Part 4

in Contributions to the Natural History of the Bermudas. Bulletin United States National Museum No. 25.

REY, EUGENE.

1905--Die Eier der Vögel Mitteleuropas.

RICH, WALTER HERBERT.

1907--Feathered Game of the Northeast.

RIDGWAY, ROBERT.

1919--The Birds of North and Middle America, vol. 8.

ROBBINS, CHARLES ALBERT.

1919--A Colony of Cape Cod Piping Plover. The Auk, vol. 26, pp. 351–355.

ROBERTS, THOMAS SADLER.

1919--Water Birds of Minnesota Past and Present. Biennial Report of the State Game and Fish Commission of Minnesota, for the Biennial Period Ending July 31, 1918.

ROCKWELL, ROBERT BLANCHARD.

1912--Notes on the Wading Birds of the Barr Lake Region, Colorado. The Condor, vol. 14, pp. 117–131.

ROOSEVELT, ROBERT BARNWELL.

1884--Florida and the Game Water Birds of the Atlantic Coast and the Lakes of the United States.

ROWAN, WILLIAM.

1926–27--Notes on Alberta Waders included in the British List. British Birds, vol. 20, pp. 2–10; 34–42; 82–90; 138–145; 186–192.

1923--Migrations of the Golden and Black-bellied Plovers in Alberta. The Condor, vol. 25, pp. 21–23.

SAMUELS, EDWARD AUGUSTUS.

1883--Our Northern and Eastern Birds.

SANDYS, EDWIN.

1904--Upland Game Birds.

SAUNDERS, ARETAS ANDREWS.

1926--The Summer Birds of Central New York Marshes. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, vol. 3, pp. 335–475.

SCOTT, WILLIAM EARL DODGE.

1892--Observations on the Birds of Jamaica, West Indies. The Auk, vol. 9, pp. 9–15.

SEEBOHM, HENRY.

1884--History of British Birds.

1888--The Geographical Distribution of the Family Charadriidae, or the Plovers, Sandpipers, Snipes, and their Allies.

1890--On the Birds of the Bonin Islands. The Ibis, 1890, pp. 95–108.

1901--The Birds of Siberia.

SELOUS, EDMUND.

1901--Bird Watching.

1906–1907--Observations on Sexual Selection in Birds. Zoologist, 1906, pp. 201–219, 285–294, 419–428; 1907, pp. 60–65, 161–182, 367–381.

SENNETT, GEORGE BURRITT.

1879--Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey, vol. 5, pp. 371–440.

SHELLEY, LEWIS O.

1925--A Sandpiper’s Wooing. Bird-Lore, vol. 27, p. 107.

SHERMAN, ALTHEA ROSINA.

1916--“Incubation Period of Killdeer.” The Wilson Bulletin, vol. 28, pp. 195–196.

SHICK, CHARLES SAMUEL.

1890--Birds found breeding on Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey. The Auk, vol. 7, pp. 326–329.

SILLOWAY, PERLEY MILTON.

1900--Notes on the Long-billed Curlew. The Condor, vol. 2, pp. 79–82.

1903--Birds of Fergus County, Montana. Bulletin No. 1, Fergus County Free High School.

SMITH, WILLIAM GILBERT.

1888--Breeding Habits of the Mountain Plover. Ornithologist and Oologist, vol. 13, pp. 187–188.

SNYDER, LESTER LYNNE.

1924--Peculiar Behavior of the Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). The Auk, vol. 41, pp. 341–342.

SPURRELL, J. A.

1917--History of a Killdeer’s Nest. The Wilson Bulletin, vol. 29, pp. 101–103.

STANFORD, JOHN KEITH.

1927--Field Notes from East Suffolk. British Birds, vol. 21, pp. 75–80.

STEJNEGER, LEONHARD.

1885--Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka. Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 29.

STOCKARD, CHARLES RUPERT.

1905--Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. The Auk, vol. 22, pp. 146–158.

STREET, JOHN FLETCHER.

1923--On the Nesting Grounds of the Solitary Sandpiper and the Lesser Yellowlegs. The Auk, vol. 40, pp. 577–583.

SUTTON, GEORGE MIKSCH.

1925--Swimming and Diving Activities of the Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). The Auk, vol. 42, pp. 580–581.

SWAINSON, WILLIAM, and RICHARDSON, JOHN.

1831--Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 2, Birds.

SWARTH, HARRY SCHELWALDT.

1911--Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska Expedition. University of California Publications in Zoology, vol. 7, pp. 9–172.

SWENK, MYRON HARMON.

1915--The Eskimo Curlew and its Disappearance. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1915, pp. 325–340.

1926--The Eskimo Curlew in Nebraska. The Wilson Bulletin, vol. 38, pp. 117–118.

TAVERNER, PERCY ALGERNON.

1919--The Birds of the Red Deer River, Alberta. The Auk, vol. 36, pp. 1–21.

1926--Birds of Western Canada.

TERRILL, LEWIS MCIVER.

1911--Changes in the Status of Certain Birds in the Vicinity of Montreal, P. Q. The Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 25, pp. 57–63.

THAYER, GERALD HANDERSON.

1909--Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom.

THAYER, JOHN ELIOT, and BANGS, OUTRAM.

1914--Notes on the Birds and Mammals of the Arctic Coast of East Siberia. Birds. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, vol. 5, pp. 1–66.

“THOMPSON, ERNEST EVAN,” SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON.

1890--The Birds of Manitoba. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 13, pp. 457–643.

THURSTON, HENRY.

1913--Wilson’s Plover. The Warbler, vol. 7, pp. 22–24.

TORREY, BRADFORD.

1885--Birds in the Bush.

1913--Field Days in California.

TOWNSEND, CHARLES WENDELL.

1905--The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 3.

1913--Some More Labrador Notes. The Auk, vol. 30, pp. 1–10.

1920--Supplement to the Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 5.

1920_a_--The Willet in Nova Scotia. The Auk, vol. 37, pp. 582–583.

TREVOR-BATTYE, AUBYN.

