Part 4
Lorenzo Dow was the fashionable evangelist of his day. There is a “Life” of Lorenzo Dow, mostly a printing of Dow’s diary. Strangely enough, the dates on which Dow is supposed to have been preaching in Swansea and Somerset, are left blank. I think it quite true that the men of Somerset and Swansea, though men of their time, were not an excitable lot, and would not have provided Lorenzo with any very spectacular results. He had just come back from Ireland, where he had preached the gospel as he understood it, up and down the country, without losing his life, and the diary thinks that a triumph.
I rather think that Israel and the other men trading around Scrabbletown, went to hear Lorenzo Dow hold forth--and yawned.
After the visit of Lorenzo Dow, Israel stocked his shop with Bibles.
_Israel and Literature_
Always at all times Israel kept a stock of Almanacks on hand. The fascination of Almanacks for those village men is to me incomprehensible. But it was genuine. They read Almanacks in their leisure time. (Bibles, of course, but to those men the Bible was not literature). Israel always carried “The Farmer’s Almanack”, and “The Rhode Island Almanack”. He ordered at the first of the year, but he reordered as the year progressed. He also took subscriptions to popular magazines. The most popular was the “Zion’s Herald”. My grandmother who came from that part of the world, used to subscribe to the “Zion’s Herald”. I remember it quite well. There was some demand for the “Manufacturer’s and Farmer’s Journal” and the “Telescope”. The “Rhode Island American” and the “Providence American”, with a few subscriptions to weekly newspapers, were sold over Israel’s counter. Papers were late, and people complained and sometimes cancelled their subscriptions. As Edward Anthony of Taunton wrote: “This paper did not go on Wednesday on account of the travelling. (This was February 27, 1829). Most of the Mails have been carried on horseback, and it is quite uncertain about your getting the paper today. I am glad that you have obtained those subscribers and I hope you will get more. Money is scarce, snow in abundance, and but little news.”
The leisure time of these Scrabbletown traders was not spent in reading books; is this quite clear? Israel did not stock books, because there was no demand for books. He knew perfectly well what people wanted. The Newport paper was advertising “The Solitary, or the Mysterious Man of the Mountain. Translated from the French of Viscount d’Arlincourt by an American Lady”. Also “Helen de Tourneau. a Novel by Madam de Souza. 87-1/2 cents.” Israel did not even carry the paper which carried the advertisement. He did not carry “Roche Blanche: or the Hunters of the Pyrenees”. Which was a Romance, written by M. A. M. Porter. It was popular but not in Scrabbletown, Israel thought. He had opened his first trading station the year Scott’s “Guy Mannering” was published in England. But he did not stock Walter Scott, either. Probably never heard of him. That was the year Jane Austin’s “Emma” was put on the market. Byron belongs to the early years of Israel’s trading. The “Poems” of John Keats were just out. Shelly and Wordsworth were becoming known to the English world of letters. Not to the world of Scrabbletown, I think.
Scrabbletown and Israel were quite right. Their countryside was a place of such beauty that all their lives were lived against a background of harmonious color, lovely line, and wide reaches of quietude and peace. The fields were full of sheep and oxen which were so much a part of their still pastoral lives. The little white sails were hurrying up and down the lovely rivers of their land. The bearded sailors, sitting in the sun, told them tales of all the faraway places, the bearded sailors being their own sons and brothers who were emphatically glad to get home. There was little need to look in the pages of any book, they all felt, when the shad bush was in flower and the shad were running free. Better go fishing.
And they did. And in the Fall, when they had any spare time, they went hunting for bears, over in the great forest.
Did they pine for Romance, History, Biography, Poetry? I have not heard that they did. They were even a little fed up with Romance. And Heroism. The older men had seen Jemima Wilkinson dressed like an angel riding through the village on a white horse--her golden hair flying in the wind. It was a hotheaded young cousin of theirs who had paid for the horse, and followed Jemima to his undoing.
Toussaint L’Overture had been a slave of theirs, they knew all about the darkly glorious Rebellion in Hayti--a lot of the village boys had been down there on their own ships. They knew Jerathmael Bowers, too; he was one of their own. He was the Bowers who married out of the village a beauty and a belle, and built her a wonderful fine house in Somerset, and hired Coply to paint her portrait--all dressed up she was--life size, with a pink rose in her bosum. And when it came to heroes, which they never did like to come to, being of New England, who could touch Washington? They had all seen Washington, many knew him. Some of them knew Lafayette. The crippled and the pensioned men, sitting out on the back porches, could still tell--and they probably tried to.
