CHAPTER XII

BURIAL RITES

During my stay in Dulukan, Mafel, one of the most popular and respected men of the district, was slowly dying of a malignant cancer of the face, which was destroying his lower jaw and penetrating deep into his throat. Day by day we had reports of his courageous and patient suffering, and of the devotion to him of his only daughter, Gyeiga, who never left his side, doing everything in her power to minister to his needs, trying to give him food, and fanning him night and day to keep the swarms of mosquitoes and flies from annoying him as he lay propped up on his mat spread on the hard floor. He had been treated for some weeks in the government hospital at the other end of the island, but when he found he was gradually becoming worse, he begged to be taken back to his own home where he could see his friends and pass away quietly; he was carried thither and the skill of all the most renowned _mach-machs_ was invoked to dispel the demons of disease and enlist Yalafath’s sympathy and protection in behalf of the patient sufferer. In spite of all their energetic efforts, however, slow starvation reduced him to a mere skeleton, and finally word was brought to us early one morning that poor Mafel’s _tafenai_ had wandered away from him in the night and had gone to _Falraman_. The devotion of Gyeiga did not cease, even then; she still sat by the side of the repulsive corpse, fanning untiringly, and wailing forth some disjointed snatches of a death song, wherein were recounted the good qualities and kindnesses of him who had been indeed a father to her; the dirge was constantly interrupted with a refrain--_O Mafel, O garfuku_,--“O Mafel, O poor one!”

A messenger was immediately dispatched to the far-northern end of the island to notify Mafel’s uncle, Livamadai, his nearest relative, an important chief and _momok_ man; on him rested the decision as to whether the body should be buried on the following day, or kept two or three days longer. To defer the funeral is a tribute of honour to the corpse; haste in burial affords the chance of a visitation from the _athegith_, wherefrom sickness and mishaps surely follow.

Old Livamadai, toothless, bald, and bent in the knees, hobbled down the next day and decided that the following day, or the third day after death, would be a delay sufficient to show respect to Mafel’s remains. Poor Gyeiga had one more weary night of vigil; they said she never left the side of the body and took barely a mouthful of food or a wink of sleep all those three long days and nights. The atmosphere of the house was truly unbearable; I went to ask her if I might come to the funeral, and if she had any objection to my taking some photographs, and, after expressing my deep sympathy and receiving her willing permission, I retired as quickly as I possibly could from that inexpressibly noisome and dark house of death.

On the following day there was a constant procession passing our house on the way to the funeral; each person bearing a gift for the corpse, usually strings of pearl-shell money or single large shells; some of the wealthy and liberal friends brought a _fei_ of such size that it required two men to carry it.

I went to the house with Fatumak a little after noon; they said that Mafel probably would not be buried until late in the day.

When we arrived at the house I noticed that the space about it, enclosed by a fence of light bamboo, was occupied by women only; Fatumak explained to me that he would have to leave me at the entrance, if I intended to go in; it was against custom for any, except women and the slave class, to enter the yard of a dead man’s house while his body was unburied; of course, I, as a foreigner, would not be restricted.

I set up my camera and focussed it on that side of the house where they would probably break through the walls to bring out the body,--through a doorway it is never carried, it inevitably brings ill luck to the living inmates,--then I rejoined Fatumak just outside the fence to watch and wait and ask questions. It was evident from the number of presents deposited at one end of the yard, beyond the group of guests, that Mafel had been very popular and that his friends were wealthy, and lavish withal, both in money and sympathy. “Yes,” whispered Fatumak, “Mafel was truly a fine man; we all liked him; those presents will be pretty nearly all returned after he is buried; they bring them to show their sorrow, but it is always expected that they will get them back again.”

[Illustration: FUNERAL GIFTS OF STONE MONEY AND PEARL SHELLS]

The women, in groups about the yard, had all brought their work with them, and, sitting cross-legged on the ground, from time to time, in subdued funereal whispers wherein sibilants always seem to predominate, they gossipped with one another and kept their fingers busy, some by plaiting little pouches to hold cigarettes and tobacco, some by repairing their leafy skirts, and others by making new betel baskets; but all were solemn and subdued in the presence of death and sorrow.

It was one of those gorgeous, lazy, tropical days when the very air is idle and a sabbath stillness holds everything; there was not even the hum of an insect or the piping of a seagull to break the quiet, and only every now and then was there a breath of air strong enough to make the palm leaves rustle softly. Once, the silence was rudely broken by the thud of a ripe coconut falling to the ground, which for a brief period diverted the solemn contemplation of death to thoughts of commerce. A hush brooded over everything, even the irrepressible “tomboy” Kakofel, sat demurely beside a group of women, rolling a store of cigarettes for herself; Fak-Fintuk, Libyan, Gumaon and the other obstreperous boys were, for once, unseen. The presents consisted of six or more good sized _fei_ of fine quality, six or seven baskets full of shell money, and numerous single strings of the same; really quite a fortune. All gifts were deposited with a good deal of display by the donors at one end of the yard in front of the house; for this service they were allowed to enter the yard, but were expected to withdraw as soon as their offering had been deposited and duly appreciated. After an hour or more waiting, five very solemn men of the Pimlingai tribe filed into the yard and sat down quietly in the background; then there was a little stir among the women as they shifted their positions to get a better view of the side of the house whence the funeral procession was to set out, and after a short pause,--for no move must be made suddenly, the Pimlingai brought forward a litter of bamboo poles covered with matting of woven coconut fronds. This they carried into the house and on it they placed the emaciated body of Mafel with his knees drawn up and tied together and his hands folded across his body. The side wall of the house of reeds and matting was taken down and through the opening the litter bearing the corpse brought out and placed upon the ground. Gyeiga’s chant grew louder and louder within the house and was no longer a mere sing-song, but a passionate wail of sorrow, when, accompanied by her two sisters-in-law (I think), she followed the litter out of the house and took her place beside it on the ground. The eyes of all three women were streaming with tears, but Gyeiga was the only one who wept aloud. The Pimlingai again retreated to the background, and Gyeiga, sitting cross-legged beside the corpse, placed two large pearl shells upon his chest, talking to him in a pleading, plaintive voice and looking directly in his horribly disfigured face. The old women in the listening and sympathising crowd, from time to time seemed to mutter an approval of her sentiments, and the wrinkled, parchment cheeks of many of them were wet with tears. Then she arose and brought two more equally fine shells from the house and placed them on top of the others with another short speech to the corpse. As soon as this was done, the Pimlingai came forward and wrapped the matting completely round the body, leaving only the top of the head bare. Two of them picked up the burden and the third placed a pole on their shoulders and to this tied the sides of the litter so that the weight was distributed evenly between their shoulders and arms. They wheeled around and rapidly walked out through an opening in the bamboo fence back of the house; Gyeiga and her two chief mourners and three or four other women followed, wailing loudly.

[Illustration: GYEIGA PLACING TWO PEARL SHELLS ON HER FATHER’S CORPSE]

With Vincenti (Friedlander’s Christianised servant from Guam) I followed after them, barely able to keep up with their rapid pace over the slippery and irregular boulders of stone and coral with which the side paths of the island are paved. The wailing was kept up continuously by the different members of the party; when one became tired, the next took it up, and so on, until each had wailed in turn, and then Gyeiga began anew.

In and out we wound through jungle paths, now overarched with grey-green bamboos, now hemmed in with hedges of tall, variegated crotons; past small clusters of houses where the people stared to see a funeral party followed by a staggering leather-shod white man and a lad with a queer looking box on a stick over his shoulder. Then down to the flat lands, past the taro patches and plantations of yams, and through a deserted _tapal_, or village, of small houses used as a maternity-ward,--strange place for a funeral procession to invade. There were no inmates at that time in the little houses except numerous small grey lizards with brilliantly blue tails, that darted in all directions like little electric sparks in the sunshine on the thatched sides of the houses.

We seemed to double on our tracks and zig-zag hither and thither, until at length we passed through a Pimlingai village where three or four more women and eight or ten children of the village silently joined the procession. A short distance beyond this village, the men bearing the litter turned off the path directly into the thick undergrowth, and pushing through after them, we came out into a clearing about a hundred feet in diameter. At one side there were several young coconut palms just sprouting above the ground and scattered here and there were low mounds and piles of moss-covered stones, six or eight perhaps in all, graves of those who had gone before. The Pimlingai put down the litter bearing the last remains of Mafel close to one of these mounds, which appeared to have been very recently made and whereon still rested the decaying remnants of a similar litter; they told me afterward it was the grave of his wife who had died only a few months before.

As soon as the litter rested upon the ground, Gyeiga sat down beside it and tenderly unfastened the matting which covered the body and once more exposed it to view, and with a palm leaf began again her untiring fanning and low wailing, constantly repeating “O Mafel! O my poor one!” The Pimlingai disappeared for a minute or two in the thick jungle and undergrowth, and then emerged with long poles sharpened at one end with which they proceeded to loosen the ground at the far side of the litter with its half reclining corpse.

The chief mourners who had accompanied Gyeiga set to work plaiting rough baskets or hampers of coconut fronds, and in these the loose earth was gathered up in handfuls by the Pimlingai, and piled to one side or carried off and scattered in the jungle. After making these baskets, the women busied themselves collecting stones and flat pieces of coral rock wherewith to line and to cover the grave.

While this was going on, the women and children, twenty-five or more, who had joined the procession at the last Pimlingai village, sat silently, quite far off at the opposite side of the graveyard; I was trying to get my camera in position so as to get a view of the grave-diggers, but the only available spot placed them directly between me and the declining sun, so I was forced to refrain from the attempt. While I was testing my position, I frequently heard the female spectators of the Pimlingai whispering _Tokota, Tokota_, the name by which I was known to them. It was an attempt at “Doctor,” which they had heard Friedlander call me. Glancing up, I noticed one of the women looking at me and making motions up and down her arm. Then I comprehended that they wanted to see the Japanese tattooing there. I went over to her and, having rolled up my sleeves, received a liberal palming and rubbing; amazed at the various colours, she and the others could not believe they were not mere paint which a vigorous rub, aided by moisture from the tongue, would remove. The sight of a Japanese carp tattooed on the calf of my leg called forth such loud expressions of admiration, that I was afraid I was sadly interfering with the proprieties of the mournful occasion, so I drew up my stockings and hastily retired.

When the grave was dug out about two and a half feet deep, by three feet long, and eighteen inches wide, the Pimlingai lifted Mafel on the mat whereon he rested and placed him in the grave, with his head toward the setting sun. Before putting any earth over him, one of the Pimlingai took, as payment for their labours, two of the pearl shells that had been placed upon the corpse; the other two were buried with him; he must not arrive empty handed in _Falraman_.

As soon as the body was placed in the grave the wailings of Gyeiga and her chief mourners were redoubled, and over and over again they bade him goodbye and reiterated “O Mafel! O my poor one!” When the grave was nearly filled in, a sprouting coconut was planted at the head and banked round with earth and lumps of coral. It was to provide food for Mafel on his journey to _Falraman_, and also to furnish oil not only for light, but also for his hair; a coconut is always thus planted at the head of a corpse,--witness the young trees in the graveyard. Slabs of stone and coral were piled up all about the grave for a distance of two feet, and earth tightly packed in the crevices, so that the big lizards,--“monitors,” the only large reptile on the island,--should not disturb the body.

Until the last block of stone and handful of earth was placed on the grave, Gyeiga and the mourners never ceased wailing; but the very minute that all was finished and patted down, they ceased abruptly. Gyeiga wiped away her tears, lit a fresh cigarette and disappeared in the jungle.

It was too dark for photographs, so I packed up my camera and, following Vincenti, I too plunged into the undergrowth, and in an incredibly short time, as it seemed, was in Dulukan. I learned that the route we had followed to the graveyard was as circuitous as could be devised, and that this was always the custom in the burial of people of importance; a poor man is hurried as quickly as possible to his grave, but a wealthy man is taken past as many houses as possible and in a roundabout way, so that the grief of his relatives may be seen and heard far and wide.

