand seamen, or one fourth of the whole number employed in 1810,[388] were of foreign origin, and might or might not carry American papers. If they did not, the reason could only be that they knew the worthlessness of such papers. Genuine American protections could be bought in any large port for two dollars apiece, while forged protections were to be had by the gross.[389] A large proportion of the British seamen in American service carried no evidence of American citizenship.

According to Lord Castlereagh’s statement in Parliament, the number of seamen claiming to be Americans in the British service amounted to three thousand five hundred in January, 1811, and to something more than three thousand in February, 1813, at the time he was speaking.[390] Of these, he said, only about one in four, or some eight hundred, could offer proof of any sort, good or bad, of their citizenship; the others had no evidence either of birth or of naturalization in America. If this was true, and the closest American calculation seemed rather to favor Castlereagh’s assertion, the new Act of Congress sacrificed much to obtain little; for it authorized the President to expel from American service five or ten thousand seamen, and to forbid future employment or naturalization to all British seamen, if England in return would cease to employ five or six hundred impressed Americans.

The concession was immense, not only in its effect on legitimate American commerce and shipping, but also on the national character. America possessed certainly the right, which England had always exercised, of naturalizing foreign seamen in her service, and still more of employing such seamen without naturalization. In denying herself the practice she made a sacrifice much greater in material cost, and certainly not less in national character, than she ever made by tolerating impressments under protest. The impressments cost her about five hundred seamen a year, of whom only a fraction were citizens; of these such as were natives could in most cases obtain release on giving evidence of their citizenship, while five times the number of native British seamen annually deserted the British service for the American. Thus England was much the greater sufferer from the situation; and America preserved her rights by never for an instant admitting the British doctrine of impressment, and by retaining the ability to enforce at any moment her protest by war. All these advantages were lost by Monroe’s new scheme. Under the Act of 1813 America would save her citizens to whatever number they amounted, but she would do so by sacrificing her shipping, by abandoning the practice if not the right of employing and naturalizing British seamen, and by tacitly admitting the right of impressment so far as to surrender the use of undoubted national rights as an equivalent for it.

Numbers of leading Republicans denounced the measure as feeble, mischievous, and unconstitutional. Only as an electioneering argument against the extreme Federalists, and as a means of satisfying discontented Republicans, was it likely to serve any good purpose; but the dangers of discord and the general apathy toward the war had become so evident as to make some concession necessary,--and thus it happened that with general approval the law received the President’s signature, and the next day the Twelfth Congress expired. With it expired President Madison’s first term of office, leaving the country more than ever distracted, and as little able to negotiate as to conquer.

INDEX TO VOLS. I. AND II.

Act of Congress, of Jane 28, 1809, restoring intercourse with Great Britain, i. 80; of June 28, 1809, suspending the recruiting service, 85; of June 28, 1809, reducing the naval establishment, 85; of March 1, 1810, concerning the commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France, 194–198 (see Non-intercourse); of Feb 14, 1810, appropriating sixty thousand dollars for the Cumberland Road, 209; of March 26, 1810, providing for the Third Census, 209; of March 30, 1810, appropriating five thousand dollars for experiments on the submarine torpedo, 209; of Feb. 20, 1811, admitting the State of Louisiana into the Union, 326; of Jan. 15, 1811, authorizing the occupation of East Florida, 327; of March 2, 1811, reviving non-intercourse against Great Britain, 338–354 (see Non-intercourse); of Jan. 11, 1812, to raise an additional military force of twenty-five thousand men, ii. 147, 153; of Feb. 6, 1812, to accept volunteers, 159–161; of March 14, 1812, authorizing a loan for eleven million dollars, 169; of April 4, 1812, laying an embargo for ninety days, 201, 202, 203; of April 8, 1812, admitting the State of Louisiana into the Union, 235; of April 10, 1812, authorizing a call for one hundred thousand militia, 204; of June 18, 1812, declaring war against Great Britain, 228, 229; of July 1, 1812, doubling the duties on imports, 235; of Dec. 12, 1812, increasing the pay of the army, 435; of Jan. 20, 1813, increasing the bounty for recruits, 436; of Jan. 2, 1813, for building four seventy-fours and six frigates, 436; of Jan. 5, 1813, remitting fines, forfeitures, etc., 443; of Feb. 8, 1813, authorizing loan of sixteen millions, 448; of Feb. 25, 1813, authorizing the issue of Treasury notes for five millions, 448; of Jan. 29, 1813, for raising twenty regiments for one year, 449; of Feb. 24, 1813, for appointing six major-generals and six brigadiers, 449; of March 3, 1813, to provide for the supplies of the army, 449; of March 3, 1813, for the better organization of the general staff, 449; of March 3, 1813, for building six sloops-of-war, 449; of March 3, 1813, for the regulation of seamen on board the public and private vessels of the United States, 453–458.

Act of the territorial legislature of Indiana, permitting the introduction of slaves, ii. 76.

Adams, President, expenditures of his administration, i. 200, 205, 206.

Adams, John Quincy, nominated as minister to Russia, i. 11; renominated and confirmed, 86; nominated and confirmed Justice of the Supreme Court, 360; sails for Russia, 408; arrives, 409; his negotiations in 1809, 409, 411; his negotiations in 1810, 412–418; his success, 419, 420, 422.

“Adams,” brig, launched at Detroit, ii. 304; captured and recaptured, 347; destroyed, 347.

“Adams,” 28-gun frigate, ii. 364.

“Aeolus,” case of, ii. 273.

“Aeolus,” British frigate, ii. 368.

“Africa,” British frigate, ii. 368.

Albany, headquarters of Dearborn, ii. 304, 305, 308, 309, 310.

“Alert,” British sloop-of-war, her action with the “Essex,” ii. 35, 377.

Alexander, Czar of Russia, with Napoleon at Erfurt, i. 23; his alliance with Napoleon, 134, 257; his approaching rupture with Napoleon, 385, 408–424; interferes for American commerce in Denmark, 410, 411; his reply to Napoleon’s demands, 413, 414; gives special orders to release American ships, 415; his attachment to the United States, 415; his ukase on foreign trade, 418.

Amelia Island, i. 165.

Anderson, Joseph, senator from Tennessee, defeats mission to Russia, i. 12; criticises Giles, ii. 150; chairman of committee on declaration of war, 228.

“Argus,” sloop-of-war, ii. 363, 364, 378, 381.

Armistice between Dearborn and Prevost, ii. 322, 323, 324, 404; known to Brock, 330; disavowed by Madison, 340, 404; an advantage to Dearborn, 343; proposed by Monroe, 403; proposed by Admiral Warren, 416.

Armstrong, John, minister in Paris, his discontent, i. 28; his relations with Roumanzoff, 29; his complaints in 1809, 39; communicates Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 135, 235; his comments on the right of search, 145; his interview with King Louis of Holland, 147, 148; his despatch on Fouché and Montalivet, 224; on Napoleon’s motives, 225; his minute for a treaty, 228; his recall asked by Napoleon, 228, 229, 252; his remonstrance against the doctrine of retaliation, 233, 234; his report of Jan. 10, 1810, 238; inquires condition of revoking decrees, 251; communicates Non-intercourse Act of May 1, 1810, 252; his reception of Cadore’s letter of Aug. 5, 1810, 259, 260; returns to America, 260, 261, 381; declares Napoleon’s conditions to be not precedent, 261; silent about indemnity, 260, 296; Virginian jealousy of, 370; on Napoleon’s designs on the Baltic, 417; becomes brigadier-general, ii. 427; his attitude towards Monroe and Madison, 426, 427; nominated Secretary of War, 428; his character, 428.

Army, in 1809, i. 169; described by Wilkinson, 170, 171; encamped at Terre aux Bœufs, 171–175; reductions in 1810, 200–207; raised by law to thirty-five thousand men, ii. 148, 151–153; useless, 165; condition of, 289, 292; recruiting for, 294; war establishment in 1812, 295; enlistments in, 337, 390, 391, 401; difficulty of filling, 394; Acts of Congress for filling ranks of, 435, 436; war establishment in 1813, 449. (See Infantry.)

“Asia,” American ship, burned by French squadron, ii. 193, 198.

Astor, John Jacob, ii. 301.

Austria, i. 27, 134; fights battles of Essling and Wagram, 106.

Bacon, Ezekiel, member of Congress from Massachusetts, ii. 156; votes against frigates, 164; moves war taxes, 165, 166.

Baen, William C., captain of Fourth U. S. Infantry, killed at Tippecanoe, ii. 104.

Bainbridge, William, captain in U. S. navy, ii. 384; takes command of the “Constitution,” 384; captures “Java,” 385, 386.

Baltimore, population in 1810, i. 289.

Baltimore riot, July 27, 1812, ii. 406–409.

Bank of the United States, i. 167; bill introduced for rechartering, 207, 208; hostile influence of State Banks, 327, 330, 332, 335, 336; pretexts for opposition to charter of, 328, 329; necessity for, 329; Crawford’s bill for rechartering, 332; debate on, 332–336; defeat of, 337.

Banks, popularity of, ii. 208, 209.

Baring, Alexander, ii. 276.

Barlow, Joel, on Robert Smith’s appointment, i. 10; on Smith’s opposition to Macon’s bill, 187; his defence of the President, 299, 301, 378; appointed minister to France, 359; his instructions on revocation of French Decrees, 427; his departure delayed by Monroe, ii. 50; ready to start, 55; order for his departure countermanded, 56; order finally given, 61; his instructions, 66; his want of success, 217; arrives in Paris, Sept. 19, 1811, 245; his negotiation with Bassano, 248–263; his journey to Wilna, 263, 264; his death, 265.

Bassano, Duc de. (See Maret.)

Bassett, Burwell, member of Congress from Virginia, i. 206.

Bathurst, Lord, on the Orders in Council, ii. 275.

Baton Rouge, i. 306.

Bayard, James A., senator from Delaware, ii. 229.

Baynes, Edward, adjutant-general to Sir George Prevost, ii. 323.

Bayonne Decree. (See Decrees.)

Belden, Lieutenant, ii. 32.

“Belvidera,” British frigate, blockading New York, ii. 364, 365; escapes from Rodgers’ squadron, 366; chases “Constitution,” 368, 370.

Bernadotte. (See Sweden.)

Bibb, William A., member of Congress from Georgia, on the annexation of West Florida to Louisiana, i. 324.

Bidwell, Barnabas, i. 359.

Bingham, A. B., captain of the British corvette “Little Belt,” his account of his action with the “President,” ii. 30, 31, 33–36.

Bleecker, Harmanus, member of Congress from New York, ii. 211.

Blockade, Napoleon’s definition of, i. 149, 227, 250; Pinkney’s definition of, 287; ii. 10; of April 26, 1809, by England of all ports and places under the government of France, i. 63, 64, 103, 277; of May 16, 1806, (Fox’s) 277; Wellesley’s conduct regarding, 278–280, 318; withdrawal required by Madison, 318, 383; withdrawal demanded by Pinkney, ii. 4, 5, 17; reply of England to demand of withdrawal, 6, 9, 15, 23; becomes the only apparent _casus belli_, 221; alleged by Madison as the third _casus belli_, 222; of Venice, July 27, 1806, i. 279; of New York, ii. 25, 118, 222.

Bloomfield, Joseph, brigadier general, ii. 291; at Plattsburg, 359, 360.

“Bonne Citoyenne,” British sloop-of-war, ii. 384.

Boston, reception of F. J. Jackson, in, i. 214, 216; population in 1810, 289.

Boston town-meeting on Baltimore riot, ii. 409.

Boyd, Adam, member of Congress from New Jersey, i. 206.

Boyd, John P., colonel of Fourth U. S. Infantry, ii. 92, 93; arrives at Vincennes, 94. (See Infantry.)

Bradley, Stephen R., senator from Vermont, votes against occupying East Florida, ii. 243.

Brazil, i. 46.

Brock, Isaac, governor of Upper Canada, ii. 316; his military precautions, 317; his military force, 317; his civil difficulties, 318, 319; orders expedition to Mackinaw, 320; his proclamation, 320; dismisses his legislature, 320; passes Long Point, 321, 322; arrives at Malden, 329; decides to cross the Detroit River, 330; his march on Detroit, 332; returns to Niagara, 341; his military wishes, 342; distressed by loss of vessels, 347; his force at Niagara, 348; surprised on Queenston Heights, 349; his death, 350.

Broke, P. B. V., captain of British frigate “Shannon,” commands squadron, ii. 368, 369; chases “Constitution,” 370, 371.

Brougham, Henry, organizes agitation against Orders in Council, ii. 271, 280, 283; his speech of March 3, 1812, 276; obliges ministers to grant a committee of inquiry, 283–285; moves repeal, 285.

Burr, Aaron, his memoir to Napoleon, i. 239.

Burwell, William A., member of Congress from Virginia, on reducing the army and navy in 1810, i. 202.

Cabinet. (See Robert Smith, James Monroe, Albert Gallatin, William Eustis, John Armstrong, Paul Hamilton, William Jones, Cæsar A. Rodney, William Pinkney.)

Cadore, Duc de. (See Champagny.)

“Caledonia,” 2-gun British brig, captured by Lieutenant Elliott, ii. 347.

Calhoun, John Caldwell, member of Congress from South Carolina, ii. 122; on Committee of Foreign Relations, 124, 128; his war-speech of Dec. 12, 1811, 143, 144; votes for frigates, 164; warns Quincy of the embargo, 201; on the conquest of Canada, 212; his war-report, 226; his bill declaring war, 228; his speech of June 24, 1812, against the restrictive system, 233; favors war-taxation, 235; opposes compromise of forfeitures under Non-importation Act, 442; favors high import duties, 444.

Campbell, George Washington, member of Congress from Tennessee, his Report reaches Canning, i. 49; not a member of the Eleventh Congress, 76; senator from Tennessee, his criticism of Giles, ii. 150, 151.

Canada, intended conquest of, ii. 136, 141, 142, 145, 146, 150, 212; invasion planned at Washington, 297; ordered by Eustis, 302; conquest attempted by Hull, 296; invaded by Hull, 302; evacuated, 315; difficulties of defending, 316–319; extent of Upper, 316; military force in 1812, 317, 338; Jefferson and Madison on campaign in, 337; invasion of, at Niagara, 344, 345; Van Rensselaer’s attack on, 346–353; Smyth’s attempts against, 354–358; Dearborn’s march to, 360.

Canning, George, his reply to Napoleon and Alexander, i. 23; his notice to Pinkney of possible change in the Orders, 42; his note of Dec. 24, 1808, announcing a change, 43; his anger at Pinkney’s reply, 44, 45; his willingness for further relaxations, 45; his discontent with Castlereagh and Perceval, 48, 106; his reception of Erskine’s despatches and Campbell’s Report, 49, 50, 51; his assertion as to the cause of the embargo, 51; his instructions to Erskine of Jan. 23, 1809, 52–57, 66, 70–73, 90; his character, 56; his influence declining, 57, 58; his speech of March 6, 1809, on the Orders, 61; his remark to Pinkney on the Order of April 26, 64; his disavowal of Erskine’s arrangement, 87–95; his statement to the House of Commons, 97, 98; his instructions to F. J. Jackson, July 1, 1809, 98–105; his charge of duplicity against Madison, 99, 100, 114, 125; his resignation, 107; his duel with Castlereagh, 107; his relations with Wellesley, 266, 267; his speech on the renewal of intercourse between the United States and Great Britain, 276; his speech of March 3, 1812, on the Orders in Council and li censes, ii. 277, 278.

