chapter xxii

. that these events occurred at Bactra.

[569] The Chorasmians were a people who inhabited the country near the lower part of the river Oxus, between the Caspian and Aral Seas.

[570] This mythical race of warlike females is said to have come from the Caucasus and to have settled near the modern Trebizond, their original abode being in Colchis. Cf. _Arrian_ (vii. 13); _Strabo_ (xi. 5); _Diod._ (xvii. 77); _Curt._ (vi. 19); _Justin_ (xii. 3); Homer (_Iliad_, iii. 189); Aeschўlus (_Eumenides_, 655); _Herod._ (iv. 110-116; ix. 27).

[571] See iii. 29 supra.

[572] Propontis means the sea _before the Pontus_. Compare Ovid (_Tristia_, i. 10, 31):—“Quaque tenent _Ponti_ Byzantia littora _fauces_.”

[573] We learn, from _Curtius_ (viii. 3), that it was at this place that Clitus was murdered.

[574] These were a people dwelling to the north-east of the Caspian, who were chiefly remarkable for having defeated and killed Cyrus the Great. See _Herodotus_, i. 201-216.

[575] There were two other generals named Peithon; one the son of Agenor, and the other the son of Crateas. See _Arrian_, vi. 15, 28, etc.

[576] _Curtius_ (viii. 1) says that the name of the defeated general was Attinas.

[577] Artabazus was in his 95th year when he joined Alexander with the Grecian troops of Darius in B.C. 330. See _Curtius_, vi. 14. His viceroyalty was destined for Clitus; but on the death of that general it was conferred on Amyntas. See _Curtius_, viii. 3.

[578] _Curtius_ (viii. 11 and 12) says that the wife of Spitamenes murdered him and carried his head to Alexander.

[579] The Hebrew name for Media is Madai, which means _middle-land_. The Greeks called the country Media, according to _Polybius_ (v. 44), because it lies near the middle of Asia.

[580] Of the year 327 B.C.

[581] ὤρα, akin to Latin _cura_, a poetical and Ionic word, often found in Herodotus.

[582] About £2,700.

[583] About £327. _Curtius_ (vii. 41) says that the first prize was 10 talents, the second 9 talents, and the same proportion for the eight others, so that the tenth man who mounted received one talent. The stater of Darius, usually called a daricus, was a gold coin of Persia. See Smith’s _Dictionary of Antiquities_.

[584] Cf. _Curtius_ (vii. 43), vela, signum capti verticis.

[585] Roxana and her son Alexander Aegus were put to death by Cassander, B.C. 311.

[586] Statira. She died shortly before the battle of Arbela.

[587] καρτερὸς αὑτοῦ. Cf. _Theocritus_, xv. 94, ἁμῶν καρτερός.

[588] After the capture of Damascus, Alexander married Barsine, the widow of his rival Memnon, and daughter of Artabazus. She was distinguished for her beauty and accomplishments, having received a Grecian education. By her he had a son named Heracles. See Plutarch (_Alex._, 21). She and her son were put to death by Polysperchon, B.C. 309.

[589] Cf. _Herodotus_, i. 131; _Curtius_, iv. 42. The Persians called this god Ormuzd.

[590] _Curtius_ (viii. 16) says that Alexander saw Roxana at a banquet given by Oxyartes in his honour.

[591] Krüger substituted περιεῖργε for περιέργει.

[592] βατά. Cf. Xenophon (_Anab._, iv. 6, 17).

[593] Arrian imitates Herodotus in the use of ὡς with the infinitive instead of ὥστε.

[594] This term is a Persian word meaning mountaineers. The tribe mentioned here lived between the rivers Oxus and Jaxartes, on the borders of Bactria and Sogdiana.

[595] _Curtius_ (viii. 17) says Alexander took with him 30,000 select troops from all the conquered provinces, and that the army which he led against the Indians numbered 120,000 men.

[596] This is the Indian Caucasus, or mount Parapamisus, now called Hindu-Koosh.

[597] The Cophen is now called Cabul. Nicaea was probably on the same site as the city of Cabul. Others say it is Beghram. The Greek word _Satrapes_ denotes a Persian viceroy. It is a corruption of a word meaning _court-guardian_, in the Behistûn Inscriptions written Khshatrapâ. See Rawlinson’s _Herod._, i. 192.

[598] _Curtius_ (viii. 43) says that Taxiles was the title which the king of this district received. His name was Omphis.

[599] A district between the rivers Indus and Attock. Its capital, Peucela, is the modern Pekheli.

[600] The brigade of Clitus still bore the name of its commander after his death. Cf. _Arrian_, vii. 14 infra.

[601] These were tribes living in the north-west of the Punjab.

[602] Probably the modern Kama, a tributary of the Cabul.

[603] Supposed to be another name for the Choes.

[604] καὶ τοὺς ψιλοὺς. The usual reading is τοὺς χιλίους, 1,000 _Agrianians_.

[605] A tributary of the Cophen, probably what is now called the Lundye, running parallel with the Kama.

[606] Cf. _Livy_, xxi. 31:—“Amnis saxa glareosa volvens, nihil stabile nec tutum ingredienti praebet.”