On questioning Fatumak after the burial, I found that the manner of death has much to do with the position in which the body is interred; if a man dies of an ordinary disease or of old age, he is buried with his head to the west and his knees drawn up, as in Mafel’s case; if he dies in battle, he is buried with his head to the north and his legs and body are perfectly straight; if he dies of a cough,--consumption,--he is buried with his knees drawn close to his breast, and with his face looking downward. The graves, as a rule, are very modest little mounds in the quiet seclusion of the bush near some Pimlingai village, but when a great chief dies, a large platform of flat stones, such as the houses are built on, is constructed over the grave, and the departing _tafenai_ is speeded on its way to _Falraman_ with feasting and dancing.

* * * * *

Such is life and death on the happy little island of Uap; at least as I saw it in a two months’ residence; they are delightful people to visit now that Germany exerts a truly paternal care over them and perpetuates their naturally mild temper by strictly prohibiting the introduction of alcohol among them.

* * * * *

When, early one morning, I sailed away from Dulukan in Friedlander’s barge bound for Tomil Bay, to meet the steamer and depart for Sydney, all my friends were on hand to see me off,--Migiul and Lemet, who had contributed to my collection of tattoo marks and cat’s-cradle figures; Lian, who had helped in many ways to get specimens for my collection; Tomak, of the strong voice, who had contributed many a song on the phonograph; Gamiau, who had been foremost in getting up the dance; even Kakofel, whose sensitive feelings I had grievously wounded by calling her “Kakofel Kan,” was there, but she stayed in the background and only stared when I shook her hand for goodbye. Little Pooguroo, my earliest and faithfullest wee friend, stood on the very extremity of the jetty, her little brown body glistening in the warm light of the rising sun, and her large black eyes following me wonderingly as we were gradually poled out into the channel of the lagoon.

Just as we made the first turn and Dulukan had faded from sight, we met good old Fatumak on his “barco;” he shouted to me a few of the auspicious phrases which are used to fisherman as they set out to sea, and I shouted back to him _goan e gup!_ which means “I am going, but I shall return,”--a phrase of courtesy when one leaves a party of friends and expects to return before long,--it about corresponds to “Auf Wiedersehn.” Indeed the words were uttered in all sincerity. Who would not wish, at least for a season, to renew, “through the verdurous glooms” of the tropics, a life as simple, as equable, as hospitable as that which I received at the hands of the natives of Uap.

UAP GRAMMAR

Only a few days before my departure from Uap, I received through the kindness of Padre Cristobal de Canals, a grammar, written in Spanish, of the language of the island. The small volume of a hundred and forty-four pages bears the following title: _Primer Ensayo de Grammatica de la lengua de Yap (Carolina Occidentales) con un Pequeno Diccionario y varias Frases en forma Diálogo. Por un Padre Capuchino, Misionero de aquellas islas. Manila. Imprenta del Collegio de Santo Tomas, á cargo de D. Gervasi, Memije_, 1888.

In a short preface the Padre tells us that the modest treatise is the work of a residence in the island of Uap of about a year.

It is almost needless to remark that when a language has never been set forth in writing, its forms and even its pronunciation are as shifting as the sands of a beach. The only object of those to whom it is native is to understand and be understood. Let these two ends be gained, and all the accidents of grammar are superfluous and pronunciation will fall under no critic’s condemnation. That this is true as regards pronunciation, sufficient proof is come under my own observation; in the twenty years that elapsed between the date of the Padre’s grammar and my sojourn in the island, the pronunciation showed marked variation between that recorded in the Grammar and that current in the island when I visited it.

Furthermore, it may be noted, I fear, that the Padre, in certain cases, especially in the conjugations of verbs, failed to observe that what he assumes to be a variation in structure decided enough to constitute a separate conjugation, is, after all, merely a change due to euphony, or due to a colloquial contraction, as we find it in all languages, such as, for instance, we have in English in our familiar _haven’t_, where, of course, _n’t_ is not a part of the verb.

In these circumstances I have deemed it wisest to set forth the Etymology and Syntax in the briefest and most concise way, and trust to phrases and the vocabulary as supplemental to the mother wit of the traveller in his communications with the simple-minded natives of this truly charming island, and I am bound to add that the novice will never find there severe critics of grammatical or linguistic blunders.

It is to be borne in mind that the language of Uap belongs, certainly to a large degree, to the Agglutinating Group; and, possibly, the more intimate our familiarity with it, the more distinctly we should recognize as compounds words, which we now regard as simple, and analyze them into their component parts. For instance, the _definite article_ “the” is _faré_; “those,” _fapi_; “those two,” _fagali_. Here _fa_ is evidently a root and the affix _pi_ we know to be the sign of the plural, but the meanings of _ré_ and _gali_ are lost.

There are no grammatical genders, that is, there are no affixes, suffixes, or terminations to indicate genders, but _pumawn_, man, and _pin_, woman, follow the noun when sex is to be emphasized. We have the same poverty in English in expressing the gender of certain animals, such as: she-wolf, he-goat, she-bear, etc.

There appears to be no Indefinite Article, and for even a Definite Article there seems to be no very great use. It is as follows, for all genders:

Singular _faré_ the Plural _fapi_ those Dual _fagali_ those two

EXAMPLES: The man--_faré pumawn_; the woman--_faré pin_; the house--_faré naun_; the men--_fapi pumawn_; the women--_fapi pin_; the two women--_fagali pin_; etc.

The second syllable of the plural _fapi_ is also used to express the plural, _e.g._, the children--_pi abetir_; the people in a village--_pi u binau_.

Before going further into the maze of Uap words and their arrangement in sentences I am impressed with the advisability of quoting from Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain’s “A Hand-Book of Colloquial Japanese” (page 11) in order to give an excuse and to ask pardon for giving a comparison and classification of one of these Far Eastern languages in terms used in the grammars of the other side of the world.

“A word as to the parts of speech in Japanese. Strictly speaking there are but two, the verb and the noun. The particles or ‘postpositions’ and suffixes, which take the place of our prepositions, conjunctions, and conjugational terminations, were themselves originally fragments of nouns and verbs. The pronoun and numeral are simply nouns. The true adjective (including the adverb) is a sort of neuter verb. But many words answering to our adjectives and adverbs are nouns in Japanese. Altogether our grammatical categories do not fit the Japanese language well. They have only been adhered to in this work in so far as they may serve as landmarks familiar to the student.”

PRONOUNS

The PERSONAL PRONOUNS are _igak_--I, _igur_--thou, _tsanem_--he, she or it. _Igak_ is thus declined:

SINGULAR:

Nominative _igak_ I Genitive and ablative _rak_ of me Dative _gufanei_ for me Accusative and dative _ngok_ me; to me

A curious refinement is to be noted in the dual and plural of this first personal pronoun; each possesses two inflections, namely, one conveying the ordinary idea of duality or plurality, such as _gadou_--we two, and _gadad_--we; and a second conveying the idea that the present company is alone referred to and that all others are excluded. For instance, _gadou u Rul_ means simply “we two men of Rul,” but should the two men be joined by a third whom they did not wish to be included in the pronoun, the phrase would be _gomou u Rul_, that is, “we two men, and we two men alone, of Rul.” Thus, also, should a man happen to address the assembled people of his district, he would say: _Gadad pi u Rul_, _i.e._, “We the people of Rul,” but if he wished to express the idea that he refers to their own district, to the exclusion of all others, he would say, _Gomad pi u Rul_.

The two numbers, dual and plural, of the first person, are thus declined:

Dual nominative _gadou_ we two Genitive and ablative _rodou_ of us two, with us two Dative _n̄ḡadafanou_ for us two Accusative _n̄ḡodou_ us two; to us two

DUAL (Exclusive Form):

Nominative _gomou_ we two only Genitive and ablative _romou_ of or with us two only Dative _kufanu_ for us two only Accusative _n̄ḡomou_ us two only

PLURAL:

Nominative _gadad_ we Genitive and ablative _rodad_ of us; or, with us Dative _n̄ḡadafaned_ for us Accusative and dative _n̄ḡodad_ us; or, to us

PLURAL (Exclusive):

Nominative _gomad_ we only Genitive and ablative _romad_ of us; or, with us only Dative _goufaned_ for us only Accusative and dative _n̄ḡomad_ us only; or, to us only

The second person is thus declined:

SINGULAR:

Nominative _igur_ thou Genitive and ablative _rom_ of thee; or, with thee Dative _mufanei_ for thee Accusative and dative _n̄ḡom_ thee; or, to thee

DUAL:

Nominative _gumu_ you two Genitive and ablative _romu_ of or with you two Dative _mufanu_ for you two Accusative and dative _n̄ḡomu_ you two, or to you two

PLURAL:

Nominative _gumed_ you Genitive and ablative _romed_ of you, or with you Dative _mufaned_ for you Accusative and dative _n̄ḡomed_ you, or to you

The third person:

SINGULAR:

Nominative _tsanem_, _fanem_ he, she, it Genitive and ablative _rok_ of or with him, her, it Dative _fanei_ for him, her, it Accusative and dative _n̄ḡak_ him, her, it, or to him, her, it

DUAL:

Nominative _galitsanem_ they two Genitive and ablative _rorou_ of, or with the two Dative _rafanou_ for the two Accusative and dative _n̄ḡorou_ them two, or to the two

PLURAL:

Nominative _pitsanem_ they Genitive and ablative _rorad_ of them, or with them Dative _rafaned_ for them Accusative and dative _n̄ḡorad_ them, or to them

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS are of three kinds, namely, personal, impersonal (_i.e._, relating to things animate and inanimate), and partitive (_i.e._, relating to parts or pieces of objects). The _personal demonstrative pronouns are_:

SINGULAR:

_tsanei_, or _anei_ this [The abbreviation, _anei_, apparently, is only for euphony.] _tsanir_, or _anir_ that _tsanem_, or _anem_ that yonder _fatsa_ that far off, unseen, out of sight

DUAL:

_galitsanei_, or _galianei_ these two _galitsanir_, or _galianir_ those two _galitsanem_, or _galianem_ those two yonder

PLURAL:

_pitsanei_, or _pianei_ these _pitsanir_, or _pianir_ those _pitsanem_, or _yad_ those yonder

_Impersonal demonstrative pronouns, referring to animals and things_: _binei_--this; _binir_--that; _binem_--that yonder; _tinei_--these; _tinir_--those; _tinem_--those yonder.

_Partitive demonstrative pronouns_: _kinei_--this piece of; _kinir_--that piece of; _kinem_--that piece yonder of. _Tsikinei_ (if the piece is very small); _tsikinega_ (if the piece is very large).

The POSSESSIVE PRONOUN, when applied to anything which has no relation to our body, is the genitive of the personal pronoun, placed after the noun: _purpur rak_--my hat; _naun rom_--thy house; _ton rok_--his hatchet; _mad romad_--our clothes; _domunemun romed_--your food; _uelduk rorou_--the field of those two.

The possessives of nouns signifying parts of the body, or things relating to or proceeding from it, are formed as follows: the noun loses its last letter, when this is an _i_, and sometimes the last syllable, when it happens to be _ngin_, and then the last syllable of the genitive of the personal pronoun is used as a possessive suffix. For the first or second person singular, the suffix is _-ak_ or _-ek_ for the first person, _-am_ or _-em_ for the second person. I cannot, however, detect any rule whereby the vowel should be changed, nor can any rule be given for the third person.

EXAMPLES: _lungai_--mouth; _lungak_--my mouth; _lungam_--thy mouth; _lungan_--his mouth; _lunga-dad_--our mouths; _lunga-med_--your mouths; _lunga-rad_--their mouths; _lolugei_--head; _lolugek_--my head; _lolugem_--thy head, etc.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.--The idea of relation is expressed by the particle _ni_. Thus, _faré abetir ni ior_--the child that cries; _nu ni keb_--rain that falls.

By means of this _ni_, is formed the interrogative _mini_, which may be placed either before or after the noun. Thus, _mini igur_--who art thou? _mini e romed_--which of you? _pianir mini_--who are those women?