Carden, J. S., captain of the British frigate “Macedonian,” ii. 382, 383.

Cass, Lewis, colonel of Ohio militia, ii. 298; refuses to abandon Detroit, 315; his discontent with Hull, 326; detached to open an interior road to the river Raisin, 328; ordered to return, 329; included in Hull’s capitulation, 334.

Castlereagh, Lord, his supposed failures as Secretary of War, i. 47, 48, 106, 107; retires from the cabinet, 107; his quarrel with Canning, 56, 57; his duel with Canning, 107; becomes foreign Secretary, ii. 216; his instructions to Foster of April 10, 1812, 216, 220; announces suspension of Orders in Council, 286; his statement of number of American seamen in British service, 456.

Caulaincourt, Duc de Vicence, French ambassador in Russia, i. 412; recalled, 418; congratulates Adams, 419.

Census of 1810, i. 289.

Champagny, Duc de Cadore, his instructions to Turreau in defence of the Decrees, Dec. 10, 1808, i. 31; in defence of the Spanish colonies, 33; his remonstrances to Napoleon against severity to the United States, 138, 139; complains of the Non-intercourse Act, 140; his instructions to Hauterive, June 13, 1809, on concessions to the United States, 140; his note on the right of search and blockade, 149, 150, 250; his efforts on behalf of neutral commerce, 222; his interview with Armstrong, Jan. 25, 1810, 229, 230; his note of Feb. 14, 1810, announcing reprisals for the Non-intercourse Act, 232; his letter of August 5, 1810, announcing that the Decrees are revoked, 253–256, 286, 296–302, 383, 414, 415; ii. 7; creates a contract by letter of August 5, i. 342; his report on the Decrees, 348, 349, 382, 388; ii. 8; his phrase _bien entendu_, 387, 388; declares the Decrees revoked on Feb. 2, 1811, 386, 389, 390; removed from office, 401.

Champlain, Lake. (See Plattsburg.)

Chauncey, Isaac, takes command on Lake Ontario, ii. 344.

“Chesapeake Affair,” Canning’s instructions of Jan. 23, 1809, for settling, i. 52, 53; Erskine’s settlement of the, 67, 68; settlement disavowed, 88–90; Canning’s instructions of July 1, 1809, for settling, 101; Jackson’s offer to settle, 126, 130; untouched by Wellesley, 285; Foster’s instructions to settle, ii. 23; American indifference to settlement, 37; its effect on the Indians, 79; settled by Foster, 121, 122, 270.

“Chesapeake,” frigate, ii. 29, 36.

Cheves, Langdon, member of Congress from South Carolina, asserts contract with Napoleon, i. 342, 343; in the Twelfth Congress, ii. 122; chairman of naval committee, 124; on Committee on Ways and Means, 124; his opinion on the war-power, 160; his motion to build a navy, 162; his argument in favor of seventy-fours, 163; his hostility to non-importation, 205, 230, 232, 446, 447, 448; favors war-taxation, 235; opposes forfeitures under Non-importation Act, 441; on war-taxes, 444.

Chew, Captain Samuel, deposition of, ii. 193, 196.

Chicago. (See Dearborn, Fort.)

Christie, John, lieut.-colonel of Thirteenth Infantry, ii. 349, 350, 351.

Cintra, convention of, i. 48.

Claiborne, W. C. C., governor of Orleans Territory, takes possession of West Florida, i. 310–314.

Clay, Henry, senator from Kentucky, his war-speech of Feb. 22, 1810, i. 189; his speech on the occupation of West Florida, 320, 321; his speech on the Bank Charter, 333, 334; elected speaker, ii. 122, 124; favors army of thirty-five thousand men, 151; favors war-power, 161; favors navy, 164; supposed to have coerced Madison to war, 196; urges embargo, 201; suppresses discussion in the House, 227; his vote defeats repeal of non-importation, 234; his account of the military efforts of Kentucky, 390–393; his comments on Hull’s surrender, 392, 393; opposes compromise of forfeitures under Non-importation Act, 442.

Clinton, De Witt, nominated for the presidency by New York, ii. 215; his canvass, 409, 410; his electoral vote, 413.

Clinton, George, Vice-President of the United States, i. 76, 190; his vote against the Bank Charter, 337; his political capacity, 363, 364; his death, ii. 214.

Commerce, nature and value of American, i. 290, 291.

Commercial Intercourse, Act of May 1, 1810, regarding. (See Non-intercourse.)

Commercial restrictions, list of measures of, i. 152, 194; Madison’s devotion to, 293, 295; Madison’s return to, 304.

Congress, first session of Eleventh, meets, May 22, 1809, i. 76; proceedings of, 77–86; adjourns June 28, 86; second session meets, Nov. 27, 1809, 176; proceedings of, 178–209; adjourns, May 2, 1810, 209; character of, 316; election of Twelfth, 316; third session of Eleventh, 319–358; close of Eleventh, 358; first session of Twelfth, meets Nov. 4, 1811, ii. 118; its composition, 122; chooses Henry Clay speaker, 124; war-debate in, 133–153; proceedings of, 133–175, 201, 202, 204; declares war against England, 228, 229; adjourns, July 6, 1812, 235; decline of influence, 437; second session of Twelfth, 435–458.

“Congress,” 38-gun frigate, ii. 363; at Boston, 378; her cruise, 381.

“Constellation,” 38-gun frigate, at Washington, ii. 364, 372, 378.

“Constitution,” 44-gun frigate, chased by British squadron, ii. 364, 369–372; captures “Guerriere,” 373–375; captures “Java,” 385, 386.

Cotton, manufacturers of, i. 16; American, prohibited in France, 151.

Craig, Sir James, governor of Lower Canada, i. 86.

Crawford, William H., senator from Georgia, opposes mission to Russia, i. 12; on the message of Jan. 3, 1810, 179; represents the Treasury, 181; votes with Samuel Smith, 191; his character, 331; introduces Bank Charter, 332; his speech on Bank Charter, 332, 333; reports bill for fifty thousand volunteers, 358; party to revolutionizing East Florida, ii. 239; his comments on the conduct of the war, 395.

Creek Indians, Tecumthe visits, ii. 92, 108.

Crillon, Count Edward de, his family, ii. 176; acts as John Henry’s agent, 177–179; his social success, 178, 180; his evidence, 183; sails for France, 184; an impostor, 185; an agent of French police, 186.

Croker, John Wilson, Secretary to the Admiralty, i. 58.

Cuba, i. 37, 38.

Cumberland Road, i. 209.

Dacres, J. R., captain of the “Guerriere,” ii. 27, 37, 373; his action with the “Constitution,” 373–375.

Dalberg, Duc, negotiates with Joel Barlow, ii. 259; his remonstrances to Bassano against Napoleon’s treatment of the United States, 262.

Dallas, Alexander James, third lieutenant of the frigate “President,” ii. 28, 32.

Daveiss, Joseph H., offers to serve as a volunteer in Harrison’s campaign, ii. 94; urges an attack on Tippecanoe, 99, 101; his death, 103, 104, 107.

Dearborn, Fort, at Chicago, murders at, ii. 110; garrison at, 294; evacuated, 334.

Dearborn, Henry, appointed collector at Boston, i. 9; his orders, as Secretary of War, to Wilkinson, Dec. 2, 1808, 169; appointed senior major-general, ii. 289; his plan of campaign, 297, 306, 340, 341; reaches Albany, 304; goes to Boston, 305; his difficulties at Boston, 306, 307, 309; returns to Albany, 310; ignorant that he commands operations at Niagara, 310, 322, 339; sends militia to Niagara, 321; negotiates armistice, 322, 323, 340; effect of armistice, 324, 343; armistice rejected by the President, 340; his opinion of Van Rensselaer, 353; his campaign against Montreal, 360; his reflections on the campaign of 1812, 360, 361; Monroe’s criticisms of, 396, 397; George Hay’s remark on, 421.

Decatur, Stephen, captain in U. S. navy, commands squadron, ii. 363; his orders, 363, 364, 368; his advice, 364; his first cruise in 1812, 366, 368, 375; his second cruise, 381; captures the “Macedonian,” 382, 383; returns to port with prize, 383.

Decrees, French, of 1798, ii. 139.

Decrees of Berlin, Milan, and Bayonne, i. 24, 152, 297; their rigid enforcement, 30; Champagny’s argument in defence of, 31, 32; their effect on England, 46; their effect on France, 138; Napoleon drafts, June 10, 1809, decree repealing that of Milan, 139–141; lays aside draft of repealing decree, 141; drafts Vienna decree of August, 1809, retaliating the Non-intercourse Act, 143, 144, 150, 230; Louis’s resistance to, 148, 240, 241; Napoleon’s condition of repeal, 229, 245, 250, 251; null and void for licensed vessels, 248; declared by Champagny revoked on Nov. 1, 1810, 255; declared revoked by Madison, 304, 317, 347, 348; Russell’s reports on the revocation, 381–396; declared revoked by Champagny for Feb. 2, 1811, 386, 389, 390; not revoked, 394, 395; declared fundamental laws by Napoleon, 397, 407; declared successful by Napoleon, 398; considered suspended by Madison, 400, 401; recognized by United States, 402, 403; their revocation doubted by Russell, 395, 400, 406; their revocation affirmed by Russell, 405; enforced on the Baltic, 426, 427; Barlow instructed that they are considered revoked, 427; revocation asserted by Pinkney, ii. 3, 5, 6, 11; evidence of revocation asked by Wellesley, 4; argued by Pinkney, 7, 8; revocation denied by Wellesley, 23; affirmed to be still in force by Foster, 41; affirmed by Monroe to be revoked as far as America has a right to expect, 42; their international and municipal characters, 43; argued by Monroe, 4, 45; their revocation unknown to the President, 56; argued by Serurier, 60; disputed by Madison, 64; their revocation a personal affair with Madison, 65; their effect on the northwestern Indians, 83; declared not repealed by British courts, 118; their repeal doubted by Madison and Monroe, 120, 187–189; repeal asserted in annual message, 125; repeal assumed by House committee, 133, 134; repeal denied by Monroe, 194, 195, 201; repeal assumed by Monroe, 198; Bassano’s report on validity of, 216, 253; repeal assumed by Madison, 218, 224; repeal maintained by Monroe till June, 1812, 232; Bassano’s instructions on repeal of, 248–249; repeal asserted by Barlow, 252; evidence of repeal required by Barlow, 254; Decree of St. Cloud, dated April 28, 1811, repealing, 255–257, 259; still enforced, 260, 261; revocation unknown to the French authorities, 262, 263.

Decree of Rambouillet, March 23, 1810, sequestering American property in retaliation for the Non-importation Act, i. 236, 242, 274; of July 25, 1810, regarding licenses, 247; of July 22, 1810, confiscating American property in Dutch and Spanish ports, 258; of Aug. 5, 1810, confiscating American property in France, 258.

Decrès, Denis, Duc, Napoleon’s minister of marine, i. 142, 143; Marmont’s story of, 222.

Delaware Indians, ii. 73.

Denmark, spoliations in, i. 409, 411.

Detroit, military situation of, ii. 293, 295, 301; measures for protection of, 296; Hull’s difficulties in defending, 315, 322, 324; Hull besieged in, 325–331; Brock’s attack on, 332–334; Hull’s surrender of, 334, 393; reinforcements for, 391; expedition to recover, to be commanded by Harrison, 392, 393.

Dexter, Samuel, defeats project of State convention in Massachusetts, ii. 402.

Duane, William, editor of the “Aurora,” his attacks on Gallatin, i. 361, 364.

Duval, Gabriel, appointed Justice of the Supreme Court, ii. 429.

Eel River Miami Indians, ii. 71, 75.

Elections in 1809, i. 12, 13, 158; in 1810, 215, 316; in Massachusetts in April, 1811, ii. 115; in April, 1812, 204; in May, 1812, 209; in New York, May, 1812, 209; presidential, of 1812, 409, 410, 412–414.

Electoral College in 1808 and 1812, ii. 413.

Elliott, Jesse D., lieutenant U. S. navy, ii. 344; cuts out British vessels at Fort Erie, 347.

Embargo, repeal of, i. 33; Turreau’s complaints of repeal, 34, 35, 37; Canning’s note on, 42; revocation of orders attributed to, 75, 77; John Taylor’s explanation of repeal, 195, 196; approved by Napoleon, 254; causes France to lose her colonies, 254; its effect on the northwestern Indians, ii. 83; for sixty days, recommended by the President, March 31, 1812, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198; Foster’s report on, 199; act passed by Congress, 201, 202.

England, financial dangers of, in 1809, i. 46, 47; political decline of, 57, 58; distress of, in 1811, ii. 2; apathy of, upon American questions, 24; change of tone between 1807 and 1812, 225, 270, 286; war declared against, 228, 229; distress of, in 1812, 268; attitude toward the war, 405.

Eppes, John W., member of Congress from Virginia, chairman of Committee of Ways and Means in Eleventh Congress, i. 76; his appropriation bills for 1810, 200; his bill for reviving non-intercourse against Great Britain, 338; maintains doctrine of contract with France, 341; waits arrival of Serurier, 345; amends his non-intercourse bill, 351; quarrels with John Randolph, 352.

Erie, Fort. (See Fort Erie.)

Erie, Lake, armaments on, ii. 296, 304, 317, 344.

Erskine, David Montague, British minister to the United States, i. 34; his report, March 17, 1809, of Turreau’s anger at the repeal of embargo, 34, 35; his threatening despatches of November and December, 1808, 49, 50; his instructions of Jan. 23, 1809, 52–57, 66, 70–72, 90, 94, 111; his reasons for exceeding instructions, 67, 70, 94; his settlement of the “Chesapeake affair,” 67, 68; “Chesapeake” settlement disavowed by Canning, 88, 89; his settlement of commercial disputes, 70–73; his commercial arrangement received in England, 87; disavowed, 90, 95; his explanation of the order of April 26, 1809, 82, 83; his reply to Canning’s criticisms, 94; his recall, 95; effect of his disavowal in the United States, 109; Jackson’s opinion of, 119, 120; his farewell audience, 120; effect of his arrangement on Napoleon, 139, 140, 141; comparison between his pledges and those of Champagny, 301.

“Essex,” 32-gun frigate, her action with the “Alert,” ii. 35, 377; arrives with despatches, 52, 56; sails in July, 1812, 377; returns to port, 378.

Essex county In Massachusetts, declaration of meeting, ii. 402.

