CHAPTER XXVII
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY
The last sixty years of the nineteenth century witnessed on the shores of the Great Lakes the development of the city. The towns which we have traced through their early stages as forts, trading posts, and villages began in 1840 to make their appearance on the census lists with populations that could be counted in thousands instead of hundreds. If we reckon a population of eight thousand or over as the requisite number to raise a town to the rank of city, Buffalo with eighteen thousand and Detroit with nine thousand inhabitants were in 1840 the only cities on the lakes. Cleveland had six thousand, and Chicago and Milwaukee timidly entered the lists with records of less than five thousand and two thousand respectively. In the proportionate size of cities in the whole United States these five ranged from being sixteenth, as was Buffalo, to being fifty-fourth, as was Chicago, and down to Milwaukee, which was the seventy-ninth on the list. In 1906 these five cities are among the first twelve on the list, and their joint population is three million six hundred thousand, nearly one hundred times the total population of sixty-five years ago. Figures express this change as well as anything can, but even figures can hardly suggest the wonder of this unparalleled development. It makes this last era of the life of the Great Lakes one of great and unique interest.
Immediately after 1840 this swift growth of the city began. Within twenty years Detroit was five times as large as in 1840, Buffalo and Cleveland were seven times as large, while Chicago and Milwaukee had multiplied their numbers by twenty and twenty-five. Smaller cities, too, like Toledo had had a rapid increase in their population. This sudden tide of immigration and of urban concentration was the natural result of the widespread westward movement of the twenty-five preceding years which had developed the country and created demands for central markets, and of the rise of the great industries described in the preceding chapters with their attendants, the railroad and the steamboat. No communities have ever come into being for more immediate commercial reasons than the cities of the Great Lakes, and the immense wealth derived from their great industries has been directly responsible for their rapid growth and succeeding prosperity. With this story of the industrial side of the life of the lakes we are all familiar. Each city has necessarily passed through a stage when it spent its time and energy trying with breathless haste to keep pace with the outside demands made upon it by commerce. Now that stage has passed, at least in so far as this industrial side takes precedence over everything else and stands out preëminent and alone as the characteristic spirit of the lake city. Great fortunes have been and are being made, and reasonable prosperity has come to thousands of citizens. The last twenty years have seen these cities broaden their interests, and stand out as centres of education, art, sociology, politics, and religion, till now they are leaders as types of all-round development, including all these and many other lines.
Each city claims and has a right to claim an individual spirit and an achievement of its own. But to the student of the past and present of these lake dwellers there comes the evidence of a broader unity under whose general aims and purposes, fostered by similar conditions, the local successes have been accomplished.
In education these cities are preëminent. They have been willing to expend large sums on the public school systems, and have adapted high educational principles to local needs with an independence that has made for a departure from many old and conventional methods, but has resulted almost always in greater efficiency. The large proportion of foreign-born children in the public schools has created many problems and brought the opportunity for great success in dealing with them. Nor does state and city interest stop with the usual public school system. Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois have strong state universities, for whose support they give lavishly; and beside them have grown up three other great universities, Chicago and Northwestern in Chicago, and the Western Reserve in Cleveland. There is a widespread enthusiasm for higher education, and these educational centres exert a great influence both as scientific experiment stations, whose discoveries are hailed with delight by the farmer and the mechanic, and as dominant centres of thought. The universities and schools do not wait for the people to come within their walls. They go out with exhibitions and instruction of all kinds. The state legislatures have instituted systems of travelling and branch libraries, and education is being diffused among the people.
As a natural result of high average intelligence and of industrial conditions there has originated in the region bordering on the lakes a political unrest which is being worked out, under the leadership of the cities, into an encouraging independence of party spirit and a striving for the improvement of municipal and state conditions. With the coming of the city there have arisen problems entirely new to the administrators, and these each city is working out in its own way. Cleveland by government by commission, and the other cities by reform mayors running on independent platforms, and everywhere by intelligent open discussion of such questions as municipal ownership of street railways, control of corporations, labor questions, and other matters of public interest which make the party divisions based on live social and industrial issues, not on state and national party platforms. The region of the lower lakes is a political storm centre for the nation as well as for the immediate locality, and conditions there are likely to have great influence throughout the country.
Municipal improvement has long been the watchword of all parties, and the result has been the development of splendid water fronts, the setting apart of land for beautiful park and boulevard systems, the provision of playgrounds for children, and the constant beautifying of the cities. Modern architecture has had its chance here, and has proved itself. The results have made our modern lake city the admiration of all visitors, both from this country and from across the water.
The two periods of rapid industrial growth and of broadening self-improvement each lake city has passed through in the last sixty years. Into the local details of each we have not space to enter, although each is an interesting story by itself. One city has come to be in size and standing the second city of our nation, and in passing briefly over the steps of her growth we can see on a large scale what have been the conditions which have been met in a smaller way by her neighboring cities.
With our traveller of 1840, we visited Chicago and found her a flourishing and rapidly increasing town of nearly five thousand inhabitants. Even then she was recognized as a centre for the region immediately surrounding her. The radius of her influence has extended in a way that would have seemed at that time inconceivable. Her population has run up to over two millions, and in wealth as well she has come to be the second great financial centre of the United States, ranking in this as in population next to New York. She began her city life in 1837 with $1993 in her treasury. To get money for sanitary drainage, for paving a few streets, and purchasing two fire engines the finance committee of the common council applied to the State Bank of Illinois for a loan of twenty-five thousand dollars, to be paid back within five years,--a request which the State Bank politely but curtly declined to grant. To-day her bank clearances amount to some seven thousand million dollars. And so we might go on with striking and astonishing contrasts. We have come to take large statements and superlative adjectives for granted about Chicago’s size, wealth, and commerce. Do we realize that she is the leading lake city in the other lines of which we have spoken?