The following interrogative particles are used for animals and inanimate objects: _mang_--what? _benin̄ḡan_--which one? _tinin̄ḡan_--which ones? _Galinin̄ḡan_--which of those two?

When _mini_ precedes a demonstrative personal pronoun, beginning with a consonant, and _mang_ precedes a neuter demonstrative pronoun, they are followed by the particle _e_. Thus, _mini e tsanei_--who is this person? _mang e binei_--what is this (thing or animal)?

The INDEFINITE PRONOUNS are the following: _tareb_, or _tab_--one, the one; _be_--the other; _dari_--no one, no thing. Thus, _tareb e pumawn ni keb_--the man who comes; _bine e naun_, _naun ku bë_--this house is the house of the other man; _dari pumawn u naun_--there is no man at home.

VERBS

There is no substantive verb. The past, present, and future state must be gathered from the drift of the sentence. Its place is filled, however, by two particles _ni_ and _e_; of which we have already had examples. Thus, _faré māāb ni bin_--the door is open; _matsalabok e naun_--clean is the house.

N. B. After the three personal pronouns, these particles are omitted. Thus, _igak alid_--I am dirty; _igur matsalabok_--thou art clean; _tsanem fel_--he is good. They are also omitted in negative sentences when _dagathi_, not, is used. Thus, _dagathi alid_--it [is] not dirty; _dagathi Tomak_--it [is] not Tomak; _faré abetir dagathi fel_--the child [is] not good; _faré gatu dagathi baga_--the cat [is] not large. When, however, for the sake of emphasis, the predicate precedes the subject, then these particles are used. Thus, _dagathi fel e abetir_--it is not a good child; _dagathi baga e gatu_--it is not a large cat.

“It is,” “there is,” “there are,” are sometimes expressed by _kabai_. Thus, _kabai u nifi_--it is in the fire; _kabai bȯȯr wu_--there are many betel nuts.

When _kabai_ is used in the sense of “to have,” it is followed by the genitive of the possessor. Thus, _kabai debdeb rak_--I have a box; _kabai piri olum rok_--he is very cold.

“Not to be,” and “not to have,” when referring to inanimate objects, or to the dead, are expressed by _dari_. Thus, _dari e lugud rok_--I have no cigarette; _dari e morau_--there is no [ripe] coconut.

When they refer, however, to animate objects, _dari_ may be also used, but likewise _demoi_ (sing.), _darmei_ (dual), and _darmed_ (plural). Thus, _pumawn demoi u mu_--the man is not in the canoe; _fouap darmei fakam ni fel_--yesterday your two children were not good; _darmed fapi abetir u naun_--the boys are not in the house.

In the little _Spanish and Uap Grammar_, of which I have already spoken, and to which I wish always to express my obligation, though I have by no means followed it, verbs are divided into six conjugations, and paradigms of all are given. For reasons which are to me sufficient, this division appears too elaborate, and a little arbitrary in dealing with an unwritten language, which varies from generation to generation. Inasmuch as there is no Uap literature and the only object in learning the language is for the purpose of conversation, I think it better, to judge by my own experience, to learn these various inflections from phrases and a vocabulary, rather than to memorize page after page of paradigms. Accordingly, the conjugation of only one verb is here given, merely to show the general inflection,--premising that there are, what we might naturally expect, only three tenses: the present, past and future. Thus, we may conjugate _non_, to speak, where _non_ is not an infinitive, but merely a root:

PRESENT TENSE

{_gu-non_ I speak Singular {_mu-non_ thou speakest {_be-non_ he speaks

{_da-non-ad_ we all speak Plural absolute {_da-non-ed_ you all speak {_da-non-od_ they all speak

{_gu-non-ad_ we alone speak Plural restrictive {_mu-non-ad_ you alone speak {_ra-non-ad_ they alone speak

Dual absolute _da-non-ou_ we two speak

{_gu-non-ou_ we two alone speak Dual restrictive {_mu-non-ou_ you two alone speak {_ra-non-ou_ they two alone speak

PERFECT TENSES

{_kogu-non_ I spoke, I have spoken Singular {_komu-non_ thou hast spoken {_i-non_, or _ke-non_ he spoke, he has spoken

Plural absolute _kada-non-ad_, _-ed_, _-od_ we, you, they, all spoke

{ _kogu-non-ad_ we alone spoke Plural restrictive { _komu-non-ad_ you alone spoke { _kara-non-ad_ they alone spoke

Dual absolute _kada-non-ou_ we two spoke

{ _kogu-non-ou_ we two alone spoke Dual restrictive { _komu-non-ou_ you two alone spoke { _kara-non-ou_ they two alone spoke

FUTURE TENSE

{ _baigu-non_ I shall speak Singular { _baimu-non_ thou shalt speak { _bai-non_ he shall speak

Plural absolute _baida-non-ad_, _-ed_, _-od_ we, you, they, will speak

{ _baigu-non-ad_ we alone will speak Plural restrictive { _baimu-non-ad_ you alone will speak { _baira-non-ad_ they alone will speak

Dual absolute _baida-non-ou_ we two will speak

{ _baigu-non-ou_ we two alone will speak Dual restrictive { _baimu-non-ou_ you two alone will speak { _baira-non-ou_ they two alone will speak

IMPERATIVE

Singular { _mu-non_ speak thou { _n̄ḡe-non_ let him speak

Plural { _mu-non-ad_ you speak { _n̄ḡara-non-ad_ let them speak

Dual { _mu-non-ou_ you two speak { _n̄ḡara-non-ou_ let those two speak

Past participle _ken-non_ spoken

It is not to be supposed that these hyphens are observable in the spoken language. “In forming the dual from the plural,” says the Padre, “it is to be observed that it is necessary to change only the suffix _ad_ into _on_ wherever it occurs. It may be noticed also that the difference in the tenses is marked by the prefix to the root and its prefix in the present tense and not by the termination: the prefix _ke_ or _ka_ (_ke gu-non_) for the _present perfect_ and preterite, and _bai_ (_bai gu-non_) for the future.”

ADVERBS

There is a certain class of words, which in Uap, but not in English, serve as adverbs, as follows: _baiu_ or _bau_--where, or wherein; _urai_--here; _uara_--there; _uaram_--yonder; _ulang_--above; _ubut_--below; _butsugur_--near; _uen_--outside; _urun̄ḡin_ or _ebinau_--everywhere; _utoluk_--in the middle; _lan̄ḡin_ (_lang-u-in_)--inside; _dekem_ (_dek-u-em_) on the top of; _tan̄ḡin_ (_tang-u-in_)--underneath, below.

It will be noticed that in all these words the vowel sound of _u_ is present. When this vowel sound is doubled it conveys the idea of “from,” as follows: _uuroi_--from here; _uuro_--from there; _uurom_--from yonder; _uubut_--from below; _uulang_--from above; _uubutsugur_--from near; _uubutorel_--from far; _uulan̄ḡin_--from inside; _uuen_--from outside.

The interrogation _bau_, or _danduu_, or _darduu_ may be used, as meaning, whither does the road lead to such and such a house or village.

Again the prefix _n̄ḡa_ means “toward.” Thus _n̄ḡan_--toward where; _n̄ḡarai_--toward here; _n̄ḡara_--toward there; _n̄ḡaram_--toward yonder; _n̄ḡalang_--toward above; _n̄ḡabut_--toward below; _n̄ḡalangin_--toward inside; _n̄ḡauen_--toward outside.

Time is expressed adverbially, thus: _dain_--when (if used of future events); _uin_--when (if used for past events); _man̄ḡial_--at what time (of to-day); _kakarom_--before; _fouperen̄ḡan_--two days ago; _foupelen_--day before yesterday; _fouap_--yesterday; _doba_, _diri_--to-day; _tsine_--now; _kabul_--to-morrow; _lan̄ḡilat_--day after to-morrow; _dukuf_--three days hence; _kanin̄ḡek_--four days hence (by prefixing _ka_ to the cardinal numbers (see below), after and including the number four, the idea is conveyed of so many days hence; thus, _kaärgak_--ten, days hence); _bai-non_, _baibiid_--afterward; _baikatabots_--soon, immediately; _foun̄ḡan_--last night; _fouepnep_--night before last; _kaforombots_--not long ago; _kaargon_--from the beginning; _kakarom-ni-kakarom_--formerly (see degrees of comparison, below); _pirieiai_--often; _tamathath_--seldom.

Again, there is a class of words indicative of modes or manner, which more closely than others resemble our adverbs; such as _fel_, _kefel_--well; _felnifel_--very well (see degrees of comparison, below); _kirifel_,--most perfectly; _bikireb_--badly; _tsidiri_--instantly; _papai_--soon, quickly; _soath_--slowly; _arragon_--thus, in this manner (if used interrogatively, in what manner? how? we have _uargon_) _tarebarragon_--as, the same as; _susun_, _ued_--equally; _urungin-e-ran_--continually.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are used adverbially. Thus: _botsu_--little; _raau_--abundant; _boör_--many; _biltsilits_--few; also, _piri_--very; _dari_--nothing; _bots_--something; _kaiuk_--enough.

Affirmative and negative particles are as follows: _hu_, _hei_--yes; _dan̄ḡai_--no; _riul_--really; _arragon_--it is so; _iya_--it is that; _sorom_--you are right; _riul-ni-riul_--most certainly; _dari_--there is no; _dakori_--there is no more; _dagathi_--it is not; _auna_--perhaps.

Degrees of comparison are not indicated by any inflection of the adjective; where, however, the idea of superiority or of increase is to be expressed, the particle _ko_ is used as the comparative degree, thus: _bilibithir solap ko abetir_--the old man is more skillful than the youth; _baut ren, tomal e kobre_--wood is lighter than iron.

The superlative is expressed either by prefixing _ri_ before an adjective, or by a repetition of the adjective connected by _ni_. As thus: _ri-manigil_--most excellent; _manigil ni manigil_--most excellent; _pachijik ni pachijik_--very very small; _riguchigur_--the nearest.

PREPOSITIONS AND POSSESSIVES

Of prepositions _n̄ḡa_ is used where we use “to,” denoting tendency.

_Ni_ corresponds to our genitive defining the material, as, _debdeb ni kobre_--box of iron; _naun ni ren_--house of wood.

When, however, a partitive genitive is intended, _ne_ represents “of,” as _logoru eduk ne merau_--two baskets of coconuts.

_Nu_ expresses our genitive of origin, as _fak nu Tomak_--child of Tomak; _mokuf nu Uap_--flower of Uap.

_Ku_ is used for our possessive genitive, when the thing possessed is inanimate, but when animate, then _e_ is used. Thus: _thauei ku pumawn_--necklace of the man; _otofin ku pin_--charcoal of the woman; _gatu e olakem_--cat of your brother; _babi e Pilun_--pig of the Chief.

CONJUNCTIONS

The conjunctions are as follows:

_n̄ḡe_ and _reb_ also _dagathi_ neither, nor _fa_ either, or _ma_ but _ya_ because _n̄ḡe_ so that

CARDINAL NUMBERS

1 _reb_, _tareb_ 2 _rub_, _logoru_ 3 _adolib_ 4 _anin̄ḡek_ 5 _lal_ 6 _nel_ 7 _medelib_ 8 _meruk_ 9 _mereb_ 10 _argak_ 11 _argak n̄ḡe tareb_ 12 _argak n̄ḡe logoru_ 14 _ragak n̄ḡe anin̄ḡek_ 20 _r’liu_ 21 _r’liu n̄ḡe tareb_ 30 _agiei_ 33 _agiei n̄ḡe adolib_ 40 _anin̄ḡargak_ 50 _uguem_ 55 _uguem n̄ḡe lal_ 60 _nelargak_ 70 _medelibargak_ 80 _merukargak_ 90 _merebargak_ 100 _raȧi_ 200 _rum raȧi_ 202 _rum raȧi logoru_ 300 _adolib mere ai_ 500 _lal mere ai_ 1000 _buyu_

Ordinal numbers are not used. We have, however, _mon_--first, in the front; _toluk_--in the middle; _uoriel_--last, lastly.