Eustis, William, appointed Secretary of War, i. 9; orders Wilkinson not to camp at Terre aux Bœufs, 172, 174; authorizes Harrison to buy Indian land in the Wabash valley, ii. 82; approves Harrison’s purchase, 85; orders Harrison to preserve peace with Indians, 88, 93; orders the Fourth Regiment to Indiana, 92, 93; his lost letter of Sept. 18, 1811, to Harrison, 95; appears before the Committee of Foreign Relations, 129; his supposed incompetence, 168, 206, 392, 395, 396, 397, 398; his duties in 1812, 168; on recruiting, 294; his letters to William Hull, announcing war, 299; and ordering conquests in Canada, 302; his orders to Dearborn to repair to Albany, 306, 308, 309; and to take direction of militia at Niagara, 310, 321, 340; resigns, 422.

Exchange, turn of, against England, in 1808, i. 47.

Fagan, agent of Fouché, i. 239.

“Federal Republican” newspaper, ii. 406, 407.

Federalist party, deprived of grievances, i. 77; praise Madison, 78, 158; make common cause with Jackson, 158; described by Giles, 180.

Federalists, in Congress, Foster’s reports of their conduct and advice, ii. 171–175; their reception of Henry’s documents, 183, 184; cease attempts to discuss war, 227, 228; their attitude towards the war, 398, 399; support Clinton for the presidency, 410.

Fenwick, John R., lieut.-colonel of Light Artillery, ii. 352.

Ferdinand VII., proposed kingdom for, in America, i. 239; cedes Florida by treaty of 1819, ii. 236.

Fernandina in East Florida, seized by United States, ii. 240; occupation disavowed and maintained, 242, 243.

Finances in 1809, i. 163, 178; customs-revenue in 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 290, 319; military and naval appropriations of the Eleventh Congress, 357; in 1811; ii. 126; Gallatin’s estimates for war, 156–159; war-taxes proposed by Gallatin, 166; approved by the House, 166, 167; laid aside, 167, 168; in 1812, 432, 433; in 1813, 438–448. (See Loans.)

Findlay, James, colonel of Ohio volunteers, ii. 298, 315, 326.

Findley, William, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, favors war, ii. 145.

Florida, Napoleon’s retention of, i. 32, 33; Napoleon insinuates an idea regarding, 408; Foster instructed to protest against the seizure of, ii. 23; his protest, 37; Monroe’s reception of the protest, 38, 39.

Florida, East, Madison asks authority to occupy, i. 326, 327; Congress authorizes occupation of, 327; commissioners sent to take possession of, 327; revolutionized, ii. 237–243; bill for occupation of, 243.

Florida, West, revolution in, i. 307–315; Madison orders occupation of, 310–312, 318; Claiborne takes possession of, 313; organized as part of Orleans Territory, 314; protest of British chargé, 314, 315; Giles’s bill for annexing to Orleans Territory, 320; debate on annexation, 320–323; Macon’s bill, admitting, as a part of Louisiana, 323, 324; remains a separate territory, 326; divided by act of Congress, ii. 236; ceded by Spain in 1819, 237.

Forfeitures under the Non-importation act, ii. 436–443.

Fort Dearborn, Chicago, ii. 110, 294; garrison massacred, 334.

Fort Erie, ii. 343, 347, 348, 358.

Fort George, ii. 300, 343, 347; Brock’s headquarters, 341, 348, 349, 351.

Fort Harrison, ii. 95, 106, 294.

Fort Niagara, bombarded, ii. 355.

Fortifications, appropriation for, in 1809, i. 85; appropriation asked for, in 1810, 319.

Foster, Augustus John, appointed British minister to the United States, ii. 16, 21; F. J. Jackson’s opinion of, 22; his instructions, 22, 23; arrives at Washington, 37, 52; protests against the seizure of Florida, 37; reports Monroe’s language about Spanish America, 38; protests against the non-importation, 39; narrows the issue to Fox’s blockade and the Orders in Council, 40, 41; reports Monroe’s language on the revocation of the French decrees, 42; threatens retaliation for the non-importation, 44; reports that the Orders in Council are the single object of irritation, 45; settles the “Chesapeake” affair, 121, 122; his report of executive temper in November, 1811, 131; his report of Gallatin’s language about taxes, 156; his report of the conduct of Federalists in Congress, 172–175; receives instructions, March 21, 1812, 191; communicates them, 192; his report of Monroe’s remarks on recent French spoliations, 195, 198; his report of Madison’s and Monroe’s remarks on the embargo of April, 1812, 199; suggests Madison’s re-election, 213.

Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante, Napoleon’s minister of police, i. 222; opposes the commercial system, 224; sends an agent to the British government, 238, 239; disgraced and exiled, 241.

France, alienation between United States and, i. 28–41, 141–151; difficulties of commerce with, 152, 245; value of spoliations in 1809, 1810, 242, 243; contract with, 339, 340; unfriendly language of the annual message toward, ii. 125; Madison’s language regarding, 187, 218, 224; theory of contract with, apparently abandoned, 223; Monroe’s language regarding, 232. (See Napoleon.)

Fremantle, Colonel, letter on the situation of Parliament, i. 58.

Frigates. (See Navy, “President,” “Constitution,” “United States,” “Chesapeake,” “Congress,” “Constellation,” “Essex,” and “Adams.”)

“Frolic,” British sloop-of-war, ii. 379; her action with the “Wasp,” 380.

Fulton’s torpedo, i. 209.

Gallatin, Albert, Secretary of the Treasury, his appointment as Secretary of State defeated, i. 4–8; his quarrel with Samuel Smith, 10; his conversation with Turreau about the Floridas, 38, 39; his remarks to Turreau on renewing intercourse with Great Britain, 74; his letters on Erskine’s disavowal, 110, 111; his expectations from Jackson’s mission, 110, 116, 117; his feud with Giles, Smith, and Leib, 159; his letter of remonstrance to Jefferson, 160, 161, 164; his enemies, 167; his annual report of 1809, 178; his bill for excluding British and French ships, 183 (see Macon); his remarks on Napoleon’s secret confiscations, 259; his remarks to Turreau on revival of non-intercourse against England, 303; gives notice of revival of non-intercourse against England, 304; his annual report of 1810, 319; his dependence on the bank, 329, 335; asks an increase of duties, 357; his letter of resignation, 360–366; Serurier’s estimate of, ii. 46; his annual report of November, 1811, 126; attacked by Giles, 148, 149; delays his estimates, 156; his war-taxes, 156–159, 165, 166, 204; reported June 26, 235; his loan of 1812, 206, 207; believed to think war unnecessary, 225; complains of Congress, 234, 235; reports tax-bills to Congress, 235; his instructions at the outbreak of war, 301; his opinion of Eustis, 397, 398; claims department of State, 424; his annual report of Dec. 5, 1812, 433, 438; his views on the forfeiture of merchandise imported in 1812, 439, 440; his attitude toward war-taxation, 446.

Gardenier, Barent, member of Congress from New York, his remarks on Jefferson and Madison, i. 79, 80; supports Macon’s bill, 185; cause of changing rule of previous question, 353.

Gaudin, Duc de Gaete, orders of, i. 348.

George III., king of England, becomes insane, i. 288; ii. 2.

George, Prince of Wales, his Whig associations, ii. 3, 4; becomes Prince Regent, Feb. 6, 1811, 14; retains Spencer Perceval’s ministry, 14; his audience of leave for William Pinkney, 16, 18–20; his conditional declaration of April 21, 1812, that the Orders in Council should be withdrawn, 254, 282.

Gerry, Elbridge, elected governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811, i. 215; ii. 115; defeated in 1812, 204; nominated for the vice-presidency, 214; elected, 413.

“Gershom,” American brig, burned by French squadron, ii. 193, 198.

Gholson, Thomas, member of Congress from Virginia, moves new rule of previous question, i. 353.

Giles, William Branch, senator from Virginia, defeats Gallatin’s appointment as Secretary of State i. 4–7; votes for mission to Russia, 11; his report on F. J. Jackson, 178, 179, 182, 183; wishes energy of government, 180, 189; his bill for the annexation of West Florida, 319, 320; his speech on the Bank charter, 333; his political capacity, 363; reports bill for raising twenty-five thousand troops, ii. 147; his speech attacking Gallatin, 148, 149; his factiousness, 150; his admission of errors, 154; his speech on the volunteer bill, 161; votes for war, 229; votes against occupying East Florida, 243; on seamen’s bill, 454.

Gore, Christopher, elected governor of Massachusetts in 1809, i. 12; invites F. J. Jackson to Boston, 213; defeated in the election of 1810, 215; and in 1811, ii. 115.

“Grace Ann Greene,” American vessel released by Napoleon, i. 391.

Graham, John, his account of public opinion in Kentucky, ii. 394.

Grandpré, Louis, i. 306, 307.

Grenville, Lord, on Canning, i. 49.

Grétry, i. 235.

Grundy, Felix, member of Congress from Tennessee, ii. 122, 137, 196; on Committee of Foreign Relations, 124, 128; his speech in favor of war, 137–141; favors large army, 152; opposes war-power, 161; against frigates, 164; on embargo, 201; on the political effects of war, 213; on forfeitures, 443; reports bill for regulation of seamen, 452, 453.

“Guerriere,” British frigate, ii. 25; “Little Belt” mistaken for, 26–30; Captain Dacres of, 37; joins Broke’s squadron, 368; chases “Constitution,” 370; captured by “Constitution,” 372–375.

Gunboats, i. 168.

Hamilton, Paul, appointed Secretary of the Navy, i. 9, 206; his orders to Commodore Rodgers of June 9, 1810, ii. 26; of May 6, 1811, 25; his supposed incompetence, 169, 290, 395, 398; his orders to Rodgers, Decatur, and Hull in June, 1812, 363–365, 368; his orders of September, 1812, 378; resigns, 428.

Hammond, George, Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, i. 45.

Hampton, Wade, brigadier-general in U. S. army, i. 169; takes command at New Orleans, 175; ii. 291.

Hanson, A. C., ii. 407.

Harper, Robert Goodloe, ii. 144.

Harrison, Fort, ii. 95, 106, 294.

Harrison, William Henry, governor of Indiana Territory, ii. 68; his account of Indian affairs, 69–73; his treaties of 1804 and 1805, 75, 77; his influence in the dispute about slavery in Indiana, 75–77; his interview with the Prophet in August, 1808, 80; his treaty of Sept. 30, 1809, 83, 84; his interview with Tecumthe of Aug. 12, 1810, 85–88; his letter to Tecumthe June 24, 1811, 90; his talk with Tecumthe July 27, 1811, 91; instructed to avoid hostilities, 93; raises military forces, 93; sends army up the Wabash valley, 94; constructs Fort Harrison, 95; marches on Tippecanoe, 97; his arrival, 98–100; his camp, 102; attacked, 103; his return to Vincennes, 106; Humphrey Marshall’s opinion of, 107; his estimate of the effect of his campaign, 107, 108; appointed by Kentucky to command expedition to recover Detroit, 392, 420; unable to advance, 412.

Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice, Comte d’, charged with negotiations with Armstrong, i. 140, 141.

Hawkesbury, Lord. (See Liverpool.)

Hay, George, his advice to Monroe, ii. 421.

Henry, John, secret agent of Sir James Craig, his report on disunion, i. 14; recalled, 86; demands money, ii. 176; comes to Boston, 177; employs Crillon to negotiate with Monroe, 178; obtains fifty thousand dollars, 179; sails for Europe, 180; papers of, 182; supposed effect of, in Florida affairs, 241.

Holland, exempted from the non-intercourse, i. 72, 90–92, 112. (See Louis Bonaparte.)

Holland, Lord, ii. 275.

Holstein, Duchy of, i. 413.

“Hornet,” sloop-of-war, brings despatches, ii. 215, 217; cruises with Rodgers’ squadron, 365, 366; at Boston, 378, 381; her second cruise, 384; blockades the “Bonne Citoyenne,” 384.

Howell, Jeremiah B., senator from Rhode Island, votes against occupying West Florida, ii. 243.

Hull, Isaac, captain in U. S. navy, commands “Constitution,” ii. 364; his orders, 364; chased by a British squadron, 369–371; captures “Guerriere,” 372–375; takes command at New York, 383.

Hull, William, governor of Michigan Territory, ii. 292; appointed brigadier-general, 292, 298; his advice regarding the defence of Detroit, 296; his march to Detroit, 298; his loss of papers, 300; arrives at Detroit, 301; invades Canada, 302, 317; his proclamation, 303; his required campaign, 311; decides to besiege Malden, 312–314; sudden discovery of his danger, 314, 315; evacuates Canada, 315; his situation at Detroit, 322–329; his capitulation, 332, 334; Jefferson’s opinion of, 336, 398.

Illinois Territory, population in 1810, i. 289.

Impressment becomes a _casus belli_, ii. 116–118; not expressly mentioned as such by Pinkney, 18; or in the annual message, 125; treated by House Committee of Foreign Relations, 134, 135; mentioned by Grundy, 139; by Madison’s war-message, 222; only obstacle to peace, 430–432, 450–452; extent of, 451, 452.

Impressments, i. 74, 292, 351, 352.

India, career of Marquess Wellesley in, i. 266.

Indiana Territory, population in 1810, i. 289; created in 1800, ii. 68; its dispute about the introduction of slavery, 75; adopts second grade of territorial government, 76.

Indians in 1810, i. 318; in the Northwest, ii. 69; their condition described by Governor Harrison, 69; trespasses on their territory, 70; effects of intoxication upon, 71, 72; murders committed upon, 72, 73; Jefferson’s policy toward, 73–75; Harrison’s treaties with, in 1804 and 1805, 75; Tecumthe and the Prophet, 78; Jefferson’s refusal to recognize them as a confederated body, 79; establishment at Tippecanoe Creek, 79–81; their hostility to cessions of land, 82, 87; their land-cession of Sept. 30, 1809, 83, 84; their outbreak imminent in 1810, 85; outbreak delayed by British influence, 85; their interview with Harrison, Aug. 12, 1810, 86–88; government wishes peace with, 89; of the Six Nations in Upper Canada, wish to remain neutral, 319; their employment in war by the British, 320; murders by, 393, 394.

Infantry, Fourth Regiment of, ordered to Indiana July, 1811, ii. 92, 93; arrives, 94; part of the expedition to Tippecanoe, 96; losses in the battle, 104; its share in the battle, 107; ordered to Detroit, 110; marches to Detroit, 298; at the battle of Maguaga, 325.

Invisibles, the, i. 363.

Jackson, Francis James, his reputation, i. 96; appointed British minister to the United States, 97; his instructions, 99–105; sails for America, 105; Gallatin’s expectations from, 111, 117; arrives at Washington, 115, 116; his impressions, 117–120; his negotiation, 120–132; rupture with, 132; his anger, 154, 155; his complaints, 156; his reception in Baltimore and New York, 157; discussed before Congress, 176, 178, 179, 182; his letters from New York and Boston, 212–218; returns to England, 219; his treatment by Wellesley, 218, 219, 269, 271, 272; his influence with the British government, ii. 13; his account of Pinkney’s “inamicable leave,” 20; his opinion of Augustus J. Foster, 22; his death, 22.