[607] This was the capital of the Assacenians. _Curtius_ (viii. 37) calls it Mazagae, and describes its strong position.

[608] See Bk. ii. 23 supra.

[609] _Curtius_ (viii. 37, 38) says that the name of the queen was Cleophis, and that after the surrender she gained Alexander’s favour. He also informs us that the king died just before Alexander’s arrival.

[610] Probably Bajour, north-west of Peshawur. The position of Ora cannot be fixed.

[611] This was the king of the Indian mountaineers. See _Arrian_, v. 8 infra.

[612] On the ground of ἐν τῇ πόλει ξυμφυγόντες not being classical Greek, Krüger has substituted ἐν τῇ πόλει ξυμπεφευγότες, and Sintenis εἰς τὴν πόλιν ξυμφυγόντες. No one however ought to expect Arrian to be free from error, writing, as he did, in the middle of the second century of the Christian era.

[613] This seems to be the Greek translation of the native name, meaning the place to which no bird can rise on account of its height. Cf. _Strabo_, xv. 1. This mountain was identified by Major Abbot, in 1854, as Mount Mahabunn, near the right bank of the Indus, about 60 miles above its confluence with the Cabul.

[614] Cf. _Arrian_, ii. 16 supra.

[615] _Curtius_ (viii. 39) says that the river Indus washed the base of the rock, and that its shape resembled the _meta_ or goal in a race-course, which was a stone shaped like a sugar-loaf. Arrian’s description is more likely to be correct as he took it from Ptolemy, one of Alexander’s generals.

[616] Near mount Mababunn are two places called Umb and Balimah, the one in the valley of the river and the other on the mountain above it. See Major Abbot’s _Gradus ad Aornon_.

[617] δαήμων, a poetical word. Cf. Homer (_Odyssey_, viii. 159).

[618] Probably Dyrta was at the point where the Indus issues from the Hindu-Koosh.

[619] Gronovius first introduced καὶ before τοὺς ψιλούς.

[620] The name Indus is derived from the Sanscrit appellation _Sindhu_, from a root _Syandh_, meaning _to flow_. The name Indians, or Sindians, was originally applied only to the dwellers on the banks of this river. _Hindustan_ is a Persian word meaning the country of the Hindus or Sindus. Compare the modern Sinde, in the north-west of India, which contains the lower course of the Indus. In Hebrew India was called Hodu, which is a contraction of Hondu, another form of Hindu. See Esther i. 1; viii. 9. Krüger changed ὡδοποιεῖτο into ὡδοποίει.

[621] This city was probably on the site of Jelalabad.

[622] ἐπεί τε. This is the only place where Arrian uses this Ionic form for the simple ἐπεί.

[623] The Indians worship a god Homa, the personification of the intoxicating soma juice. This deity corresponds to the Greek Dionysus or Bacchus.

[624] The slopes of this mountain were covered with vines. See Ovid (_Fasti_, ii. 313; _Metamorphoses_, xi. 86); Vergil (_Georgics_, ii. 98); _Pliny_, xiv. 9.

[625] φανείη. Arrian does not comply with the Attic rule, that the subjunctive should follow the principal tenses in the leading sentence. Cf. v. 6, 6; 7, 5; vii. 7, 5; 15, 2.

[626] Cf. Pliny (_Nat. Hist._, vi. 23; viii. 60; xvi. 62). The ordinary reading is ἄλση παντοῖα· καὶ δεῖν σύσκιον. For this Krüger has proposed ἄλση παντοίᾳ ὕλῃ σύσκια.

[627] The other names of Dionysus were: Bacchus, Bromius, Evius, Iacchus, Lenaeus, Lyaens. The Romans called him Liber.

[628] _Curtius_ (viii. 36) says that the Macedonians celebrated Bacchanalia for the space of ten days on this mountain.

[629] The 1st aor. pass. ἐσχέθην is found only in Arrian and Plutarch. Cf. vii. 22, 2 infra.

[630] The celebrated Geographer and Mathematician, who was born B.C. 276 and died about B.C. 196. His principal work was one on geography, which was of great use to Strabo. None of his works are extant. He was made president of the Alexandrian library, B.C. 236.

[631] Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, v. 11).

[632] The earliest mention of India which has descended to our times is in Aeschўlus (_Supplices_, 284).

[633] Arrian frequently uses the Ionic and old Attic word, σμικρός.

[634] About £480,000.

[635] Alexander probably crossed the Indus near Attock. The exact site of Taxila cannot be fixed.

[636] The Hydaspes is now called Jelum, one of the five great tributaries of the Indus.

[637] Herodotus considered the Danube the largest river in the world as known to him, and the Dnieper the largest of all rivers except the Danube and the Nile. See _Herodotus_, iv. 48-53.

[638] “Amnis Danubius sexaginta navigabiles paene recipiens fluvios, septem ostiis erumpit in mare. Quorum primum est Peuce insula supra dicta, ut interpretata sunt vocabula Graeco sermone, secundum Naracustoma, tertium Calonstoma, quartum Pseudostoma: nam Boreonstoma ac deinde Sthenostoma longe minora sunt caeteris: septimum ingens et palustri specie nigrum.”—_Ammianus_ (xxii. 8, 44). _Pliny_ (iv. 24) says that the Danube has six mouths, the names of which he gives.

