CHAPTER XIX.

THE UNIVERSITY IN 1886

[Sidenote: Reign of Queen Victoria]

The last chapter of University history covers a period within living memory, and practically coextensive with the reign of Queen Victoria. Its main interest consists in the rapid succession of theological controversies which have agitated the academical mind, and in the series of internal reforms dating from 1850. Both of these subjects have been separately considered, but it still remains to review briefly the strange transformation wrought in the various aspects of University life within the lifetime of the present generation, not so much by external interference as by the natural growth of new social conditions.

[Sidenote: State of the University on the Queen’s accession]

On the accession of Queen Victoria the college-system was already established on its present basis, and effective University examinations had put an end to the licensed idleness of the eighteenth century. But the University and the colleges were still governed respectively by antiquated codes of statutes, which it would have been no less disastrous than impossible to enforce strictly, but from which, as we have seen, it required the intervention of the Legislature to release them. Though a considerable number of able students destined for the Bar were attracted by scholarships and the prospect of fellowships, Oxford was still mainly a clerical and aristocratic seminary, exercising a very slight influence on the scientific or commercial world, and little affected by their fashions. Until it was connected with the metropolis by railway, it retained the distinctive character of a provincial town, and many eccentric recluses of a type now obsolete were still to be found in college rooms, who had never entered a London club or drawing-room. The whole authority of the University was, in fact, exerted to keep the railway at a distance, and the Oxford branch was not opened before June 12, 1844. Though Oxford was much frequented by visitors in the summer term, not without injury to continuity of study, its atmosphere was still essentially academical, if not scholastic, and the conversation as well as the social tone of its residents, both graduates and undergraduates, differed sensibly from those of their contemporaries in the metropolis and elsewhere. Oxford Dons had not altogether lost the traditional characteristics of their class; the model Oxford first-class man, assuming to have mastered classical literature, Greek philosophy, and ancient history, which he regarded as the staple of human knowledge, was accused of exhibiting the pride of intellect in its purest form; young priests of the new ‘Oxford School’ assuredly carried sacerdotal presumption to its logical extreme; and the chartered libertinism of ‘fast men’ in one or two Oxford colleges sometimes brought scandal on the whole University. No doubt the habits of Oxford ‘collegians’ fifty years ago would have compared favourably with those of their grandfathers, still more with those of the squalid but industrious students who begged their way to the University in the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, hard drinking and its concomitant vices were by no means obsolete, even in common-rooms, and though undergraduates cultivated the manners of young gentlemen, their ordinary moral code was probably but little above that which then prevailed in the army and the navy. Side by side, however, with the self-indulgent circles of undergraduate society, there was a limited set deeply impressed by the ascetic teaching of the Neo-Catholic school, whose practical influence on its disciples resembled in many respects that of the Evangelical school at Cambridge, however different in its theological basis. The prevailing narrowness and intensity of theological opinion was perhaps favoured by the narrowness of the University curriculum. Classics and mathematics retained a monopoly of studies; few wasted time on modern languages, history, or natural science; while music and art in all its aspects were regarded by most as feminine accomplishments. Since professors were very scarce, and tutors (being fellows) were unable to marry, family life and social intercourse with ladies had no place in an University career. The members of each college associated comparatively little with ‘out-college men,’ in the absence of clubs, debating societies, and other bonds of non-collegiate union. Rowing and cricket were vigorously cultivated by young men from the great public schools, and hunting was carried on, especially by noblemen and gentlemen-commoners, with a lordly disregard of economy; but for the mass of students there was no great choice of games and recreations, at least in the winter. Those who did not aspire to Honours, being the great majority, had no occasion to read hard, and often lived for amusement only, since there was an interval of full two years between Responsions and ‘the Schools,’ unbroken by any examination. Those who read for Honours generally read with a steadiness and singleness of purpose incompatible with much attention to any other pursuit. Various as these elements were, they were readily assimilated by the University, which seldom failed to leave a distinctive stamp upon one who had passed through it, and Oxford culture retained a peculiar flavour of its own.

[Sidenote: Influence of recent changes]