Ordinal numbers are not in reality lacking; _yai_--time, when joined to the cardinal numbers by the article _e_ provides them. Thus: _tareb-e-yai_--once; _logoru-e-yai_--twice; _adolib-e-yai_--thrice; etc.

It remains only to add a reference to the curious word _mere_, which, to quote the words of the Padre, “is constantly heard and is a necessary adjunct in speaking the language colloquially. It may be placed at the beginning of any speech and before any noun or verb in a sentence; it is especially useful in orations, being placed before ideas which are interpolated and which explain or connect the whole account.

“EXAMPLE: _Tsine mere keb e Ronoboi, mere Lian denang!_--Now there comes Ronoboi and Lian doesn’t know he’s coming!

“This sentence would be perfectly correct without _mere_, but strength and eloquence are added by putting it in these two places.”

MEASUREMENTS

Terms used for small measurements:

_Deh_ a span of index finger and thumb _Bogul_ the width of the four fingers together _Rif-e-rif_ the width of the back of the hand _Beridiri_ the stretch of the arms, a fathom

TIME

Terms used in denoting the time of day:

_Kakatabul-ni-kakatabul_ dawn _Galaial_ early morning _Kakatabul_ about eight o’clock _Misi n̄ḡijik_ about ten or eleven o’clock _Misi_ noon _Kathik_ one o’clock _Kapal_ about three o’clock _Gaunauruk_ late afternoon _Kainep_ night time _Lukunalang_ midnight

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH--UAP

PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

a as in _hat_.

ā as in _father_.

e as in _pen_.

ë as in the French _le_, barely audible at the end of a word.

i as in _ill_, always short.

o as in _pot_.

ō as in _only_.

u as in _plum_. Initial U never has the sound of _y_ preceding as in _unicorn_.

ū as in _plume_.

ụ as the _oo_ in _foot_.

ei as _ey_ in _they_.

ai as the _i_ in _sigh_.

oi as _oy_ in _boy_.

au as _ow_ in _how_.

aw as in _awning_.

n̄ḡ like the _ng_ in _singer_, when there is a hard sound as in _finger_ or _anger_ it is indicated by ngg.

ṯẖ as in _thin_.

ch as in _charred_.

The other consonants are pronounced as in English.

A

Above Ulang (when motion or action is implied--n̄ḡalang; when at rest--deken).

Abrasion Gatsal.

Abscess La.

Abundant Raau.

Accustomed, to become Matsem.

Afraid of Tamadek, Rus.

After a long time Baibiid.

Afternoon Gaunaruk (equivalent also to ‘au revoir’).

Afterwards Bainem.

Against Deiken.

Again Sulungai.

Alive Daorem.

All Awning.

Alone Go.

Also Er, Reb.

Always Urun̄ḡin-e-ran.

Angle Tabethung.

Angry, to become Dur.

Ankle Artsip-u-ei.

Another Be.

Ant (black) Apergok.

Ant (red) Kith.

Areca nut Wu.

Arm Pei, Paei.

Arrangement Ulu ulek.

As Tarebarragon.

Ashes Auat.

Ask, to Ning.

Axe Tou.

Axilla Talilifui, Talibei.

B

Bachelor Mutrubil.

Bachelor-house Pabai, Failu.

Back, the Keiru.

Back-bone Niu-u-keiru.

Bad Kareb.

Badly Bikireb.

Bad man Balbalean.

Balance, to Thik, Ethik.

Balance, to (with the hand) Urukruk.

Bamboo Mor, Puu.

Banana Pau.

Banana fibre mat Umbul.

Basket (semi-circular, for carrying betel nut, etc. Wai.

Bat Magilao.

Bathe, to Maluk.

Battle Tsam, Mal.

Be, to Kabai, Per.

Bear, to (give birth) Gergil.

Beard Rob.

Beater for tattoo needle Daiow.

Beautiful Pidorang.

Because Ya.

Become tired, to Magar.

Before (time) Kakarom.

Before (a little while) Kafarom bots.

Begin, to Tungui.

Begone! Kesi!

Belch Lokar.

Below Ubut.

Belly Nei.

Belt used by women when dancing Tugupiai.

Betel nut Wu.

Big Baga.

Bigamist Tuguru.

Bird Artsé.

Bite, to Kad.

Bitter Mugunin.

Black Run̄ḡidu.

Blind Malamit.

Blood Artsa.

Bloom, to Kaf.

Blow, to Thoi.

Blue Rungidu; Kalungalung (a word used by women).

Boat Barko (Spanish), Mu.

Body Daon̄ḡin.

Boil, to Ligil.

Bone Il.

Book (writing, paper) Babir.

Bore, to Koruf.

Bowels Giligan.

Box Debdeb.

Branch Pan̄ḡin.

Break, to Pirdi, ming, pilk.

Breast Tẖuṯẖ, aṯẖuṯẖ.

Bring, to Fek.

Brother Olak, Foger.

Brother-in-law Uetsuma.

Burn, to Ek, Methir.

Bury, to Kenikaiak.

Burying-ground Taliu.

Bush Gerger.

Butterfly Burok, Tololobei.

Button Artsip-ne-mad.

C

Calf of leg Tungun-e-ei.

Call Pinning.

Calm Kefalaiefu.

Cancer Rabun̄ḡek.

Captain (nautical) Ulian.

Carry, to Buek.

Carve Meiloi.

Cat Gatu.

Cat’s-cradle Gagai.

Caterpillar Goroman̄ḡamang.

Centipede Ouol.

Center Toluk.

Certainly (truly) Riul.

Chant Tam, Tiam.

Charcoal Otofin.

Charm Momok.

Cheek Lin̄ḡilin̄ḡi.

Chest, the Ν̄ḡurun̄ḡ-e-rek.

Chew, to Min̄ḡieng.

Chicken Numen.

Chief, a Pilun.

Child Fak, Betir.

Chilliness Ulum.

Chin Uotsrei.

Chop, to Toi.

Cigarette Lugud.

Clay Bar.

Clean Matsalabok.

Close, to Ning.

Clothing Mad.

Cloud Kalemulang.

Coconut (young one) Tob.

Coconut (soft and milky) Otsup.

Coconut (ripe) Merau.

Coconut-grove Niu, Aniu.

Coconut leaf (dried) Ul.

Cold Garubeb, Olum.

Cold (corrhyza) Misilipik.

Collar Liguin.

Comb Arouei.

Combat Tsam.

Come, to Ub.

Companion Olak.

Complaint Gil, Egil.

Compound (enclosure) Def.

Content Felfel anuk.

Coral Malang.

Cord Ao, Tal.

Corpse Iam.

Corpse (from violence) L’dou.

Count, to Keëk.

Crackling (slight noise) Ketsop.

Crooked Bụgụbụg.

Crowd, a Kensuk.

Cry, to Ior.

Cry out, to Tolul.

Crystal Kerek.

Curious Tseb-e-tseb.

Custom Matsem, Ethin.

Cut, to Thap.

Cut, a (with a knife) Muth.

D

Dagger (bamboo) Murugil.

Damage Giliu.

Damage (personal injury) Gosur, Denen.

Dance Tsuru.

Dandy Ufuf.

Darkness Lumor.

Dash, to Kaniloi.

Dawn Uots, Kiots, Kakatabul-ni-kakatabul.

Day Ran.

Day-after-to-morrow Lan̄ḡilad.

Day-before-yesterday Foupelan.

Daylight Ran.

Deep sea Rigurr.

Delicate Don̄ḡon̄ḡoi.

Desire, to Botsogu.

Destroyed Keputh-e-puth.

Die, to Moriar.

Difficult Moma Momau.

Diligent Patak.

Dirty Alid.

Discoverer Fal.

Disgust Sunogor.

Disobedient Bodak, Bergel.

Dispute Pūpūan.

Distance Malaf.

Ditch L’ra.

Do, to Flak.

Do not Dari.

Doctor Taflai.

Dog Pelis.

Doll Ūlūlūpei.

Don’t know Dāmānāng.

Door Māb.

Doubled Bụgụbụg.

Doze Tsutsu.

Drag, to Böoi, Nag.

Draw from the mouth Thuak.

Dreams Likai.

Drink, to Num.

Drip, to (drops) Gaf.

Drizzle Fol.

Drown, to. Lumots.

Dry Mororei, Murubidi.

E

Ear Tali, Yuentali (the outside ear).

Early morning Kakatabul.

Earth Bụt.

Earthen jar Athip.

Earthworm Elolei.

Easy Mom.

Eat Koi.

Egg (fowl’s) Fak-e-numen.

Elbow Bungun-u-pei.

Elder Beilel, the elder or senior--Ν̄ḡigak

Ember Karagufin.

End (conclusion) Mus.

Enemy Togor.

Enough Tsotsol, Kaiuk.

Entire Pulo.

Entrails Giligan.

Equally Susun, ued.

Escape Mil.

Evil-doer Balbaleän.

Exceed Räau.

Excellent Manigil.

Excrement Tar.

Express, to Oudi.

Expect (await) Beṯẖon.

Extinguish Tẖang.

Extremity Taban̄ḡuin.

Eye Lanei utei, Lanimit.

Eyebrows Uathụn̄ḡin.

Eyelids Mudthar, n̄ḡanimit.

F

Face Au Utei, Lanimit.

Fall, to Dol.

Fallen, stretched on the ground Kethik.

Fallen to the ground Keptsa-n̄ḡa-but.

False Bōar.

Far off Otorel.

Fasten by tying Mak.

Fat Suksuk-dao.

Father, (my, your, his) Chitim, Chitimak, Chitimam, Chitimangen.

Father-in-law Weituma.

Fathom Beridiri.

Fear Tamadak, Beiok.

Feather Ụl.

Few Biltsilits.

Fibrous heart of coconut Būl.

Field Tedilai.

Field, a cultivated Uelduk.

Fillet of flowers Teliau.

Filthy place Tsum.

Finger Guli-pei.

Finish Mus, dakori (no more).

Fire Nifi.

First Mon.

Fish Nik.

Fish, to Fita.

Fish-hook (wooden) Lam.

Fish Weir (bamboo) Ets.

Fish Weir (stone) Thagol.

Flames Taoromrom.

Flat Tamilang.

Flesh Ufin.

Flexible Bụgụbụg.

Flint Agan, Liok.

Float, to Pes.

Flow, to Pōok.

Flower Mokuf.

Fly, a Lol.

Food Gagan, Tomunemun.

Food in Falraman (Heaven) Ν̄ḡirin̄ḡir.

Fool, foolish Māāi, Alili.

Foot Arifirif-u-ei.

For Fana.

Force, to Ginin̄ḡirin̄ḡin.

Forehead Pere.

Forest, a grove Tolomol.

Four days hence Kanin̄ḡek.

Fowl Numen.

Fraud, a Saban-e-ban.

Fresh Garubeb.

Friend Olak, Foger.

Fright Gin.

From above Uulang.

From below Uubut.

From far Uubutorel.

From inside Uulan̄ḡin.

From near Uuguchigur.

From yonder Uurom.

From the beginning Kaargon.

Fruit Uaman̄ḡin.

Fruit tree Kakei.

Fuel Gan.

G

Gall Athibon.

Get, to Kel.

Get up (from sleep) Suon.

Ghost Athegith.

Girl (before puberty) Urgot.

Give, to Pi.

Go! Man; I go--Gowan.

God (Christian) Lios.

God (Uap Creator) Yalafath.

Good Fel, Kafel, Nifel.

Grandfather Tun̄ḡin.

Grandson Tun̄ḡin.

Grass Pan.

Grave, a Tsabok.

Green Run̄ḡidu, light green--Run̄ḡidu-melalai, Merialan.

Grief Beior.

Groan, to Beior.

Ground Bụt.

Grow, to Beilel.

Grown up Beilel.

Gums Iguii.

Gun Buyots.

H

Hair of head Pih.

Hair on the body Bunë.

Half Barba.

Halt Matsuri.

Hand Arifirif-u-pei.

Handle Kol.