1895--Icebound on Kolguev.

1897--The Birds of Spitsbergen, as at present determined. The Ibis, 1897, pp. 574–600.

TROTTER, SPENCER.

1904--Some Nova Scotia Birds. The Auk, vol. 21, pp. 55–64.

TUFTS, ROBIE WILFRED.

1922--Willet Census in Nova Scotia. The Canadian Field Naturalist, vol. 36, pp. 152–153.

1925--Further Notes on the Willet in Nova Scotia. The Canadian Field Naturalist, vol. 39, pp. 116–117.

TURNER, LUCIEN MCSHAN.

1886--Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska.

TYLER, JOHN GRIPPER.

1913--Some Birds of the Fresno District, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 9.

1916--Migration and Field Notes from Fresno County, California. The Condor, vol. 18, pp. 167–169.

VAN DENBURGH, JOHN.

1919--Nesting of the Western Willet in California. The Condor, vol. 21, pp. 39–40.

VAN ROSSEM, ADRIAAN JOSEPH.

1925--Observations on the Spotted Sandpiper. The Auk, vol. 42, pp. 230–232.

WARREN, EDWARD ROYAL.

1912--Some North-central Colorado Bird Notes. The Condor, vol. 14, pp. 81–104.

WAYNE, ARTHUR TREZEVANT.

1910--Birds of South Carolina. Contributions from the Charleston Museum, No. 1.

WETMORE, ALEXANDER.

1916--Birds of Porto Rico. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 326.

1926--Observations on the Birds of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chile. United States National Museum, Bulletin 133.

1927--Our Migrant Shorebirds in Southern South America. United States Department of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin No. 26.

WHEELWRIGHT, HORACE WILLIAM.

1864--“An Old Bushman.” A Spring and Summer in Lapland.

1865--Ten Years in Sweden.

WHISTLER, HUGH.

1925--The Birds of Lahul, N. W. Himalaya. The Ibis, 1925, pp. 203–205.

WHITTLE, CHARLES LIVY.

1922--Miscellaneous Bird Notes from Montana. The Condor, vol. 24, pp. 73–81.

1928--A Lapwing Recovery in Newfoundland. Bulletin of the Northeastern Bird-Banding Association, vol. 4, pp. 69–70.

WICKERSHAM, CORNELIUS WENDELL.

1902--Sickle-billed Curlew. The Auk, vol. 19, pp. 353–356.

WILLETT, GEORGE.

1912--Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 7.

WILLIAMS, ROBERT WHITE.

1919--Winter Birds of Goose Creek, Florida. The Auk, vol. 36, pp. 45–46.

WILSON, ALEXANDER.

1832--American Ornithology.

WITHERBY, HARRY FORBES.

1919--Notes on Birds observed near Dunkerque, Nord, France. British Birds, vol. 12, pp. 194–205.

WITHERBY, HARRY FORBES, and OTHERS.

1920--A Practical Handbook of British Birds.

WRIGHT, ALBERT HAZEN, and HARPER, FRANCIS.

1913--A Biological Reconnaissance of Okefinokee Swamp: The Birds. The Auk, vol. 30, pp. 477–505.

YARRELL, WILLIAM.

1871--History of British Birds. Fourth edition, 1871–85. Revised and enlarged by Alfred Newton and Howard Saunders.

_Plates_

[Illustration: PLATE 1. UPLAND PLOVER. Belleville, Mich., June 17, 1923, presented by Dr. Frank N. Wilson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 2. SOLITARY SANDPIPER _Upper_: Nesting site of solitary sandpiper, near Belvedere, Alberta, presented by Mr. Richard C. Harlow. _Lower_: Solitary sandpiper, Staten Island, N. Y., presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves.]

[Illustration: PLATE 3. SOLITARY SANDPIPER _Upper_: Nesting site of solitary sandpiper, Red Lodge, Alberta, May 29, 1923. _Lower_: Nest and eggs in above locality. Both photographs presented by Mr. J. Fletcher Street. Referred to on page 3.]

[Illustration: PLATE 4. WILLET _Upper_: Nesting site of a colony of willets. _Lower_: A nest in above colony, Bulls Island, S. C., May 22, 1915. Both photographed by the author. Referred to on page 29.]

[Illustration: PLATE 5. WILLET. _Upper_: Nest of willet in an open situation, Bulls Island, S. C., May 23, 1915; photographed by the author. Referred to on page 30. _Lower_: Willet on its nest in a still more open situation, Sandy Point, S. C., June 7, 1927; presented by Mr. Roger T. Peterson. Referred to on page 30.]

[Illustration: PLATE 6. WILLET. _Upper_: Willet watching the passing of a boat down a tidal creek, near Bulls Bay, S. C.; presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves. _Lower_: Nest of willet, Merritts Island, Fla., June 2, 1927; presented by Mr. Donald J. Nicholson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 7. WILLET. Willet on its nest, among sand dunes, near Bulls Bay, S. C.; presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves. The grass pattern is well illustrated.]

[Illustration: PLATE 8. WESTERN WILLET. Western willet on its nest, near Salt Lake City, Utah; presented by Mr. Clark Blickensderfer. Notice the protective coloration.]

[Illustration: PLATE 9. WESTERN WILLET. Nest of western willet, near Salt Lake City, Utah; presented by Mr. Clark Blickensderfer.]

[Illustration: PLATE 10. WANDERING TATTLER. _Upper_: Nesting site of wandering tattler, on the gravel in the foreground, upper Savage valley, Alaska, July 1, 1925. _Lower_: Nest of wandering tattler in above locality. Both photographs presented by Mr. Olaus J. Murie, by courtesy of the Biological Survey. Referred to on page 43.]

[Illustration: PLATE 11. WANDERING TATTLER. _Upper_: Young wandering tattler, about 12 days old, Mount McKinley, Alaska, July 8, 1926; presented by Mr. Joseph Dixon. _Lower_: Wandering tattler on its nest, upper valley of Savage River, Alaska, July 1, 1925; presented by Mr. Olaus J. Murie, by courtesy of the Biological Survey. Referred to on page 43.]