In the course of the last fifty years, a profound though almost unseen change has gradually passed over the face of the old University. The introduction of representative government into the academical constitution has not only cleared away many abuses, but has at once popularised and centralised University administration. The recognition of Unattached Students has broken down the monopoly of colleges; the abolition of close fellowships has infused new blood and new ideas into the more backward collegiate bodies; the spontaneous development of numerous clubs and associations—athletic, literary, or political—has created many new ties among undergraduates, and weakened the old exclusive spirit of college partisanship. The ‘Combined Lecture System,’ under which the inmates of one college may receive instruction in another, has also favoured a division of labour among tutors which is directly conducive to specialism in teaching. The great extension of the professoriate, including the new order of University Readers, and still more the liberal encouragement of new studies, has infinitely expanded the intellectual interests both of teachers and of students; the admission of Nonconformists and the progress of free thought have powerfully modified theological bigotry; the multiplication of feminine influences has undermined the ideal of semi-monastic seclusion, and greatly increased the innocent æsthetic distractions which are the most formidable rivals of the austerer Muses. The gulf between Oxford society and the great world outside, never very impassable, has been effectually bridged over in every direction. A very large proportion of professors and college tutors have travelled widely; many are well known in London as contributors to scientific and literary periodicals or otherwise; while Oxford itself is constantly thronged with visitors from the metropolis. In ceasing to be clerical and aristocratic, the University has become far more cosmopolitan; all religions are there mingled harmoniously, nor is it uncommon to meet in the streets young men of Oriental race and complexion wearing academical costume.

[Sidenote: Present character of the University]

In the meantime, a marked and widespread reformation has been wrought in the morals of the University, and notwithstanding the influx of a large plebeian element, the manners of undergraduates have become gentler as their tastes have become more refined. The ostentation of wealth has been visibly diminished, and, notwithstanding the increase of amusements, there is probably more of plain living and high thinking in modern Oxford than in the Oxford of Charles II. or Elizabeth. The University, it is true, has yet to harmonise many conflicting elements, which mar the symmetry of its constitution; but it is becoming more and more identified with the highest intellectual aspirations of the nation as a whole. In ceasing to be the intellectual stronghold of the mediæval Church, or the instrument of Tudor statecraft, or the chosen training-school for the Anglican clergy, it may have lost something of its ancient supremacy, but it has asserted its national character; and it has perhaps never exercised a more widespread control over the national mind than it possesses in these latter years of the nineteenth century.

INDEX.

Abbeys in the neighbourhood of Oxford, 3, 50

Abbot, George, archbp. of Canterbury, 104, 108

Abelard, 4, 7

Abendon, Henry de, warden of Merton, 58

Abingdon abbey, 3; outrage on the monks in 1327, 37

Academical life, _see_ Oxford University

Act of Uniformity passed in 1662, its application to College fellowships, 152

Addison, Joseph, 179

Aldrich, H., dean of Christchurch, 164

Alfred the Great, alleged foundation of the University by, 1; Asser’s biography of, 1; foundation of University College attributed to, 4

All Souls college, _see under_ Oxford

Allied Sovereigns, reception of in 1814, 190

Anne, queen, visits Oxford 26 Aug. 1702, 164

Anselm, 4

Aristotelian philosophy, teachers of the mendicant Orders the leading exponents of, 50

Aristotle, his _Natural Philosophy_, 4; recognised as the supreme authority on rhetoric, logic, and all three philosophies, 65

Arran, Earl of, becomes Chancellor, 167

Articles, Thirty-nine, subscription to, 92, 104, 173, 180; the Three, 125; the Six, 80

Arundel marbles presented in 1677, 155

Ashmolean Museum opened in 1683, 155

Asser, his contemporary biography of King Alfred, 1

Association formed in support of the Church, 208

Atterbury, F., dean of Christ Church, 165

Augustines, _see_ Monks and Friars

Austins’, or disputations, 49

Averroes, 4

Avicenna, 4

Avignon, 34

Bacon, Roger, 8; liberal spirit of his teaching, 52

Bainbridge, John, 119

Balliol college, 15, 17

Basle, 57, 58

Beaumont palace at Oxford, 5, 6

Benedictines, 7, 49

Bentham, Jeremy, 179; his objection to signing the 39 Articles, 180

Berkeley, bp., 183

Bernard, 4

Bible, authorized version of, Oxford scholars engaged in it, 103

‘Black Congregation,’ 66

Black Death, ravages of the, 37

Blackstone, sir Will., his professorial lectures, 180

Boarding schools, 3

Boccaccio, 28

Bodleian Library, 59-61; _see also_ Humphry, Duke

Bodley, sir Thomas, refounded the University Library in 1602, 95, 96

Bologna, 7, 16; school of law in the University of, 4

Botanic Gardens, 116

Boyle, Robert, 154

Brasenose college, 74

Brent, sir Nathaniel, warden of Merton, 119; chairman of the Parliamentary Visitors, 140

Buckingham, duke of, 107

Burke, Edmund, declines an honorary D.C.L. degree, 185

Burnet, Bp., 162; his complaints of Oxford Toryism, 164

Button, Ralph, of Merton coll., 142

Cambridge, early secession of students to, 38; the University less Jacobite than Oxford, 164

Canterbury college, 32

‘Cardinal College,’ _see under_ Oxford, Ch. Ch.