Handsome (man) Pitsoai.

Hang, to Tining.

Happy Brir, Birir.

Hard Bagel.

Hat Purpur.

Hatchet Tou.

Have, to Kabai.

He Tsanem, Fanem.

Her Ν̄ḡak (acc.) Her (possessive)--rok.

Head Lolugei.

Hear Run̄ḡak.

Heavy Tomal.

Heel Uerielen-u-ei.

Hence (from here) Uuroi.

Here Uroi.

Hide, to Mith.

High Botolang.

Hill Oburei.

Him Ν̄ḡak.

His Rok, or the suffix --in̄ḡen.

Hit with the fist Goi, Tugui.

Hither Nairai.

Hole in the ear lobe Lanilii, lii.

Home Oagon, Ted.

Hook Lam.

Hope Bedṯẖon.

Hot Gauel, Tsogou.

House Naun.

How Uargon.

Hunger Bilik.

Hungry Kei.

Husband Figerin̄ḡen, Len̄ḡin.

Husk Keru.

Husk of coconut Agapat.

I

I (pronoun) Igak.

Idle Malamal.

If Ni.

Image Fon.

Imitate Giloi reb.

Immediately Katabots, Baikatabots.

Impossible Dabiok.

In Ū.

Incantation Momok.

Inclined Sumrumor.

Ink used in tattooing Būloth.

Inclose, to Lang, Kamelang.

Inside Fethik.

Instantly Tsidiri.

Intelligent Boloan, Solap.

Interior Lan̄ḡuin.

Iron Kobrë.

Island Don̄ḡots.

It Tsanem, fanem, n̄ḡak.

Its Rok.

J

Jest Gosogos.

Joke Mōning, Makarkar.

Jump Oth.

Just Foyen.

K

Key Kei, or--Ki.

Kitchen Pinfi.

Knee Bagun-ei.

Kneel, to Rogobuk.

Knife Yar-ni-matsif (shell knife).

Knots used for beam-lashings Giible, Refungirich.

Know, to Manang.

Knuckles Lebuk.

L

Ladder Falafal.

Lagoon Makef.

Large Baga.

Lashings Mitsibitsi.

Last Uriel, Tomur.

Last night Foungan.

Late Mitri, Mitimit.

Laugh, to Minimin.

Leaf Aran.

Leave, to Pak.

Left hand Gilai.

Leg Ei.

Lemon Gurgur-morets.

Less Baiun.

Liberal Bogol.

Lie, a Palfalegin, Belep, Bepelan.

Light with fire Methir.

Light with flint Liok.

Light (lamp) Magal.

Light (in weight) Baut, Sabaut.

Like this (thus) Arragon.

Lime Uetch, or--Vetch.

Limit Mathil.

Lips Wanlung-e-lun̄ḡai, Edodei.

Little (quantity) Biltis, Botsu.

Little (size) Pachijik.

Live, to Daorem.

Lobster Somening.

Lock of hair Otsen.

Long Uonu.

Look for, to Gaiogei.

Lose Mul.

Loud Bagel.

Louse (of the body) Bugau.

Louse (of the head) Ienuk.

Love (noun) Taoreng.

Love, to Runguy.

Low in stature Botabut.

Low place or ground Tapining.

Low tide Këei.

Lower, to (from a position higher than the ground) Lu.

Lower, to (from the level of the ground) Lok.

M

Maggot Fak-u-lut.

Man Pumawn.

Mankind Gidi.

Manner Mit.

Many Boōr.

Mark Ayol.

Married Kabai-len̄ḡin.

Master Suon.

Mat Tsop.

Matches Mases.

Meal, a Tomunemun, Gagan.

Mean Matsisi.

Measurement Fol.

Meat Ufin.

Medicine Flai.

Meet, to Petan̄ḡai, Mafeng.

Memory Laninii.

Metal Kobrë.

Mid-day Misi.

Middle Toluk.

Middle of the morning Aganelai.

Milk Laguen-e-ṯẖuṯẖ.

Milk of coconut Lingir.

Mine, my Rak, or suffix--ak, ek, ik, ok, uk, for parts of the body or pertaining thereto.

Miser Botebil.

Mistaken Dakafel, Dabikan.

Mixed Tabang.

Molars Ν̄ḡalen niga.

Money Metsaf, Fei.

Moon Pul.

Moribund Ubụtsia.

More Bots.

Morning Kabul.

Mosquito Neng.

Mother Chitin.

Mouldy Peṯẖathou.

Mountain Bebugul.

Moustache Buldui.

Mouth Lungei, Lugunei.

Move Mithemith.

Much Piri.

Mucus Mosul.

Muscle Kanakalei.

My, mine Rak, or suffix--ak, etc. -- see Mine.

N

Nail (finger) Kuyun̄ḡunpei.

Name Fithing.

Nape of neck Beligin.

Navel Tẖei.

Near Guchigur.

Neck Ligin.

Neck cord (woman’s) Marafa.

Necklace Tsrua, Thauei.

Net Kef.

New Bech.

Night Nep, Kainep; midnight--Lukunalang.

Night before last Fouepnep.

Nipple Lanuautan-e-ṯẖuṯẖ.

No Dan̄ḡai, Aha.

No more Dakori.

Nobody Dare.

Noon Misi.

Nose Pethun̄ḡui.

Nostril Lani-Pethun̄ḡui.

Not Dagathi.

Not long ago Kaforombots.

Not, do Dari.

Nothing Dari.

O

Oath, an Pufathin.

Odor Bon.

Of Ni, Ne, Nu, E, Ku, Ko.

Offence Denen.

Offspring Fak.

Often Pirieiai.

Oil Gep-e-gep.

Old (ancient) Kakadai.

Old man Bilibithir.

On the contrary Ketibuli.

One Tareb, Tab.

One or other Tamathath.

Open Bin.

Open up Fal.

Or Fa.

Order Ulu-ulek.

Order (command) Meluol, Thinbots.

Other, the Bë.

Our Rodad.

Out-rigger Tham.

Outside Uen.

P

Paddle Yap.

Paint, to Matsei.

Pain, painful Bamith, Amith.

Palm of the hand Lanipei.

Palm-tree Yu.

Panic Rus.

Papaia Babai.

Paper Babir.

Pardon, to Nak.

Part, portion Lai.

Path Uua.

Patience Igumper.

Pay, to Fodth.

Penurious Matsitsi.

People Gidi.

Perfectly Kirifel.

Perhaps Auna.

Picture Fon.

Pierce, to Koruf.

Pig Babi.

Pig-sty Tsum.

Pinch Kakail.

Pineapple Ν̄ḡon̄ḡor.

Pit L’ou, Mot.

Place Taguil.

Plant Niung.

Play Gosogos.

Point, a Ν̄ḡualeng.

Point, to, toward Peluon ko, n̄ḡa.

Pool L’ou.

Poor Garfuku.

Portion, Part Lai.

Positively Riul-ni-riul.

Possible Raiok.

Pouch Bel.

Pound, to Pirdi.

Precious Manigil.

Pregnant Dian.

Pretty Falefan.

Price Peluon.

Property Tafen.

Pull against Pak.

Pupil of eye Tir-u-moro.

Pure Matsalabok.

Put, to Tai.

Put on clothes Un.

Q

Question Fith.

Quick Papai.

R

Raft Fofod.

Rain Nu.

Rain, to Keb-e-nu.

Rat Boro.

Raw Kakalin.

Ray Uluts.

Recompense Peluon.

Recognize Poōī.

Red Raurau.

Relative Olak.

Repentance Kokal-n̄ḡa-nug.

Return Sul.

Revolve Tseltsel.

Reward Fodth.

Rib Ayong.

Rich Birbir, Metsaf, Abanen.

Right-hand Matau.

Ring Luou.

Rise Tulang.

Roast Fek.

Rob Lingau.

Robber Mororo.

Rope Gafi.

Roof Tsigii.

Root Liken̄ḡin.

Rotten Orur.

Round Sililibui.

Roundabout Eror.

S

Sad Kebutsen.

Sail Lai.

Salt Sawl.

Sand Ayan.

Satisfied Fas.

Scar Fadth.

Scissors Petsok.

Scratch Kerker.

Scream Tolul.

Sea Adai.

See Gi, Tsan̄ḡar.

Seed Outsen.

Seldom Tamathath.

Separate Ueruer, Mederek.

Sew, to Up.

Shade Tagulul.

Shadow Fon.

Shame Tamara.

Shark Ν̄ḡol.

Sharp taste Makadkad.

She Tsanem, Fanem.

Shell of coconut Le.

Shell money Yar-nu-betchrek.

Shell (pearl) Yar, Ayar, Botha ayar--shell money.

Shell (tridachna) Abul.

Short Bongots ongots.

Shoulder, to Fel-n̄ḡa-pon.

Shoulder Poi.

Sick Lili.

Similar Bụtsụgụr.

Sing Adafel.

Sister-in-law Yenen̄ḡin.

Sit, to Per.

Skein Otsen.

Skilful Solap.

Skin Witan dawei, Ieltsen, Keru.

Skirt Ong.

Skull Lo.

Sky Tharami.

Slanted Sumrumor.

Slave Pimlingai.

Sleep Tsutsu.

Sleep, to Mol, Tsutsu.

Slow Sathoath, Tẖoath.

Small Pachijik, Botsu, Biltis.

Smell, a Bon.

Smell, to Mamori-e-bon.

Smoke Ath.

Smooth Tamilang.

Sneeze Uen̄ḡith.

Snore Liguil.

So Arragon.

Sole of foot Laniei.

Son Fak pumawn.

Song Adafel.

Soon Baikatabots.

Sore, a Rabun̄ḡek.

Soul Ian, Tafenai.

Sour Mugunin.

Sour fruit Tebil.

Span (index and thumb) Dëh.

Sparing Melik.

Spark Bep-e-nifi.

Speak Non.

Spear Dilak.

Spill Pȯȯk.

Spin, to Finath.

Spit Madthu.

Spittle Ν̄ḡibotch.

Sprout, a Nuf.

Stain, stained Alid.

Stand, to Tulang, Michibii.

Star Tuf.

Statue Fon.

Steal, to Koerin.

Steal openly Leek.

Stiff Bergel.

Stomach In.

Stone Malang.

Stone money Fei.

Stop Matsuri.

Stop, to Dugil.

Straight Ketugul, Biluū.

Stream Lul.

Strength Ergel.

Stretch, to Maāp.

Strike Toi.

String Ao, Tal.

Strongly Bagel.

Sufficient Makil.

Sugar cane Kaiuk.

Summon Pinning.

Sun Ayal.

Suspend Gutining.

Swallow Ful.

Sweat Athu.

Sweet Makil.

Sweep, to Olagui.

Swim, to Nong.

Swollen Kedthu.

T

Tail Potson.

Take away Buek, Machuri.

Take off clothes Luf-e-mad.

Talk Non, Ok.

Taro Dal, Kamot.

Taste Lamen.

Tattoo Gotau.

Tattoo needle Galis.

Teach Fil.

Tear in strips Sesei.

Tears Lu.

Thank you Kamagar.

That person Tsanir, Anir.

That animal or thing Binir.

That person yonder Tsanem, Anem.

That animal or thing yonder Binem.

That far off person Fatsa.

The Farë.

Thee Ν̄ḡom.

Them Ν̄ḡorad.

Them (two persons) Ν̄ḡoru.

Thence Uuro.

There Uara.

These Pitsanei, Pianei.

These two Galitsanei, Galianei.

These (animals) Tinei.

They Pitsanem.

They (two) yonder Galitsanem, Galianem.

Thick Bedibak.

Thicket Gerger.

Thief Mororo.

Thigh Kalakal ei.

Thin Bugulifith.

Thine Rom.

Thing Ananen.

This person Tsanei, Anei.

This animal or thing Binei, tinei.

Thither Ν̄ḡara.

Thorn Il.

Those (near) persons Pitsanir, Pianir.

Those two (near) persons Galitsanir, Galianir.

Those (near) animals Tinir.