[639] The Indus does not rise in the Parapamisus, but in the Himalayas. It has two principal mouths, but there are a number of smaller ones. Ptolemy said there were seven. The Delta is between 70 and 80 miles broad. “Delta, a triquetrae litterae forma hoc vocabulo signatius adpellata.”—_Ammianus_, xxii. 15.

[640] The territory included by the Indus and its four affluents is now called Punjab, a Persian word meaning _five rivers_.

[641] Ctesias was the Greek physician of Artaxerxes Mnemon. He wrote a history of Persia and a book on India. His works are only preserved in meagre abridgement by Photius. Aristotle says that he was false and untrustworthy (_Hist. of Animals_, viii. 27; _De Generatione Animalium_, ii. 2). Subsequent research has proved Ctesias to be wrong and Herodotus generally right in the many statements in which they are at variance.

[642] The fact is, that the Indus is nowhere more than 20 stades, or 2-1/2 miles broad.

[643] See _Strabo_, xv. 1; xvi. 4; _Herod._, iii. 102, with Dean Blakesley’s note.

[644] οὐδαμῶν is the Ionic form for οὐδένων.

[645] The Greek name Αἴθιοψ means _sunburnt_. The Hebrew name for Aethiopia is Cush (black). In ancient Egyptian inscriptions it is called _Keesh_. It is the country now called Abyssinia. Aethiopas vicini sideris vapore torreri, adustisque similes gigni, barba et capillo vibrato, non est dubium. (_Pliny_, ii. 80).

[646] Cf. Xenophon (_Cyropaedia_, vii. 5, 67).

[647] Called the _Indica_, a valuable little work in the Ionic dialect, still existing.

[648] Nearchus left an account of his voyage, which is not now extant. Arrian made use of it in writing the _Indica_. See that work, chapters xvii. to lxiii.

[649] Megasthenes was sent with the Plataean Dēimachus, by Seleucus Nicator, the king of Syria and one of Alexander’s generals, as ambassador to Sandracotus, king of the country near the Ganges. He wrote a very valuable account of India in four books.

[650] _Taurus_ is from the old root tor meaning _high_, another form of which is _dor_. Hence Dorians = highlanders.

[651] The ancient geographers thought that the Jaxartes bifurcated, part of it forming the Tanais, or Don, and flowing into the lake Maeotis, or Sea of Azov; and the other part falling into the Hyrcanian, or Caspian Sea. The Jaxartes and Oxus flow into the Sea of Aral, but the ancients thought that they fell into the Caspian, as there is indeed evidence to prove that they once did. _Hyrcania_ is the Greek form of the old Persian _Virkâna_, that is _Wolf’s Land_. It is now called Gurgân.

[652] _Herodotus_ (i. 203) states decidedly that the Caspian is an inland sea. _Strabo_ (xi. 1), following Eratosthenes, says that it is a gulf of the Northern Ocean.

[653] The Euphrates, after its junction with the Tigres, flows through the marshes of Lamlum, where its current moves less than a mile an hour.

[654] Cf. _Arrian_, vi. 27 infra.

[655] Probably the Chandragupta of the Sanscrit writers. He conquered from the Macedonians the Punjab and the country as far as the Hindu-Koosh. He reigned about 310 B.C.

[656] Mount Dindymus, now called Murad Dagh, was sacred to Cybele, the mother of the gods, who was hence called Dindymene.

[657] Hecataeus of Miletus died about B.C. 476. He wrote a work upon Geography, and another on History. His works were well known to Herodotus but only fragments survive.

[658] See _Herodotus_, ii. 5.

[659] See _Herodotus_, ii. 10-34.

[660] See Homer’s _Odyssey_, iv. 477, 581. In Hebrew the name for Egypt is _Mitsraim_ (dark-red). In form the word is dual, evidently in reference to the division of the country by the Nile. The native name was _Chem_, meaning _black_, probably on account of the blackness of the alluvial soil.

[661] ἄλλοι is Abicht’s reading instead of πολλοί.

[662] Arrian, in his _Indica_, chap. 4, gives the names of these rivers.

[663] See _Herodotus_, vii. 33-36; iv. 83, 97, 133-141. _Bosporus_ = Oxford. The name was applied to the Straits of Constantinople, and also to those of Yenikale, the former being called the Thracian and the latter the Cimmerian Bosporus. Cf. Aeschўlus (_Prom._, 734). Ad Bosporos duos, vel bubus meabili transitu; unde nomen ambobus (_Pliny_, vi. 1).

[664] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 86) says that Alexander crossed on a bridge of boats. Cf. _Strabo_, p. 698; _Curtius_, viii. 34.

[665] There was another river called Rhenus, a tributary of the Po, now called the Reno. It was called Rhenus Bononiensis, being near Bononia or Bologna.