Sir Walter Scott would, I am sure, have seemed a little tame to these men had Israel succeeded in selling him over the counter. Better by far, if restless, get on your father’s little boat and sail off to the Sandwich Islands for a change. So they thought and so they did. And they always came back as soon as possible and went clamming.
_Israel and Politics_
Politics, as a means of livelihood or as the occupation of a gentleman with some leisure, was unheard of. The barrel holds a few communications from far off representatives in Taunton or Boston who wanted Israel to get out the vote occasionally. New Bedford, according to the barrel, wanted a new jail. Israel did not want New Bedford to have a new jail. That seems to have been the only time he got roused. He wrote that he could not get the village to take much of a stand, because they had sort of planned to go off hunting that week end.
Is this all in the barrel? Indeed it is, and more. But do not forget that Israel sold school books and that the turnover was rapid.
TRADING IN STRAW BONNETS
The following letter was received by the new firm of Bowers and Brayton in June, 1819.
“Raynham Messrs Brayton and Bowers Sir
You may recollect that about a month since, I passed through Swanzey and happened to see you where you was erecting a new Store. You told me that in about a month you should like to purchase some straw braid. I have about 2000 yds. on hand, of a good quality, and can take in a considerable quantity more. If you wish to make a trade with me, be so good as to write me your terms. I had a word or two with a milliner nearly opposite you about some braid (name unknown). If you should not like to trade, be so good as to give him this information.
Yours respectfully Nehemiah Jones.”
From the letter, we see that Israel and his new partner were building a new store for themselves. Mason kept the old one. (The builder, Gilbert Chace, was paid $160.00 for the building. The cost of the hardware was $8.13). The lumber was bought in Freetown, also the shingles.
Apparently Israel had been planning to engage in merchandizing straw bonnets. Nehemiah Jones of Raynham was a wholesale dealer in straw braid. This is possibly the same local straw that was made into paper.
On July 21, 1819, Jones wrote again.
“Messrs Bowers and Brayton Sir
Yours of the 13th is received. Respecting the straw braid, I would observe that I must have a part cash if I should trade with you. Cotton goods at fair prices will answer for part pay. I am now making some bonnets for a man that will pay half cash and half goods at wholesale. I am in want of some shirtings, checks, and plaids--perhaps you can furnish me with them and with yarn also. I have the straw braid on hand and wish you to write me immediately whether you can agree on the price of the straw braid, for it would not be worth while for me to be at the trouble of coming to Swanzey unless there is a prospect of our trading.
Yours respectfully Nehemiah Jones.”
Israel decided to buy a large quantity of braid and place it out in the farmhouses of the villages, where the farm women would sew the braid and shape it into bonnets and then bring back the finished bonnets to Israel and get paid for their work--so much a bonnet--as they were paid for their weaving--so much a yard.
Israel also planned to keep a little straw braid in the store, for customers who might like to make their own bonnets.
The plan went through. Israel found girls who wanted to sew the braid. On July 28, 1819, Jones wrote to Israel again:
“Yours of the 23rd inst. on hand. In answer to which I would observe (as I wrote to you before) that I should like to trade with you providing I can have a part cash. I have been selling my best goods for straw braid and unless I can have about one half cash for the braid, I may as well get my bonnets made here. The cotton goods which you mentioned are such as I am in want of if we can agree as to the cash and the price of the straw and the goods. You wished me to inform you when I would call on you. I think it likely that the last of this week or Monday next will be agreeable to me. I shall bring a few thousand yards of braid with me.
Yours respectfully Nehemiah Jones.”
They did finally agree about terms. (But there were many more letters.) On August 19, Ardelia Targee took home 422 yards of straw braid to make into bonnets. And she also took 10 knots of cotton thread to sew the straw together. She was to be paid three shillings apiece if the bonnets were well made. On September 22, she returned some bonnets. But on September 17th she had taken another lot of braid, 813 yards, with twelve knots of thread. So it went. Polly Hathaway on Sept. 10, took 1120 yards of the braid. On December 23, 1357 yards more.
September 13, 1819, Patience Luther was added to the list. She took 1066 yards of straw. She was followed by Permelia Allen, Sarah Anthony, Nancy Francis, Betsy Cushing, Clarinda Trafton, Eliza Davis, Almiry Shorey, Nancy Walker, and Hannah Hood. These names all appear in the first Bonnet Book which Israel kept as he kept the Yarn Books. Other names were added in 1820 and later. The industry flourished, though it met with difficulties. No man made these bonnets. And no older women. It was a young woman’s job. Though J. A. Carver “pressed” the bonnets--a man’s job and a hard one.