Jackson, Mrs. F. J., i. 115, 157.

“Java,” British frigate, her action with the “Constitution,” ii. 385, 386.

Jefferson, Thomas, Turreau’s anger with, i. 34; Gallatin’s remarks on, 38, 39; the “National Intelligencer” on, 75; Randolph’s remarks on, 78; Robert Smith’s remarks on, 84; intermediates with Monroe, 161, 162; expenditures of his administration, 200, 205, 206; considered too timid by Robert Smith, ii. 48; his Indian policy, 69, 73–75, 78, 79, 81; his opinion of William Hull, 336, 398; his expectation of the conquest of Canada, 337; his opinion of Van Rensselaer, 398.

Jesup, Thomas S., acting adjutant-general at Detroit, ii. 329.

Johnson, Richard Mentor, member of Congress from Kentucky, i. 197, 203; ii. 122; his war speech, 142; on the dangers of a navy, 164; on the treason of opposition, 212.

Jones, Jacob, captain in U. S. navy, commands the “Wasp,” ii. 379; his action with the “Frolic,” 380; captured, 381; takes command of the “Macedonian,” 383.

Jones, Walter, his letter to Jefferson, on dissensions in Madison’s Cabinet, i. 188.

Jones, William, appointed Secretary of the Navy, ii. 428, 429.

Kentucky, enthusiasm for the war, ii. 390; number of men in the field, 391, 393; distaste for the regular army, 391, 394.

Key, Philip Barton, member of Congress from Maryland, i. 185.

King, Rufus, his supposed opposition to Clinton, ii. 410.

Labouchere, i. 238, 239.

Lambert, Henry, captain of the British frigate “Java,” ii. 385, 386.

Langdon, John, of New Hampshire, nominated for the Vice-Presidency, ii. 214.

Lansdowne, Marquis of, ii. 275.

Lauriston, Marquis de, French ambassador to Russia, i. 418.

Lee, Henry, crippled by Baltimore rioters, ii. 407, 408.

Leib, Michael, senator from Pennsylvania, i. 181, 189, 191; ii. 229, 243; votes against Bank charter, 337; his political capacity, 364.

Licenses of trade, British, i. 59, 64; scandal of, 273; debate on, 274, 275; Canning’s remarks on, 278, 280; Sidmouth’s conditions on, 281; Castlereagh proposes to abandon, 221, 282.

Licenses, Napoleon’s system of, i. 246–249; promised abandonment of, 392, 393; continued issue of, 400; repudiated by Napoleon, 414, 417, 422; municipal character of, ii. 43; their continued issue, 54; extension of, 250.

Lincoln, Levi, declines appointment as justice, i. 359.

Lingan, James Maccubin, killed by Baltimore rioters, ii. 407, 408.

“Little Belt,” British sloop of-war, affair of, i. 25–37, 45, 270.

Livermore, Edward St. Loe, member of Congress from Massachusetts, i. 184.

Liverpool, Lord, on American partiality to France, i. 50; succeeds Castlereagh at the War Department, 263.

Lloyd, James, senator from Massachusetts, ii. 183.

Loan for 1810, i. 178; of 1812, for eleven millions, ii. 169; partial failure of, 207; of 1813, for twenty millions, 433, 448.

Long, Charles, joint paymaster-general of the forces, i. 58.

Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, resists Napoleon’s decrees, i. 146; his interview with Armstrong, 147, 148; threatened by Napoleon, 236, 237, 240; stipulates seizure of American ships, 240, 274; abdicates, 242.

Louisiana, government offered to Monroe, i. 162; proposed as a kingdom for the French Bourbons, 239; admitted into the Union, 323–326; ii. 235.

Lowndes, William, member of Congress from South Carolina, ii. 122, 164; his hostility to non-importation, 205, 234, 445, 448; opposes compromise of forfeitures, 442.

Lyon, Matthew, member of Congress from Kentucky, i. 358.

McArthur, Duncan, colonel of Ohio militia, ii. 298, 326, 328, 332, 334.

“Macedonian,” British frigate, capture of, ii. 382, 383.

McKee, John, ii. 237.

Macon, Nathaniel, member of Congress from North Carolina, votes with Federalists, i. 182; his bill for excluding British and French shipping, 183, 184; bill defeated by Senate, 185, 191, 193; Samuel Smith’s motives for defeating, 185–188, 192, 193; his bill No. 2, 194, 195; adopted by Congress, 197, 198; his remark on manufacturing influence, 197; his speech on reducing the army and navy in 1810, 201; his bill admitting the State of Louisiana, with West Florida, into the Union, 323–326; not candidate for speaker, ii. 123, 124; his account of the opinions prevailing at Washington, 129; supports war, 145; his remark on France and England, 196.

Madison, James, inauguration of, i. 1; his inaugural address, 2, 3, 4; offers the Treasury to Robert Smith, 7, 379; appoints Robert Smith Secretary of State, 8; his Cabinet, 9, 10; nominates J. Q. Adams to Russia, 11; his letter to Erskine accepting settlement of the “Chesapeake affair,” 68–70, 89; issues proclamation renewing intercourse with England, 73, 74; his views of the change in British policy, 75, 76, 81, 83; his message of May 23, 1809, 76, 77; his popularity, 80, 85, 86; on the disavowal of Erskine’s arrangement, 112; revives non-intercourse against England, 114; his negotiation with F. J. Jackson, 117, 122–132; described by Jackson, 120; his message of Nov. 29, 1809, 176, 177; special message of Jan. 3, 1810, asking for volunteers, 179; his opinions of Samuel and Robert Smith, 186; dissensions in his cabinet, 188; remarks on the experiment of unrestricted commerce, 210, 211; his reply to Napoleon’s note on the right of search and blockade, 250; his anger at Napoleon’s confiscations, 292; his instructions of June 5, 1810, to Armstrong on Champagny’s reprisals, 293, 294; his devotion to commercial restrictions, 293, 295; his instructions of July 5, 1810, to Armstrong requiring indemnity, 295, 296, 297, 299; his decision to accept the conditions of Champagny’s letter of August 5, 296–301; revives non-intercourse against Great Britain, 303, 304; takes military possession of West Florida, 308–312, 318; his supposed character, 310; his annual message of Dec. 5, 1810, 314, 317–319; asks authority to take possession of East Florida, 327; appoints commissioners for East Florida, 327; decides to enforce the non-intercourse against Great Britain, 347; his doubts regarding Napoleon’s folly, 350; his irritation at Smith’s proposed inquiry from Serurier, 350, 351; offers the State Department to Monroe, 366, 372, 374; his parting interview with Robert Smith, 375–377; his anger with Smith, 378; his translation of _bien entendu_, 387, 388; his success in maintaining his own system in the Cabinet, ii. 61, 62; his discontent with Napoleon’s conduct, 63, 64, 125, 187, 218, 224; his orders to maintain peace with the northwestern Indians, 88, 93; his attitude toward war with England, 118, 125, 129, 131, 175, 196, 197, 213; his annual message of Nov. 5, 1811, 124; entertains Crillon, 179, 185; his message communicating Henry’s papers, 181; his embargo message, 193, 198, 199; his comments on the conduct of the Senate, 203; sustains non-importation, 205; renominated for the presidency, 214; perplexed by the French decrees, 218; his letter to Barlow threatening war on France, 218, 259; his view of the “immediate impulse” to war with England, 220, 226; his war message, 221–226; signs declaration of war, and visits departments, 229; his measures regarding East Florida, 237, 239, 241, 243; his remarks on Napoleon’s Russian campaign, 265; his remarks in August, 1812, on the Canadian campaign, 337; re-elected President, 413; wishes Monroe to command western army, 419, 420, 425; his annual message of 1812, 430–433.

Maguaga, battle of, ii. 325.

Malden, British trading post on the Detroit River, ii. 73, 80, 85, 300; to be besieged by Hull, 303, 314; British force at, 312, 313.

Manufactures, growth of, in 1809–1810, i. 15–19; political influence of, 197; protection of, 319.

Maret, Hugues Bernard, Duc de Bassano, Napoleon’s secretary, i. 143; succeeds Champagny as Minister of Foreign Affairs, 401; his report to Napoleon of March 10, 1812, ii. 216, 253; his negotiation with Joel Barlow, 248–263; his instructions to Serurier of October, 1811, on the revocation of the Decrees, 248, 249; communicates Decree of St. Cloud to Barlow and Serurier, 255–257; his instructions to Dalberg, 260; invites Barlow to Wilna, 263; dismisses his guests, 264.

Marmont, Marshall, his story of Decrès, i. 222.

Marshall, Humphrey, on W. H. Harrison, ii. 107.

Maryland, her electoral vote, ii. 406, 413.

Massa, Duc de, letter from, i. 347.

Massachusetts, election of 1809, i. 12; tonnage of, 15; manufactures of, 17–19; resolutions of legislature regarding F. J. Jackson, 214; election of, 1810, 215; Republican control of, in 1810 and 1811, ii. 115; Federalists recover control of, in 1812, 204; gives trouble to Dearborn, 305; refuses to obey call for militia, 309; temper of, 397–401, 409; Federalist majority in the Congressional elections of 1812, 413.

Massassinway, council at, ii. 111.

Matthews, George, appointed commissioner to take possession of East Florida, ii. 237; his proceedings, 238–240; disavowed, 240–242.

Mecklenburg, Grand Duchy of, closes its ports to American commerce, i. 413.

“Melampus,” British frigate, ii. 25.

Merry, Anthony, i. 118, 119, 120, 121.

Message, first annual of President Madison, May 23, 1809, i. 76; annual, of Nov. 29, 1809, 176–178; special, of Jan. 3, 1810, asking for volunteers, 179; annual, of Dec. 5, 1810, 317–319; special, of Feb. 19, 1811, on the revocation of the French decrees, 347, 348; annual, of Nov. 5, 1811, ii. 124–126; special, of March 9, 1812, communicating John Henry’s papers, 181; special, of April 1, 1812, recommending an embargo for sixty days, 198; of April 24, 1812, asking for two Assistant Secretaries of War, 206; of June 1, 1812, recommending a declaration of war with England, 221–226; annual, of Nov. 4, 1812, 430–433.

Michigan territory, population in 1810, i. 289.

Michillimackinaw, Island of, ii. 294; captured by British expedition, 314, 320.

Militia, constitutional power of Congress over, ii. 159, 160, 400; Cheves’s opinion on the war power, 160; act authorizing call for one hundred thousand, 204, 390; refuses to cross the frontier, 351, 352, 360; of Kentucky, 391, 393.

Miller, James, Lieutenant-Colonel of Fourth U. S. Infantry, at Detroit, ii. 326, 328.

Mitchell, D. B., Governor of Georgia, ii. 242.

Mobile, ii. 236.

Monroe, James, Madison’s advances to, i. 159, 161, 162; his state of mind, 162; offered the State Department, 366; his acceptance and policy, 368–374; takes charge, 380; Secretary of State, April 1, 1811, ii. 50; his sensitiveness about the title to West Florida, 38; his reply to Foster’s protest against the seizure of Florida, 38, 39; blames Jonathan Russell for questioning the revocation of the French decrees, 42; asserts the revocation of the French decrees, 42, 43; abandons task of reconciliation with England, 44; requires revocation of the Orders in Council, 45; delays Barlow’s departure, 50; his remonstrances to Serurier about Napoleon’s conduct, 51, 54, 188, 189, 194, 195, 200, 217; his remarks on protection accorded to commerce, 58; his acceptance of Madison’s policy, 59–61; affirms to Foster the repeal of Napoleon’s decrees, 65; his letter of June 13, 1812, to John Taylor, of Caroline, 66; his language to Serurier, in October, 1811, 120; informs Serurier, in November, of executive plan, 129; agrees to assist the independence of Spanish America, 130; negotiates purchase of Henry’s papers, 178–180; his remarks to Foster on Wellesley’s instructions, 192; his conference with House Committee of Foreign Relations, March 31, 1812, 197; his remarks on the embargo, 199, 200, 202; his relations toward Matthews and the occupation of East Florida, 238, 240, 241, 242; his criticisms on the conduct of the war, 396, 397; assures Serurier he will not negotiate for peace, 415; proposes to negotiate, 416; proposes to take a military commission, 419, 420; hesitates between civil or military control of the war, 421–423; becomes acting Secretary of War, 423; excites jealousy, 424, 425; abandons military career, 425, 426; offers to prohibit the employment of foreign seamen, 451.

“Moniteur,” The, ii. 253.

Montalivet, Comte de, Napoleon’s Minister of the Interior, i. 221; his efforts for American commerce, 223, 224.

Moore, Sir John, his Spanish campaign, i. 26, 47, 48.

Morier, J. P., British chargé at Washington, i. 219; his protest against the seizure of West Florida, 315.

Mountmorris, Lord, i. 265.

Napoleon, his Spanish campaign, i. 22–28; his severity toward American commerce, 30–32; withholds Florida, 32, 33; his causes for rupture with the United States, 39, 40; his war with Austria in 1809, 106, 134; learns the repeal of the embargo and of the British Orders, 136; his first reply to Armstrong’s communication, 137; drafts Decree withdrawing the Milan Decree, 139; cause of his hesitation, 140, 141; lays aside his repealing Decree, 141; his draft of Vienna Decree of August 4, 1809, 143, 144, 230, 233, 236; his view of the right of search, 137, 145, 149; quarrels with his brother Louis, 146, 147; his increased severity toward the United States, 150–152, 220; calls a Cabinet council on commerce, Dec. 19, 1809, 220, 221; discussions with Montalivet, 221, 223; his note to Gaudin on American ships, 224; his want of money, 225, 226, 237; calls for a report from Champagny, Jan. 10, 1810, 226, 227; his dislike for Armstrong, 228, 229; his condition for the revocation of his Decrees, 229; his draft of note asserting retaliation on the Non-intercourse Act, 230, 231; his reply to Armstrong’s remonstrances, 234, 235; his memory, 235; his decree of Rambouillet, 236; his threats of annexing Holland, 238, 246; his annexation of Holland, 241, 242; his reflections on Macon’s act, 244, 245; his license system, 246; his instructions to Champagny ordering announcement that the Decrees will be withdrawn, 253; dictates letter of August 5, 1810, 253; his idea of a trap, 257, 383; his instructions of Dec. 13, 1810, on the non-intercourse and the Floridas, 384; on commercial liberties, 386; his address of March 17, 1811, to the deputies of the Hanse Towns, 396, 397; his address of March 24, 1811, to the Paris merchants, 398, 399, 420; appoints Maret in place of Champagny, 401; orders a report on American commerce, 402, 403; admits American cargoes, May 4, 1811, 404; his instruction of August 28, 1811, about Spanish America and Florida, 407, 408; his rupture with Russia and Sweden, 408–427; his order of May 4, 1811, opening his ports to American commerce, ii. 44, 59; probable amount of his spoliations, 247; his restrictions on American commerce, 247; goes to Holland, Sept. 19, 1811, 248; his interview with Joel Barlow, 249; his extension of the license system in January, 1812, 250; his seizure of Swedish Pomerania, 251, 252; his decree of St. Cloud, April 28, 1811, 255, 256; his departure for Poland, May 9, 1812, 258; enters Russia, 259, 288; his battle at Borodino, Sept. 7, 1812, 263; enters Moscow, Sept. 15, 1812, 263; begins his retreat, 264; his passage of the Beresina, 264; his return to Paris, December, 1812, 265.