Those (yonder) persons Pitsanem, Yad.

Those animals or things yonder Tinem.

Those two (yonder) Galitsanem, Galianem.

Thou Igur.

Three days hence Dukuf.

Throat Taliginai.

Throw down Thik.

Thunder Derra.

Thus Arragon.

Tie (fasten) Mak.

Tie up Mak n̄ḡalang.

Tieing together Mitsibitsi.

To (dat. & obj.) Ko.

To (towards) Ν̄ḡa.

To (infin. & in order to) Ν̄ḡe.

Tobacco Tamako.

To be Per.

To-day Doba, Tsediri.

Toe Buguliei.

Toe nail Kuyun̄ḡun ei.

To-morrow Kabul.

Tongue Athei, Yomon olun̄ḡai.

Tooth Ν̄ḡuol.

Tortoise Darao.

Touch, to El.

Toward above Ν̄ḡalang.

Toward below Ν̄ḡabut.

Toward inside Ν̄ḡalangin.

Toward outside Ν̄ḡauen.

Towards yonder Ν̄ḡaram.

Tree Ren.

Trouble Domomu.

Trunk of tree Ren guin.

Tumor Lod, Madus.

Tune Yai.

Turbid Barnar.

Turn around Pin̄ḡak.

Turn to one side Kesigire.

Twilight Faniel.

U

Ugly Fogu, Magagan, Bulak.

Uncover Fal.

Under Tan̄ḡin.

Unequal Bithilthil.

Unfasten Gothagathei.

Untie Pithik.

Until Fin.

Up Ν̄ḡalang.

Urine Fi.

Us only Ν̄ḡomad.

Us two Ν̄ḡodou.

Us two only Ν̄ḡomou.

V

Vain Ufuf.

Valiant Madan̄ḡadan̄ḡ-komal.

Value Kuyun̄ḡun.

Vegetable Uelduk.

Vein Ν̄ḡutsei.

Very Piri; very good--felnifel.

Village Tagil, Binau.

Voice Lunn̄ḡun.

Vomit Fud, Ν̄ḡorok.

W

Waist-cloth Tẖu.

Wait a little Mininum.

Waken Od.

Walk (to take a) An, Tseltsel seinian.

Wall Tsam, Mal.

War belt Tsagal.

Water (sea) Adai, Dai.

Water (fresh) Ran.

Water from coconut Lin̄ḡir.

We Gadad.

We two Gadou.

We two only Somu.

We (all of us) Gomad.

Weak Don̄ḡon̄ḡoi, Oroporopek.

Wear, to Buek.

Weave Lifith.

Weep, to Ior.

Well (good) Kafel.

Wet Garda, Meiogo.

What? Manga?

When Baifinë.

When (in the past) Uin.

When (during the day) Mangial.

When (in the future) Dȧin.

Where Uu.

Where? Bau? Bain?

Wherefor Ν̄ḡe-dii.

Which? Mini.

Which (relative) Ni; (neuter objects)--Tinin̄ḡan.

Which of those two objects Galinin̄ḡan; which one (neuter object)--benin̄ḡan.

Whistle Felagur.

White Vetch-vetch, Uth.

Whither Danduu, darduu, n̄ḡan.

Who? Mini?

Who (relative) Ni.

Why? Manga fan?

Wife Len̄ḡin, Figir.

Wild Malaboch.

Wind (breeze) Nifeng, Maäb.

Wind-pipe Kon̄ḡlugunai.

Wing Pon.

Wish, to Dak.

With Ko.

Within Lan̄ḡgin.

Woman Pin.

Woman’s house Tapal.

Woman of the Failu Mispil.

Wood Ren.

Word Thin, Athin.

Work Moruel.

Wound, to Li.

Wound, a Malad.

Wrist Ulul-u-pei.

Wrong Dakafel.

Wronged Gudor.

Y

Yam Deok, Lak.

Yawn Guloua.

Year Duu.

Yellow Mogotrul, Ren̄ḡren̄ḡ, Bụt.

Yes Hu, Hei.

Yesterday Fouap.

Yonder Uaram.

You Igur; plural--Gumed; dual--Gumu.

Young (offspring) Fak.

Younger (or junior) Ν̄ḡijik.

Your Rom.

VOCABULARY

UAP-ENGLISH

A

Abanien A thing, an object.

Abetir A boy.

Abul The large tridachna shell.

Adafel To sing, a song.

Adai Sea water, the ocean.

Agabui Leaf of “buyo,” wild pepper.

Agan Flint.

Agapat Husk of coconut.

Alid A stain, stained, dirty.

Alili Foolish, a fool.

Amith Pain, painful.

An To go for a walk.

Anei This.

Anem That yonder.

Anir That.

Aö String, rope.

Ap To transfer.

Apergok Black ant.

Arragon So, thus, as, like.

Aran A palm leaf.

Ararragon So, thus, as, like.

Arifirif-ū-ei Foot.

Arifirif-ū-pei Hand.

Arouei Comb.

Artsa Blood.

Artsë A bird.

Artsip-ne-mad A button.

Artsip-ū-ei Ankle.

Aṯẖ Smoke.

Athegiṯẖ A ghost.

Aṯẖei The tongue.

Aṯẖibon Gall.

Aṯẖip An earthen jar.

Athū Sweat.

Au To fall to the ground.

Aüna Perhaps.

Aüat Ashes.

Au-ūtei The face.

Awning All, every.

Ayal The sun.

Ayan Sand.

Ayār Mother of pearl.

Ayong A rib.

B

Babai Papaia. Tree.

Babir Book, writing-paper.

Baga Big, large.

Baibiid After a long time.

Bainon Afterward.

Baikatabots Soon, immediately.

Baiū Where.

Baiūn A lie.

Balbalëan Bad man, an evildoer.

Bamith Pain, painful.

Bār Clay.

Bārba Half.

Bārūār Turbid.

Bau Where.

Baut Light, not heavy.

Bë Another, the other.

Bedthon To hope, expect.

Bei Strips of palm leaf used in fortune telling.

Beilel Elder.

Beiok Fear, alarm.

Bëior To groan.

Belep A lie.

Beliligin Nape of neck.

Benin̄ḡan Which one (neuter object).

Bepelau A lie.

Berber-reën The colour of red earth and salt water, Indian red.

Bergel Loud, harsh, obstinate, inflexible.

Beridiri A fathom.

Betir Young boy, a child.

Bilik Hunger.

Biltis A little, less.

Bilsiltis A few.

Bilūū Straight.

Binau A village.

Binei This (animal or thing).

Binem That yonder (animal or thing).

Bikireb Badly.

Binir That (animal or thing).

Bōār False.

Bōdak Disobedient.

Bōgul The width of the fingers, used in small measurements.

Bolōan Intelligent.

Bon Odour, smell.

Boör Many.

Bōrō A mouse.

Bōtha-ayar A string of shell money (ayar--a shell).

Botōar Deep.

Bots More.

Botsu A little.

Botsōgou Inclination, to desire.

Bōtsugur Near.

Brir, Birir Happy, rich.

Būek To carry.

Būgun ei Knee.

Bụgụbụg Doubled, twisted, flexible.

Buliel A little girl.

Būloth Ink used in tattooing.

Būluk Ugly.

Būrok Butterfly.

Bụt The ground.

Bụtsụgūr Similar, like.

CH

Chitimam Your father.

Chitimak My father.

Chitiman̄ḡin His father.

Chitinam Your mother.

Chitinak My mother.

Chitinin̄ḡen His mother.

D

Dabikan Mistaken.

Dabiok Impossible.

Dagaṯẖi Not.

Dain When (referring to future).

Daiow Stick used to tap the needle in tattooing.

Dak To wish.

Dakafel Wrong, mistaken.

Dakori No more.

Dal Taro (kaladium).

Damanang Don’t know.

Dandūū Whither.

Dan̄ḡai No.

Darao A turtle.

Dardūū Whither.

Darë No one, nobody.

Dari Do not, nothing.

Dawn̄ḡin The body.

Dawrem To live, alive.

Debdeb A box.

Def A house lot, a yard.

Dëh A span of index and thumb.

Deiken Against.

Deken Above, over.

Denen Personal injury, offence.

Deṛṛa Thunder.

Dian Pregnant.

Dilak Spear.

Diri To-day.

Djritr Dracoena.

Dōba Now, to-day.

Dol To fall.

Don̄ḡon̄ḡoi Weak, delicate.

Don̄ḡots Island.

Dōmōmou Trouble.

Dōmunemun Food.

Dugil To stop.

Dukuf Three days hence.

Dụr To become angry.

Dūū A year.

E

E Of.

Ebinau Everywhere.

Edodei Lips.

Egal A complaint.

Ek To burn.

El To touch.

Elōlei Earthworm.

Er Also.

Eran Day.

Ergel Strength.

Erieh Vermillion.

Erōr Roundabout.

Ethik To balance.

Ethin Custom.

Ets Stone fish-weir.

F

Fa Or.

Fadth A scar.

Fagali Those two.

Failu Men’s house,--on the shore.

Fak A child, offspring.

Fak-e-numen An egg.

Fak-ū-lụt Maggot.

Fal To uncover.

Falafal Ladder, steps.

Falafalegin A lie.

Fana For.

Fanei For him, her, it.

Fanem He, she, it.

Faniel Twilight.

Fapi Those.

Farë The.

Fas Satisfied.

Fatsā That (person) far off.

Fei Stone money.

Fek To bring.

Fel Good.

Felagar To whistle.

Fel-e-fan Pretty, good looking.

Felfel anuk Happy, content.

Fel-n̄ḡa-pon To shoulder.

Felnifel Very good.

Fethik Inside, within.

Fi Urine.

Figerin̄ḡen Wife, husband.

Fil To teach.

Finath To spin.

Fita To fish.

Fithing Name.

Flai Medicine.

Flak To do, to make.

Fodth To pay, to reward.

Fōfod A raft.

Fōger Friend, companion.

Fōgū Ugly.

Fol A drizzle.

Fon Image, picture, shadow.

Fouap Yesterday.

Fouepnep Night before last.

Foun̄ḡanan Last night.

Foupelan Day before yesterday.

Fouperen̄ḡan Two days ago.

Foyen Just.

Ful To swallow.

G

Gadad We.

Gadou We two.

Gaf Drops of liquid.

Gagai “Cat’s-cradle.”

Gagan Food.

Gaiogei To search, look for.

Galianem } Those two persons yonder; the two. Galitsanem }

Galitsanei These two persons.

Galianir } Those two persons. Gautsanir }

Galinin̄ḡan Which of those two (animals or inanimate objects).

Galis Tattooing instrument.

Gan Fuel.

Garda Wet.

Garfūkū Poor, unfortunate.

Garūbeb Cold, fresh.

Gatsal Wounds, abrasions.

Gatū A cat.

Gauel Hot.

Gaunauruk Afternoon, at parting, means--au revoir.

Gep-e-gep Oil.

Gergal To give birth to.

Gerger A bush, a thicket, a branch.

Gi To see.

Gidi People, men, mankind.

Giible Knots used in lashing beams of a house.

Gil A complaint.

Gilai Left hand.

Giligan Bowels, entrails.

Giliu Personal injury, damage.

Giloi reb To imitate.

Gin Fright.

Go Alone, only.

Goi To hit with the fist.

Gomad We (exclusive).

Gomou We two only.

Goroman̄ḡaman̄ḡ A caterpillar.

Gosogos A laugh, a joke, a game.

Gotau Tattooing.

Gothagathei To unfasten.

Gotruk The croton.

Goufaned For us only.

Gowan I go, I am going.

Gūchigụr Near.

Gūdūr Wronged, injured.

Gūfanei For me.

Gūmed You (plural).

Gūmū You two.

Gūlip-ai Finger.

Gūloua To yawn.

Gūlun̄ḡlun̄ḡ Blue (a term used by women).

Gūrgūrmorets A lemon.

H

Hei Yes.

Hū Yes.

I

Iam A corpse.

Ian A ghost.

Ienūk Head-louse.

Igak I (personal pronoun).