Carleton, George, bp. of Chichester, selected to represent England at the Synod of Dort, 103

Carmelites, 50

Castle, Oxford, 2

Catholic emancipation, petition against, in 1810, 189

‘Chamber-dekyns,’ or unattached students, 22, 23; their disorderly conduct in early times, 22; abolished by the statute of 1432, 22

Champeaux, William of, tutor of Abelard, 7

Charles I. visits Oxford in August 1636, 116; marches into Oxford 1642, after the battle of Edgehill, 128; is lodged at Christ Church, 128; summons his so-called Parliament (at Oxford), in June 1644, 133; orders special forms of prayer to be used in college chapels for the success of his cause, 134

Charles II., his first visit to Oxford (1665), 156; his second visit (1681), 157

Charlett, Dr., Master of University College, 182

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 28

Chesterfield, Lord, 176

Cheynell, F., 138

Chillingworth, William, 116

Christ Church, 75, 78, 128

Church, the, the foster-mother of the University, 3; association formed in support of, 208, 209; effect of the Oxford Movement on, 215

Cimabue, 28

Civil War, first events of, as affecting the University, 127; last two years of, 132-134

Clarendon building and Press, 186-7

Clarendon, earl of, his evidence on the results of the Parliamentary Visitation, 150

Classical lectureships founded, 78

Classics, become the staple of University studies after the Restoration, 155

Cleveland, Barbara Villiers, Lady Castlemaine, afterw. Duchess of, 156

Coffee-houses, 150, 156

Coke, Edward, 106

Colet, John, 71

College disputations, 25; gardens, 156; leases regulated by Acts of 13 and 18 Eliz., 89, 90; Ordinances framed under the University Reform Act of 1854, 196, 197; their beneficial effects, 197, 198; plate, 128, 132

Colleges, rise of, 15; early Oxford Colleges not confined to one Faculty, 16; a safe and well-regulated home to younger students, 24; their superiority to lodging-houses or halls, 25; Colleges and Chantries Act, 80; leniency towards, 81-83; regarded with favour as seminaries of classical learning, 82; invested by Leicester with increased control of University government, 90; _see also_ Oxford Colleges and Halls

Collegiate system, perhaps borrowed from Paris, 16

Commission, Royal, issued 1850, 194, 195; of inquiry, 1872, 200; of 1877, statutes made by, 201; the University as regulated by it, 203

Common-rooms at Oxford, the earliest at Merton coll. in 1661, 156

Commons, House of, assumes authority over the University in 1629, 109; issues an order for the University (1641), 125, 126; abolishes subscription to ‘the Three Articles,’ 125

Comprehension Scheme, 164

Conant, Dr., rector of Exeter, appointed vice-chancellor of the University, 148

Constance, Council of, 58

‘Constitution Club,’ the, attacked by a Tory mob, 166; the scene of a less serious political commotion in 1716, 168; died out before the end of George I.’s reign, 169

Convocation of the clergy in 1382, 36

Convocation House, 116

Copleston, Bp., his defence of university studies, 188

Copredy Bridge, many Oxford scholars engaged at, 133

Corbet, E., 138

Cordova, 4

Corpus Christi college, 72, 73

Councils, 57

Cranmer, archbp., 80; tried at Oxford, 84; his recantation and martyrdom, 84, 85

Crimes of violence committed by scholars, 23

Cromwell, Oliver, visits Oxford in state, May 17, 1649, 144; becomes chancellor in Jan. 1650, 145; his liberal treatment of the University, 145; resigns the chancellorship on July 3, 1657, 147; his scheme for a new university at Durham, 148

Cromwell, Richard, elected Chancellor of the University, 1657, 148; resigns the Chancellorship in 1660, 151

Dante, 28

Degrees, 65-67, _et passim_

‘Determination,’ 63

Disputations, 49, 181; superseded by a system of public examinations, which soon become ineffective, 115-117

Dissenters’ Toleration Bill, 1779, 173

Divinity School, 60

Divorce question, the (16th cent.), 75

Domesday book, silence of respecting the University, 2

Dominicans, 49

Dorchester Abbey, 50

Dort, Synod of, 103

Douay, Catholic seminary of, 94

Duppa, Brian, 119

Durham, University of, 148

Durham, William of, the institution founded by, not a college, but an exhibition-fund to be administered by the University, 17

Earle, John, bp. of Salisbury, 119

Educational movement, the, sprung from the Reformation, popular rather than academical, 69; Reasons of this, 69

Edward III., King, charter granted to the University by, 47

‘Edwardine’ code, 81; iconoclastic in its spirit, 81; liberal in its dealings with Colleges, 81

Edwardine Visitors, _see_ Visitors

Eighteenth century, decay of University education in, 174, 175; the dark age of academical history, 174; contemporary evidence, 175, 176