The public school system of Chicago with its million of children has been and is being developed along the best modern pedagogical principles by men and women who are recognized leaders in the educational world. As a centre for higher education the city takes high rank. Besides its technical schools, like the Armour Institute, it has two great universities, Chicago and Northwestern. The former began its career when John D. Rockefeller decided to take the name and property of the old denominational university of that name, sold at auction under foreclosure, and to found a great institution. To this end he set apart a large sum of money and secured as president Dr. William R. Harper of Yale. With the remarkable growth of the university since it opened in 1892 with seven hundred and two students, we are all familiar.
In music and art Chicago is preëminent, both for its high grade of achievement and for the widespread diffusion of its culture among its citizens. In 1905 Orchestra Hall was dedicated as a home for music, and this building, one of the finest in the world, had been built by a popular subscription, to which thousands of the middle and poorer classes contributed their dollars. The Chicago Art Institute has an attendance yearly of over half a million visitors, a number exceeding that of any art museum in America, and its library is consulted annually by fifty thousand people. Such a record is remarkable, and such enthusiasm has produced and is producing recognized artists. In architectural excellence the story is the same. In philanthropy and social settlement work Hull House, under the leadership of Jane Addams, is only the most conspicuous of many powerful agencies for good.
For the Great Lakes to have developed, in the sixty years that have marked the growth of the big city throughout the land, five of the twelve largest cities of the United States is a remarkable showing. Not only have these cities become leaders industrially, politically, and socially, but they are constantly increasing at a rapid rate in size, volume of commerce, and most of all in plans and forecasts for the future. From 1880 to 1890 the most rapid growth of the city was in this region. During these ten years, while the rate of increase of the ocean ports ranged from San Francisco’s fourteen per cent to New York’s thirty-eight per cent, and that of the river cities from Cincinnati’s nine per cent to St. Louis’ twenty-seven, no one of the six great ports of the lakes fell below an increase of thirty-seven per cent, and Chicago’s ran up to fifty-four, and Toledo’s to sixty-one. This is a striking exhibition of the movement of population in the wake of commercial opportunity.
In the Old World such a group of cities situated close together on immense bodies of water would create an individual empire of great wealth and prosperity. In the United States they are recognized as a leading factor in our prosperity, and a centre from which not only will great wealth and natural resources be evolved and distributed, but great leaders, great policies, and great ideals will come forth, making the lake region a force to be reckoned with and depended upon in the future of the Nation.
A BRIEF LIST OF BOOKS
_General Works_
There is no important general work covering the entire field. The best single book is Charles Moore’s _The Northwest under Three Flags, 1635–1796_. B. A. Hinsdale’s _Old Northwest_ (2 vols.) deals with this region, but with especial emphasis on the geographical and political phases. Francis Parkman treats of French and English occupation in his _Series of Historical Narratives, France and England in North America_, the nine volumes of which will be cited under their individual names. Besides his _Narrative and Critical History of America_ in eight volumes, Justin Winsor has three books on the history of this region: _Cartier to Frontenac_, 1534–1700; _The Mississippi Basin_; and _The Westward Movement_. Under this heading should be mentioned the publications of the various historical societies of the lake states, especially the Buffalo, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota collections.
PART I. _Discovery and Exploration, 1615–1700_
This period is taken up in Parkman’s _Pioneers of France in the New World_, _The Jesuits in North America_, _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_, and _Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV._ The seventy-three volumes of _Jesuit Relations and Allied Volumes_, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, are the source books for accounts of the Jesuits. A modern book which covers this period is C. W. Colby’s _Canadian Types of the Old Régime, 1608–1698_. E. B. O’Callaghan’s _Documentary History of the State of New York_ (4 vols.), 1849, and L. H. Morgan’s _League of the Iroquois_ (2 vols.), 1901, give good accounts of the Indians, while the former has reprints of valuable maps and documents.
The original accounts of the voyages of the explorers are as follows: _Voyages of Samuel de Champlain_, translated by C. P. Otis, and edited by E. F. Slafter (3 vols.) (a handy one-volume edition is that of W. L. Grant, 1907); _Relation of the Discoveries and Voyages of Cavelier de La Salle from 1679 to 1681_, translated by M. B. Anderson; and Louis Hennepin’s _A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America_ (2 vols.), and Lahontan’s _New Voyages to North America_, both reprinted and edited by R. G. Thwaites. C. W. Butterfield has written a _History of Brulé’s Discoveries and Explorations_, 1610–1626. The story of the pageant of Saint Lusson comes to us from his _Procès-Verbal_ in the _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xi, 26, and in Father Claude Dablon’s account in the _Jesuit Relations_, lv, 105–115.