[Illustration: PLATE 12. WANDERING TATTLER. _Upper_: Male wandering tattler feeding in shallow water. _Lower_: Same bird brooding and talking to chick. Both photographs presented by Mr. Joseph Dixon and taken by him at Mount McKinley, Alaska, June 22, 1926.]

[Illustration: PLATE 13. UPLAND PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest of upland plover, Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., May 26, 1900. Referred to on page 58. _Lower_: Nest of upland plover, near Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, June 11, 1906. Referred to on page 58. Both photographs by the author.]

[Illustration: PLATE 14. UPLAND PLOVER. Nest of upland plover, Columbus, Ohio; presented by Mr. Edward S. Thomas.]

[Illustration: PLATE 15. _Upper_: UPLAND PLOVER. Young upland plover, Holt County, Nebr.; presented by Mr. Frank C. Pellett. _Lower_: SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Nest of spotted sandpiper, at the base of a mullein stalk, on the bank of a creek, Bear Creek, Oreg.; presented by Mr. J. E. Patterson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 16. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. _Upper_: Nest of spotted sandpiper, Branchport, N. Y., June 24, 1914; presented by Mr. Verdi Burtch. _Lower_: Nest of spotted sandpiper, Columbus, Ohio, June, 1925; presented by Mr. Edward S. Thomas.]

[Illustration: PLATE 17. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. _Upper_: Immature spotted sandpiper swimming. It propelled itself by wings alone while beneath the surface and by use of the feet, like a phalarope, on the surface. Presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves. _Lower_: Young spotted sandpiper, Jamestown, N. Y., June 20, 1925; presented by Mr. Roger T. Peterson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 18. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. _Upper_: Adult spotted sandpiper in spring plumage, Staten Island, N. Y.; presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves and by courtesy of Collier’s Weekly and Mr. Edward H. Forbush. _Lower_: Immature spotted sandpiper, Staten Island, N. Y.; presented by Mr. Cleaves.]

[Illustration: PLATE 19. LONG-BILLED CURLEW. _Upper_: Nest of long-billed curlew, Bear River marshes, Utah, May 2, 1927. _Lower_: Adult curlew on above nest. Both photographs presented by Lieut. L. R. Wolfe.]

[Illustration: PLATE 20. LONG-BILLED CURLEW. _Upper_: Newly hatched young and pipped eggs of long-billed curlew, near Salt Lake City, Utah; presented by Mr. Clark Blickensderfer. _Lower_: Older young, near Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, June 1, 1905; photographed by the author. Referred to on page 101.]

[Illustration: PLATE 21. WHIMBREL. _Upper_: Whimbrel approaching its egg and chick in its nest, Shetland Islands, June 24, 1922. _Lower_: Same bird, rising to accommodate its chick. Both photographs presented by Mr. Ralph Chislett.]

[Illustration: PLATE 22. WHIMBREL. _Upper_: Whimbrel on the nest shown below. _Lower_: Nest of whimbrel, Shetland Islands, June 11, 1923; presented by Mr. William E. Glegg.]

[Illustration: PLATE 23. _Upper_: BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW. Bristle-thighed curlew, stealing an egg from a man-o-war-bird’s nest, Laysan Island; presented by Mr. Donald R. Dickey, by courtesy of the National Geographic Society. _Lower_: WHIMBREL. Whimbrel settling down on its nest, Shetland Islands, June 11, 1923; presented by Mr. William E. Glegg.]

[Illustration: PLATE 24. LAPWING. _Upper_: Nest of lapwing. _Lower_: Another nest of lapwing on a beach. Both photographs presented by Mr. C. W. Colthrup.]

[Illustration: PLATE 25. DOTTEREL. Two views of dotterels on two different nests, near the Yenisei River, Siberia; presented by Mrs. Maud D. (Haviland) Brindley.]

[Illustration: PLATE 26. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. _Upper_: Immature black-bellied plover, Branchport, N. Y., October 3, 1911; presented by Mr. Verdi Burtch. _Lower_: Adult male black-bellied plover, Florida Keys, May, 1903; presented by Mr. Herbert K. Job.]

[Illustration: PLATE 27. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of gray plover (black-bellied plover) near Yenisei River, Siberia; presented by Mrs. Maud D. (Haviland) Brindley. _Lower_: Black-bellied plover on its nest, near Point Barrow, Alaska, June 20, 1917. A photograph taken by Mr. T. L. Richardson for the author.]

[Illustration: PLATE 28. AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. Two nests of American golden plover, Demarcation Point, Alaska, June 23, 1914; presented by Mr. W. Sprague Brooks.]

[Illustration: PLATE 29. PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER. _Upper_: Nesting site of Pacific golden plover. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of Pacific golden plover. Both photographs taken by Mr. T. L. Richardson at Unalakleet, Alaska, for the author.]

[Illustration: PLATE 30. PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER. _Upper_: Pacific golden plover. _Lower_: Pacific golden plover brooding. Both photographs presented by Mrs. Maud D. (Haviland) Brindley, taken by her near the Yenisei River, Siberia.]

[Illustration: PLATE 31. KILLDEER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of killdeer, Barr Lake, Colo.; presented by the Colorado Museum of Natural History. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of killdeer, Manitoba; presented by Herbert K. Job.]

[Illustration: PLATE 32. KILLDEER. _Upper_: Killdeer at its nest, near Kansas City, Mo. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of the same bird. Both photographs presented by Dr. A. H. Cordier.]

[Illustration: PLATE 33. KILLDEER. _Upper_: Downy young killdeers; photograph by H. H. Pittman. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of killdeers, Banff, Alberta; presented by Mr. Dan McCown.]

[Illustration: PLATE 34. KILLDEER. _Upper_: Killdeer settling on its nest. _Lower_: Young killdeer, a few days old. Both photographs presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves and by courtesy of the National Geographic Society. Taken on Staten Island, N. Y.]