[666] αἱ πρύμναν κρουόμεναι. For this nautical term compare _Thucydides_, i. 51; _Herodotus_, viii. 84; _Diodorus_, xi. 18; Aristophanes, _Wasps_, 399. κατὰ ῥοῦν is Krüger’s reading for the usual κατὰ πόρον.

[667] The explanation of this passage given in Liddell and Scott’s _Lexicon_, sub voce κλῖμαξ, is evidently incorrect, as there is nothing about a chariot in the original.

[668] Compare the description of Cæsar’s bridge over the Rhine (_Gallic War_, iv. 17).

[669] The place where Alexander crossed the Indus was probably at its junction with the Cophen or Cabul river, near Attock. Before he crossed he gave his army a rest of thirty days, as we learn from _Diodorus_, xvii. 86. From the same passage we learn that a certain king named Aphrices with an army of 20,000 men and 15 elephants, was killed by his own men and his army joined Alexander.

[670] The kingdom of Porus lay between the Hydaspes and Acesines, the district now called Bari-doab with Lahore as capital. It was conquered by Lords Hardinge and Gough in 1849.

[671] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 87) says that Porus had more than 50,000 infantry, about 3,000 cavalry, more than 1,000 chariots, and 130 elephants. _Curtius_ (viii. 44) says he had about 30,000 infantry, 300 chariots, and 85 elephants.

[672] ἐπιτρέψας is Krüger’s reading instead of ἐπιτάξας.

[673] About the month of May. See chap. 12 infra; also _Curtius_, viii. 45, 46. _Strabo_ (xv. 1) quotes from Aristobulus describing the rainy season at the time of Alexander’s battle with Porus at the Hydaspes.

[674] Cf. _Arrian_, i. 14 supra.

[675] ἀλλὰ κενόν is Krüger’s reading, instead of ἀλλ’ ἐκεῖνον.

[676] ἄλσει is Abicht’s reading for εἴδει.

[677] About 17 miles.

[678] This use of πρίν with infinitive after negative clauses, is contrary to Attic usage.

[679] The perf. pass. πέπηγμαι is used by Arrian and Dionysius, but by Homer and the Attic writers the form used is πέπηγα. _Doric_, πέπαγα.

[680] Seleucus Nicator, the most powerful of Alexander’s successors, became king of Syria and founder of the dynasty of the Seleucidae, which came to an end in B.C. 79.

[681] For this use of ὅσον, cf. Homer (_Iliad_, ix. 354); _Herodotus_, iv. 45; Plato (_Gorgias_, 485 A; _Euthydemus_, 273 A).

[682] Compare the passage of the Rhone by Hannibal. (See _Livy_, xxi. 26-28; _Polybius_, iii. 45, 46.)

[683] 100 Greek and 101 English feet.

[684] See Donaldson’s _New Cratylus_, sec. 178.

[685] πρὶν κατίδωσιν. In Attic, πρὶν ἄν is the regular form with the subjunctive; but in Homer and the Tragic writers ἄν is often omitted.

[686] Cf. Arrian’s _Tactics_, chap. 29.

[687] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 89) says that more than 12,000 Indians were killed in this battle, over 9,000 being captured, besides 80 elephants.

[688] According to Diodorus there fell of the Macedonians 280 cavalry and more than 700 infantry. Plutarch (_Alex._ 60) says that the battle lasted eight hours.

[689] _Curtius_ (viii. 50, 51) represents Porus sinking half dead, and being protected to the last by his faithful elephant. _Diodorus_ (xvii. 88) agrees with him.

[690] Cf. _Curtius_, viii. 44; _Justin_, xii. 8.

[691] Cf. _Arrian_, ii. 10 supra. δεδουλωμένος τῇ γνώμῃ. The Scholiast on _Thucydides_ iv. 34, explains this by τεταπεινωμένος φόβῳ.

[692] Cf. Plutarch (_Alex._, 60); _Curtius_, viii. 51.

[693] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 87) says that the battle was fought in the archonship of Chremes at Athens.

[694] Nicaea is supposed to be Mong and Bucephala may be Jelalpur. See _Strabo_, xv. 1.

[695] Cf. Plutarch (_Alex._, 61). Schmieder says that Alexander could not have broken in the horse before he was sixteen years old. But since at this time he was in his twenty-ninth year he would have had him thirteen years. Consequently the horse must have been at least seventeen years old when he acquired him. Can any one believe this? Yet Plutarch also states that the horse was thirty years old at his death.

[696] _Curtius_ (vi. 17) says this occurred in the land of the Mardians; whereas Plutarch (_Alex._, 44) says it happened in Hyrcania.

[697] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 89), says Alexander made a halt of 30 days after this battle.

[698] Cf. _Arrian_, v. 8 supra, where an earlier embassy from Abisares is mentioned.

[699] _Strabo_ (xv. 1) says that this Porus was a cousin of the Porus captured by Alexander.

[700] This is the Chenab. See Arrian (_Indica_, iii.), who says that where it joins the Indus it is 30 stades broad.

[701] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 95) says that Alexander received a reinforcement from Greece at this river of more than 30,000 infantry and nearly 6,000 cavalry; also suits of armour for 25,000 infantry, and 100 talents of medical drugs.