PART II. _The Struggle for Possession, 1700–1832_
For the struggle between France and England Parkman’s _Half Century of Conflict_ (2 vols.), _Montcalm and Wolfe_ (2 vols.), and _Conspiracy of Pontiac_ (2 vols.) give the best connected account. S. Farmer’s _History of Detroit and Michigan_, A. Hulbert’s _The Niagara River_, and other local histories of Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Niagara, as well as chronicles of the war, contribute to this history. Mr. C. M. Burton has published a very interesting pamphlet on _Cadillac’s Village, or Detroit under Cadillac_, which is the result of his own research in the records of this time. Besides Parkman’s two-volume story of the _Conspiracy of Pontiac_, it is well to read Major Robert Rogers’ _Journals of the Siege of Detroit_, and _Concise Account of North America, 1765_, and also a _Diary of the Siege of Detroit_, edited with other documents by F. B. Hough, and _The Gladwin Manuscripts_, edited by Charles Moore. Alexander Henry tells his own story in _Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories_, 1809.
For the period of the war between England and America, Henry Adams’ _History of the United States, 1800–1817_ (9 vols.), is the authority. T. Roosevelt in his _The Winning of the West, 1777–1807_ (5 vols.), gives his fifth volume to _St. Clair and Wayne_. There are three standard works on the naval part of the war, J. Barnes’ _Naval Actions of the War of 1812_, Roosevelt’s _The Naval War of 1812_, and A. T. Mahan’s _Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812_ (2 vols.). There are many contemporary accounts of the battles and defences of the leading participants, such as _The Defence of Brigadier-General Hull Written by Himself_, 1814. Three leading documents of the Chicago massacre are the _Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, 1844_, supposed to be the Kinzie account, _The Chicago Massacre in 1812_, which is the Heald account, written at a much later date by Joseph Kirkland, and an anonymous document in the _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections_, viii, 648–652. The Black Hawk War is treated in all histories of the time. The material about Black Hawk himself is gathered from B. Drake’s _Life and Adventures of Black Hawk_ (7th ed., 1846), _Life of Black Hawk, Dictated by Himself_, 1834, and S. G. Drake’s _Book of the Indians_ (8th ed., 1841), which has also accounts of Pontiac and Tecumseh. R. G. Thwaites’ _How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest_, has an essay on the Black Hawk War, as well as other interesting essays on this period. Randall Parrish’s _Historic Illinois_ should be mentioned in this connection as the best book of its kind on this whole region, with a clear account of the events that took place in Illinois and a graphic picture of pioneer conditions.
The biographies of Cass and Wayne are valuable. The two contemporary books on Cass are W. L. G. Smith’s _The Life and Times of Lewis Cass_, and W. T. Young’s _Life and Public Services of Lewis Cass_. A. C. McLaughlin has written a good biography with the title, _Lewis Cass_, for the American Statesman Series. John R. Spears is the author of a biography of _Anthony Wayne_, 1903.
PART III. _Occupation and Development_
The bibliography of this section would include all that has come before, and much from pamphlets, historical society publications, local histories, and records of anniversary celebrations, which would make too long a list of sources. There are no general works on this phase of the life of the Great Lakes. Archer B. Hulbert’s _Historic Highways of America_ (16 vols.) contains much that is of interest about roads to the lakes, especially in volumes 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 14. J. F. Rhodes’ _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850_ (7 vols.) has in its earlier volumes valuable references and accounts of happenings in its period. In general, however, one must turn to the local records and state histories.
L. P. Powell has gathered and edited two volumes entitled _Historic Towns of the Middle States_, and _Historic Towns of the Western States_. Seven suggestive books are: Parker’s _Rochester, A Story Historical_, and H. O’Reilly’s _Sketches of Rochester_; _The Niagara Book_, by W. D. Howells, N. S. Shaler, and others, and F. H. Severance’s _Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier_; Urann’s _Centennial History of Cleveland_; W. P. Strickland’s _Old Mackinaw_, 1860; and A. T. Andreas’ _History of Chicago_ (3 vols.).
The Buffalo Historical Collections have much material about the Erie Canal, as has W. W. Campbell’s _Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton_. J. L. Barton’s _Commerce of the Lakes and the Erie Canal_, William Norris’ _Map of the Railroads and Canals in the United States and Canada, August, 1834_, _Early Chicago Railroads, 1838_, and W. K. Ackerman’s _Early Illinois Railroads_, in _Fergus Historical Series_, No. 23, pp. 3–62, and a little book, _Instructions for Running Railroads_, 1862, are all good for the years of rapid development about the lakes. Two other books on railroads should be included: F. H. Spearman’s _The Strategy of Great Railroads_ and Mott’s _Between Ocean and Lakes_.
There are two contemporary lives of Stephen A. Douglas, one by J. W. Sheahan, published in 1860 for campaign purposes, and another, _The Life and Speeches of Stephen A. Douglas_, by a “Member of the Western Bar.” Allen Johnson has recently brought out a valuable life of this Illinois statesman. Nicolay and Hay’s _Abraham Lincoln, A History_ (10 vols.) is the standard work on Lincoln. J. W. Headley has written on _Confederate Operations in Canada and New York_, giving an intimate account of events in which he played an active part. F. J. Turner is the authority on the fur trade, which he has described in _The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin_, Johns Hopkins Studies, Vol. IX.
_Gazetteers and Travels_
In the numerous guide-books and records of travellers of the past one hundred and twenty-five years is written most vividly the story of the Great Lakes. Each one of those we mention contributes something to the account of the region.