“National Intelligencer” on renewal of intercourse with Great Britain, i. 75; on Erskine’s disavowal, 109, 110; Joel Barlow’s letter in, 299.

“Nautilus,” sloop-of-war, captured, ii. 369, 386.

Navigation Act, moved by Macon, i. 183.

Navy, in 1809, i. 168, 169; reductions in 1810, 200–207; opposed by Republican party, ii. 162; increase refused by Congress in January, 1812, 164; condition of, in June, 1812, 363, 364; distribution of, in September, 1812, 377, 378; movements and battles of, in 1812, 362–387; increase of, 436, 449. (See “Constitution,” “President,” “United States,” “Constellation,” “Chesapeake,” “Congress,” “Essex,” “Adams,” “Wasp,” “Hornet,” “Argus,” “Syren,” “Nautilus.”)

Nelson, Roger, member of Congress from Maryland, i. 202, 203.

New Hampshire, becomes Federalist in 1809, i. 13.

New Orleans, i. 170.

“New Orleans packet,” seized under the Berlin and Milan Decrees, ii. 8; by a “municipal operation,” 42, 43.

New York city, described by F. J. Jackson, i. 213; population in 1810, 289.

New York State, election of 1809, i. 13; banking mania in, ii. 208; election in May, 1812, 209; nominates De Witt Clinton to the presidency, 215; recruiting in, 305.

Niagara, military importance of, ii. 304, 310; force at, 311, 320, 341, 344; force raised to six thousand men, 345; Van Rensselaer’s campaign at, 346–353; Alexander Smyth’s campaign at, 353–358; sickness of troops at, 359.

Niagara, Fort. (See Fort Niagara.)

Nicholas, Wilson Cary, member of Congress from Virginia, on the appointment of Gallatin as Secretary of State, i. 4, 5, 6; resigns from Congress, 76.

Non-intercourse, list of measures, i. 194.

Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, its effect on commerce, i. 35, 36; English view of, 62; affected by Erskine’s arrangement, 80, 88, 90; revived by Erskine’s disavowal, 111, 114, 115; communicated to Napoleon, 135; communication denied by Napoleon, 232, 234, 235, 254; Champagny’s complaints of, 140; Napoleon’s retaliation on, 143, 150, 151, 230, 232, 254, 255; its mischievous effects in America, 164, 165, 166, 178, 184; about to expire, 183; suspended, 195–198, 210; revived by proclamation of Nov. 2, 1810, 302, 303, 304.

Non-intercourse Act of May 1, 1810, its passage, i. 194–198, 274; its effect on Napoleon, 220, 244, 255; its effect in England, 273–276; its condition precedent to reviving non-intercourse, 297; creates a contract, 342, 395, 396.

Non-intercourse Act of March 2, 1811, reviving act of March 1, 1809, moved by Eppes, Jan. 15, 1811, i. 338; decided upon, 347; amended, 351; reported, 352; passed, 354, 391; its effect on Napoleon, 393, 394, 400, 404; Foster’s instructions on the, ii. 23; his protest against, 39; his threat of retaliation, 44, 124; not noticed by Napoleon, 56; an intolerable burden to the United States, 140; efforts to suspend, 205, 230–234, 447; not retaliated by England, 270; forfeitures under, 438–443; Calhoun on, 444; bill for stricter enforcement of, 448.

Ocaña, battle at, i. 268.

Ohio, population in 1810, i. 289.

Olmstead, Gideon, case of, i. 13.

Ontario, Lake, armaments on, ii. 342, 344.

Order in Council, of January, 1807, called Howick’s, i. 112, 278; of November, 1807, possible alterations in, 42; Order of Dec. 21, 1808, suspending export duties on foreign produce, 43, 44; further relaxations proposed, 45; their effect on English trade, 46; asserted by Canning not to have caused the embargo, 51; Canning’s conditions of repealing, 53, 54, 56, 70–73, 90, 94, 101, 102; Grenville and Sidmouth’s language regarding, 59, 60; debate on, March 6, 1809, 60–62; Order of April 26, 1809, establishing a general blockade in place of the Orders of November, 1807, 63, 64, 65, 81, 103, 113, 126, 152; Erskine’s arrangement withdrawing, 70–73; disavowal of Erskine’s arrangement, 87–95, 109–113; Order of May 24, 1809, repudiating Erskine’s arrangement, and protecting vessels sailing under it, 93, 95; Canning’s instructions of July 1, 1809, to F. J. Jackson, on, 101–105; issue chosen by Madison and Monroe, ii. 39, 40, 45, 121, 188; conditions of repeal, 124, 220; enforced by British prize-courts, 118, 124, 267; alleged as Madison’s fourth complaint, 222; revocation promised by Prince Regent on formal revocation of French decrees, 254, 282; popular agitation against, 271, 281, 283; debate of Feb. 28, 1811, in House of Lords, 275; debate of March 3 in House of Commons, 276; Rose’s definition of, 276, 283; Canning’s remarks on, 277, 278; Perceval’s account of, 279; ministers grant a committee on, 283, 284; suspension of, June 16, 1812, 286, 287, 403; suspension not satisfactory to the President, 404; repeal susceptible of satisfactory explanations, 431.

Otis, Harrison Gray, ii. 402; supports Clinton, 410.

Ouvrard, Gabriel Julien, i. 239.

Papenberg, i. 165.

Parliament, debates on the Orders in Council, i. 49–52, 58–62; on the Duke of York, 57, 58; passes the Regency bill, ii. 13, 14; meets Jan. 7, 1812, 270; debates in, 270–280; orders a committee of inquiry into the Orders in Council, 282, 284.

Parsons, Theophilus, chief-justice of Massachusetts, his opinion on the power of a State over its militia, ii. 400.

Pennsylvania, resists mandate of Supreme Court, i. 13; decides presidential election of 1812, ii. 412.

Perceval, Spencer, Chancellor of the Exchequer, his relaxations of the Orders in Council, i. 42, 45, 63; decline of his authority in 1809, 57, 58, 62, 63; his difficulties with Canning and Castlereagh, i. 107; becomes First Lord of the Treasury, 263; invites Wellesley into the Cabinet, 267; Wellesley’s opinion of, 281, 282, 283; prime minister of England, becomes ruler after the insanity of George III., ii. 2, 3; retained as prime minister by the Prince Regent, 14; his indifference to Wellesley’s advice, 268; his remarks on an American war, 271; his persistence in the system of commercial restriction, 272; his remarks on licenses, 274; his silence towards Canning, 280; his bargain for Sidmouth’s support, 281; concedes a committee on the Orders in Council, 283; his assassination, 284.

Petry, M., i. 228, 229.

Philadelphia, population of, in 1810, i. 289.

Phillimore, Dr. Joseph, his pamphlets on the license system, ii. 274.

Piankeshaw Indians, ii. 71, 75.

Pickering, Timothy, senator from Massachusetts, his toast at Jackson’s dinner, i. 217; his speech on the occupation of West Florida, 321, 322; loses his seat in the Senate, ii. 116; his attempt to call a State convention in 1812, 402.

Pinckney, Thomas, appointed major-general, ii. 290.

Pinkney, William, United States minister in London, his reply, Dec. 28, 1808, to Canning’s first advance, i. 43, 44, 45; his reception of Canning’s further advances, 49, 51, 52; opinion attributed to, by Canning, 54; his pleasure at the Order of April 26, 1809, 63, 64; his opinion of Francis James Jackson, 96; his intimacy with Wellesley, 270, 275; his reports of Wellesley’s intentions, 271; inquires whether Fox’s blockade is in force, 277–280; notifies Wellesley of Champagny’s letter of Aug. 5, 1810, 286; his republican insolence, 287; demands repeal of the Orders, Nov. 3, 1811, ii. 3; his argument that the French Decrees were revoked and that Fox’s blockade was illegal, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11; his definition of blockade, 10; his demand for an audience of leave, 12, 15; his hesitation, 16; his note of Feb. 17, 1811, to Wellesley, 17; insists on “an inamicable leave,” 18, 20; his final audience, 19, 20; his character as minister, 20, 21; sails for America, 21; appointed Attorney-General, 429.

Pitkin, Timothy, member of Congress from Connecticut, votes for war measures, ii. 147.

Pitt, William, his patronage of young men, i. 264, 265.

Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain, military force at, ii. 344; Dearborn’s campaign from, 360.

Poland, i. 257.

Population of the United States in 1810, i. 289.

Porter, David, captain in U. S. navy, commands “Essex,” ii. 377; captures “Alert,” 377; returns to port, 378; sails again, 384.

Porter, Peter Buell, member of Congress from New York, ii. 122; on Committee of Foreign Relations, 124, 128; his report favoring war, 133–136; his war speech, 136; favors small army, 151; asks for provisional army, 165; introduces embargo bill, 201; calls for volunteers, 355; charges General Smyth with cowardice, 358; his duel with Smyth, 358.

Portland, Duke of, his death, i. 107.

Pottawatomies, charged by Tecumthe with bad conduct, ii. 111, 112.

Potter, Elisha, member of Congress from Rhode Island, i. 167; ii. 447.

“President,” American 44-gun frigate, ordered to sea, May 6, 1811, ii. 25, 26; chases a British war-vessel, 27; fires into the “Little Belt,” 30; at New York, 363, 365; goes to sea, 366; cruise of, 366, 368; returns to Boston, 375, 378; sails again, 381; returns to Boston, Dec. 31, 1812, 381.

Previous question, the rule of, adopted, i. 353–356; denounced by Stanford, ii. 146.

Prevost, Sir George, governor general of Canada, ii. 317; his report on the lukewarm and temporizing spirit in Upper Canada, 318, 319; negotiates armistice with Dearborn, 323; his military superiority in August, 1812, 338, 339.

Prince Regent. (See George, Prince of Wales.)

Proclamation of July 2, 1807, on the “Chesapeake” affair, i. 31; of April 19, 1809, renewing intercourse with Great Britain, 73, 115; of Aug. 9, 1809, reviving the Non-intercourse Act against Great Britain, 114, 115; of Nov. 2, 1810, reviving the non-intercourse against Great Britain, 302, 303, 304, 338, 400; of Oct. 27, 1810, ordering the military occupation of West Florida, 310, 311; of November 2, 1810, announcing the repeal of the French Decrees, ii. 4, 56; of William Hull on invading Canada, 303, 320; of Isaac Brock in reply to Hull, 320.

Proctor, Henry, Colonel of the Forty-first British Infantry, arrives at Malden, ii. 314; disapproves Brock’s measures, 330.

Prophet, the Shawnee, begins Indian movement at Greenville, ii. 78; removes to Tippecanoe Creek, 79; his talk with Gov. Harrison in August, 1808, 80; charged with beginning hostilities, 95; sends Indians to Harrison, 97, 100; blamed for the affair at Tippecanoe, 108.

Prussia, spoliations by, i. 226; closes ports to American vessels, 413, 416.

Queenston, battle at, ii. 349–352.

Quincy, Josiah, member of Congress from Massachusetts declares the admission of Louisiana a virtual dissolution of the Union, i. 325, 326; votes for war-measures, ii. 147, 152; gives warning of embargo, 201; moves that the war-debate be public, 227; opposes enlistment of minors, 435; opposes forfeitures, 443.

Rambouillet, decree of. (See Decrees.)

Randolph, John, his remarks on Jefferson, i. 78; on Erskine’s arrangement, 79; on Madison’s message, 177; his attempt to reduce expenditures in 1810, 199–207; on the incapacity of government, 209; on the contract with Napoleon, 344, 345; his quarrel with Eppes, 352; denounces the previous question, 353; his remarks on President and Cabinet, February, 1811, 360, 361; supports the Bank charter, 362; his opinion of “the cabal,” 363, 364; his quarrel with Monroe, 367; his report on slavery in Indiana, ii. 76; replies to Grundy on war, 142, 145; ridicules army bill, 153; declares war impossible, 202; his comments on Eustis and Hamilton, 206; his remarks on war, 211; criticises Gallatin, 446.

Regiments. (See Army.)

Remusat, Mme. de, i. 235.

Revenue. (See Finances.)

Rhea, John, member of Congress from Tennessee, on the annexation of West Florida to Louisiana, i. 324; asserts contract with Napoleon, 343.

Richardson, Lieutenant of Canadian militia, his account of the capture of Detroit, ii. 332.

Rockingham, in New Hampshire, county meeting of, ii. 403, 409.

Rodgers, John, captain in the United States navy, ordered to sea in the “President,” May 6, 1811, ii. 25; chases the “Little Belt,” 26, 27; mistakes the “Little Belt” for the “Guerriere,” 29, 30; his action with the “Little Belt,” 28–36; his orders in June, 1812, 363, 365, 367, 368; chases the “Belvidera,” 366; arrives with his squadron at Boston, 375; sails again with squadron, 378, 381; returns, Dec. 31, 1812, 381.

Rodney, Cæsar A., his report on slavery in Indiana, ii. 76; resigns attorney-generalship, 429.

Rose, George, on the Orders in Council, ii. 276, 277, 281, 283; yields to an inquiry, 283.

Rose, George Henry, i. 95, 112–116.

Roumanzoff, Count Nicholas, chancellor of the Russian empire, his language about Austria, i. 134; declines to interfere in Danish spoliations, 409, 410, 411; declines to release vessels at Archangel, 415; protests against ukase, 418.

Rovigo, Duc de. (See Savary.)

Rule of 1756, Canning’s demand for express recognition of, i. 53, 55, 72, 104.

Rush, Richard, comptroller of the Treasury, ii. 229.

Russell, Jonathan, charged with legation at Paris, i. 260, 380; his reports on the revocation of the Decrees, 381–395; blamed by Monroe for questioning the revocation of the French Decrees, ii. 42; blamed by Serurier for his tone, 53; sent as chargé to the legation at London, 252, 282; asks proofs that the French Decrees are repealed, 252; his reports from London, 283.

Russia, mission to, declared inexpedient, i. 11; minister to, appointed, 86; her rupture with France in 1811, 385, 398, 399, 412–423.

Ryland, Herman W., secretary to Sir James Craig, i. 86.

Sackett’s Harbor, military importance of, ii. 342, 343.

Saint Mary’s River, i. 165.

Salt duty, repeal of, ii. 149, 150; to be re-enacted, 157, 166, 167.

Sandwich, opposite Detroit, ii. 302.

Savary, Duc de Rovigo, i. 241.