[702] Μέλλειν is usually connected with the future infinitive; but Arrian frequently uses it with the present.

[703] Now called the Ravi.

[704] Sangala is supposed to be Lahore; but probably it lay some distance from that city, on the bank of the Chenab.

[705] Compare Cæsar (_Bell. Gall._, i. 26): pro vallo carros objecerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela conjiciebant, et nonnulli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subjiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant.

[706] ἐγκυρεῖν is an epic and Ionic word rarely used in Attic; but found frequently in _Herodotus_, _Homer_, _Hesiod_, and _Pindar_.

[707] The Greeks had only three watches; but Arrian is speaking as a Roman.

[708] Eumenes, of Cardia in Thrace, was private secretary to Philip and Alexander. After the death of the latter, he obtained the rule of Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus. He displayed great ability both as a general and statesman; but was put to death by Antigonus in B.C. 316, when he was 45 years of age. Being a Greek, he was disliked by the Macedonian generals, from whom he experienced very unjust treatment. It is evident from the biographies of him written by Plutarch and Cornelius Nepos, that he was one of the most eminent men of his era.

[709] Now called the Beas, or Bibasa. Strabo calls it Hypanis, and Pliny calls it Hypasis.

[710] In the Hebrew Bible Javan denotes the Ionian race of Greeks, and then the Greeks in general (Gen. x. 2, 4; Isa. lxvi. 19; Ezek. xxvii. 13; Joel iii. 6; Zech. ix. 13). In Dan. viii. 21, x. 20, xi. 2, Javan stands for the kingdom of Alexander the Great, comprising Macedonia as well as Greece. The form of the name _Javan_ is closely connected with the Greek _Ion_, which originally had a digamma, _Ivon_. Pott says that it means _the young_, in opposition to the _Graikoi_, the old. According to Aristotle (_Meteorologica_, i. 14) the Hellenes were originally called Graikoi. Cf. Sanscrit, _jewan_; Zend, _jawan_; Latin, _juvenis_; English, _young_.

[711] Coele-Syria, or the Hollow Syria, was the country between the ranges of Libanus and Antilibanus. Syria between the rivers is usually called by its Greek name of Mesopotamia. It is the Padan Aram of the Bible. Cappadocia embraced the whole north-eastern part of the peninsula of Asia Minor. Slaves were procured from this region. See Horace (_Epistles_, i. 6, 39); _Persius_, vi. 77. The name _Pamphylia_ is from πᾶν and φυλή, because of the mixed origin of the inhabitants.

[712] Cf. Arrian (_Anabasis_, vii. 1; _Indica_, 43). _Herodotus_ (iv. 42) says that Pharaoh Neco sent a Phoenician expedition from the Red Sea, which circumnavigated Africa and returned by the Straits of Gibraltar, or the Pillars of Hercules. The Carthaginian Hanno is said to have sailed from Cadiz to the extremity of Arabia. See Pliny (_Historia Naturalis_, ii. 67; v. 1). _Herodotus_ (iv. 43) says that the Carthaginians asserted they had sailed round Africa. There is a Greek translation of Hanno’s _Periplus_ still extant. As to the Pillars of Hercules, see Aelian (_Varia Historia_, v. 3). They are first mentioned by Pindar (_Olym._ iii. 79; _Nem._ iii. 36).

[713] The interior of Africa, from the Straits of Gibraltar to Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the then unexplored South.

[714] Arrian, like many other ancient writers, includes Africa, or Libya, as a part of Asia. The boundaries were the Eastern Sea and the Atlas Mountains. Cf. _Arrian_, iii. 30; vii. 1 and 30. The name Asia first occurs in Homer (_Iliad_, ii. 461), in reference to the marsh about the Caÿster, and was thence gradually extended over the whole continent.

[715] Heracles, from whom the Macedonian kings claimed to be descended.

[716] Hence Hercules is called Tirynthius. (Virgil, _Aeneid_, vii. 662; viii. 228).

[717] See chap. 1 of this book.

[718] Cf. Xenophon (_Anab._, i. 7, 4).

[719] Cf. _Curtius_, ix. 12.

[720] _Arrian_ (iii. 19) says that the Thessalians were sent back from Ecbatana.

[721] _Pontus Euxinus_ antea ab inhospitali feritate _Axenos_ appellatus (_Pliny_, vi. 1).

[722] The Latin name Carthago and the Greek Carchedon were corruptions of the Phoenician Carth-Hadeshoth, the “new city.”

[723] _Pliny_ (vi. 21), says that Alexander erected the altars on the farther bank of the Hyphasis, whereas Arrian, Diodorus, and Plutarch say they were on this side of the river. _Curtius_ (ix. 13) does not specify the side of the river.

[724] _Herodotus_ (iv. 44) says that the Indus is the only river besides the Nile which produces crocodiles. He does not seem to have known the Ganges.

[725] This was the _Nelumbium speciosum_, the Egyptian bean of Pythagoras, the Lotus of the Hindus, held sacred by them. It is cultivated and highly valued in China, where it is eaten. The seeds are the shape and size of acorns.