_Travels._ J. Carver’s _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America in 1766, 1767, 1768_; I. Weld’s _Travels, 1795–1797_; J. Harriott’s _Struggles through Life_, etc., 1796, ii, 97–149; Sutcliff’s _Travels, 1804, 1805, 1806_; John Melish’s _Travels in the United States in 1806 and 1807 and 1809, 1810, 1811_ (2 vols.); Schultz’ _Travels on an Inland Voyage_, 1807 and 1808; F. Hall’s _Travels in 1816 and 1817_; J. M. Duncan’s _Travels_, ii, 3–120; _Views of Society and Manners in America, 1818–1820_, pp. 125–181; H. R. Schoolcraft’s _Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit Northwest in 1820_, which gives an official account of the Cass expedition; William Dalton’s _Travels_, 1821; P. Stansbury’s _Pedestrian Tour in 1821_, giving an account of a trip from Albany to Niagara; C. H. Wilson’s _The Wanderer in America_, 1823; T. L. McKenney’s _Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes_, which is very valuable; Basil Hall’s _Travels in North America in 1827 and 1828_, treating in vol. i of this region; Anne Royall’s _Black Book_, vol. i; John Fowler’s _Journal of a Tour in the State of New York in 1830–1831_. We come now to a set of travels which tell of the western lakes in particular and give a picture of their towns: _A Winter in the West, by a New Yorker_ (2 vols.), 1835; _Life on the Lakes_, telling of a Lake Superior trip in 1836 by the author of “Legends of a Log Cabin”; Bela Hubbard’s _Memorials of Half a Century_, also of a voyage to Lake Superior. J. L. Peyton’s _Over the Alleghanies and Across the Prairies_, 1848, and Captain Mackinnon’s _Atlantic and Trans-Atlantic Sketches_, i, 141–233, give vivid pictures of lake travel. Lillian Foster was in Chicago in 1860, and tells in _Wayside Glimpses_, pp. 200–224, her impressions of Douglas and the political situation. Margaret Fuller spent a _Summer on the Lakes in 1843_; Charles Dickens went to Niagara, which he describes in his _American Notes_, 1842, and Harriet Martineau wrote a _Retrospect of Western Travel_ (3 vols.), 1838, in which she devotes seventy pages of the first volume to a trip from Albany to Niagara. Two accounts of travel in Minnesota are E. S. Seymour’s _Sketches of Minnesota_, 1850, and C. C. Andrews’ _Minnesota and Dacotah_, 1857.
_Gazetteers and Guides_ (arranged alphabetically). S. R. Brown’s _The Western Gazetteer_, 1817; E. Dana’s _Description of the Bounty Lands of Illinois in 1819_, and _Geographical Sketches on the Western Country_, 1819; William Darby’s _Emigrants’ Guide to the Western and Southwestern States and Territories_, 1818; G. M. Davison’s _The Fashionable Tour_, with several successive editions under the title, _The Traveller’s Guide_, 1830–1840; J. Disturnell’s _The Western Traveller_, 1844, and _A Trip through the Lakes of North America_, 1857; T. Dwight’s _The Northern Traveller_; A. D. Jones’ _Illinois and the West_, 1838, which is especially good on pioneer conditions; John Melish’s _Geographical Description of the United States_, _Information and Advice to Emigrants_, and _Traveller’s Directory_, 1815–1826; S. A. Mitchell’s _Illinois in 1837_; J. M. Peck’s _Gazetteer of Illinois_, _Guide for Emigrants_, and _New Guide for Emigrants to the West_, 1831–1848; J. C. Smith’s _The Western Tourist_, 1840, and Steele’s _Western Guide-Books_, 1830–1840; H. Spofford’s _Pocket Guide of the State of New York_, 1824; H. S. Tanner’s _The American Traveller_ (8th ed., 1842); and George Temple’s _The American Tourist’s Pocket Companion_, 1812.
INDEX
Adrian, 276, 285.
Albany, 91, 102, 228, 232, 237, 242, 248, 252, 256, 259.
Allouez, Father Claude, 41; address to Indians, 45–47.
American Fur Company, 338.
Anderson, Robert, 207.
André, Father Louis, 41.
Astor, John Jacob, 338, 357.
Barclay, Commodore, in command of British fleet on Lake Erie, 182, 183; defeated by Perry, 184–187.
Battles, Niagara, 108–111; Bloody Run, 129, 130; Fallen Timbers, 160, 161; Tippecanoe, 166; River Raisin, 180, 181; Lake Erie, 183–187; The Thames, 188, 189; Chippewa Creek, 189; Lundy’s Lane, 189; Wisconsin Heights, 210, 211; Bad Axe, 211.
Beall, John Yates, Confederate agent on the lakes, 322–326, 328, 329.
Bibliography, 385–391.
Black Hawk, appearance and early career, 201–203; his war, 205–212; his eastern trip, 212–214.
Black Rock, 181, 182, 254.
Boone, Daniel, at Detroit, 152.
Brébeuf, Father Jean, Jesuit missionary to Hurons, 25–37; founder of mission, 25; life among Indians, 25–33; killed by Iroquois, 37.
Brock, Gen. Isaac, captures Detroit for British, 168–172.
Brulé, Étienne, first white man to see Lake Huron, 10, 14.
Buffalo, founded, 220, 221; in 1811, 246, 247; terminus of Erie Canal, 254–256, 260; in 1840, 266–269; lumber market, 345, 346; first steamboat launched at, 360; grain elevators, 370; rapid growth, 374, 375.
Buffalo roads, 229, 230.
Cadillac, La Mothe, founder of Detroit, 88–98; character, 88; at Mackinac, 88; at Detroit, 89–98.
Cadillac, Madame, 96.
Campbell, Capt., 124, 126.
Camp Douglas, 319–322, 326.