Eldon, Lord, 176, 189

Elizabeth, Queen, accession of, in Nov. 1558, 87; _see_ Visitation, Elizabethan; literature of her reign not academical, 94; actively patronised Oxford culture in the later part of her reign, 95; her visits to Oxford in 1566 and 1592, 97, 98

‘Engagement,’ the, 144

‘English nation,’ at Paris, 8

Episcopacy, 123

Erasmus, his testimony to Oxford scholarship in 1497, 70, 71

Eton School, 70

Evelyn, John, 154, 155, 163; visits Oxford in 1654, 149

Examination instituted for the B.A. and M.A. degrees in 1638, 177; of Public Schools, Joint-Board for, 199

Examinations, Local (1857), 199; under the Laudian Statutes, 114

Exeter college, 31

Eynsham, abbey of, 3, 50; undertakes in 1219 to provide for poor scholars, 12

Fairfax, Lord, his conciliatory proposals to the University (1646), 135; Fairfax and Cromwell visit Oxford together in state on May 17, 1649, 144

Fell, John, dean of Christ Church, 141

Fell, Mrs., 142

Fell, Samuel, 119

Flemmyng, Richard, bp. of Lincoln, his main object in founding Lincoln College, to extirpate the Wycliffite heresy, 58

Fourteenth century, the most progressive in the history of the Middle Ages, 27

Fox, Richard, bp. of Winchester, 72; regarded as the founder of the professorial system, 73

Franciscans, 49, 51

Friars, _see_ Monks and Friars

Frideswide chest, the, for the relief of poor scholars, the earliest form of corporate property held by the University, 12

Frideswide, St., _see_ St. Frideswide

Froude, Richard Hurrell, 207

Gentilis, Albericus, 97

George I., his accession received at Oxford with sullen disappointment, 166; sends a troop of horse to overawe the University, 167; never deigned to visit Oxford, 170

George II., fulsome address presented to him by the Oxford Convocation, 172

George III., with his accession Jacobitism disappears or fades into Toryism of the modern type, 172; his visits to Oxford, 172, 174; his reply to the first loyal address from the University, 172

Gibbon, E., 176; his estimate of the University, 177

Giraldus Cambrensis, 8; publicly reads at Oxford his work on the topography of Ireland, 6

Gladstone, William Ewart, defeated in 1865 by Mr. Gathorne Hardy, 216

Gloucester, duke of, _see_ Humphry, the ‘good’ duke

Gloucester Hall, 49, 50

Goddard, Jonathan, Warden of Merton, 146, 154

Goodwin, Thomas, President of Magdalen coll., 146

Grafton, George Villiers, Duke of, born in Merton coll., 157

Grammar-schools and Halls, duties paid by, 13; rise of, 94

Gratian, 4

‘Great Congregation,’ 67

‘Greeks and Trojans,’ the, 73

Grenville, lord, elected chancellor in 1809, 189

Grocyn, delivers the first public lectures on Greek (15th cent.), 70, 71

Grostete, Robert, bp. of Lincoln, 8, 9; his life and influence in the University, 51

Hales, John, patronised by Laud, 116

Halls, duties paid by, 13; unendowed, mostly hired from the citizens by clerks, 13; number of, 13; Principals of, sometimes illiterate and not of necessity graduates until 1432, 22

Hammond, Henry, rector of Penshurst, 119; removed from his canonry of Ch. Ch., 142

Hampden, John, 124

‘Hampden controversy,’ the, 212-214

Hampton Court conference, 104

Hardy, Gathorne, defeats Mr. Gladstone, 216

Hearne, Thomas, the Oxford chronicler, 175; his evidence on the dominant Toryism of Oxford, 165

Henrietta Maria, queen, her reception and residence at Oxford (1643), 130

Henry I., lived much at Oxford and at Woodstock, 5; built the palace of Beaumont, 5

Henry II., resided in the neighbourhood of Oxford, 6

Henry III., 9; his charters granted to the University in 1244 and 1255, 14, 15

Henry VIII., founds five Regius Professorships, and refounds Cardinal College, 78; his protection of University endowments, 79

Henry, Prince, his death in 1612, 102

Hert Hall, 33

Hertford, Marquis of, Chancellor of the University, 133, 151

Hertford college, 182, 197

High Commission, 104

Holles, D., 124

Humphrey, Laurence, President of Magdalen, 88, 103

Humphry, the ‘good’ duke, Library presented by, 59; initiates the erection of a Public Library over the Divinity School, 60, 61; the original collection consisted of 129 volumes only, 61

Hyde, Edw., _see_ Clarendon, earl of

‘Inception,’ statutable qualifications for, 64; M.A. degree chiefly sought as a passport to, 65

Irnerius, opens a school of Law at Bologna, 4

Jacobite partisanship shared alike by ‘dons’ and undergraduates, 164

Jacobitism, gradual decline of in Oxford, during the reign of George II., 170

James I., his patronage of the University, 101, 102; visits Oxford (1605), 101; his attitude towards the University and the Church, 102; his gradual adoption of Arminian theories, 103