Sawyer, British Vice-admiral, ii. 368.

Sawyer, Lemuel, member of Congress from North Carolina, i. 184.

Scheldt, British expedition to, i. 107.

Schooner, the swiftest sailer in the world, ii. 48.

Scott, Sir William, decides the French Decrees to be still in force, ii. 267.

Scott, Winfield, captain of artillery in 1808, ii. 292; his description of the army, 292; lieutenant-colonel at Queenston Heights, 351; surrenders, 352.

Seamen, foreign, in the American service, ii. 455–457.

Search, right of, as understood by Napoleon, i. 137, 145.

Seaver, Ebenezer, member of Congress from Massachusetts, ii. 400.

Sedition Law, the, ii. 146.

Semonville, Comte de, his official address, i. 382, 388; ii. 8.

Serurier, succeeds Turreau as French minister at Washington, i. 345, 346; his first interview with Robert Smith, 346; reports the government decided to enforce non-intercourse against Great Britain, 347; his estimates of Gallatin and Robert Smith, ii. 46–50; the crisis of his fortune, 52; reports Monroe’s anger at Napoleon’s conduct, 51, 53, 54, 57; remonstrates at Barlow’s delay, 55; his letter of July 19, 1811, on the repeal of Napoleon’s Decrees, 60; his report of Monroe’s and Madison’s remarks on Napoleon’s arrangements, July, 1811, 63, 64; his report of Madison’s warlike plans in November, 1811, 129, 130; his reports on Crillon and John Henry’s papers, 178–181; his report of Madison’s language on the French spoliations, 187; his report of Monroe’s language regarding the repeal of the French Decrees, 188, 189, 194, 195; his report of Monroe’s remarks on the embargo and war, 200; remonstrates against suspension of the Non-importation Act, 205; his remarks on the failure of the loan, 208; his report of angry feeling against France, 217; his report of Monroe’s complaints in June, 1812, 231; his report of Monroe’s language about the occupation of East Florida, 241; his report of Monroe’s language about negotiation for peace, 415, 416.

“Shannon,” British frigate, ii. 368; chases “Constitution,” 370.

Sheaffe, R. H., Major-General of the British army in Canada, ii. 349, 351.

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, i. 265.

Shipping, its prosperity in 1809–1810, i. 15, 290; protection of, 319.

Short, William, i. 11.

Sidmouth, Lord, speech on the Orders in Council, i. 59; his weariness of the Orders, 282, 283; enters Cabinet, ii. 281.

Slavery in Indiana, ii. 75–77.

Sloops-of-War, in the U. S. navy, act of Congress for building six, ii. 449. (See “Wasp,” “Hornet,” “Argus,” “Syren,” “Nautilus.”)

Smilie, John, member of congress from Pennsylvania, i. 204.

Smith, John Spear, chargé in London, ii. 21, 267.

Smith, Robert, offered the Treasury Department, i. 7, 379; becomes Secretary of State, 8, 10; his language about war with France, 35; his letter to Erskine accepting settlement of the “Chesapeake Affair,” 68, 69, 89; his replies to Canning’s three conditions, 71–73; his remarks to Turreau on Jefferson’s weakness and indiscretions, 84; introduces F. J. Jackson to the president, 120; his interviews with Jackson, 122–124, 126; his incompetence, 159; Madison’s resentment of his conduct on Macon’s bill, 186, 187; his supposed quarrels in the Cabinet, 188; opposed to Madison’s course toward France, 296, 297, 366, 374, 375, 378; notifies Turreau of the President’s intention to revive the non-intercourse against England, 302, 303; explains to Turreau the occupation of West Florida, 313; his first interviews with Serurier, 346, 347; irritates Madison by questioning Serurier, 350; his abilities, 363, 376; his removal from the State Department, 375–377; his Address to the People, 378; his retort against Madison, 379; Serurier’s estimate of, ii. 46–50; his remark about American schooners, 48; his comments on Jefferson, Madison, and Clinton, 48; his pamphlet reveals secrets annoying to Madison, 54.

Smith, Samuel, senator from Maryland, defeats Gallatin’s appointment as Secretary of State, i. 4–7; his quarrel with Gallatin, 10, 11; votes for mission to Russia, 11; re-elected to the Senate, 159; his support of Giles, 180; defeats Macon’s bill, 185, 192, 193; his motives, 185, 186, 187, 192; reports bill of his own, 197, 198; moves censure of Pickering, 322; his speech on the Bank Charter, 335, 336; his abilities, 363; opposes every financial proposal, 234; votes against occupying East Florida, 243.

Smyth, Alexander, inspector-general of U. S. army, with rank of brigadier, ii. 353; arrives at Buffalo with brigade, 346; his disagreement with Van Rensselaer, 346, 348; ordered to take command, 353; his Niagara campaign, 354–358; dropped from the army-roll, 358.

Snyder, Simon, governor of Pennsylvania, i. 13.

Spain, Napoleon’s and Moore’s campaigns in, i. 22–28; Wellesley’s campaigns in, 268.

Spanish America, Napoleon’s policy toward, i. 32, 33, 384, 385, 407; Jefferson’s wishes regarding, 37, 38; Madison’s policy towards, 38, 39, 305–315; Spencer Perceval’s policy toward, 269, 283, 284; movements for independence in, 305.

Specie in the United States in 1810, i. 330.

Spoliations by Napoleon, i. 30, 151, 152, 220, 255; value of, 242, 243; Madison’s anger at, 292; Madison’s demand for indemnity, 295, 296; their municipal character, 299; their justification as reprisals, 230, 232, 234, 237, 254, 258, 259, 388, 391, 396; in Denmark, 409, 411; not matter of discussion, ii. 54, 125; Madison’s language regarding, 187; Monroe’s language regarding, 188, 189; new, reported in March, 1812, 193, 224, 251, in June, 231; probable value of, 247.

Stanford, Richard, member of Congress from North Carolina, i. 182; his retort on Calhoun, ii. 144; his speech on war, 146.

Stanley, Lord, ii. 283.

Steamboat, i. 215, 216.

Stephen, James, his speech of March 6, 1809, i. 60, 65; his remarks on Erskine’s arrangement, 98; on the Orders, ii. 276; yields to a parliamentary inquiry, 284.

Story, Joseph, retires from Congress, i. 76; obnoxious to Jefferson, 359.

Strong, Caleb, re-elected governor of Massachusetts in April, 1812, ii. 204; his Fast Proclamation, 399; declines to obey call for militia, 400; calls out three companies, 400.

Sumter, Thomas, appointed minister to Brazil, i. 11.

Sweden, Bernadotte, Prince of, i. 424; his rupture with Napoleon, 425, 426; Napoleon declares war on, ii. 251.

Swedish Pomerania, i. 425.

“Syren,” sloop-of-war, ii. 378.

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, his letter of Dec. 21, 1804; i. 321; on the boundaries of Louisiana, 321, 322.

Taxes, war, ii. 157, 165, 166; postponed, 168, 204; reported June 26, 1812, 235; postponed by Congress, 235, 444; bill for, 447.

Taylor, John, member of Congress from South Carolina, author of Macon’s bill No. 2, i. 194; his speech, 195, 196; introduces Bank charter, 208.

Taylor, John, of Caroline, his advice to Monroe, i. 369, 370; Monroe’s letter to, June 13, 1812, ii. 66; his remarks on the presidential election of 1812, 414, 417.

Tazewell, Littleton Waller, i. 161.

Tecumthe, or Tecumseh, his origin, ii. 78; his plan of Indian confederation, 78, 79; establishes himself at Tippecanoe, 79; character of his village, 80; joined by the Wyandots, 83; his conference with Harrison, Aug. 12, 1810, 85–88; seizes salt in June, 1811, 90; his talk at Vincennes, July 27, 1811, 91; starts for the Creek country, 92; his account of the affair at Tippecanoe, 105, 109; returns from the Creek country, 108; his reply to British complaints, 109; his speech of May 16, 1812, 111; joins the British at Malden, 329, 330; routs Ohio militia, 315; at the battle of Maguaga, 325; at the capture of Detroit, 332.

Terre aux Bœufs, encampment at, i. 171–175.

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, on Napoleon, i. 225, 226, 236.

“Times,” The London, on the Orders in Council, i. 62; on English apathy towards the United States, ii. 24; on an American war, 287.

Tippecanoe Creek, ii. 68, 79; Indian settlement at, 80; character of, 81; to be a large Indian resort, 91; to be broken up, 92, 94; Harrison’s march on, 97; arrival at, 98; camp at, 101; battle of, 103; characterized by Tecumthe, 105, 109, 111; retreat from, 106; Harrison’s estimate of effect of battle, 107, 108; charged upon England, 140, 143.

Tompkins, D. D., Governor of New York; his prevention of the bank charter, ii. 209.

Toronto. (See York.)

Torpedo, Fulton’s, i. 209.

Totten, Joseph G., captain of engineers, ii. 350, 352.

Towson, Nathan, captain of artillery, ii. 347.

Treaty of Feb. 22, 1819, with Spain, ceding Florida, ii. 237.

Treaties, Indian, of Greenville, Aug. 3, 1795, ii. 79; of Aug. 18, 1804, with the Delaware Indians, ceding land, 75; of Aug. 27, 1804, with the Piankeshaw Indians, ceding land, 75, 77; of Aug. 21, 1805, with the Delawares, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River, and Weas, 75; of Nov. 25, 1808, with the Chippewa, Ottawa, Pottawatomy, Wyandot and Shawanee nations, 82; of Sept. 30, 1809, with the Delawares, Pottawatomies, Miamis, and Eel River Miamis, 83, 85, 87.

Troup, George McIntosh, member of Congress from Georgia, i. 185, 202; on admission of West Florida, 324; his war-speech, ii. 144, 145; votes for frigates, 164.

Turner, Charles, member of Congress from Massachusetts, assaulted in Plymouth, ii. 400, 409.

Turreau, French minister to the United States, his anger with the government in the spring of 1809, i. 33–40; his report on the repeal of the embargo, 34; on the non-importation act, 35; on disunion, 36; on the Spanish colonies, 37; his advice on rupture with the United States, 40; his report of Gallatin’s remarks on renewal of intercourse with Great Britain, 74; his report of Robert Smith’s remarks on Jefferson’s weakness and indiscretions, 84; his note of June 14, 1809, remonstrating at the unfriendly conduct of the United States, 84; his recall ordered by Napoleon, 226; his successor arrives, 345, 346.

Ukase, Imperial, of Dec. 19, 1810, i. 418, 419.

Union, dissolution of, a delicate topic, i. 14; a cause of repealing the embargo, 34; discussed by Turreau, 36; discussed in New England, ii. 403, 409.

United States, population in 1810, i. 289.

“United States,” 44-gun frigate, ii. 363; first cruise of, in 1812, 366, 375; at Boston, 378; second cruise of, 381; captures the “Macedonian,” 382, 383.

University, national, i. 319.

Van Buren, Martin, his support of De Witt Clinton, ii. 409, 413.

Van Rensselaer, Solomon, colonel of New York militia, commands attack on Queenston, ii. 348.

Van Rensselaer, Stephen, Major-General of New York militia, ordered to take command at Niagara, ii. 321; forwards letter to Hull, 324; his force, Aug. 19, 1812, 341; his alarming position, 342, 343; his force, Sept. 15, 344; expected to invade Canada with six thousand men, 345; his attack on Queenston, 346, 347–353; retires from command, 353; Monroe’s opinion of, 396; Jefferson’s comment on, 398.

Varnum, Joseph B., of Massachusetts, re-elected speaker, i. 76; his rulings on the previous question, 353; elected senator, ii. 116.

Vermilion River, Indian boundary, ii. 97, 98.

Vienna, Napoleon’s draft for a decree of, i. 143, 144, 150, 152.

Vincennes, territorial capital of Indiana, ii. 68, 71, 79; the Shawnee prophet’s talk at, 80; Tecumthe’s talks at, 85, 91; citizens’ meeting at, 92; Indian deputation at, 108; panic at, 110.

Virginia creates manufactures in New England, i. 19, 20; apathy of, toward the war, ii. 413, 414.

“Vixen,” sloop-of-war, captured, ii. 386.

Wabash, valley of, ii. 67, 68, 75, 77; Harrison’s land purchase in, 83; war imminent in, 85.

Wadsworth, William, Brigadier-General of New York militia, ii. 351; surrenders at Queenston, 352.

Wagner, Jacob, editor of the “Federal Republican,” ii. 406, 407.

Wales, Prince of. (See George, Prince of Wales.)

War, declared by Monroe to be nearly decided in November, 1811, ii. 130; recommended by House Committee of Foreign Relations, Nov. 29, 1811, 133–136; its objects explained by Peter B. Porter, 136; its effects discussed by Felix Grundy, 138, 141; Grundy’s account of its causes, 139, 140; Macon’s view of its object, 145; war-taxes (see Finance), war-power (see Militia), department of, its incompetence, 168 (see Eustis;) Monroe’s remarks on, 190; Madison’s message recommending, 221–226; expediency of, 223; Madison’s recapitulation of causes, 220–223; Calhoun’s report on causes, 226; Calhoun’s bill for, adopted by the House, 228; by the Senate, 228, 229; and signed by the President, 229; criticisms on the conduct of, 392–399; opposition to, 398–403; apathy towards, 414; only attainable object of, 418; reasons of continuance, 430–432.

Ward, Robert Plumer, ii. 279.

Washington city, F. J. Jackson’s impressions of, i. 116–119.

Washington, President, expenditures of his administration, i. 200.

“Wasp,” sloop-of-war, ii. 364, 378; her action with the “Frolic,” 379, 380.

Wayne, Fort, ii. 294.

Wea Indians, ii. 71, 75, 87.

Webster, Daniel, his Rockingham Resolutions, ii. 403.

Wellesley, Marquess, his character, i. 264, 265, 269; appointed ambassador to the Supreme Junta, 267; becomes Foreign Secretary, 268; his friendship with Pinkney, 270, 275; his promises, 271; his note on Jackson, 272; his remark on American hatred, 273; his procrastination, 277–280, 285; his contempt for his colleagues, 281, 282; resolves to retire, 285; his reply to Champagny’s letter of August 5, 283; hopes for a Whig ministry in November, 1811, ii. 4; his controversy with Pinkney over the French Decrees and the law of blockade, 5, 6, 9; abandons hope of a Whig ministry, 14; rejects Pinkney’s demands, 14, 15, 18; appoints a minister to Washington, 16; his instructions of April 10, 1811, to the new minister (see Foster), 22, 23; criticises his colleagues for apathy towards America, 24; his instructions to Foster of Jan. 28, 1812, 191, 192; settles the “Chesapeake” affair, 121, 122, 270; urges his colleagues to choose a course, 267, 268; resigns from the cabinet, Jan. 16, 1812, 271.

Wellesley, Sir Arthur, i. 266; fights the battle of Talavera, 106; made a viscount, 264; general-in-chief, 267; retreats, 268.