We know so little about these young bonnet makers--so little even about their work--that it may not be amiss to tell you what the records have preserved about one of the bonnet makers, Sybel Alleyn, who took some straw in 1820 but died before she could get the bonnets finished. As Wheaton Luther was her executor, his papers were kept in the store, and found their way into the barrel where they did not belong. Luther was appointed administrator by the Probate Court in Taunton, and his appointment is in the barrel. It has a great weeping willow at the head of the sheet. Wheaton was expected to charge up his expenses as administrator, to the estate, and he did so. “my time, horse, and expenses at Probate Court, Dighton, $2.00.”
Sybel Alleyn had been quite ill, and Dr. Ebenezer Winslow charged $3.50 for the thirteen visits he had made during that illness. This includes medicines. A cord of wood had been bought for Sybel, from Lloyd Slade, for $5.00. She owed for several purchases from Israel, at the store. There was a bill from David Brown who had rented her a horse and chaise to go to Pawtucket--$3.67. And another horse and carriage to take her to Rehoboth and back, 14 miles--$1.19. And after her death there were more expenses, Abraham Shove made her coffin--$9.00. Ezra Bliss dug her grave, $1.00. The spirits at her funeral cost $2.84. But this came out of the estate expenses. Wheaton Luther bought the spirits at Israel’s store, for it was there he was clerking. And it was there that he received a letter from the poor girl’s heirs. Charles Y. Allen, who signed himself “Your friend and loving servant”, wrote that his wife and one daughter were very sick with fever, and that he could not get help to nurse them without paying for it. He needed, he wrote, “pecuniary aid”. He wanted the estate money at once. “For it is an hour of peculiar trial.”
Obviously the bonnet makers were not poverty stricken people. But I know little about them as I have said. One thing I do know. They shared a distaste for regimentation. They wanted to make bonnets the way they wanted to make bonnets. Israel had trouble.
When a few bonnets were finished and pressed, Israel had the carpenter knock together some boxes in which to pack them. These boxes were loaded onto a Somerset ship to be taken by Captain Gray to New York where he was to sell them if he could. They were a new venture for Israel and he really did not know where to find a market. The bonnets were not selling in Scrabbletown; and they did not sell in New York, he found.
So in the Fall of 1819, Israel decided to expand his market and take his bonnets to the milliners of Albany.
_Israel in Albany_
In the late Fall of 1819, leaving Bowers to run the trading at home, Israel took passage on the sloop “Henry”, about to sail for Albany, via New York. The “Henry” had been built in the shipyard at Egypt, and it was commanded by Captain Brown, a Somerset man. Israel paid $9.00 for board and passage.
Besides his boxes of bonnets, and some calico, Israel took along for trading purposes, corn, rye, iron ware, cheeses, and some barrels of Taunton River Shad. As this was the fall of the year, the fish must have been salted or pickled. The bill for carting the shad to the boat was 17 cents. Reaching Albany, Israel wrote to his partner:
“after looking and inquiring among the milliners, I find that Bonnets is dull. Capt. James Sherman thinks there is no doubt that I can sell braid and bonnets in Troy (New York) where I shall go in a few days.” The rest of the letter was eaten by mice. But we know he did go to Troy. Upon returning to Albany he wrote:
“Albany. November, 27, 1819 Mr Wm. Bowers
Sir. I have to inform you that I have done my best to effect a sale of my Straw Hats, but have sold only eight and sold them for --. When I first arrived here, I went to see all the milliners and they gave me grate incouragement of buying the Hats, and one in particular bought six, and a lot of straw. It was evening and she would not take them until morning. I went in the morning. She would not pay me the money, but would in goods. So I did not sell them.
As I wrote you in my first letter, there is a great many straw hats sold in this place and are supplied from New York. I have seen the bills of a grate many hats that was bought in New York about the same quality of mine from 12 to 17 shillings. But they will not give me so much as they will in New York.
I have been to Troy, but cannot sell any.
Mr Gray arrived here last evening and he tells me that he has the same box of hats that we sent by him to N. York. I shall take them with me to New York, and sell them or leave them with a commission merchant to sell.
I have sold 17 barrels of shad at $10.00 per barrel. I have bought about 500 pounds of butter, and some other small notions--we expect to leave this place in three or four days and expect to be to home in the course of 12 or 15 days, wind and weather permitting.
Israel Brayton.”
By the time Israel got back from Albany, the ice was in the river and no cargoes went out from the villages until the spring. On January 18, it was noted that ice extended from the south end of Prudence Island to the Narragansett Shore entirely across the bay.