[726] _I.e._ the Mediterranean.

[727] See _Arrian_, v. 6 supra. The native name of Egypt was _Chem_ (black). Compare Vergil (_Georgic._ iv. 291):—Viridem Aegyptum _nigrâ_ fecundat arenâ. Usque coloratis amnis devexus ab Indis.

[728] This use of ἀμφί with the dative is instead of the Attic περί with the genitive or accusative.

[729] Plutarch (_Alex._ 66) informs us that Alexander’s army numbered 120,000 infantry and 15,000 cavalry. Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 19).

[730] Arrian, in the _Indica_ (chap. 19), says that Alexander embarked with 8,000 men.

[731] _Strabo_ (xv. 1) says that the realm of Sopeithes was called Cathaia.

[732] As Alexander was at this time east of the Indus, the expression, “beyond the Indus,” means west of it.

[733] Cf. _Arrian_, v. 2 supra.

[734] Only fragments of this narrative are preserved. _Strabo_ (xv. 1) says that the statements of Onesicritus are not to be relied upon.

[735] _Curtius_ (ix. 13) and _Diodorus_ (xvii. 95) say that there were 1,000 vessels. Arrian (_Indica_, 19) says there were 800. Krüger reads χιλίων in this passage instead of the common reading δισχιλίων.

[736] From Arrian (_Indica_, 18) we learn that he sacrificed to his country gods, and to Poseidon, Amphitrite, the Nereids, the Ocean, as well as to the three rivers. Cf. i. 11, supra.

[737] Cf. iii. 3 supra.

[738] Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 7).

[739] Cf. _Curtius_ (ix. 15); _Diodorus_ (xvii. 97). The latter says that Alexander offered sacrifice to the gods for having escaped the greatest danger, and having contested with a river like Achilles.

[740] According to _Diodorus_ (xvii. 96) and _Curtius_ (ix. 14) Alexander here made an expedition against the Sibi; defeated an army of 40,000 Indians, and captured the city of Agallassa.

[741] The chief city of the Mallians is the modern Mooltan.

[742] Μήπω. In later writers μή is often used where the Attic writers would use οὔ.

[743] Strabo and Curtius call this river Hyarotis.

[744] The Brachmans, or Brahmins, were a religious caste of Indians. The name was sometimes used for the people whose religion was Brahminism. Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 11); _Strabo_, xv. 1; p. 713 ed. _Casaubon_.

[745] Cf. _Arrian_ i. 11 supra.

[746] The Romans called these men _duplicarii_. See _Livy_, ii. 59; vii. 37.

[747] τοῖς ἔπειτα πυθέσθαι. Cf. Homer (_Iliad_, xxii. 305; ii. 119).

[748] _Curtius_ (ix. 22) calls the physician Critobulus. Near the city of Cos stood the Asclepiēum, or temple of Asclepius, to whom the island was sacred, and from whom the chief family, the Asclepiadae, claimed descent. Curtius says:—Igitur patefacto latius vulnere, et spiculo evolso, ingens vis sanguinis manare coepit, linquique animo rex, et caligine oculis offusa, veluti moribundus extendi.

[749] Cf. Plutarch (_Alex._ 63); _Diodorus_ (xvii. 98, 99); _Curtius_ (ix. 18-23); _Justin_ (xii. 9).

[750] As to Fame, or Rumour, see Homer (_Iliad_, ii. 93; _Odyss._ xxiv. 412); Hesiod (_Works and Days_, 758-762); Vergil (_Aeneid_, iv. 173-190); Ovid (_Met._ xii. 39-63); Statius (_Theb._ ii. 426).

[751] _Curtius_ (ix. 18) says it was the town of the Oxydracians.

[752] Nearly 70 miles.

[753] _Isthmus_ is from the same root as ἰέναι, _to go_, and thus means a _passage_. Pindar (_Isthmia_, iv. 34) calls it the “bridge of the sea.”

[754] We learn from _Curtius_ (ix. 21) that the authors who stated that Ptolemy was present in this battle were Clitarchus and Timagenes. From the history of the former, who was a contemporary of Alexander, Curtius mainly drew the materials for his history of Alexander.

[755] Ptolemy received this appellation from the Rhodians whom he relieved from the assaults of Demetrius. The grateful Rhodians paid him divine honours as their preserver, and he was henceforward known as Ptolemy Soter. B.C. 304. See _Pausanias_, i. 8, 6.

[756] The word ἀταλαίπωρος is used in a similar way by _Thucydides_, i. 20, 4.

[757] _Curtius_ (ix. 24) says that Craterus was deputed by the officers to make this representation to the king, and that he was backed up by Ptolemy and the rest.

[758] This line is a fragment from one of the lost tragedies of Aeschўlus: δράσαντι γάρ τι καὶ παθεῖν ὀφείλεται.

[759] _Curtius_ (ix. 23) says that he was cured of his wound in seven days. _Diodorus_ (xvii. 99) says that it took many days.