Igūii The gums.

Igumper Patience.

Igur You, thou.

Il A bone.

In The stomach.

Iōr To cry.

Iya It is that; yes, just so.

K

Kaargon From the beginning.

Kabai To have.

Kabai len̄ḡen Married.

Kabul To-morrow morning (a salutation on parting for the night).

Kad To bite.

Kaërin To steal.

Kafel Good, well, all right.

Kaforombots Not long ago.

Kainep Night time.

Kaiuk Enough, sufficient.

Kakadai Old.

Kakail To pinch.

Kakarom Before, formerly.

Kakatabụl Early morning.

Kakatabụl-ni-kakatabụl Daybreak.

Kakei A fruit tree.

Kakolin Raw.

Kalakal ei The thigh.

Kalemulang A cloud.

Kamagar Thank you.

Kamot Taro, kaladium.

Kanakalei Muscle.

Kaniloi To dash.

Kanin̄ḡgek Four days hence (see Grammar).

Karagufin An ember, red hot.

Kareb Bad.

Keb-e-nū It rains.

Kebụtsen Sad.

Këei Low tide.

Këek To count.

Kef A net.

Kefalaiefu Calm.

Kei Hungry.

Keiru Back.

Kel To get.

Ken̄ḡuin The trunk of a tree.

Kenikaiak To bury.

Kensuk A crowd.

Keptsa-n̄ḡa-but Dropped to the ground.

Kerek Crystal.

Kerker A scratch.

Kerū A husk.

Kesigiri To turn to one side.

Keṯẖik Fallen stretched on the ground.

Ketibūli On the contrary.

Ketsop A crackling, a slight noise.

Ketugul Straight.

Kinei This piece of.

Kinem That piece of.

Kinir That piece yonder of.

Kiots Dawn.

Kirifel Perfectly.

Ko To (used before personal pronouns or names in the indirect objective case; ex.: _Munon ko Tomak_--tell it to Tomak. Also used in comparisons).

Kōbrë Iron, metal.

Koi To eat.

Kōkal-n̄ḡa-nug Repentance.

Kol A handle.

Kong lūgūnai The inside of the throat.

Koruf To bore.

Kū Of.

Kụf To bloom, to blossom.

Kufanu For us two only.

Kūyūn̄ḡun Value.

L

La An abscess.

Laguen-e-ṯẖuṯẖ Human milk.

Lai A portion, a part.

Lai A sail.

Lam A fish-hook (wooden).

Lamen To taste.

Lanei-ūtei The eye.

Lāng To enclose, to twist.

Lān̄ḡat Wild pepper.

Lān̄ḡei The mouth.

Lān̄ḡgin Within, the interior.

Lān̄ḡilat Day after to-morrow.

Lanilii Hole in lobe of ear.

Lanipei Palm of hand.

Lanimit The eye.

Laninii Memory.

Lanuautan-e-ṯẖuṯẖ A nipple.

L’dou A corpse.

Lë Shell of coconut.

Lebuk Knuckles.

Lëek To steal.

Len̄ḡin Wife, or husband.

Li To wound.

Lifith To weave.

Ligil To boil.

Ligin The neck.

Liguin A close necklace, a collar.

Likai Dreams.

Liken̄ḡin A root.

Lili Sick.

Lin̄ḡau To rob.

Lin̄ḡilin̄ḡi The cheek.

Lin̄ḡir Coconut milk.

Liok Light with flint and steel.

Lō The skull.

Lod A tumor.

Logoru Two.

Lok To lower from the level of the ground.

Lōkar To belch.

Lol A fly.

Lolūgei The head.

Lou A pit, a hole.

L’ra A ditch.

Lū To lower from a place above the level of the ground.

Lu Tears.

Lụgụd A cigarette.

Lụgunei, Lụngei The mouth.

Lul A stream, a brook.

Lūmor Darkness.

Lūmots To drown.

Lun̄ḡei, Lugūnei The mouth.

Lun̄ḡụn The voice.

Lüou A ring.

M

Māāb A door, a gate.

Māāi Foolish, a fool.

Māāp To stretch.

Machuri Take away.

Mad Clothing.

Madan̄ḡadan̄ḡ-kō-mal Valiant.

Madthu To spit.

Madụs A tumor.

Mafeng To meet, to encounter.

Magagan Ugly.

Magal Fire-light, lamp-light.

Magar To become tired.

Magilao A bat.

Mak To tie, to fasten.

Makadkad A sharp taste.

Makef Inside the reefs, the lagoon.

Makil Sweet, sugar-cane.

Mal A wall.

Malabots Wild, savage.

Malad A wound.

Malaf Distance.

Malamal Idle, lazy.

Malamit Blind.

Malāng A stone, coral.

Maluk To bathe.

Man To go.

Manāng To know.

Mān̄ḡā What?

Mān̄ḡāfan Why?

Mān̄ḡial When? At what time?

Mānigil Excellent, precious.

Marafā Neck-cord worn by adult women.

Mases Matches.

Matau Right hand.

Mathil Limit.

Matsalabok Clean, clear, pure.

Matsei To paint.

Matsem To become accustomed, a custom.

Matsitsi Mean, penurious.

Matsūri Hold up! Stop!

Mederek Separate, separable.

Meiōgō Wet.

Melik Dried, parsimonious.

Meloi To carve, to engrave.

Meluol An order, a command.

Merau Ripe cocoanuts.

Merup A shell for scraping taro.

Methir To burn, to light with fire.

Metsaf Money, riches.

Michibii To stand up.

Ming To break.

Min̄ḡieng To chew.

Mil To flee, to escape.

Mini Who? Which?

Minimin Laughter.

Mininum By-and-by, wait a little.

Misilipik Corrhyza, a cold object.

Mispil A woman of the Failu.

Mit Class, form, manner.

Miṯẖ To hide.

Miṯẖemiṯẖ To move.

Mitri Lateness, delay.

Mitsibitsi Lashing tying together.

Mōgotrul Dark yellow.

Mōkụf A flower.

Mol To sleep, to lie down.

Mom Easy.

Mōmā Difficult.

Momau Difficult.

Momok A charm, incantation.

Mon First.

Mon̄ḡol A woman of the Failu.

Mor Grass, bamboo.

Moriar To die.

Mororei Dry, crisp, arid.

Mororo A robber, thief.

Moruel Work, toil.

Mosul Mucus.

Mot A pit, a well, a hole.

Mu A canoe.

Mū To finish.

Mūfaned For you (plural).

Mūfanei For thee.

Mūfanū For you two.

Mūgūnin Bitter, sour.

Mụl To lose.

Mūrūbidi Dry, crisp.

Mūrūgil A dagger (of bamboo).

Mụs End, finish, conclusion.

Mụth A cut by a knife or axe.

Mūtrūbil A bachelor, unmarried person.

N

Nag To drag.

Nak To pardon.

Naun A house.

Ne (ni, nu) Of.

Nei Belly.

Neng Mosquito.

Nep Night.

Ν̄ḡa To (motion towards).

Ν̄ḡabut Toward below.

Ν̄ḡadafaned For us.

Ν̄ḡadafanou For us two.

Ν̄ḡak Him, her, it (acc.).

Ν̄ḡālāng Above (motion upwards).

Ν̄ḡālān̄ḡin Toward the inside.

Ν̄ḡālen niga Molar teeth.

Ν̄ḡārā Thither.

Ν̄ḡārai Hither, toward here.

Ν̄ḡāram Toward yonder.

Ν̄ḡauen Toward the outside.

Ν̄ḡë To (infinitive mood), for the purpose of.

Ν̄ḡe dii Wherefore.

Ν̄ḡibots Spittle.

Ν̄ḡigak The elder; Ν̄ḡijik, the younger (of persons).

Ν̄ḡirin̄ḡir Food which Yalafath provides in Falraman; it lasts forever.

Ν̄ḡōdad Us, to us (acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡōdou Us two.

Ν̄ḡok Me, to me (acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡol A shark.

Ν̄ḡom Thee, to thee (acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡōmad Us only, to us only (acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡōmed You, to you (plur. acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡōmou Us two only.

Ν̄ḡōmu You two, to you two (acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡon̄ḡor Pineapple.

Ν̄ḡōrad Them, to them (acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡōrok To vomit.

Ν̄ḡōrou Them (two), to them (two) (acc. or dat.).

Ν̄ḡualen, Ν̄ḡuol A tooth.

Ν̄ḡūaleng A point.

Ν̄ḡūrụng-e-rek The chest.

Ν̄ḡụtsei A vein.

Ni If.

Nifel Good.

Nifeng The wind.

Nifi Fire, flint and steel.

Nigup Tobacco.

Nik Fish.

Ning To ask, to beg, to close.

Niu-u-keiru The backbone.

Niụng To plant.

Non To speak, to talk.

Non̄ḡ To swim.

Nū Rain.

Nụf A sprout of a plant.

Nụm To drink.

Nụmen A fowl.

O

Oagon Home.

Oburei Hill.

Od To waken.

Ok To talk, to speak.

Olagui To sweep.

Olak Brother, friend, cousin.

Olum Cold.

Ong Woman’s skirt.

Orōporōpek Weak.

Orụr Rotten.

Oth To jump.

Otōfin Coal, charcoal.

Otōrel Far off.

Otsen Skein of thread, lock of hair.

Otsụp Coconut (soft).

Oụdi To squeeze out.

Ouol Centipede.

Outsen Seed.

P

Pabai Bachelor’s house (inland).

Pachijik Small.

Pak To leave.

Pan Grass.

Pān̄ḡin A branch.

Papai Quick.

Patak Diligent.

Pau Banana.

Pei (or paei) The arm.

Pelis A dog.

Peluon Price, recompence.

Peluon kō, or n̄ḡa. Point at.

Pemon The chest.

Per To be.

Përë Forehead.

Pes To float.

Petan̄ḡai To meet.

Pethụn̄ḡui The nose.

Petsok Scissors.

Pi To give.

Pidōrang Beautiful (woman).

Pih Hair of head.

Pilun A chief.

Pimlin̄ḡai A slave.

Pin A woman.

Pinfi Kitchen, house where women cook.

Pin̄ḡek To turn around.

Pinning Call, summon.

Pir To sit.

Pirdi To pound, to break.

Piri Very, much.

Pirieiai Often.

Piṯẖik Untie.

Pitsanei These persons.

Pitsanem They, those persons yonder.

Pitsanir Those persons (near).

Pitsoai Handsome (man).

Poi Shoulder.

Pon Wing of a bird.

Pōok To flow, to spill.

Potson A tail.

Pụfeṯẖin An oath.

Pụl The moon.

Pụlo Entire.

Pumawn Man, male.

Pūpūan To argue, to dispute.

Purpur A hat.

Pụū Bamboo.

R

Raau To exceed, abundant.

Rabun̄ḡek A cancer, a large sore.

Rafaned For them.

Rafanou For them (two).

Raiok Possible.

Rak Of me, my.

Ran Water (fresh).

Raurau Red.

Reb Also.

Rëen Colour.

Refun̄ḡirich Knots used in lashing beams together.

Ren A tree, wood.

Ren̄ḡren̄ḡ Yellow, saffron used as cosmetic.

Ren̄ḡren̄ḡ malalai. Dark yellow, orange.

Rif-e-rif The width of the hand, used in measurements.

Riul Truly, really.

Riul-ni-riul Positively.

Rob The beard.

Rōdad Of us, with us.

Rōdou Of us two.

Rōgobụg To kneel.

Rok Of him, his, her, its.

Rom Thy, thine, yours, of thee.

Rōmad Of us, or with us only.

Rōmed Of you, or with you.

Rōmou Of us, or with us.

Rōmu Of you (two), or with you (two).

Run̄ḡak To hear.

Run̄ḡidu Black, blue, green.

Run̄ḡiu To love.

Rus Panic, to fear much.

S

Saban-e-ban Fraud, swindler.

Sabaut Light, not heavy.

Saṯẖaoṯẖ Slow.

Sawl Salt.

Seinian To take a walk.