Canals, Welland, 5, 283; Hennepin, 6; Rock River, 224; Pennsylvania and Erie, 272, 284; Ohio and Erie, 273, 283, 284; Wabash and Erie, 276, 284; Miami, 284; Erie, _see under_ Erie; “Soo,” _see under_ Sault Ste. Marie.
Cass, Lewis, in War of 1812, 170; governor of Michigan territory, 191–200; early life, 192; management of the territory, 193–196; dealings with Indians, 196–200; at Duluth, 200, 224, 225.
Champlain, Samuel de, on Lake Huron, 10, 14; early career, 12, 13; among the Hurons, 14–23; his writings, 23, 24.
Chicago, military post, 166; massacre at, 172–177; under Governor Cass, 193, 198, 200; town begun, 222, 223; in 1840, 266, 275–279; Lincoln and Douglas in, 299–316; in Civil War, 318–322, 327–329; first steamboat to, 361; grain elevators, 369, 370; the modern city, 379–383; _see also_ Chicago River, _and_ Fort Dearborn.
Chicago University, 319, 381.
Cleveland, founded, 164, 165, 219, 220; in 1840, 272, 273; coming of the first train, 289–291; commerce, 291, 350, 351; shipyards, 372, 373; rapid growth, 374, 375, 377, 378.
Cleveland, Moses, 164, 219.
Clinton, De Witt, and the Erie Canal, 237, 238, 251, 254–260.
Confederate operations on the lakes, 317–329.
Connecticut, land cession, 219.
Conventions, National Republican of 1860, 300, 311–314; National Democratic of 1864, 321, 322.
Coureurs de bois, 41, 47, 107, 333, 334.
Dablon, Father Claude, 41.
Dalyell, Capt., at siege of Detroit, 128, 129; killed, 130.
Davis, Jefferson, in Black Hawk War, 207; sends commissioners to Canada, 317.
Davison, Gideon, his Travellers’ Guides, 267–269.
Denonville, governor of New France, 87, 104.
Detroit, founded by French, 87–100; taken by British, 116; blockaded by Pontiac, 118–134; in 1776, 151–153; an American post, 154, 163, 164; taken by British, 166–172; under Gov. Cass, 194, 195; fire at, 221; in 1840, 274, 275; terminus of Michigan Central, 288; rapid growth, 374, 375.
Detroit River, visited by La Salle, 62, 63; first recorded passage of, 63; importance of, 88–91; beauty of, 91–93; military operations on, 125–131, 167–170, 187, 190, 323, 325; commerce of, 371–373.
Douglas, Stephen A., 299–316; early career, 302–306; debates with Lincoln, 300, 309–311; Senator, 305, 311, 314, 315; supporter of Lincoln, 314–316; death, 316.
Druilletes, Gabriel, 41.
Du Luth, Daniel G., 224, 334, 335.
Duluth, Indian trading station, 224, 225, 334; becomes a town, 225; commerce of, 344, 354, 369.
Dunkirk, railroad celebration at, 291–293.
Erie, Lake, discovered and explored, 61, 63; forts on, 104, 108, 109, 118, 125, 164; in War of 1812, 165–168, 179–190; settlements on, 219, 220; roads, canals, and railroads to, 232–241, 242, 251–265, 283–297; travel on, 268–274; in Civil War, 322–326; commerce of, 343, 345, 360.
Erie, Penn., in 1840, 268, 272; railroad war, 294–298; underground railroad station, 302; _see also_ Presque Isle _under_ Forts.
Erie Canal, 5, 195, 221, 226, 237, 238, 251–265; building of, 251–254; ceremony of opening, 254–260; travel on, 261–263; enlarged, 263–265, 271, 283.
Forts, Frontenac, 52, 61, 105, 218; Duquesne, 104; Le Bœuf, 104, 106, 109; Sandusky, 104, 125, 219; Venango, 104, 106, 291; Presque Isle, 104, 106, 109, 118, 125, 164, 219; Washington, 158; Recovery, 158; Defiance, 159; Harrison, 166; Dearborn, 166, 172–177; Wayne, 166, 174, 276; Malden, 167–170, 180, 183, 187, 188; William, 338–341.
Franklin, Benjamin, makes Great Lakes U.S. boundary, 347.
Frenchtown, Hull at, 167; American defeat at, 179–181.
Frontenac, governor of New France, 50, 59, 67; recalled, 73; returns, 87; his plan to occupy Great Lakes, 87, 88; death, 87.
Fuller, Margaret, trip to the lakes, 278–282.
Fur trade, carried on by French and English, 39, 51, 52, 66–68, 88, 89, 101, 102, 135, 145; leading interest on the lakes, 330–342; under the French, 331–335; under the British, 335–342; under the Americans, 155, 165, 337, 338, 341, 347.
Genesee Turnpike, 233.
Georgian Bay, 10, 12, 14, 25, 28, 148, 218.
Gladwin, Major, in command at Detroit, 119; blockaded by Pontiac, 119–133; saves Detroit, 133.
Grain, handled by lake ports, 6, 369, 370.
Greeley, Horace, 297.
Green Bay, 76, 333, 337.
_Griffon_, _see under_ Ships.
Groseilliers, 39.
Hamilton, Gen., at Detroit, 151–153; captured by Clark, 153.
Harmar, Gen., unsuccessful expedition against Indians, 156, 161, 174.
Harriott, John, journey to Lake Erie, 242–246.