[760] Arrian does not mention the Sutledj, which is the fifth of the rivers of the Punjab. _Pliny_ (vi. 21) calls it Hesidrus; _Ptolemy_ (vii. 1) calls it Zaradrus.

[761] About 12 miles. Ita se findente Nilo ut triquetram terrae figuram efficiat. Ideo multi Graecae literae vocabulo Delta appellavere Aegyptum (_Pliny_, v. 9).

[762] This tribe dwelt between the Acesines and the Indus. _Diodorus_ (xvii. 102) calls them Sambastians; while _Curtius_ (ix. 30) calls them Sabarcians. The Xathrians and Ossadians dwelt on the left bank of the Indus.

[763] We find from _Curtius_ (ix. 31) and _Diodorus_ (xvii. 102) that the name of this was Alexandria. It is probably the present Mittun.

[764] _Curtius_ (ix. 31) calls this satrap Terioltes, and says he was put to death. His appointment as viceroy is mentioned by _Arrian_ (iv. 22 supra).

[765] This king is called Porticanus by _Curtius_ (ix. 31), _Diodorus_ (xvii. 102), and _Strabo_ (xv. 1).

[766] An expression imitated from _Thucydides_ (iv. 34). Cf. _Arrian_, ii. 10; v. 19; where the same words are used of Darius and Porus.

[767] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 102) says that Sambus escaped beyond the Indus with thirty elephants.

[768] See note, page 327 supra.

[769] The _Indica_, a valuable work still existing. See chapters x. and xi. of that book.

[770] These people inhabited the Delta of the Indus, which is now called Lower Scinde. Their capital, Patala, is the modern Tatta.

[771] Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, ii.).

[772] _Curtius_ (ix. 34) calls this king Moeris.

[773] Aristobulus, as quoted by _Strabo_ (xv. 1), said that the voyage down the Indus occupied ten months, the fleet arriving at Patala about the time of the rising of Sirius, or July, 325 B.C.

[774] The right arm of the Indus is now called the Buggaur, and the left Sata.

[775] _I.e._ caused a heavy swell of waters. Cf. _Apollonius Rhodius_, ii. 595; _Polybius_, i. 60, 6. This wind was the south-west monsoon.

[776] Cf. _Curtius_ (ix. 35, 36); Cæsar (_Bell. Gall._ iv. 29). τὰ σκάφη ἐμετεωρίζοντο. Arrian does not comply with the Attic rule, that the plural neuter should take a verb in the singular. Compare ii. 20, 8; v. 17, 6 and 7; etc.

[777] Plutarch (_Alex._ 66) says that Alexander called the island Scillustis; but others called it Psiltucis. He also says that the voyage down the rivers to the sea took seven months.

[778] In regard to this expedition, see _Arrian_, vii. 20 infra.

[779] About 200 miles. Arrian here follows the statement of Nearchus. Aristobulus said that the distance was 1,000 stades. See _Strabo_, xv. 1.

[780] See _Curtius_, ix. 38. This lake has disappeared.

[781] These periodical winds are the southerly monsoon of the Indian Ocean. Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 21).

[782] This occurs at the beginning of November. The Romans called the Pleiades _Vergiliae_. Cf. _Pliny_ (ii. 47, 125): Vergiliarum occasus hiemem inchoat, quod tempus in III. Idus Novembres incidere consuevit. Also _Livy_ (xxi. 35, 6): Nivis etiam casus, occidente jam sidere Vergiliarum, ingentem terrorem adjecit.

[783] This river, which is now called the Purally, is about 120 miles west of the mouth of the Indus. It is called Arabis by Arrian (_Indica_, 21); and Arbis by _Strabo_ (xv. 2).

[784] These were a people of Gadrosia, inhabiting a coast district nearly 200 miles long in the present Beloochistan. Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 22 and 25); _Pliny_, vi. 23.

[785] The Arabitians dwelt between the Indus and the Arabius; the Oritians were west of the latter river.

[786] Rhambacia was probably at or near Haur.

[787] According to _Diodorus_ (xvii. 104) the city was called Alexandria.

[788] Ora was the name of the district inhabited by the Oritians.

[789] Cf. Pliny (_Nat. Hist._ xii. 33-35).

[790] Cf. _Strabo_ (xv. 2); Pliny (_Nat. Hist._ xii. 26).

[791] Probably the snow-flake.

[792] This is the well-known catechu, obtained chiefly from the Acacia Catechu. The liquid gum is called kuth or cutch in India.

[793] These people were called Ichthyophagi, or Fish-eaters. They are described by Arrian (_Indica_, 29); _Curtius_, ix. 40; _Diodorus_, xvii. 105; Pliny (_Nat. Hist._ vi. 25, 26); Plutarch (_Alex._ 66); _Strabo_, xv. 2. They occupied the sea-coast of Gadrosia, or Beloochistan. Cf. Alciphron (_Epistolae_, i. 1, 2).

[794] A man of Callatis, a town on the Black Sea in Thrace, originally colonized by the Milesians.

[795] Cf. _Herodotus_, i. 193.

[796] Pura was near the borders of Carmania, probably at Bampur. The name means _town_.