Sesei To tear in strips.

Sōath Slowly.

Sōlap Skilful, intelligent.

Sōmening A lobster.

Sōrom You are right, that’s right.

Sūksụk dao Fat, corpulent.

Sul To return.

Sulun̄ḡai Again, to repeat.

Sụmrūmōr Slanted, inclined.

Sunogōr Disgust, nausea.

Sụon Master.

Sūsụn Equally.

T

Tab One, the one.

Tabang Mixed.

Taban̄ḡūin End, extremity.

Tabeṯẖung A right angle.

Tafen Property, kingdom.

Tafenai The soul, to think.

Taflai Doctor.

Tagalụl Shade.

Tagil Village.

Tagūil Place, position.

Tai To put, to place.

Tal A string.

Tali The ear.

Talibei Arm-pit, axilla.

Taliginai Throat, neck.

Taliu Burying ground.

Tam Funeral chant.

Tamadak To fear.

Tamako Tobacco.

Tamara Shame.

Tamaṯẖaṯẖ One or another, seldom.

Tamilang Smooth, flat.

Tan̄ḡin Under, below.

Taoreng Love.

Taoromrom Flames.

Tapal Woman’s house.

Tapiung Low, low position.

Tar Excrement.

Tareb One.

Tareb arragon Like, as.

Tebil A sour fruit.

Ted Home.

Teliau A fillet of flowers.

Tẖam An out-rigger.

Tẖang To extinguish.

Tẖap Cut with a knife.

Tẖarami The sky.

Tẖauei Red shell necklace.

Tẖei The navel.

Tẖoath Slow.

Tẖik To throw down, to tumble.

Tẖinbots Order, command.

Tẖoi To blow.

Tẖū Waist cloth.

Tẖūak To take out of the mouth.

Tẖugal Bamboo fish weir.

Tẖuṯẖ The breast.

Tinei These (animals or things).

Tinem Those (animals or things) yonder.

Tinin̄ḡan Which ones (animals or inanimate objects).

Tinir Those (animals or things).

Tinning To suspend.

Tir-ū-moro Pupil of eye, eyeball.

Tob Young coconut.

Tōgar Enemy.

Toi To chop, to strike.

Tōlolobei Butterfly.

Tolōmol The jungle.

Tolụk Centre, middle.

Tolul To scream, to cry.

Tōmal Heavy.

Tōmunemūn Food.

Tōmūr Last.

Tou Hatchet.

Tsabok A grave.

Tsagal A war-belt.

Tsam A wall, a combat.

Tsanem That, he, she, it.

Tsan̄ḡar To see.

Tsanei This.

Tseb-e-tseb Curious.

Tsediri To-day.

Tseltsel Take a walk, to revolve, to roll.

Tsidiri Now, instantly.

Tsigii Roof.

Tsikinega This very large piece of.

Tsikinei This very small piece of.

Tsine Now.

Tsōgou Hot.

Tsop Mat of palm leaf.

Tsotsol A cough.

Tsrua Necklace.

Tsum Pig-sty, a filthy place.

Tsūrū A dance.

Tsūtsū To doze.

Tụf A star.

Tūgūi To hit with the fist.

Tūgūpiai Woman’s dancing belt.

Tūguru A bigamist.

Tūlāng To stand, to rise.

Tun̄ḡin Grandfather, grandson.

Tun̄ḡui To begin.

Tungun-e-ei Calf of leg.

U

Ū In.

Ūaman̄ḡin Fruit.

Ūara There.

Ūaram Yonder.

Ūargon How, in what manner.

Ūathun̄ḡin Eyebrow.

Ụb To come.

Ūbụt Below.

Ūbụtsia About to die.

Ūed Equally.

Ūeldụk A vegetable, a sown field.

Ūen Outside.

Ūerialen-e-ei The heel.

Ūerūer Separate, to separate.

Ūetch Lime.

Ūetsuma Brother-in-law.

Ūfin Flesh, meat.

Ūfūf Vain, a dandy.

Ūin When (past time).

Ụl A feather, leaf of cocoanut palm.

Ūlāng Above.

Ūlian Captain of a ship.

Ūlūlūpei The wrist, a doll.

Ūlūm Chilliness, internal cold.

Ūlụts A ray of light.

Ūlūūlek Order, discipline.

Ụmbụl Banana fibre mat.

Ụn To dress up.

Ūonū Long.

Ūots Dawn.

Ūotsrei The chin.

Ụp To sew.

Ụrgot A girl before puberty.

Ūriel The last.

Ūroi Here.

Ūrụkrụk To balance with the hand.

Ūrūn̄ḡin Everywhere.

Ūūrn̄ḡin-e-ran Every day.

Ụṯẖ White, like foam.

Ūtōlụk In the middle.

Ūū Where.

Ūūa A path.

Ūubụt From below.

Ūubụtōrel From far.

Ūubụtsūgụr From near.

Ūuen From outside.

Ūulāng From above.

Ūulān̄ḡin From inside.

Ūurō Thence.

Ūuroi From here.

Ūurom From yonder.

V

Vetch-vetch White (like paper).

W

Wai Old fashioned betel basket of semi-circular shape.

Witandawei The skin.

Wū Betel nut.

Y

Ya Because.

Yad Those (yonder) persons.

Yai A tune.

Yalafath God of Creation.

Yan A soul.

Yap A paddle.

Yar Shell (mother-of-pearl).

Yār-ne-matsif Shell knife.

Yār-nu-betchrek Large shell money.

Yenen̄ḡin Sister-in-law.

Yōmon ulun̄ḡai The tongue.

Yū A palm tree.

Yūentali The ear (the outside ear).

Who art thou?--_Igur Mini?_

I am a man of Uap--_Igak pumawn nu Uap._

What is thy name?--_Mini fithin̄ḡam igur?_

My name is Lemet--_Fithin̄ḡak e Lemet._

Who is that man who is coming?--_Mini e tsanir ni keb?_

He is one of my brothers--_Tareb Ōlakek._

What is your brother’s name?--_Mini e fithin̄ḡan ōlakem?_

He is named Ronoboi--_Fithin̄ḡan e Ronoboi._

Whence dost thou come?--_Mụb ūū?_

Where do you (plural) come from?--_M’bad ūū?_

Where do you two come from?--_M’bou ūū?_

Where is that one coming from?--_Keb ūū tsanem?_

Where are they coming from?--_R’bad ūū pitsanem?_

I am coming from my house--_Gụp ū naun rak._

We are coming (or come) from Rul--_Gụpad ū Rul._

We (two) come from the stream--_Gụpou ū lul._

He is coming from the sea--_Keb ū madai._

They come from a little island which is near--_R’bad u tareb e don̄ḡots ni kabai bōtsugur._

Where art thou going alone?--_Ν̄ḡa man e n̄ḡan gōgūr?_

Where are you going?--_Ν̄ḡa maned e n̄ḡan?_

Where is he going?--_Ν̄ḡa yane n̄ḡan e tsanem?_

Where are they going?--_Ν̄ḡa ranöd n̄ḡan e pitsanem?_

I have come from the house and I go to Goror--_Kōgụp ū naun, n̄ḡe gwan n̄ḡa Goror._

We are going to the cemetery--_Gwanad n̄ḡa taliu._

He is going to fish--_Tsanem këan kō fita._

Those people are going to see the plants--_Pitsanem karanöd n̄ḡe kibots e ūelduk._

This one is not going because he is afraid--_Tsanei dabiyan ya tamadak._

Of whom art thou afraid?--_Tatamadak kō mini?_

I am very much afraid of the dead--_Gūtamadak e piri ko iam._

What dost thou want?--_Man̄ḡa gadak?_

I want nothing--_Dāri Dāri!_

I want water because I am thirsty--_Gedak e ran ya kōgum n’ran._

What does he say?--_Mān̄ḡā baiok e tsanir?_

What is the name of that?--_Mān̄ḡā fithin̄ḡan tinei?_

What is this for?--_Mān̄ḡā kaflak ka tinei?_

Art thou alone or with others?--_Gōgūr fa gūmed e boör?_

Art thou alone or are there two?--_Gōgūr fa gumou e bë?_

We are many--_Gōmad e boör._

We are two--_Gōmou e bë._

I am going to sleep--_Gwan n̄ḡe gụtsūtsū._

Come thou--_Moi n̄ḡarai._

Come you two--_Marrou n̄ḡarai._

Come you--_Marred n̄ḡarai._

I do not know--_Dakōnāng._

Call all the people--_Pinning awning e gidi._

When wilt thou return?--_Dain baimusūl?_

[Illustration: UAP ISLAND. ENTRANCE ROCK, LAT. 9° 28′ 3″ N., LONG. 138° 4′ 46″ E.]

INDEX

PAGE

Adoption 33

Armlets 66

Athegiths or ghosts 148

Bachelors’ Houses, Construction of 36

Banana-leaf mats 104, 151

“Bei” leaves 130

Bracelets 66

Burial position 176

Burial rites 162

Burying grounds 171

Cat’s-cradle 107, 112

Causes of illness 148

Colour perception 155

Combs 57

Copra 27

Costume 56

Counting 140

Creation legend 142

Dances 82

Drift of canoes 41

Ear-lobes, Slitting of 59

Ear-protectors 110

Ear-rings 61

Epileptics 148

European music, Appreciation of 70

Failu, A 36

Failu after a fishing expedition 43

Falraman (Heaven) 68, 147

Fatumak 126

Fatumak’s writing 139

Fei 93

Fire, Origin of 151

Fishing in open sea 38

Forbidden song of Failu 75

Fortune tellers 137

Fortune telling 130, 133

Funeral, A 164

Gods and Demons 149

Grave digging 172

Heaven (Falraman) 68, 147

High-born nobles 49

History of the Carolines 16

Houses, Construction of 22

Importation of Fei 100

Incantations 152

Inifel of Magachpa 63

Introduction of tattooing 159

Japanese poetry 80

Kakofel, daughter of Lian 108

Kitchens 110

Language of songs and incantations 77

Legend of creation 142

Lemet, a mispil 51

Lost Fei, The 96

Mach-mach or sorcery 152

Marafa,--a badge of puberty 123

Migiul, a mispil 124

Mispils 46

Mispils, Capture of 50

Money and currency 92

Moving pictures 83

Mutilations 59

Naming a child 153

Necklaces 62

New fire 37

Omens from Bei leaves 132

Origin of fire 151

Out-rigger canoes, Management of 40

Pabai, A 36

Paths, Native made 31

Payment of a fine 98

Perception of colour 155

Phonographic records 69

Pimlingai, Slave class 49, 158, 168

Pooguroo 29, 33

Population 17

Posture songs 82, 85

Presents to a corpse 166

Religion 142

Return of a fishing party 42

Ronoboi, The mach-mach 64, 106

Sacred mats or Umbul 104, 151

Shell money 102, 103

Shell necklaces as money 105

Sitting down posture song 86

Slave class, Pimlingai 49, 158, 168

Soul, The 147, 149

Spells 79

Standard of beauty 124

Standing-up dance 88

Stone money 93

Sunken wealth 97

Superstitions 39, 43, 45, 120, 137, 165

Taboo over fishermen 38

Tacking with an out-rigger canoe 40

Tafenai, The soul 147, 149

Tattooing 157

Tattooing of a mispil 54

Thauei, Shell necklaces 105

Trading value of Fei 101

Uaap, Meaning of 16

Umbul, Sacred mats 104

Women’s skirts 121

Words of songs 78

Yalafath, The Supreme Deity 149

Yap, Meaning of 16

FOOTNOTES:

[1] CHRISTIAN, (_The Caroline Islands_, p. 350) says that it is a variety of _Morinda citrifolia_.

[2] “Almost the oldest specimen of Latin which we now possess is the Song of the Salii, the priests of Mars, handed on from generation to generation, and repeated with scrupulous care, even though the priests themselves, as Quintilian assures us, had not the least notion what it meant.”--BAILEY _Religion of Ancient Rome_, 1907, p. 24.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

4. Italics are shown as _xxx_.