Harrison, Gen. W. H., at Tippecanoe, 166; Lake Erie expedition, 179, 180; battle of the Thames, 187–189.
Harvey, C. T., designer and builder of “Soo” Canal, 362–364.
Hawley, Jesse, and Erie Canal, 237.
Heald, Capt., in command at Fort Dearborn, 172–177; escapes massacre, 176, 177.
Hennepin, Father Louis, companion of La Salle, 51; writes of Niagara, 52, 53; and of the voyage, 58, 59; names Lake St. Clair, 63.
Henry, Alexander, adventures at Mackinac, 135–150; copper mining, 347.
Hines, Capt., Confederate agent, 321, 322.
Hotels, American, and Franklin, in Cleveland, 273; Lake House, in Chicago, 277, 278; Tremont House, in Chicago, 307, 308, 314, 316.
Hull, Gen., in War of 1812, 166–172; surrenders Detroit, 171.
Huron, Lake, discovered and explored, 10–14, 25–28, 37, 65, 71, 88, 150, 218; travel on, 282; commerce of, 336, 337, 360, 372.
Illinois, part of Northwest Territory, 155; becomes a state, 193; Black Hawk War in, 201–214; in 1840, 266, 267, 269, 270; in 1850–1860, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305; in Civil War, 318.
Indiana, part of Northwest Territory, 155, 165; becomes a territory, 191; becomes a state, 193; in 1840, 266, 267; in Civil War, 318.
Indian treaties, with La Salle, 56; with La Barre, 76–83; with Le Moyne, 102; with Johnson, 131–133, 145, 149; with Wayne (Treaty of Greenville), 162, 164, 219, 222; with Cass, 198–200, 224, 225; with U. S. government, 202.
Indian tribes, _Iroquois_ or Five Nations, location and organization, 11, 12, 232; their relations to the French, 17–22, 36–38, 54, 60, 74–84; at Niagara, 102, 217; _Hurons_, location, 12–16; at war with Iroquois, 16–23, 36, 37; _Algonquins_, 12, 114; _Neutral Nation_, 33; _Ojibways_, 114; _Ottawas_, 114, 120, 144, 145; _Illinois_, 114, 134; _Chippewas_, 138–145; _Sauk_ and _Fox_, 202–214. _For Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas_, see under _Iroquois_.
Iroquois Trail, 231, 232, 251.
Jesuits, missions to Hurons, 25–38; to Iroquois, 38; at Sault Ste. Marie, 34, 35, 39; at La Pointe, 39, 41; at Manitoulin Island, 41.
Jogues, Father Isaac, Jesuit missionary, among Hurons, 32, 34; visits and names Sault Ste. Marie, 35; captured and killed by Iroquois, 35, 36.
Johnson, Sir William, captures Niagara, 106–111; Indian conferences, 131, 132, 133, 146–149.
Johnston, Albert, 207.
Joncaire, 101, 108.
La Barre, Gen. Le Febvre de, 73–84; expedition against Iroquois, 74–84.
La Motte, companion of La Salle, 53–56.
La Pointe, 39, 41.
La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, early career, 49–51; builds the _Griffon_, 56–60; on Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, 61–71.
Le Caron, Father Joseph, 10, 15, 16.
Le Moyne, Charles (1st), 103.
Le Moyne, Charles (2d), with La Barre, 75, 80, 82, 104.
Le Moyne, Charles (3d), builds Fort Niagara, 102–104.
Le Moyne, Father, 38.
Lewiston, 54, 102, 232, 238.
Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk War, 206; debates with Douglas, 300, 302, 308–311; nominated for presidency, 311–314.
Lockport, 253, 256, 257, 264.
Logan, Gen. John A., 3, 316.
Lumber, forest distribution, 342, 343; industry, 343–347.
McDougall, Lieut., at Detroit, 124, 126.
Mackinac (called Michilimackinac, Mackinaw), trading post, 66, 67, 88, 218, 223, 224, 281; Northwest Fur Company and American Fur Company station, 335–338, 357; lumber region, 344; fort at, 118, 135–150, 166, 168, 169, 177, 224, 268.
Manitoulin Island, 41, 281.
Marquette, 42, 218.
Massachusetts land cession, 220.
Melish, John, journey in western New York, 246–248.
Ménard, Father, on Lake Superior, 39.
Michigan, part of Northwest Territory, 155; a separate territory under Cass, 191–196; becomes a state, 196; in 1840, 266, 267; railroads, 284–288; lumber trade, 343–345; mineral wealth, 347–351.
Michigan, Lake, discovered and explored, 35, 39, 40, 49, 67–71; forts on, 70, 118, 119, 166, 172–178; settlement on, 198, 200, 222, 223; travel on, 279–281; commerce of, 337, 357, 361, 369, 370.
Michigan City, in 1840, 266, 276; underground railroad station, 302.
Milwaukee, founded, 223, 224; in 1840, 266, 279, 280; fur trade of, 337; port for grain, 369; rapid growth, 374, 375.
Minerals, copper, 4, 8, 347, 348; iron, 4, 8, 348–354, 367–369; lead, 201, 202.
Minnesota, lumber trade, 343, 344, 346; mineral wealth, 352–354.
New York, home of Iroquois tribes, 11, 12; Indian trails, 231, 232; turnpikes, 232–236, 242–250; canals, 237, 250–265; railroads, 238–241, 291–298.
Niagara, discovered, 52–61; held by French, 101–105; taken by English, 105–112; Indian convention at, 132, 149; in War of 1812, 181, 182, 189.