James II. (as Duke of York), not unpopular in the University, 158; his outrages on University rights, 159; his treatment of Magdalen Coll., 159

Jefferies, judge, 160

Jewell, bp., 83, 88

Jewry, attack on the, 15

John of Gaunt, 35

John of Salisbury, 5

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 176; his appreciation of the College system, 181

Jones, Sir William, of Univ. Coll., 182

Jowett, Benj., Regius Professor of Greek, 216

Jurisprudence, Roman, cultivation of, 4

Juxon, William, 119

Keble, rev. John, 197, 206; his ‘Christian Year’ appears in 1827, 207

Keble College, foundation of, 197

Kemp, John, 58

King, Dr. William, Principal of St. Mary Hall, his Jacobite appeal in the Theatre, in 1754, 171

Lanfranc, 4

Langton, Stephen, 8

Latimer, Bp., 84

Laud, archbp., rise and influence of, 104-106; his creed and policy adopted by the Court and the University, 106; elected Chancellor in April, 1630, 109; his chancellorship, 109-111; his reforms of University and College discipline, 110; his services to the University, 115, 116; last five years of his Chancellorship, 116-119; resigns the Chancellorship, June 26, 1641, 117; his administration of the University attacked on his impeachment, 118

‘Laudian’ or ‘Caroline’ Statutes, compilation of, 111-113; superseded, in many essential particulars, by the University Reform Act of 1854, 112; main provisions of, 113; their oligarchical tendency, 113; studies and examinations under, 114, 115; question about the perpetuity of, 183

Lectures and examinations, final organisation of, in the 15th cent., 61

Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of, becomes chancellor of the University in 1564, 88; his administration, 89-93

Library, the earliest possessed by the University, 29; _see_ also Bodleian Library and Humphry, duke

Linacre, Thomas, 71; his posthumous foundation of two Readerships in Physiology at Merton college, 72

Lincoln college, 58

_Literæ Humaniores_ School established in the present century, 193

Local examinations established in 1857, 199

Locke, John, his expulsion from the University, 159; urges the King to reform the Universities, 162

Lodging-houses, 25

Lollardism, in 1411, 37

Lombard, Peter, his ‘Sentences,’ 7

London Committee, appointed to receive reports from the Parliamentary Visitors, 140; dissolved in April 1652, 145

Lowth, bp., his description of his academical life, 179

Macclesfield, lord, lord chancellor, his plan for controlling the University through government patronage, 169

Magdalen bridge, 188

Magdalen College, 159-161

Magdalen Hall, _see_ Hertford college

Malmesbury, Lord, 176

Manners, University life and, before Colleges were planted, 20-22

Marsh (de Marisco), Adam, friend of Grostete, 52

Martyr, Peter, lectures of, 81; his wife, 86

Mary, accession of, in 1553, ushered in a short-lived reaction, 83

Mason, sir John, elected chancellor in 1552, 88

Massey, John, 160

Meadowcourt, Richard, fellow of Merton, his Whig partisanship and degradation, 168

Mendicant Orders, 49, 50

Merton college, _see under_ Oxford

Methodist Revival, the, 178

‘Moderations’ established by statute, of 1850, 193

Monasteries, the, dissolution of, contributing to depopulate the University, 80

Monastic Orders, 35

Monks and Friars at Oxford, 48, _seqq._; Augustinian canons at St. Frideswide’s, 48; Augustinian Friars, settle in Oxford in 1251 or 1252, 49; acquire almost a monopoly of grammar-teaching, 53; Benedictines, 7, 49; Benedictine monks of St. Frideswide, 48; Carmelites, the, settle in Oxford in 1254, 50; Dominicans, the, first appear in Oxford in 1221, 49; Franciscans, the, settle in Oxford about 1224, 49; owe much to the aid and patronage of Robert Grostete, 51; Friars, protected by the Pope, 54; position of at Oxford, and University statutes against them, 52-54

Mendicant Orders, rise of, 49, 50

Monmouth, Duke of, 159

More, Sir Thomas, 71

Music, cultivated at Oxford after the Restoration, 155

‘Negative Oath,’ 143

New College, 32, 33

New Inn Hall, 129

Newdigate, sir Roger, 173

Newman, John Henry, his early life and intellectual development, 206, 207; his career and connection with the Oxford movement, 207-12; is received into the Church of Rome, Oct. 8, 1845, 212

Non-Jurors, 163

Non-Regents, 66

Northampton, early secessions of students to, 38

Northern and Southern nations, encounters between them, 29, 37; proctors of the University chosen from in 1343, 41