Wellesley, Henry, i. 264; envoy in Spain, 268; on Perceval’s commercial policy, 283, 284.

Westmoreland, Lord Privy Seal, i. 282.

West Point, school at, i. 319.

Whiskey-tax, rejected, ii. 167.

Whitbread, Samuel, member of Parliament, i. 50; ii. 270.

Widgery, William, member of Congress from Massachusetts, ii. 400.

Wilberforce, William, member of Parliament, ii. 273, 280.

Wilkinson, James, brigadier-general, his movements, i. 37; Gallatin’s remarks on his character, 38; military court of inquiry on, 169; his influence on the army, 169; ordered to New Orleans, 170; his encampment at Terre aux Bœufs, 171–175; summoned to Washington for investigation, 175; senior brigadier, ii. 291.

Williams, David R., not a member of the Eleventh Congress, i. 76; in the Twelfth Congress, ii. 122; chairman of military committee, 124, 435.

Wilna, in Poland, Barlow’s journey to, ii. 263, 264.

Winchester, Joseph, brigadier-general, ii. 291.

Winder, William H., Colonel of Fourteenth Infantry, ii. 357, 359.

Wolcott, Alexander, i. 359, 360.

Wool, John E., Captain of Thirteenth Infantry, gains Queenston Heights, ii. 349, 350.

Woollen manufactures, i. 17.

Wright, Robert, member of Congress from Maryland, his motion on impressments, i. 351, 352; opposes Gallatin’s taxes, ii. 167; his threats against opposition, 213.

York, or Toronto, capital of Upper Canada, ii. 316.

York, Duke of, i. 57, 58, 105.

END OF VOL. II.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Tooke’s Prices, ii. 389, 390.

[2] State Papers, iii. 373.

[3] State Papers, iii. 376.

[4] Instructions of Wellesley to Foster, April 10, 1811; Papers presented to Parliament, February, 1813.

[5] Robert Smith to Pinkney, July 2, 1810; State Papers, iii. 360.

[6] Smith to Pinkney, July 5, 1810; State Papers, iii. 362.

[7] Pinkney to Wellesley, Dec. 10, 1810; State Papers, iii. 376.

[8] Russell to Cadore, Dec. 10, 1810; State Papers, iii. 391.

[9] Wellesley to Pinkney, Dec. 29, 1810; State Papers, iii. 408.

[10] Pinkney to Wellesley, Jan. 14, 1811; State Papers, iii. 409.

[11] Pinkney to Madison, Dec. 17, 1810; Wheaton’s Pinkney, p. 452.

[12] Wellesley to Pinkney, Feb. 11, 1811; State Papers, iii. 412.

[13] Pinkney to Wellesley, Feb. 13, 1811; State Papers, iii. 412.

[14] Pinkney to Wellesley, Feb. 13, 1811; State Papers, iv. 413.

[15] Wellesley to Pinkney, Feb. 15, 1811; State Papers, iii. 413.

[16] Smith to Pinkney, Nov. 15, 1810; State Papers, iii. 375.

[17] Pinkney to Wellesley, Feb. 17,1811; State Papers, iii. 414.

[18] Wellesley to Pinkney, Feb. 23, 1811; State Papers, iii. 415.

[19] Pinkney to Wellesley, Feb. 23, 1811; State Papers, iii. 415.

[20] Pinkney to Robert Smith, March 1, 1811; State Papers, iii. 415.

[21] Wellesley to Foster, April 29, 1811; Papers, etc., 1813, p. 294.

[22] F. J. Jackson to Pickering, April 24, 1811; New England Federalism, p. 382.

[23] Bath Archives, Second Series, i. 219.

[24] Pinkney to Madison, Aug. 13, 1810; Wheaton’s Pinkney, p. 444.

[25] Papers relating to America, _C_, presented to Parliament, February, 1813.

[26] Instruction No. 3; MSS. British Archives.

[27] Instruction No. 8; MSS. British Archives.

[28] Bath Archives, Second Series, i. 221.

[29] Cobbett’s Debates, xxiv. 34.

[30] Secretary Hamilton to Commodore Rodgers, May 6, 1811; MSS. Navy Department Archives.

[31] Secretary Hamilton to Commodore Rodgers, June 9, 1810; MSS. Navy Department Archives.

[32] Rodgers’s Report of May 23, 1811; State Papers, Foreign Affairs, iii. 497.

[33] Niles’s Register, i. 34.

[34] American State Papers, Foreign Affairs, iii. 473.

[35] State Papers, iii, 477.

[36] London Times, Dec. 7, 1811; Palladium, Feb. 18, 1812.

[37] James. Naval Occurrences, p. 97.

[38] Monroe to Foster, July 8, 1811; State Papers iii. 543.

[39] Foster to Wellesley, July 5, 1811; MSS. British Archives.

[40] Foster to Monroe, July 3, 1811; State Papers, iii. 435.

[41] Foster to Wellesley, July 7, 1811; MSS. British Archives.

[42] Monroe to Foster, July 23, 1811; State Papers, iii. 439.

[43] Foster to Wellesley, July 18, 1811; MSS. British Archives.

[44] Serurier to Champagny, No. 5, March 5, 1811. Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[45] Serurier to Champagny, Feb. 17, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[46] Serurier to Champagny, March 26, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[47] Serurier to Champagny, April 5, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[48] Serurier to Maret, June 30, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[49] Serurier to Maret, July 5, 1811; Archives des Aff Étr. MSS.

[50] See vol. v. p. 393.

[51] Serurier to Maret, July 10, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[52] Serurier to Maret, July 20, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[53] Serurier to Monroe, July 19, 1811; MSS. State Department Archives.

[54] Serurier to Maret, July 20, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[55] Serurier to Monroe, July 23, 1811; State Papers, iii. 508.

[56] Serurier to Maret, July 24, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[57] Monroe to Taylor, June 13, 1812; Monroe MSS.

[58] Dawson’s Harrison, p. 8.

[59] Dawson’s Harrison, p. 11.

[60] Dawson’s Harrison, pp. 7, 31, 32.

[61] Life of Lincoln, by Hay and Nicolay, chap. i.

[62] Jefferson to Harrison, Feb. 27, 1803; Works, iv. 471.

[63] Dunn’s Indiana (American Commonwealths), p. 324.

[64] Dillon’s History of Indiana, App. G. p. 617.

[65] Dunn’s Indiana, p. 397.

[66] Treaty of Greenville; State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 562.

[67] Harrison to the Secretary of War, March 22, 1814; Drake’s Tecumseh, p. 161.

[68] Treaty of Nov. 7, 1807; State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 747.

[69] Dawson’s Harrison, p. 106.

[70] Dawson, p. 129.

[71] Eustis to Harrison, July 15, 1809. Indian Affairs, p. 761.

[72] Harrison to the Secretary of War, March 22, 1814; Drake’s Tecumseh, p. 162.

[73] Dawson, p. 142.

[74] Harrison to Eustis, July 4, 1810; Dawson, p. 149. Harrison to Governor Scott, Dec. 13, 1811; Dawson, p. 244. Badollet’s Letters to Gallatin; Gallatin MSS. Dillon’s Indiana, p. 455.

[75] Harrison to Governor Scott of Kentucky, March 10, 1809; Dawson, p. 119.

[76] State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 799.

[77] War Department Archives, MSS.

[78] Dawson, pp. 173, 174.

[79] Dawson’s Harrison, p. 179.

[80] Dawson, p. 190.

[81] Dawson, p. 191.

[82] Dawson, p. 200.

[83] Boyd to Eustis, Dec. 10, 1811; MSS. War Department Records.

[84] Marshall’s Kentucky, ii. 509.

[85] Dawson, p. 195. Cf. McAffee, p. 18.

[86] Harrison to Eustis, Oct. 6, 1811; MSS. War Department Archives.

[87] Dawson, p. 253.

[88] Harrison to Eustis, Oct. 13, 1811; MSS. War Department Archives.

[89] Harrison to Eustis, Nov. 2, 1811; MSS. War Department Archives.

[90] Letter in New England Palladium, Dec. 24, 1811.

[91] Dawson, p. 196.

[92] Dawson, p. 196.

[93] Speech of Captain Charley, July 10, 1814; State Papers, Indian Affairs, i. 830.

[94] Dawson, p. 206.

[95] Harrison to Governor Scott, Dec. 13, 1811; Dawson, p. 244.

[96] McAffee, p. 25. Dawson, p. 206.

[97] Harrison to Eustis, Nov. 18, 1811; State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 776.

[98] Harrison to Eustis, Nov. 18, 1811; State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 776.

[99] Dawson, p. 216.

[100] Dawson, pp. 216, 250.

[101] Dawson, p. 211.

[102] McAffee, p. 28.

[103] Harrison to Eustis, Nov. 18, 1811; State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 776.

[104] See Plan of Camp. Lossing, p. 205.

[105] Lossing, p. 203.

[106] Harrison to Eustis, Nov. 8, 1811; National Intelligencer, Nov. 30, 1811. Niles, i. 255.

[107] William Taylor to ----, Nov. 8, 1811; National Intelligencer, Dec. 7, 1811.

[108] General Return; State Papers, Indian Affairs, i. 779.

[109] Dawson, p. 233.

[110] Dawson, p. 233. Lossing, p. 206, _note_.

[111] Report of Nov. 18, 1811; Niles, i. 304.

[112] Dawson, p. 267.

[113] Lossing, p. 206, _note_.

[114] Marshall’s Kentucky, ii. 507, 521.

[115] Harrison to J. M. Scott, Dec. 2, 1811. Niles, i. 311.

[116] Harrison to Eustis, Dec. 4, 1811; State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 779.

[117] MSS. Canadian Archives. C. 676, p. 147.

[118] J. Rhea to Eustis, March 14, 1812; State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 806.

[119] Dawson, p. 263.

[120] State Papers, Indian Affairs, p. 808.

[121] Dawson, p. 266.

[122] Serurier to Maret, Oct. 23, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[123] Foster to Wellesley, Nov. 5, 1811; MSS. British Archives.

[124] Macon to Nicholson, Nov. 21, 1811; Nicholson MSS.

[125] Annals of Congress, 1811–1812, p. 715.

[126] Serurier to Maret, Nov. 28, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[127] Foster to Wellesley, Nov. 9, 1811; MSS. British Archives.

[128] Foster to Wellesley, Nov. 21, 1811; Papers presented to Parliament in 1813, p. 417.

[129] Foster to Wellesley, Jan. 16, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[130] Foster to Wellesley, Dec. 11, 1811; MSS. British Archives.

[131] Foster to Wellesley, Dec. 11, 1811; MSS. British Archives.

[132] Foster to Wellesley, Jan. 16, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[133] Foster to Wellesley, Feb. 2, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[134] Crillon’s evidence; Annals of Congress, 1811–1812, p. 1222.

[135] Les États Unis il y a quarante ans; Par Caraman. Revue Contemporaine, 31 Août, 1852, p. 26.

[136] Serurier to Maret, May 27, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[137] Serurier to Maret, March 2, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[138] Serurier to Maret, March 2, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[139] Serurier to Maret, March 22, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[140] Serurier to Maret, May 27, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[141] Caraman, p. 28. Revue Contemporaine, 31 août, 1852.

[142] Serurier to Maret, Jan. 2, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[143] Serurier to Maret, March 2, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[144] Foster to Wellesley, March 12, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[145] Foster to Wellesley, April 1, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[146] Papers communicated to Parliament in 1813, p. 314.

[147] Foster to Wellesley, April 1, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[148] Serurier to Maret, March 23, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[149] Macon to Nicholson, March 24, 1812; Nicholson MSS.

[150] Statesman’s Manual, ii. 444, _note_.

[151] Adams’s Gallatin, pp. 457–459.

[152] Speech of John Smilie, April 1, 1812; Annals of Congress, p. 1592. Monroe to Colonel Taylor, June 13, 1812; Monroe MSS.

[153] Speech of John Randolph, April 1, 1812; Annals of Congress, p. 1593.

[154] Speech of John Randolph, April 1, 1812; Annals of Congress, p. 1593.

[155] Foster to Wellesley, April 1, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[156] Foster to Wellesley, April 2, 1812; Papers, 1813, p. 564.

[157] Foster to Wellesley, April 3, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[158] Serurier to Maret, April 9, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[159] Supplemental Journal, April 1, 1812; Annals of Congress, 1811–1812, p. 1588.

[160] Madison to Jefferson, April 24, 1812; Writings, ii. 532.

[161] Serurier to Maret, April 24, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[162] National Intelligencer, April 23, 1812.

[163] Serurier to Maret, May 4, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[164] Message of March 27, 1812; Niles, ii. 39.

[165] Adams’s Gallatin, p. 460, _note_.

[166] Ante, vol. i. pp. 139, 142.

[167] Foster to Castlereagh, May 3, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[168] Papers presented to Parliament, 1813, p. 475.

[169] Serurier to Maret, May 27, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[170] Madison to Jefferson, May 25, 1812; Works ii. 535.

[171] Madison to Barlow, Aug. 11, 1812; Works ii. 540.

[172] Madison to Henry Wheaton, Feb. 26, 1827; Works iii. 553.

[173] Castlereagh to Foster, April 10, 1812; Papers, etc., 1813, p. 511.

[174] Foster to Castlereagh, June 6, 1812; Papers, etc., 1813, p. 577.

[175] Madison to Wheaton, Feb. 26, 1827; Madison’s Works, iii. 553.

[176] Richard Rush to Benjamin Rush, June 20, 1812; Rush MSS.

[177] Serurier to Maret, June 13, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[178] Adams’s Gallatin, p. 466.

[179] Petition of inhabitants; Annals of Congress, 1811–1812, p. 2157.

[180] United States _vs._ Arredondo, 6 Peters, p. 741.

[181] State Papers, Foreign Relations, iv. 617, 623; Diary of J. Q. Adams, Feb. 15, 1819, iv. 254, 255.

[182] Secretary of State to Gen. George Matthews and John McKee, Jan. 26, 1811; State Papers, Foreign Affairs, iii. 571.

[183] Matthews to Monroe, Aug. 3, 1811; Secret Acts, Resolutions, and Instructions under which East Florida was invaded in 1812 and 1813. Washington.

[184] Matthews to Monroe, Oct. 14, 1811; Secret Acts, Resolutions, and Instructions under which East Florida was invaded in 1812 and 1813. Washington.

[185] Niles, ii. 93.

[186] State Papers, Foreign Affairs, iii. 572.

[187] Crawford to Monroe, Aug. 6, 1812; Monroe MSS. State Dep. Archives.

[188] Works, ii. 532.

[189] Serurier to Maret, May 4, 1812; Archives des. Aff. Étr. MSS.

[190] State Papers, iii. 572.

[191] State Papers, iii. 573.

[192] Governor Garzia to Governor Mitchell, Dec. 12, 1812; Niles, iii. 311.

[193] An Act, etc., Annals of Congress; 12th Congress, 1811–1812, Part I. p. 324.