Niagara Falls, location, 5; seen by Hennepin, 52, 53; description of, 53; visited, 246.
Niagara, Fort, built, 101–105; captured by British, 105–113; centre of British influence, 153.
Niagara River, key to the lakes, 54–60; in War of 1812, 181, 182, 189.
Nicolet, 35, 331.
Nipissing, Lake, 13, 27, 34, 218.
Northwestern Fur Company, 224, 335, 338–341.
Ohio, part of Northwest Territory, 155; becomes a state, 191; in 1840, 266, 267; canals, 283, 284; railroads, 284–291; underground railroad, 301, 302; in Civil War, 318.
Onondaga, _see_ Syracuse.
Ontario, Lake, discovered and explored, 17, 22, 52, 56, 75; forts on, 52, 61, 100–112, 189, 218; travel on, 242; commerce of, 336.
Ordinance of 1787, 155, 191.
Oswego, trading post, 102, 105, 333; Johnson at, 132, 133; fort, 219; village, 220, 221.
Pennsylvania, canals, 284; railroads, 291–297, 299, 302, 368.
Perrot, Nicholas, 201.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, early life, 181; in charge of Lake Erie fleet, 181–182; battle of Lake Erie, 183–187, 190.
Pontiac, meets Rogers, 113; character and early career, 113–116; blockades Detroit, 119–131; later life and death, 133.
Pouchot, Capt., French officer at Niagara, 105; besieged by English, 106–111; surrenders, 111.
Prideaux, Gen., killed at Niagara, 105, 106.
Proctor, Gen. Henry, at Malden, 180, 187; defeated, 188, 189.
Radisson, 39.
Railroads, Mohawk and Hudson, 238, 240; New York Central, 241, 291, 298; Michigan Central, 284, 287, 288; Kalamazoo and Erie, 285, 286; Michigan Southern, 285; Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati, 288–291; New York and Erie, 291–298; Illinois Central, 305, 306; Iron Mountain Road, 351; _see also under_ Roads.
Rivers, Chicago, 70, 218, 222; Cuyahoga, 113, 219; Detroit, _see under_ Detroit River; Fox-Wisconsin, 98, 218; Genesee, 56, 220, 233, 235, 246, 252, 257; Illinois, 66, 71, 106; Maumee, 133, 159, 178, 179, 218, 276, 284; Milwaukee, 223; Mississippi, 12, 49, 104, 154, 155, 201–203, 211, 218, 225, 299; Mohawk, 232, 237, 246, 252, 259, 264; Niagara, _see under_ Niagara River; Ohio, 49, 104, 154, 158, 165, 228, 284, 302; Oswego, 102; Ottawa, 10, 13, 27, 51, 90, 154, 218; Raisin, 179–181; Rock, 201–208, 212; Sandusky, 183, 187; St. Croix, 225, 344; St. Joseph’s, 70, 119, 161, 218, 275; St. Lawrence, 12, 13, 74, 84, 96, 104, 147, 236; Thames, 188–190; Wabash, 177, 218; Wisconsin, 201, 202, 210, 211, 212.
Roads, buffalo roads, 229, 230; Indian trails, 230–232; turnpikes, 232–236, 247–250; log-roads, 243; railroads, 238–241, 283–298, 305, 344, 351, 353.
Rochester, founded, 220; turnpike to, 235, 236; on Erie Canal, 252; canal celebration at, 257, 258.
Rochester, Nathaniel, 220, 235.
Rogers, Major Robert, meets Pontiac, 113; at Detroit, 116, 128, 129.
Rome, 232, 258, 259.
Saginaw, 198, 344.
St. Clair, Gen., his defeat, 156–159, 174.
St. Clair, Lake, named, 63, 64.
Saint Lusson, Daumont de, his ceremony at Sault Ste. Marie, 40–48.
Sandusky, in 1840, 268, 272, 273; Underground Railroad station, 302; in Civil War, 322–325, 328; _see also under_ Forts.
Sandwich, American army at, 168, 169; evacuated by British, 187, 188.
Sault Ste. Marie, discovered, 34, 35, 39; Saint Lusson at, 39–48; Henry at, 137, 145–148; Cass at, 199; Margaret Fuller at, 282; “Soo” Canal built, 7, 8, 351, 362–365; commerce of, 8, 364, 372.
Schenectady, 232, 238, 240, 268.
Scott, Gen. Winfield, in Black Hawk War, 207, 212.
Ships, kinds of, bateau, 127, 129, 358, 359; canal boat, 255–259, 261–264; canoe, 356–359; pirogue, 359; sailing vessel, 359, 360, 365; steamboats, 268, 269, 279, 360–362, 371; steel freighters, 365–370; whalebacks, 370, 371; ice-breakers, 371, 372; _Griffon_, first sailing vessel on the lakes, 51–69; built by La Salle, 51–60; on the lakes, 61–68; lost, 69, 359, 373; _Beaver_, at Detroit, 120, 127, 359; _Gladwin_, at Detroit, 120, 126, 127, 130, 359; ships in battle of Lake Erie, 183–187; on Erie Canal, 255–259; in Civil War, 322–326, 329; _Walk-in-the-Water_, first steamboat on the lakes, 360, 361, 373.
Sons of Liberty, 318–322, 328.
Stage wagons, 234, 236, 243–245, 247, 248.
Superior, Indian trading station, 224, 225; became a town, 225; commerce of, 344, 369.