Nowell, Dr. Thomas, 173

Oath, Negative, 143

Occham, William of, 35; challenges the supremacy of the Pope, 34

Orange, Prince of, his reception by the University (1734), 170

Oriel college, 31, 205

Ormond, duke of, his impeachment and resignation, 167

Oseney Abbey, 6, 50, 59, 78; riot at in 1238, 14

Oxford City, a resort of students and a place of education before the Norman Conquest, 2; number of its monastic establishments, 2; early schools of, 2, 3; Henry I. lived much at, 5; councils held by Stephen at, 6; young scholars of, lodge in religious houses, 6; murder of three students by townspeople in 1209, 9, 10; penalties imposed by the Papal Legate, 10; the Mayor’s oath imposed in 1248, 15; pestilence in, 29, 37, 98; riots in 1297 and 1354, 43-5; agreement with Univ., 1298, 43; further riots, 120; interdict laid upon, 46; penance done by the citizens of, 46, 47; the Sheriff’s oath (1581), 99; Parliament at, 107-109; contribution for the King’s service, and first occupation by Parliamentary troops, 126-128; Charles I. marches into (1642), 128; queen Henrietta Maria’s reception and residence at (1643), 130; becomes Royal head-quarters during the Civil War, 129; measures taken for its defence, 129; ravaged by a great fire (1644), 133, 134; Parliament summoned at (1644), 133; first siege of (May, 1645), 134; the siege hastily abandoned (June 5), 134; second siege, and proposals of Fairfax guaranteeing University privileges (1646), 135, 136; surrender of (1646), 136; Charles II.’s visit to (1665), 156; and his visit (1681), 157; Parliament assembled and dissolved at (1681), 157; relieved from the penance on St. Scholastica’s day in 1825, and from the ‘Mayor’s Oath’ in 1859, 190, 191

Oxford, Beaumont palace at, 5; the birthplace of Richard I., 5; Castle, the, embracing the Collegiate Church of St. George, 2; Jewry, the, violent attack on, 15; St. George within the Castle, Collegiate Church of, 2, 6; St. Mary’s Church, 50, 60, 153; School Street, 3, 59, 60

Oxford University, mythical origin of, 1, 2; its alleged foundation by Alfred the Great, 1; silence of Domesday book respecting, 2; the Church its foster-mother, 3; lectures of Vacarius about 1149, 5; earlier lectures of Robert Pullen, 6; Giraldus Cambrensis publicly reads at, in 1186 or 1187, 6; not fully constituted in 1214, 11; progress during reign of Henry III., 8, 9, 51; fully constituted by the middle of the 13th cent., 12; the early sources of its revenue, 12, 13; early University charters, 14; statutes in 1292, 17; University life and manners before Colleges were planted, 20-22; progress of, in the 14th cent., 27 _seqq._; its intellectual vigour, 29-31; its European influence, 33, 34; conflicts between the University and the City, 43-46; receives a new charter of privileges from Edward III., 47; position of the Friars at, and University statutes against them, 52; statutes restraining encroachments of the Friars, 53, 54; decline in numbers and studies in the 15th cent., 55, 56; its causes, 56; revival of academical life at end of 15th cent., 68; checked by the Reformation, 69; its action on the questions of the Divorce and the Royal supremacy (_temp._ Hen. VIII.), 75, 76, 77; visitation of, in 1535, 77; first effects of the Reformation injurious to, 79; incorporation of, in 1571, 89; Leicester’s administration of, 91-94; depression of intellectual life in, 94; increasing refinement of academical life, 96, 97; the stronghold of Anglicanism, 99; patronised by James I., 100-102; declares its adhesion to the doctrine of Passive Obedience in 1622, 105; number of students under Laud’s chancellorship, 116; eminent members of, in the generation preceding the Civil Wars, 119; University life in the generation preceding the Civil Wars, 120-122; conduct during Civil Wars, 122-135; conduct during Parliamentary Visitation, 141-9; reception of Fairfax and Cromwell by (1649), 144; state of, on the recovery of its independence, 149; the Restoration and new Visitation of (1660), 151; enjoys comparative repose under Charles II., 153; extension of the University buildings, 153, 154; decree of, adopting doctrine of Passive Resistance, 158; publicly burned, 165; conduct of, on the outbreak of Monmouth’s rebellion, 159; its attitude towards the Revolution (1688-9), 162; University politics between the Revolution and the accession of George III., 162-74; becomes a hotbed of Jacobite disaffection, 163; a troop of horse sent to overawe it, 167; government scheme for reforming it, 168-9; accords an enthusiastic reception to the Prince of Orange, 1734, 170; address from, on the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, rejected, 171; George III.’s visits to, 172-174; petitions (1799) against the Dissenters’ Toleration Bill, 173; decay of University education in the 18th cent., 174-177; statutes affecting the, 184; visited in 1814 by the Allied Sovereigns, 190; petitions against various reforms, 189; Royal commission issued 1850, 194, 195; University Reform Act of 1854, 112; its main provisions, 196, 197; College Ordinances framed under, 196, 197; their beneficial effects, 197, 198; University Reform Act of 1876, its object and main provisions, 200, 201; state of on queen Victoria’s accession, 218-220; influence of recent changes in, 220, 221; its present character (1886), 222; Chancellor, office of, 11, 12-42, 47; Vice-Chancellor’s office, 26, 91-113; Proctors, their office and authority, 26, 40-1, 91; Proctorial cycle instituted, 109; ‘Congregation, Black,’ 66; ‘Congregation, Great,’ 67; Convocation, University, 67; Bodleian Library, 59-61; Botanic Gardens, 116; Clarendon building, 186; Convocation House, 116; Divinity School, the, 60; Library, the earliest possessed by the University, 29. _See_ Humphry, Duke; Radcliffe Library, Infirmary, and Observatory, 187; Schools, the Old, 59; Schools, the New, completion of, 106; Sheldonian Theatre, erection of, 153; Taylor Institution, 187; University Press, 187