[Illustration: PLATE 35. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Two nests of semipalmated plover, Magdalen Islands, Quebec, June 20, 1904; photographed by the author.]

[Illustration: PLATE 36. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of semipalmated plover, Atlin, British Columbia, June 10, 1924; presented by Mr. Harry S. Swarth. _Lower_: Semipalmated plover, Santa Barbara, Calif., May 2, 1913; presented by Mr. W. Leon Dawson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 37. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Nesting site of semipalmated plover, Atlin Lake, British Columbia, June 10, 1924; presented by Mr. Harry S. Swarth.]

[Illustration: PLATE 38. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. _Upper_: Semipalmated plover brooding young, Magdalen Islands, June 20, 1904; presented by Mr. Herbert K. Job. _Lower_: Downy young semipalmated plover, Baffin Island, July 29, 1925; presented by Mr. J. Dewey Soper and by courtesy of the Department of Mines, Canada.]

[Illustration: PLATE 39. RINGED PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of ringed plover, presented by Mr. C. W. Colthrup. _Lower_: Ringed plover at its nest; presented by Mrs. Maud D. (Haviland) Brindley.]

[Illustration: PLATE 40. PIPING PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest and five eggs of piping plover, Dartmouth, Mass., June 16, 1916; photographed by the author. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of piping plover, Bay Point, Ohio, June, 1925; presented by Mr. Edward S. Thomas.]

[Illustration: PLATE 41. PIPING PLOVER. _Upper_: Piping plover incubating. _Lower_: Piping plover standing at its nest. Both photographs taken by the author, Chatham, Mass., June 2, 1921.]

[Illustration: PLATE 42. PIPING PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of piping plover, Stump Lake, N. Dak., June 15, 1901; photographed by the author. _Lower_: Piping plover chicks, about three days old, Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.; presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves.]

[Illustration: PLATE 43. _Upper_: SNOWY PLOVER. Nest and eggs of snowy plover, Orange County, Calif., June 11, 1916; presented by Mr. Wright M. Pierce. _Lower_: PIPING PLOVER. Piping plover brooding young, Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.; presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves and by courtesy of the National Geographical Society.]

[Illustration: PLATE 44. SNOWY PLOVER. _Upper_: Snowy plover on its nest, Los Angeles County, Calif., May 29, 1914. _Lower_: Another nest, same locality and date. Both photographs by the author, referred to on page 248.]

[Illustration: PLATE 45. SNOWY PLOVER. _Upper_: Downy young Cuban snowy plover, Pensacola, Fla., June 26, 1927; presented by Mr. Francis M. Weston. _Lower_: Downy young snowy plover, southern California; presented by Mr. Wright M. Pierce.]

[Illustration: PLATE 46. WILSON PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of Wilson plover, Bulls Island, S. C., May 22, 1915; presented by Mr. Alexander Sprunt, jr. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of Wilson plover, Chatham County, Ga., April 26, 1922; presented by Mr. W. J. Erichsen.]

[Illustration: PLATE 47. WILSON PLOVER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of Wilson plover, Bulls Island, S. C., May 22, 1915; photographed by the author and referred to on page 257. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of Wilson plover among pickle weed, Merritt’s Island, Fla., June 20, 1926; presented by Mr. Donald J. Nicholson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 48. WILSON PLOVER. _Upper_: Young Wilson plover, just hatched, Raccoon Key, S. C, June 7, 1927; presented by Mr. Roger Tory Peterson. _Lower_: Adult female Wilson plover, about to settle on her nest, near Bulls Bay, S. C; presented by Mr. Howard H. Cleaves.]

[Illustration: PLATE 49. MOUNTAIN PLOVER. _Upper_: Mountain plover at its nest. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of mountain plover. Both photographs taken in Colorado by or for Mr. William C. Bradbury, presented by the Colorado Museum of Natural History and referred to on page 264.]

[Illustration: PLATE 50. MOUNTAIN PLOVER. _Upper_: Young mountain plover, a day or two old, June 4, 1911. _Lower_: Another, perhaps 10 days old, June 11, 1911. Both photographs taken by Mr. Edward R. Warren in Weld County, Colo., and presented by him.]

[Illustration: PLATE 51. MOUNTAIN PLOVER. _Upper_: Adult mountain plover approaching its nest; presented by the Colorado Museum of Natural History, photographed by Mr. W. C. Bradbury, and referred to on page 264. _Lower_: Mountain plover attending its young, Weld County, Colo., June 4, 1911; presented by Mr. Edward R. Warren.]

[Illustration: PLATE 52. SURF BIRD. _Upper_: Surf bird on its nest. _Lower_: Surf bird inspecting its eggs. Both photographs taken by Mr. Joseph Dixon in the Mount McKinley District, Alaska, May 29, 1926, presented by him and referred to on page 271.]

[Illustration: PLATE 53. SURF BIRD. _Upper_: Male surf bird beside its nest. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of surf bird. Both photographs taken by Mr. Joseph Dixon in the Mount McKinley District, Alaska, May 29, 1926, presented by him and referred to on page 271.]

[Illustration: PLATE 54. TURNSTONE. _Upper_: Turnstone on its nest. _Lower_: Nest and eggs of the same bird. Both photographs taken by Mr. Ralph Chislett, on a Baltic isle, off Öland, June 19, 1924, presented by him and referred to on page 283.]

[Illustration: PLATE 55. TURNSTONE. _Left_: Male turnstone on its nest under cover. _Right_: Female turnstone. Both photographs taken by Mr. Ralph Chislett on a Baltic isle, off Öland, June 19, 1924, presented by him and referred to on page 283.]

[Illustration: PLATE 56. TURNSTONE. _Upper_: Turnstone at its nest, Spitsbergen, 1921; presented by Mr. Seton P. Gordon and referred to on page 282. _Lower_: RUDDY TURNSTONE. Downy young ruddy turnstone, Yukon Delta, Alaska, June 19, 1914; photographed by Mr. F. Seymour Hersey for the author.]