Superior, Lake, discovered and explored, 39, 198–200, 224; settlement on, 225; commerce of, 336–341, 344, 347–354, 357, 360–370.
Syracuse (Onondaga), 232, 252, 264.
Taylor, Col. Zachary, 207.
Tecumseh, leads Indian uprising, 165, 166; with the British, 169, 170, 187–189; killed, 189.
Toledo, in 1840, 266, 276; terminus of canal and railroad, 284, 287; rapid growth, 375, 383.
Tolls, table of, 235, 236.
Tonty, companion of La Salle, 56, 70.
Tonty, Madame, 96.
Toronto, 148, 219.
Tower, Charlemagne, opens iron mines, 352, 354.
Travel, bibliography, 389–391; to Lake Erie, in 1796, 242–246; in 1811, 246–250; on Erie Canal, 261–263; on Great Lakes in 1840, 266–282.
Travellers, John Harriott, 242–246; John Melish, 246–248; an Englishwoman, 248, 249; Anne Royall, 261–263; Margaret Fuller, 278–282.
Treaties, treaty of Paris, 1782, 153, 154; Jay’s treaty, 1796, 163; treaty of Ghent, 1814, 190; _see also_ Indian treaties.
Turnpikes, _see under_ Roads.
Two Harbors, 353, 354.
Underground Railroad, 301, 302.
Utica (Fort Schuyler), 232, 233, 238, 245, 248, 260, 262.
_Walk-in-the-Water_, _see under_ Ships.
Wayne, Anthony, Indian campaign, 156–164; makes treaty of Greenville, 162; death, 164.
Wells, William, at Fort Dearborn massacre, 174–177.
Wigwam, Republican, 311–315.
Wisconsin, part of Northwest Territory, 155; called Huron district, 193; Black Hawk War in, 201, 210–212; in 1840, 266, 267; lumber trade, 343–346; mineral wealth, 351, 352, 354.
Stories from American History
Yankee Ships and Yankee Sailors
By JAMES BARNES
Tales of 1812, by the author of “Drake and his Yeomen,” “For King and Country,” etc. Illustrated by R. F. ZOGBAUM and CARLTON T. CHAPMAN.
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By H. ADDINGTON BRUCE
The central figure in this story of the early development of the Middle West is Daniel Boone, the man who blazed the famous Wilderness road. In telling his story Mr. Bruce touches on such matters as the economic and social factors influencing the movement across the mountains, and the significance of that movement with relation to the growth of revolutionary sentiment in the American colonies, etc. To be illustrated.
_In preparation_
The Story of the Great Lakes
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Legends showing that the people of Europe were for centuries fed with romances of marvellous and beautiful countries beyond the Atlantic. Besides the early Irish, Spanish, and other traditions of the Happy Islands of the West, there come to us, among others from our own race, the old stories of King Arthur and his Avalon; of St. Brandan’s Isle; of the Voyages of Erik the Viking; and of the vanishing Norumbega, so real a vision to the imaginations of Queen Elizabeth’s day. Illustrated by ALBERT HERTER.
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This book is an account--with efforts to sift falsifying legend and preserve the truth--of the offshoots of the early English, French, and Dutch combinations against Spanish exactions in West India waters. From the early buccaneer with a legitimate purpose came the pirate whose greed of booty was for private gain. Mr. Stockton has told wild stories of picturesque figures among both types of leaders, and his characteristic quaint turns of humor set them off entertainingly. Illustrated by G. VARIAN and B. W. CLINEDINST.
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_PUBLISHED BY_ THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64–66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
Abraham Lincoln
The Boy and the Man
By JAMES MORGAN
_With Many Interesting Portraits and Other Illustrations, many of them secured for the book from Private Collections_
_Cloth, $1.50_
You may already know the great events of Lincoln’s life, but you will still find this simple, clear, straightforward story of the early hard work, the slow study for the practice of law, the single-minded stand “for the Union,” and the brave, quiet facing of every difficulty, the most fascinating record of any human life which you have known.
The _Chicago Tribune_ says of it editorially: “It tells the life story well. It is interesting. It is well written. It gives the significant facts one wants to know.”
The Seven Ages of Washington
By OWEN WISTER
_Attractively bound, illustrated in photogravure, $2.00 net_
The _New York Tribune_ says of it: “‘The Seven Ages of Washington’ ... gives a remarkable interpretation of its subject.... It is plain that the author has been moved to the depths of him by his hero’s worth, finding in the traditionally ‘cold’ figure of Washington a type to touch the emotions as vividly as Napoleon touches them in even his most dramatic moments. He passes on his impression in a few chapters which gather up everyday traits as they come out in letters and other records. The salient events in Washington’s career, military and political, are indicated rather than dwelt upon. The object of interest is always his character; the things placed in the foreground are the episodes, great or small, which show us that character in action or point to the sources of its development.... The background, like the portrait, is handled with perfect discretion. The reader who is searching for an authoritative biography of Washington, brief, and made humanly interesting from the first page to the last, will find it here.”
_PUBLISHED BY_ THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64–66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
Transcriber’s Note
Some inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation have been retained. If there were small-caps, Small capitals changed to all capitals.
This file uses _underscores_ to indicate italic text.
The transcriber was born and raised in the Great Lakes region (the greater Cleveland area) and still lives there as of this writing.
p. 332: changed “Groseillers” to “Groseilliers” (Radisson and Groseilliers returned to Quebec)
p. 395: changed “Groseillers” to “Groseilliers” (Groseilliers, 39.)