Oxford Colleges and Halls—All Souls College, 58-9, 147; Balliol College, 15, 17; Brasenose College, statutes of, 74; Canterbury College, 32; ‘Cardinal College.’ _See_ Christ Church; Christ Church, 75-8; Charles I. lodged at (1642), 128; Corpus Christi College, its foundation by bp. Fox, 72, 73; Exeter College, foundation of, 31; Gloucester Hall, occupied by Benedictines, 49, 50; Hert Hall, 33; Hertford College, statutes of, framed in 1747, 182; Magdalen Hall, refounded under the name of, 197; Lincoln College, founded, 58; Magdalen College, foundation of, 59; James II.’s treatment of, 159; Magdalen Hall. _See_ Hertford College; Merton College, 15, 18-20, 156, 181-2; the model of all other collegiate foundations, 18; New College, foundation of by William of Wykeham (1379), marks a new departure in collegiate history, 32, 33; New Inn Hall, mint established at, 129; Oriel College, foundation of, 31; the centre of the ‘Oxford Movement,’ 205; Pembroke College, foundation of, 106; Queen’s College, foundation of, 31; St. John’s College, foundation of, 86; St. Mary’s College, 71; Trinity College, foundation of, 86; University College, 15, 16; myth attributing its foundation to Alfred, 2; Wadham College, foundation of, 106. _See_ also under Colleges

‘Oxford Movement,’ the, 204-17

Oxford, the see of, 78

Paris, University of, its origin and constitution, 7, 8; a model of academical organisation for Oxford, 8; decline of the, in the 14th cent., 33; discredited by subservience to Pope John XXII., 33, 34; migration of students from, 51; curriculum and examinations of, in the Middle Ages, 62, 63

Parker, Archbp., policy of, 87, 88

Parliament, at Oxford, 108-9; passes an ordinance, on May 1, 1647, for the visitation of the University and Colleges, 140

Parr, Dr., his list of Oxford graduates in the 18th cent., 179

Passive Resistance, 158

Peel, sir Robert, his election in 1817 and defeat in 1829, 189

Pembroke, Philip, earl of, chancellor of the University, superseded by the Marquis of Hertford, 132, 133, 139, 143