[Illustration: PLATE 57. BLACK TURNSTONE. Flock of black turnstones, presented by Mr. Donald R. Dickey.]

[Illustration: PLATE 58. AMERICAN OYSTER CATCHER. Two nests of American oyster catcher, Bulls Island, S. C., May 22, 1915; photographed by the author and referred to on page 310.]

[Illustration: PLATE 59. AMERICAN OYSTER CATCHER. _Upper_: Immature American oyster catcher, Cape Romain, S. C., June 8, 1927; presented by Mr. Roger Tory Peterson. _Lower_: Adult American oyster catcher, Bulls Bay, S. C., May, 1904; presented by Mr. Herbert K. Job.]

[Illustration: PLATE 60. FRAZAR OYSTER CATCHER. Two views of Frazar oyster catcher, Lower California, 1927; presented by Mr. Wright M. Pierce.]

[Illustration: PLATE 61. FRAZAR OYSTER CATCHER. Two views of young Frazar oyster catchers, Lower California, 1926; presented by Mr. Wright M. Pierce.]

[Illustration: PLATE 62. BLACK OYSTER CATCHER. Black oyster catchers on a reef, coast of Washington, June 22, 1910; presented by Mr. W. Leon Dawson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 63. BLACK OYSTER CATCHER. Nesting site and nest of black oyster catcher, Destruction Island, Wash.; presented by Mr. W. Leon Dawson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 64. BLACK OYSTER CATCHER. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of black oyster catcher, Graham Island, British Columbia, May 26, 1927; presented by Mr. S. J. Darcus. _Lower_: Nest, eggs and young, just hatched, of black oyster catcher, Destruction Island, Wash., July 16, 1906; presented by Mr. W. Leon Dawson.]

[Illustration: PLATE 65. MEXICAN JACANA. Two views of Paradise Lake, near Tampico, Mexico, nesting site of Mexican jacana; presented by Mr. Thomas S. Gillin and referred to on page 324.]

[Illustration: PLATE 66. MEXICAN JACANA. _Upper_: Nest and eggs of Mexican jacana. _Lower_: Mexican jacana at home. Both photographs taken by Mr. Thomas S. Gillin, Paradise Lake, near Tampico, Mexico; presented by him and referred to on page 325.]

INDEX

Actitis macularia, 78

Aiken and Warren, on mountain plover, 266

Alexander, W. B.-- on Pacific golden plover, 200 on Polynesian tattler, 49 on turnstone, 293

Allen, Francis H.-- on black-bellied plover, 162 on turnstone, 287

altifrons, Pluvialis apricaria, 171

American golden plover, 175

American oyster catcher, 309

americanus, Numenius, 97

Aphriza virgata, 269

apricaria altifrons, Pluvialis, 171

Arenaria interpres, 278 melanocephala, 298

arquata arquata, Numenius, 109 Numenius arquata, 109

Audubon, J. J.-- on American golden plover, 187 on American oyster catcher, 313, 314 on Eskimo curlew, 131 on long-billed curlew, 103 on semipalmated plover, 219, 222 on spotted sandpiper, 78, 81 on Wilson plover, 260, 261

bachmani, Haematopus, 320

Bailey, Alfred M., on Mongolian plover, 253

Bailey, Florence Merriam-- on snowy plover, 250 on surf bird, 275 on western willet, 39

Bailey, H. H., on American oyster catcher, 310

Bancroft, Griffing, on Frazar oyster catcher, 317, 318, 319

Barrett, Charles-- on black-bellied plover, 166 on Pacific golden plover, 200 on turnstone, 292

Barrows, W. B., on upland plover, 58

Bartramia longicauda, 55

Bartsch, Paul-- on bristle-thighed curlew, 142 on turnstone, 287

Bates, J. M.-- on killdeer, 205 on upland plover, 61

Baynard, Oscar E., on Wilson plover, 258

Beaupre, Edwin-- on American golden plover, 176, 184 on Hudsonian curlew, 115 on piping plover, 244

Benners, G. B., on upland plover, 57

Bent, A. C., on piping plover, 237, 238

Bergtold, W. H., on spotted sandpiper, 86

Berteau, F. C., on Eskimo curlew, 126, 133

bird, surf, 269

Bishop, L. B., on semipalmated plover, 220

black-bellied plover, 154

black oyster catcher, 320

black turnstone, 298

borealis, Numenius, 125

Bradbury, W. C., on mountain plover, 263

Brandt, Herbert W.-- on black-bellied plover, 157, 159, 161 on black turnstone, 299, 300, 303 on bristle-thighed curlew, 141 on Pacific golden plover, 195, 196, 198 on turnstone, 281, 283, 290

Bretherton, B. J., on wandering tattler, 45

brevipes, Heteroscelus, 48

Brewster, William-- on American golden plover, 182 on semipalmated plover, 217, 222 on solitary sandpiper, 1, 7, 8 on spotted sandpiper, 81 on western willet, 36

bristle-thighed curlew, 140

Brock, S. E., on lapwing, 145

Brooks, W. Sprague, on American golden plover, 180

Brown, D. E., on wandering tattler, 42

Brown, W. J., on killdeer, 203

Brown, W. W., jr., on Frazar oyster catcher, 318

Bryant, Harold C., on killdeer, 205

Bryant, Walter E., on Frazar oyster catcher, 319

buff-breasted sandpiper, 69

Burroughs, M. H., on American oyster catcher, 311

Cahoon, John C.-- on American golden plover, 187 on black-bellied plover, 165

Carroll, W. J., on Eskimo curlew, 126, 133

catcher, American oyster, 309 black oyster, 320 European oyster, 305 Frazar oyster, 316

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, 36

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus, 27

Chambers, W. Lee, on snowy plover, 247

Chapman, Frank M.-- on killdeer, 211 on western solitary sandpiper, 14 on Wilson plover, 259

Charadrius dubius curonicus, 233 hiaticula, 229 melodus, 236 mongolus mongolus, 253 nivosus nivosus, 246 nivosus tenuirostris, 252 semipalmatus, 217