_William Bowers in Newport_
The enterprising firm of Bowers and Brayton had not been discouraged. Israel merely thought that he was not adapted to the part of travelling salesman. As indeed he wasn’t. William Bowers took over. Late in March in 1820, Bowers engaged passage on the sloop “Henry” and took on board rather a large cargo of bonnets as well as other trading staples from the store. The “Henry” put in at Newport, down the Bay. Bowers wrote to Brayton from Newport.
“April 15, 1820. Mr Israel Brayton
Dear Sir: I have ranged this market through, respecting Straw Bonnets. Have only sold twenty for $2.25 each, on three months credit. I find bonnets dull here, and people afraid to buy for fear they will not sell this Spring. Those bonnets I have sold, not only sold, but have notes for them. You can be assured that I have disposed of as many as what I thought, whether we get the pay or not; I think it altogether possible that I shall sell four more for the same price before we leave. We shall set sail this afternoon if wind and weather will permit.
I find one great objection to our bonnets, that is the crown. Most of them are too small. Likewise the brim is too narrow. Therefore you must have them made larger in every way without fail. I find that it will be of no use for us to carry on the business unless we attend to it closely. The largest of our bonnets will answer but the larger part of them is too small. I have lost the sale of some on that account or at least cannot get so much for them. Where I carried the bonnets, they would try them on their children’s heads, and finding them too small, would throw them aside and pick for all the largest sizes; which, if the larger ones are picked out, it will render it difficult to sell so many small ones, or at least we shall not get more than a third price for them. This will not answer for us, for we have to give as much for making small ones as large ones. Be very particular about taking in good braid. I would not take any unless good. I think we had better curtail the business a little at present for we have a great many bonnets on hand. And I am afraid we shall find it hard work to sell what we have on hand, for we have a great many bad patterns.
If we curtail the business, we shall be able to attend to it better. We should make about 300 a year; have very new braid; and have the bonnets made very well. Likewise we should realize in the end more profit than if we made a 1000. Therefore if we make bonnets well and finish them off well, and can recommend them, I presume we can find a market for a few. Therefore it stands us in hand to have such bonnets made that we can recommend. If I should carry some of our bonnets to some people they would laugh at us, and what is the reason? Because they are badly manufactured. Let us say we will have good bonnets made and no others. Then we shall be able to get three dollars each and make a profit.
I think we shall be able to sell about 40 bonnets in this place about the 10th of May. The patterns that sell best is the ones that turn up behind. I trust you will now make such ones. Tell Mrs. Bowers now that I am well and hoping she is the same. Give my respects to your wife, Hannah, and all enquiring friends.
You told me that Captain Brown lives well. O, my God, that I was not so particular. I have great objections to dirty people. I am scarcely able to eat a mouthful without thinking how it is cooked. Be so good as to let my wife read this letter.
Your obediant and Humble Servant William Bowers.”
In Newport, Bowers sold 6 bonnets to Margaret Landers; 6 bonnets to Elizabeth Champlin; and 6 bonnets to Elizabeth Townsend. These were the milliners of the town.
_William Bowers in Albany_
On reaching Albany, William Bowers wrote another long letter to Israel.
“April 18th, 1820 Mr Israel Brayton Sir:
I regret to inform you that the debt you contracted with Mrs. Ring is entirely lost. She has sold all the Bonnets you left with her to sell on commission. I think she is a notorious Character for she had five bonnets unsold and she would not give them up. I have made out to get in ribbons of her about eight dollars worth. I have settled with her and have taken her note for the Balance which I am fearful we shall never obtain. The pay for the balance due us is $110.00 so I suppose we shall be able to get part of our pay in--tape and buckram, and if you think it is best to take it in that, wright her word and direct your letter to New York, and if you think it not worth while to wright but leave it altogether to my judgment, let that be it. If you wright, I should like to know your opinion whether I shall lay out what money I have or bring it home.
I assure you goods is very low of all kinds and still falling every day. Accordingly you will be very careful how you buy for I assure you goods will fall on our hands if you buy many. The sales of our bonnets in New York was very bad. I sold only 2 and was in hopes business was better up the River and concluded to try it. Since our arrival to Albany I have sold only 9 for $2.00 each, cash. I think I shall be able to sell a few more tomorrow. We shall go to Troy. Then I shall be able to sell a few more. If I should not be able to sell out--if you wright, wright word whether it will be best to bring them home or leave them with Talbot to sell on commission. I would sell all our bonnets before this time, if I would sell on credit. But I am afraid of another Ring Scrape.