Pembroke college, 106

Peter the Lombard, 4

Petty, William, 154

Pitt, William, denounces Oxford Jacobitism, 171

Plate, College, 128; loan of desired, 132

Pole, Card., visitation and reforms of, 85

Pope, the, defends the Friars, 54

Portland, Duke of, his installation, in 1793, 184

Prideaux, Humphrey, dean, 175

Proctors, and Proctorial authority, 26, 40, 41, 91, 109

Professorships, five Regius, founded and endowed by Henry VIII., 78

Prynne, William, 124

Pullen, or Pulleyne, Robert, 6, 8

Puritanism, growth of, in the University during the reign of James I., 101

Pusey, Dr. Edw. Bouverie, 206, 210, 214, 216

Pym, John, 106, 124

Quadrivium, the, 4, 61

Queen’s College, 31

Radcliffe Library, Infirmary, and Observatory, 187

Railway, the Oxford branch opened 1844, 218

Raynolds, Dr., Warden of Merton, 87

_Rectores Scholarum_, 11

Reformation, academical life checked by, 69, 79

‘Regent’ Masters, 65, 66

Renaissance (the), its origin, 70

Residence for degrees in the higher faculties, 67

Responsions, 63

Restoration (the) and new Visitation of the University, 151

Revolution of 1688-9 quietly accepted at Oxford, 162

Rewley, the Cistercian Abbey of, 50

Reynolds, Edward, 138, 142, 152

Rich, Edmund, archbp. of Canterbury, 9

Richard I., born at Beaumont palace, 5

Richard of Armagh, loose statement of, as to number of scholars, 14

Richmond, Miss Stuart, afterw. Duchess of, 156

Ridley, Bp., burned, 84

Royal Commission of 1850, its report, 194, 195

Royal Society, holds its first meetings at Oxford, 154

Royal Supremacy, 75-77

Rupert, Prince, 117, 128, 136

Sacheverell, Dr., of Magdalen, his popularity, 165

St. Frideswide, monastery and schools of, 3, 48, 78

St. George within the Castle, church of, 2, 6

St. John’s college, 86

St. Mary’s Church, 50, 60, 153

St. Mary’s college, 71

Salerno, Univ. of, 7

Savile, Sir Henry, 95

Savilian Professorships, 107

School Street, 3, 59, 60

‘Schools of Oxford,’ the germ of the University, 3, 6

Schools, the ‘Old,’ 59; the ‘New,’ 106

Schools of Paris, _see_ Paris

‘Sciences’ (the) in the 12th century, 4

Scott, sir William, his tutorial lectures, 180

Selden, John, 106, 119, 142

Shakspeare, William, 95

Sheldon, Gilbert, warden of All Souls, 119, 142, 152; archbp. of Canterbury in 1663, Chancellor in 1667, 153; founds Sheldonian theatre, 153

Six Articles, 80

Smith, Adam, his evidence on Oxford studies, 176

Smith, Sydney, his attack on University studies, 188

Smyth, Dr. Richard, 84

Somerset, the Protector, 80

Sorbonne, the, founded about 1250, 16

South, Dr. Robert, public orator, 154

Southern ‘nation,’ _see_ Northern and Southern nations

Sports, manly, _temp._ Charles I., 121

Stamford, ‘University’ at, 39, 40

Statutes made by Commission of 1877, 201

Stephen, King, held Councils at Oxford, 6

_Studium generale_, 3, 5

Studies, University, character of at various periods, 9, 61, 95, 114, 174-6, 191

Subscription to the 39 Articles, 92, 173, 180

Swift, Dean, 176

Taylor Institution, 187

_Tests_, University, 141; abolition of in 1871, 198

_Terræ Filii_, 149, 154

Thirty-nine Articles, Subscription to, established by Leicester, 92

Three Articles, the, 104

‘Town and gown rows,’ 120

Tractarian Movement, contrasted with the Methodist Revival, 204-15

‘Tracts for the Times,’ origin of, 207; publication of Tract XC., 210-212

Tresham, Dr. Will., canon of Ch. Ch., 87

Trinity college, 86

Trivials and Quadrivials, 4, 64

‘Trojans,’ and ‘Greeks,’ 73

Tutorial system in colleges, _temp._ Charles I., 121

Twelfth century, the, intellectual revival of, 3, 4

Twyne, Brian, 119

‘Unattached’ or ‘Non-Collegiate’ students, order of instituted, 197

Uniformity, Act of, 152

_Universitas literaria_, 3

Universities, rise of, throughout Europe in the 14th cent., 28; _see_ ‘Oxford,’ ‘Bologna,’ and ‘Paris’

University college, 2, 5, 16

University Commission, 1850, _see under_ Oxford

University Press, 187

University Reform Act, 112, 196-201

University Tests, 198

Urban, Pope, bull of in 1368, 42

Vacarius, professor of Bologna, his lectures in civil law, 5

Victoria, Queen, review of University history during her reign, 217-222

Visitations of the University, 77, 80, 85, 87; Parliamentary, 138-150, 151

‘Visitors’ Register,’ the, 144, 149

Volunteer corps, University, 159, 185, 188

Wadham college, 106

Wake, sir Isaac, his _Rex Platonicus_, 102

Wake, Archbp., 170

Walker, Obadiah, Master of University Coll., 160

Wallis, Dr. John, Savil. Prof. of Geometry, 154

Waltham, Harold’s college at, 15

Ward, Will. Geo., fellow of Balliol, condemned by the University Convocation, Feb. 13, 1845, 214

Warham, Archbp., 111

Wesley, John, 181; his sermon before the University in 1734, 171

Whigs, 158, 166

Whitelocke, Bulstrode, 142

Whitgift, archbp., 94

Wilkins, Dr. John, Warden of Wadham Coll., 146, 154

William III., deputation to, 162; visits the University, 163

William of Durham, his bequest to the University, 16

Winchester College, 33, 70

Wolsey, Cardinal, 74, 75

Wood, Anthony, 1 _et passim_

Wren, Christopher, 150, 154

Wyclif, John, 28, 34-6, 55

Wykeham, William of, founds New Coll. (1379), 32, 33

Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 214 Changed sidenote: Proceedings against Pusey and War to: Proceedings against Pusey and Ward