Chislett, Ralph, on turnstone, 283

cinnamomea, Tringa solitaria, 13

Clark, Austin H.-- on American golden plover, 177, 184 on black turnstone, 298 on spotted sandpiper, 86

Cleaves, H. H., on spotted sandpiper, 89

Conover, H. B.-- on black turnstone, 300, 301 on bristle-thighed curlew, 141, 143 on turnstone, 280

Cooke, Wells W.-- on American golden plover, 178 on buff-breasted sandpiper, 70, 75 on semipalmated plover, 217, 224 on spotted sandpiper, 92 on wandering tattler, 42

Coues, Elliott-- on Eskimo curlew, 129, 130, 133 on mountain plover, 263, 266, 267 on solitary sandpiper, 5, 7 on upland plover, 59

Cuban snowy plover, 252

curlew, bristle-thighed, 140 Eskimo, 125 European, 109 Hudsonian, 113 long-billed, 97

curonicus, Charadrius dubius, 233

Dall, W. H., on black oyster catcher, 320, 323

Davies, S. A., on wood sandpiper, 25

Dawson, W. Leon-- on black oyster catcher, 320, 322 on Frazar oyster catcher, 317 on Hudsonian curlew, 119 on killdeer, 211, 212 on wandering tattler, 45

Dickey, Donald R., on bristle-thighed curlew, 142

Dill and Bryan, on bristle-thighed curlew, 142

Dixon, Joseph-- on semipalmated plover, 219 on surf bird, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275

dominica dominica, Pluvialis, 175 fulva, Pluvialis, 193 Pluvialis dominica, 175

Doolittle, E. A., on buff-breasted sandpiper, 75

dotterel, 150

dubius curonicus, Charadrius, 233

Dwight, Jonathan, on spotted sandpiper, 81

eastern willet, 27

Ekblaw, W. Elmer-- on ringed plover, 229, 231 on turnstone, 280

Elliot, D. G., on long-billed curlew, 105

Erichsen, W. J., on American oyster catcher, 311

Eskimo curlew, 125

Eudromias morinellus, 150

European curlew, 109

European golden plover, 171

European oyster catcher, 305

Farley, John A., on piping plover, 243

Farren, William-- on European curlew, 110 on European oyster catcher, 306 on ringed plover, 230

Feilden, H. W., on American golden plover, 185

Ferry, John F., on killdeer, 211

Fisher, A. K., on snowy plover, 249

Forbush, E. H.-- on American golden plover, 176 on black-bellied plover, 161 on Eskimo curlew, 127 on killdeer, 202 on piping plover, 240, 241 on solitary sandpiper, 5 on spotted sandpiper, 86, 87, 88 on upland plover, 64

Ford, Edward R.-- on piping plover, 238 on upland plover, 59

Frazar oyster catcher, 316

frazari, Haematopus palliatus, 316

fulva, Pluvialis dominica, 193

Gabrielson, Ira N., on killdeer, 204, 205, 207

Gibson, Ernest, on Eskimo curlew, 127

Gillin, Thomas S., on Mexican jacana, 324, 325, 326, 327

Giraud, Jacob P., on solitary sandpiper, 5

glareola, Rhyacophilus, 22

golden plover, American, 175 European, 171 Pacific, 193

Gordon, Seton-- on dotterel, 152 on European curlew, 110 on European golden plover, 171

Goss, N. S., on killdeer, 211

green sandpiper, 16

Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer-- on black-bellied plover, 161, 163 on black turnstone, 301 on mountain plover, 266 on snowy plover, 248, 250

Grinnell, George B., on eastern willet, 28

Grinnell, Joseph-- on black oyster catcher, 321 on Hudsonian curlew, 116, 117 on surf bird, 269 on western solitary sandpiper, 13

gymnostoma, Jacana spinosa, 324

Hadeler, E. W., on piping plover, 238

Haematopus bachmani, 320 ostralegus, 305 palliatus frazari, 316 palliatus, 309

Hancock, John, on wood sandpiper, 23

Hanna, G. Dallas, on Polynesian tattler, 49

Hartert, Ernst, on green sandpiper, 17

Haviland, Maud D., on Pacific golden plover, 196, 197, 199

Heath, Harold, on black oyster catcher, 321

Henderson, A. D., on solitary sandpiper, 3, 4

Henderson, Junius, on semipalmated plover, 222

Henshaw, Henry W.-- on Pacific golden plover, 194, 197, 198, 199 on turnstone, 292 on wandering tattler, 42, 46

Heteroscelus brevipes, 48 incanus, 41

Hewitson, W. C., on turnstone, 282

hiaticula, Charadrius, 229

Hoare, A. R., on turnstone, 281

Hoskin, H. G., on mountain plover, 264

Howell, A. B.-- on black oyster catcher, 322 on black turnstone, 304

Howell, Arthur H.-- on piping plover, 240 on Wilson plover, 260

Hoxie, Walter J., on American oyster catcher, 311

Hudson, W. H.-- on American golden plover, 176, 188 on buff-breasted sandpiper, 69 on solitary sandpiper, 9 on upland plover, 56, 62, 65

Hudsonian curlew, 113

hudsonicus, Numenius, 113

Hunter, Katharine U., on upland plover, 58, 59

Huxley and Montague, on European oyster catcher, 306

incanus, Heteroscelus, 41

inornatus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 36

interpres, Arenaria, 278

Iseley, Dwight, on killdeer, 203

jacana, Mexican, 324

Jacana spinosa gymnostoma, 324

Janvrin, E. R. P.-- on black-bellied plover, 163 on Hudsonian curlew, 119

Jessup, J. M., on wandering tattler, 42

Jewel, L. L.-- on Hudsonian curlew, 118 on spotted sandpiper, 88

Jewell, H. W., on spotted sandpiper, 86

Job, Herbert K.-- on Hudsonian curlew, 115 on spotted sandpiper, 86

Jones, Lynds, on upland plover, 63

Jourdain, F. C. R.-- on dotterel, 150 on European curlew, 109 on European golden plover, 171 on European oyster catcher, 305 on green sandpiper, 16 on lapwing, 144 on little ringed plover, 233 on Mongolian plover, 253, 254, 255, 256 on ringed plover, 229 on ruff, 49 on solitary sandpiper, 4 on turnstone, 280, 288 on whimbrel, 136 on wood sandpiper, 22