[194] Maret to Serurier, October, 1811; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[195] Barlow to Monroe, Nov. 17, 1812; MSS. State Department Archives.

[196] Notes dictées en conseil, 25 nov. 1811; Correspondance, xxiii. 36.

[197] Note sur le Blocus continental, 13 janvier, 1812; Correspondance, xxiii. 167.

[198] Barlow to Monroe, Dec. 19, 1811; State Papers, Foreign Affairs, iii. 515.

[199] Napoleon to Davoust, Jan. 19, 1812; Correspondance, xxiii. 182.

[200] Napoleon to Davoust, Jan. 19, 1812; Correspondance, p. 194.

[201] Barlow to Russell, March 2, 1812; State Papers, Foreign Affairs, iii. 518.

[202] Barlow to Monroe, March 16, 1812; MSS. State Department Archives.

[203] Barlow to Bassano, May 1, 1812; State Papers, iii. 602.

[204] Barlow to Monroe, May 12, 1812; State Papers, iii. 603.

[205] See _ante_, Vol. v. p. 402.

[206] Maret to Serurier, May 10, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[207] Madison to Barlow, Aug. 11, 1812; Works, ii. 540.

[208] Bassano to Dalberg, 10 August, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[209] Bassano to Dalberg, 10 August, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[210] Dalberg to Bassano, Aug. 11, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[211] Madison to Wheaton, Feb. 26, 1827; Works, iii. 553.

[212] State Papers, iii. 421.

[213] The Courier, Sept. 22, 1812; Letter signed “Vetus.”

[214] Cobbett’s Debates, xxi. 61.

[215] Cobbett’s Debates, xxi. 773.

[216] Reflections, etc.; Letter, etc., February, 1812. By Joseph Phillimore.

[217] Cobbett’s Debates, xxi. 847.

[218] Times report, March 4; National Intelligencer, April 25, 1812. Cf. London Morning Chronicle, March 4, 1812.

[219] Memoirs of R. Plumer Ward, i. 446.

[220] Memoirs of R. Plumer Ward, i. 450.

[221] Memoirs of R. Plumer Ward, i. 441.

[222] Life of Sidmouth, iii. 74.

[223] Memoirs of R. Plumer Ward, i. 478.

[224] Castlereagh to Foster, April 10, 1812; Papers of 1813, No. 4, p. 505.

[225] Monroe to Russell, July 27, 1811; State Papers, iii. 422.

[226] Russell to Monroe, March, 1812; State Papers, iii. 426, 427.

[227] Macon to Nicholson, March 25, 1812; Nicholson MSS.

[228] Autobiography, p. 31.

[229] Eustis to Anderson, June 6, 1812; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 319.

[230] Hull to Eustis, March 6, 1812; Hull’s Defence, pp. 29–32.

[231] Defence of Dearborn, by H. A. S. Dearborn, p. 1. Boston, 1824.

[232] Prevost to Brock, July 31, 1812. Tupper’s Life of Brock, p. 209.

[233] Hull’s Trial; Defence, pp. 21, 22.

[234] Hull’s Trial; Evidence of Eustis, Appendix, p. 4.

[235] Defence of Dearborn, p. 9.

[236] Memoirs, p. 36.

[237] Gallatin’s Writings, ii. 503–511.

[238] Armstrong’s Notices, i. 48.

[239] Hull’s Trial; Hull to Eustis, July 9, 1812, Appendix, p. 9; Clarke’s Life of Hull, p. 335.

[240] Hull’s Memoirs, pp. 45, 46. Trial, App. (18).

[241] Hull’s Trial; Evidence of Col. Joseph Watson, p. 151.

[242] Hull to Eustis, July 19, 1812; War Department MSS.

[243] Dearborn to Eustis, May 8, 1812; War Department MSS.

[244] Dearborn to Eustis, June 26, 1812; War Department MSS.

[245] Clarke’s Life of Hull, p. 417. Hull’s Memoirs, p. 173.

[246] Dearborn to Eustis, July 1, 1812; War Department MSS.

[247] Eustis to Dearborn, July 9, 1812; War Department MSS.

[248] Eustis to Dearborn, July 9, 1812; Dearborn MSS.

[249] Dearborn to Eustis, July 13, 1812; War Department MSS.

[250] Eustis to Dearborn, July 20, 1812; MSS. War Department Records.

[251] Dearborn to Eustis, July 28, 1812. Defence of Dearborn, p. 4.

[252] Richardson, p. 5; Christie, ii. 34; Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 26, 1812; Brock to Prevost, Aug. 7, 1812; Niles, iii. 265, 266.

[253] Lieutenant-Colonel Raby to Captain Gleg, July 27, 1812. Proctor to Brock, July 26, 1812. MSS. Canadian Archives.

[254] Richardson, p. 9.

[255] Hull to Eustis, July 22, 1812. Hull’s Defence, App. No. 2 (10).

[256] Richardson, p. 18.

[257] Hull’s Trial, Cass’s testimony. Hull’s Memoirs, p. 64.

[258] Abstracts of General Returns of Troops in Upper and Lower Canada, July 30, 1812. Freer Papers, 1812–1813. MSS. Canadian Archives.

[259] Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 17, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[260] Brock to Liverpool, Aug. 29, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[261] Van Rensselaer’s Narrative, pp. 9, 10.

[262] Dearborn’s Defence of Dearborn, p. 4.

[263] Dearborn’s Defence of Dearborn, p. 4.

[264] Life of Prevost, p. 39; Life of Brock, p. 214.

[265] Dearborn to Eustis, Aug. 9, 1812; Dearborn’s Defence, p. 6.

[266] Van Rensselaer to Dearborn, Aug. 18, 1812; Van Rensselaer’s Narrative, App. p. 25.

[267] Richardson, pp. 16, 24; James’s Military Occurrences, i. 65.

[268] Hull to Eustis, Aug. 26, 1812; Niles, iii. 46.

[269] McAffee, pp. 83, 84.

[270] Hull to Eustis, Aug. 26, 1812; Niles, iii. 55.

[271] Hull’s Trial; Evidence of James Dalliby, pp. 80, 81. Life of Brock, p. 289.

[272] Hull to Eustis, Aug. 26, 1812; Niles, iii. 55.

[273] Hull’s Trial; Evidence of Colonel Miller, p. 111.

[274] Memoir, p. 110.

[275] Hull to Eustis, Aug. 26, 1812; Niles, iii. 55.

[276] Hull to Eustis, Aug. 26, 1812; Niles, iii. 55.

[277] Hull’s Trial; Evidence of Major Jesup, p. 96.

[278] Life of Brock, p. 228.

[279] Despatch of Aug. 29, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[280] Letter of Sept. 3, 1812; Life, p. 267.

[281] Richardson, p. 30.

[282] Hull’s Trial; Evidence of Major Snelling, p. 40.

[283] Jefferson to Duane, Oct. 1, 1812; Works, vi. 79.

[284] Madison to Gallatin, Aug. 8, 1812; Gallatin’s Writings, i. 524.

[285] Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 17, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[286] Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 24, 1812; MSS. British Archives.

[287] Dearborn to Madison, Aug. 15, 1812; Madison MSS. State Department Archives.

[288] Eustis to Dearborn, Aug. 15, 1812; Hull’s Memoirs, p. 87.

[289] Dearborn to Eustis, Aug. 15, 1812; War Department MSS.

[290] Van Rensselaer to Tompkins, Aug. 19, 1812; Narrative, Appendix, p. 27.

[291] Life of Brock, pp. 293, 294.

[292] Van Rensselaer’s Narrative, Appendix, p. 35.

[293] Van Rensselaer’s Narrative, Appendix, p. 42.

[294] Dearborn to Eustis, Sept. 14, 1812; War Department MSS.

[295] Dearborn to Eustis, Sept. 1, 1812; War Department MSS.

[296] Van Rensselaer to Tompkins, Sept. 15, 1812; Narrative, Appendix, p. 50.

[297] Dearborn to Van Rensselaer, Sept. 17, 1812; Narrative, Appendix, p. 56.

[298] Dearborn to Van Rensselaer, Sept. 26, 1812; Narrative, Appendix, p. 59.

[299] Dearborn to Van Rensselaer, Oct. 13, 1812; War Department MSS.

[300] Narrative, p. 19.

[301] Report of Lieutenant Elliott, Oct. 9, 1812. Official Letters, p. 66.

[302] Van Rensselaer to Secretary Eustis, Oct. 14, 1812; Narrative, Appendix, p. 62.

[303] Life of Brock, p. 330.

[304] Christie’s Report, Feb. 22, 1813; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 207.

[305] Life of Brock, p. 324.

[306] Van Rensselaer to Dearborn, Oct. 14, 1812; Niles, iii. 138.

[307] Dearborn to Eustis, Oct. 21, 1812; War Department MSS. Dearborn to Madison, Oct. 24, 1812; Madison MSS., State Department Archives.

[308] Niles, iii. 203.

[309] Lossing, p. 427 _note_.

[310] State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 501.

[311] Smyth to Dearborn, Dec. 4, 1812; Niles, iii. 282.

[312] Dearborn to Smyth, Oct. 21, 1812; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 493.

[313] Niles, iii. 284.

[314] Niles, iii. 264.

[315] Dearborn to Eustis, December 11, 1812; War Department MSS.

[316] Major Campbell to General Smyth, Nov. 27, 1812; Military Affairs, i. 500. General Winder to General Smyth, Dec. 2, 1812; Military Affairs, i. 507.

[317] Dearborn to Smyth, Oct. 28 and Nov. 8, 1812; Military Affairs, i. 495, 497.

[318] Dearborn to Eustis, Nov. 8, 1812; War Department MSS.

[319] Dearborn to Eustis, Nov. 24, 1812; War Department MSS.

[320] Dearborn to Eustis, Dec. 11, 1812; War Department MSS.

[321] Dearborn to Madison, Dec. 13, 1812; Madison MSS., State Department Archives.

[322] Hamilton to Decatur, June 5, 1812; MSS. Navy Department Records.

[323] Hamilton to Rodgers, June 5, 1812; MSS. Navy Department Records.

[324] Decatur to Hamilton, June 8, 1812; MSS. Navy Department Records.

[325] Hamilton to Decatur, June 18, 1812; MSS. Navy Department Records.

[326] Hamilton to Decatur, June 18, 1812; MSS. Navy Department Records.

[327] Rodgers to Hamilton, Sept. 1, 1812; Official Letters, p. 52.

[328] Adams’s Gallatin, p. 465.

[329] Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 7, 1812; MSS. Navy Department.

[330] Hull to Secretary Hamilton, July 10, 1812; MSS. Navy Department.

[331] Hull to Secretary Hamilton, Aug. 28, 1812; MSS. Navy Department.

[332] Niles, ii. 333.

[333] Hamilton to Porter, June 24, 1812; MSS. Navy Department Records.

[334] Hamilton to Rodgers and Decatur, Sept. 9, 1812; MSS. Navy Department Records.

[335] MSS. Navy Department Records.

[336] James, Naval Occurrences, p. 152.

[337] Bainbridge’s Journal, Report of Jan. 3, 1813; Niles, iii. 411.

[338] Brigadier-General Tannehill to Brigadier-General Smyth, Dec. 7, 1812; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 507.

[339] Remarks of D. R. Williams, Nov. 20, 1812; Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 156.

[340] Clay to Monroe, July 29, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[341] Clay to Monroe, Aug. 12, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[342] Clay to Monroe, Aug. 25, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[343] Madison to Monroe, Sept. 21, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[344] Graham to Monroe, Sept. 27, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[345] Crawford to Monroe, Sept. 27, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[346] Monroe to Jefferson, June 7, 1813; Jefferson MSS., State Department Archives.

[347] Gallatin to Jefferson, Dec. 18, 1812; Adams’s Gallatin, p. 470.

[348] Jefferson to Madison, Nov. 5, 1812; Jefferson MSS. series v. vol. xv.

[349] Niles, ii. 355.

[350] Judge Turner’s Affidavit, Boston Patriot, Aug. 19, 1812.

[351] Opinion, etc.; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 324.

[352] Sumner’s East Boston, p. 738.

[353] Speech of E. Bacon, Nov. 20, 1812; Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, pp. 157, 158.

[354] Address, etc., June 26, 1812; Niles, ii. 417.

[355] Pickering to John Lowell, Nov. 7, 1814; New England Federalism, p. 404. The Palladium, Aug. 7, 1812; The Patriot, Aug. 8, 1812.

[356] Monroe to Jonathan Russell, Aug. 21, 1812; State Papers, iii. 587.

[357] Report of Baltimore City Council; Niles, ii. 376, 377.

[358] Lossing, p. 244.

[359] The Palladium, Aug. 7, 1812.

[360] John Taylor to Monroe, Nov. 8, 1812; Monroe MSS. State Department Archives.

[361] Serurier to Maret, Sept. 2, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[362] Serurier to Maret, Oct. 21, 1812; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.

[363] Monroe to Admiral Warren, Oct. 27, 1812; State Papers, iii. 596.

[364] John Taylor to Monroe, Nov. 8, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[365] Madison to Monroe, Sept. 5, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[366] Madison to Monroe, Sept. 5, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[367] Madison to Monroe, Sept. 6, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[368] Madison to Monroe, Sept. 10, 1812; Monroe MSS., State Department Archives.

[369] Monroe to Jefferson, June 7, 1813; Jefferson MSS.

[370] Hay to Monroe, Sept. 22, 1812; Monroe MSS.

[371] Monroe to Crawford, Dec. 3, 1812; Monroe MSS.

[372] Monroe to Jefferson, June 7, 1813; Jefferson MSS.

[373] Monroe to Jefferson, June 7, 1813; Jefferson MSS. Cf. Monroe to Madison, Feb. 25, 1813; Monroe, MSS., State Department Archives.

[374] Hammond, i. 358, 360, 405, 406.

[375] Gallatin’s Writings, i. 528.

[376] Jefferson to Monroe, Jan. 1, 1815; Works, vi. 400.

[377] Gallatin to Cheves, Nov. 23, 1812; Annals, 1812–1813, p. 1258.

[378] Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 800.

[379] Letters of Gallatin, Feb. 3, 1813, and Feb. 9, 1813; Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 1063.

[380] Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 1063.

[381] Organization of the Army. Niles, iv. 145.

[382] Monroe to Jonathan Russell, June 26, 1812; State Papers, iii. 585.

[383] Lord Castlereagh to Jonathan Russell, Aug. 29, 1812; State Papers, iii. 589.

[384] Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 932.

[385] Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 93.

[386] Gallatin to Jefferson, November, 1805; Works, i. 267.

[387] Gallatin to Jefferson, April 16, 1807; Works, i. 335.

[388] Dallas to the Committee of Foreign Relations, Jan. 26, 1816. Annals of Congress, 1815–1816, p. 176.

[389] Massachusetts Report on Impressed Seamen, 1813, p. 53. Speech of James Emott, Jan. 12, 1813; Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 735.

[390] Cobbett’s Debates, Feb. 18, 1813.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

4. Italics are shown as _xxx_.