Jouy, P. L., on Mexican jacana, 326, 327

Kalmbach, E. R., on killdeer, 210

Kelso, J. E. H., on spotted sandpiper, 91

Killdeer, 202

Knight, Ora W., on solitary sandpiper, 4

lapwing, 144

Lawrence, Alexander G., on piping plover, 239

Lewis, H. F.-- on eastern willet, 29 on solitary sandpiper, 6

Lien, Carl-- on black oyster catcher, 322 on black turnstone, 304 on surf bird, 276

little ringed plover, 233

long-billed curlew, 97

longicauda, Bartramia, 55

Lyon, Wm. I., on Hudsonian curlew, 115

MacFarlane, Roderick-- on American golden plover, 179 on black-bellied plover, 158 on buff-breasted sandpiper, 72 on Eskimo curlew, 128 on Hudsonian curlew, 117

Mackay, George H.-- on American golden plover, 182, 183, 185, 187 on black-bellied plover, 161, 164 on buff-breasted sandpiper, 74 on Eskimo curlew, 130, 132 on Hudsonian curlew, 114, 118, 119, 121

MacMillan, Donald B., on turnstone, 289

macularia, Actitis, 78

Manniche, A. L. V., on turnstone, 284

May, John B., on solitary sandpiper, 2

Maynard, C. J.-- on American oyster catcher, 314 on eastern willet, 30

McAtee, W. L.-- on killdeer, 209 on upland plover, 61

Mearns, Edgar A., on spotted sandpiper, 81

melodus, Charadrius, 236

Merrill, J. C., on spotted sandpiper, 90

Mexican jacana, 324

Meyer, G. Ralph, on Pacific golden plover, 200

Mongolian plover, 253

mongolus, Charadrius mongolus, 253 mongolus, Charadrius, 253

montanus, Podasocys, 263

Moore, N. B., on turnstone, 289

morinellus, Eudromias, 150

mountain plover, 263

Mousley, Henry, on spotted sandpiper, 82, 89

Munn, P. W., on little ringed plover, 235

Murdoch, John-- on American golden plover, 179, 180, 183 on buff-breasted sandpiper, 71, 72

Murie, O. J.-- on surf bird, 270 on wandering tattler, 43, 44, 46

Murphy, Robert Cushman, on Frazar oyster catcher, 316

Naumann, J. F., on little ringed plover, 234

Nelson, E. W.-- on black turnstone, 300, 303 on bristle-thighed curlew, 140 on Eskimo curlew, 128 on wandering tattler, 41, 45, 46

Newton, Alfred, on green sandpiper, 17

Nichols, John T.-- on American golden plover, 177, 183 on American oyster catcher, 314 on black-bellied plover, 163 on eastern willet, 28, 33 on Hudsonian curlew, 119 on Pacific golden plover, 199 on piping plover, 243, on ringed plover, 232 on solitary sandpiper, 6, 7, 8 on spotted sandpiper, 87, 90, 91 on turnstone, 287, 289 on western willet, 38 on Wilson plover, 261

Nicholson, Donald J., on Wilson plover, 259

nivosus tenuirostris, Charadrius, 252

Noble, Frank T., on turnstone, 286

Numenius americanus, 97 arquata arquata, 109 borealis, 125 hudsonicus, 113 phaeopus phaeopus, 136 tahitiensis, 140

Nuttall, Thomas, on spotted sandpiper, 78, 83

ocrophus, Tringa, 16

Osgood, Wilfred H.-- on black oyster catcher, 320 on semipalmated plover, 220 on western solitary sandpiper, 14

ostralegus, Haematopus, 305

Oxyechus vociferus, 202

oyster catcher, American, 309 black, 320 European, 305 Frazar, 316

Pacific golden plover, 193

Paget-Wilkes, A. H., on turnstone, 282, 284

Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia, 257

palliatus frazari, Haematopus, 316 Haematopus palliatus, 309 palliatus, Haematopus, 309

Palmer, William-- on spotted sandpiper, 84 on turnstone, 291 on wandering tattler, 46

Patten, C. J., on green sandpiper, 17

Pearse, Theed, on killdeer, 204

Pearson, Henry J.-- on black-bellied plover, 158 on turnstone, 282 on wood sandpiper, 25

Pennock, C. J., on Wilson plover, 261

phaeopus, Numenius phaeopus, 136 phaeopus, Numenius, 136

Philipp and Bowdish, on piping plover, 238

Philipp, P. B.-- on eastern willet, 34 on semipalmated plover, 218, 220

Philomachus pugnax, 49

Pickwell, Gayle, on piping plover, 239, 243

Pierce, Fred J., on upland plover, 57

Piping plover, 236

plover, American golden, 175 black-bellied, 154 Cuban snowy, 252 European golden, 171 little ringed, 233 Mongolian, 253 mountain, 263 Pacific golden, 193 piping, 236 ringed, 229 semipalmated, 217 snowy, 246 upland, 55 Wilson, 257

Pluvialis apricaria altifrons, 171 dominica dominica, 175 fulva, 193

Podasocys montanus, 263

Polynesian tattler, 48

Praeger, W. V., on semipalmated plover, 222

Preble, Edward A., on turnstone, 290

Preble and McAtee, on wandering tattler, 45

pugnax, Philomachus, 49

Raine, Walter, on solitary sandpiper, 3

Rathbun, S. F.-- on black-bellied plover, 156, 160 on black turnstone, 302 on killdeer, 204 on turnstone, 279

Reid, Savile G.-- on American golden plover, 185 on solitary sandpiper, 8

Rhyacophilus glareola, 22

Rich, Walter H.-- on black-bellied plover, 166 on solitary sandpiper, 6

Ridgway, Robert, on western solitary sandpiper, 14

ringed plover, 229

ringed plover, little, 233

Robbins, C. A., on piping plover, 239, 242

Roberts, Thomas S.-- on long-billed curlew, 98 on upland plover, 56

Rockwell, Robert B., on killdeer, 207

Roosevelt, Robert B., on American golden plover, 175

Rowan, William-- on American golden plover, 177, 178, 186, 187 on black-bellied plover, 156, 164 on buff-breasted sandpiper, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75 on killdeer, 203, 212 on upland plover, 58

ruff, 49

Samuels, E. A., on eastern willet, 30

sandpiper, buff-breasted, 69 green, 16 solitary, 1 spotted, 78 western solitary, 13 wood, 22

Sandys, Edwin, on upland plover, 62, 64

Saunders, Aretas A.-- on killdeer, 204, 208, 212 on piping plover, 242 on spotted sandpiper, 83, 84, 90, 92

Scott, W. E. D., on piping plover, 244

Seebohm, Henry-- on Pacific golden plover, 195 on wood sandpiper, 23

Selous, Edmund-- on European oyster catcher, 306 on ruff, 50, 52

semipalmated plover, 217

semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 27 Charadrius, 217 inornatus, Catoptrophorus, 36 semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 27

Sennett, George. B., on American oyster catcher, 311

Seton, E. T. (Thompson), on western willet, 37

Shelley, Lewis O., on spotted sandpiper, 80

Sherman, Althea R., on killdeer, 207

Shick, Charles S., on spotted sandpiper, 81

Silloway, P. M., on long-billed curlew, 99, 100, 104

Skinner, M. P., on killdeer, 203, 204, 205, 208, 211, 213

Smith, Wm. G., on mountain plover, 264, 265, 266

snowy plover, 246

snowy plover, Cuban, 252

Snyder, L. L., on spotted sandpiper, 89

solitaria cinnamomea, Tringa, 13 solitaria, Tringa, 1 Tringa solitaria, 1

solitary sandpiper, 1 western, 13

spinosa gymnostoma, Jacana, 324

spotted sandpiper, 78

Squatarola squatarola, 154

squatarola, Squatarola, 154

Stanford, John K., on ringed plover, 230

Stejneger, Leonhard-- on Mongolian plover, 254, 255, 256 on turnstone, 280, 287, 291

Stockard, Charles R., on killdeer, 205

Street, J. Fletcher, on solitary sandpiper, 2

subruficollis, Tryngites, 69

surf bird, 269

Sutton, G. M., on spotted sandpiper, 83, 88

Swarth, H. S.-- on semipalmated plover, 218, 219, 220 on surf bird, 270

Swenk, Myron H., on Eskimo curlew, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133

tahitiensis, Numenius, 140

tattler, Polynesian, 48 wandering, 41

Taverner, P. A.-- on long-billed curlew, 105 on spotted sandpiper, 89

tenuirostris, Charadrius nivosus, 252

Terrill, L. McI., on spotted sandpiper, 82

Thayer, Gerald H., on semipalmated plover, 222

Thurston, Henry, on Wilson plover, 258, 259

Torrey, Bradford-- on black turnstone, 301 on spotted sandpiper, 80 on western willet, 38

Townsend, Charles W.-- on black-bellied plover, 162 on Eskimo curlew, 126 on Hudsonian curlew, 119 on killdeer, 202 on semipalmated plover, 217, 223 on spotted sandpiper, 83

Treganza, A. O., on long-billed curlew, 100

Tringa ocrophus, 16 solitaria cinnamomea, 13 solitaria, 1

Tryngites subruficollis, 69

Turner, Lucien M.-- on black oyster catcher, 322 on black turnstone, 298, 303 on Eskimo curlew, 130, 131 on Pacific golden plover, 198

turnstone, 278

turnstone, black, 298

Tyler, John G.-- on Hudsonian curlew, 116, 120 on killdeer, 206 on mountain plover, 267

Tyler, Winsor M.-- on piping plover, 236, 238 on spotted sandpiper, 78

upland plover, 55

Van Denburgh, J., on western willet, 37

Vanellus vanellus, 144

vanellus, Vanellus, 144

Van Rossem, A. J., on spotted sandpiper, 80, 82

virgata, Aphriza, 269

vociferus, Oxyechus, 202

wandering tattler, 41

Warburton, Stanton, jr., on Hudsonian curlew, 117

Warren, Edward B., on mountain plover, 265

Wayne, Arthur T.-- on American oyster catcher, 315 on black-bellied plover, 155 on eastern willet, 30, 31 on Hudsonian curlew, 115 on killdeer, 203, 210 on long-billed curlew, 98 on turnstone, 287 on Wilson plover, 263

western solitary sandpiper, 13

western willet, 36

Weston, Francis M.-- on black-bellied plover, 163 on Cuban snowy plover, 252 on Wilson plover, 261

Wetmore, Alexander-- on American golden plover, 177, 188, 189 on bristle-thighed curlew, 142 on buff-breasted sandpiper, 75, 76 on spotted sandpiper, 87, 93 on turnstone, 288, 292 on upland plover, 56, 65 on western solitary sandpiper, 15

Wheelwright, Horace W., on green sandpiper, 17, 18

whimbrel, 136

Whittle, C. L.-- on lapwing, 149 on spotted sandpiper, 80

Wickersham, C. W., on long-billed curlew, 102, 104, 105, 106

Willet, eastern, 27 western, 36

Willett, George, on spotted sandpiper, 93

Williams, R. W., on killdeer, 213

Wilson, Alexander-- on American oyster catcher, 314 on killdeer, 202 on spotted sandpiper, 78, 83, 92

Wilson plover, 257

wilsonia, Pagolla wilsonia, 257 wilsonia, Pagolla, 257

Witherby, H. F., on little ringed plover, 234, 235

Wood, Allen H., on piping plover, 237

wood sandpiper, 22

Wright and Harper, on spotted sandpiper, 79