[797] Cf. _Strabo_, xv. 2; _Diodorus_, ii. 19, 20. According to Megasthenes, Semiramis died before she could carry out her intended invasion of India. See Arrian (_Indica_, 5). Neither Herodotus nor Ctesias mentions an invasion of India by Cyrus; and according to Arrian (_Indica_, 9), the Indians expressly denied that Cyrus attacked them.

[798] Strabo says that some of these marches extended 200, 400, and even 600 stades; most of the marching being done in the night. Krüger substitutes ξυμμέτρους for ξύμμετρος οὖσα.

[799] Cf. _Thucydides_, ii. 49, 3.

[800] Cf. Xenophon (_Anab._ vii. 5, 13); Homer (_Odyss._ vii. 283).

[801] _Curtius_ (vii. 20) mentions a similar act of magnanimity as having occurred on the march in pursuit of Bessus through the desert to the river Oxus. Plutarch (_Alex._ 42) says it was when Alexander was pursuing Darius; Frontinus (_Strategematica_, i. 7, 7) says it was in the desert of Africa; _Polyaenus_ (iv. 3, 25) relates the anecdote without specifying where the event occurred. μετεξέτεροι is an Ionic form very frequently used by Herodotus.

[802] Compare note on page 146.

[803] This man had been placed over the Oritians. See page 351 supra.

[804] _Curtius_ (ix. 41) says that Craterus sent a messenger to the king, to say that he was holding in chains two Persian nobles, Ozines and Zeriaspes, who had been trying to effect a revolt.

[805] The Areians were famed for their skill as professional mourners. See Aeschўlus (_Choëphorae_, 423). For the origin of the name see Donaldson (_New Cratylus_, sect. 81.)

[806] ἐξηλέγχθη is substituted by Sintenis for the common reading ἐξηγγέλθη.

[807] According to _Curtius_ (x. 1), Cleander and his colleagues were not slain, but put into prison; whereas 600 of the soldiers who had been the agents of their cruelty were put to death. Curtius says Cleander was spared for having killed Parmenio with his own hand. Cf. iii. 26 supra.

[808] The _thriambus_ was a hymn to Bacchus, sung in festal processions in his honour. It was also used as a name of that deity, as we learn from _Diodorus_, iv. 5. It was afterwards used as synonymous with the Roman _triumphus_, by Polybius, Dionysius, and Plutarch.

[809] The Bacchanalian procession through Carmania is described by _Curtius_ (ix. 42); Plutarch (_Alex._ 67); and _Diodorus_ (xvii. 106).

[810] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 106) says that the port into which Nearchus put was called Salmus.

[811] ἐκπεριπλεύσοντα. The Attic future of πλέω is πλεύσομαι. πλέυσω is only found in Polybius and the later writers.

[812] See Arrian (_Indica_, 18-43).

[813] The name for Persia and the Persians in the Hebrew Bible, is Paras. Cyrus is called Koresh (the sun) in Hebrew; in the cuneiform inscriptions the name is Khurush. Cambyses is called Ahasuerus in Ezra iv. 6; and Smerdis the Magian is the Artaxerxes who was induced by the Samaritans to forbid the further building of the temple (Ezra iv. 7-24). The Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther is probably Xerxes. Artaxerxes the Long-handed was the patron of Ezra and Nehemiah (Ezra vii. 11-28; Neh. ii. 1-9, etc). “Darius the Persian,” mentioned in Neh. xii. 22, was probably Darius Codomannus, who was conquered by Alexander. The province of Susiana, previously called Elymais, appears in the Hebrew under the name of Eilam or Elam. Persis is still called Fars.

[814] B.C. 325.

[815] Aria. See chap. 27 supra.

[816] _Curtius_ (x. 4) says Orxines was descended from Cyrus.

[817] See iii. 25 supra.

[818] Cf. _Strabo_, xv. 3, where a description of this tomb is given, derived from Onesicritus, the pilot of Alexander. See Dean Blakesley’s note on _Herodotus_ i. 214.

[819] Just a few lines above, Arrian says that the couch was by the side of the coffin.

[820] Cf. _Ammianus_, xxiii. 6, 32, 33. The Magi were the priests of the religion of Zoroaster, which was professed by the Medes and Persians. Their Bible was the Avesta, originally consisting of twenty-one books, only one of which, the twentieth (Vendidad), is still extant.

[821] See iii. 18 supra.

[822] According to _Curtius_ (x. 4, 5) Orxines was not only innocent, but was very devoted and attached to Alexander. The favourite eunuch, Bagoas, poisoned the king’s mind against him, and suborned other accusers against him. He was condemned unheard.

[823] Purpura et nitor corporis, ornatusque Persicus multo auro multisque gemmis.—Cicero (_de Senectute_, 17).

[824] Pasargadae was the ancient capital of Cyrus, but Persepolis was that of the later kings of Persia. The tomb of Cyrus has been discovered at Murghab; consequently Parsagadae was on the banks of the river Cyrus, N.E. of Persepolis. The latter city was at the junction of the Araxes and Medus. Its extensive ruins are called Chel-Minar, “the forty columns.”

[825] The Tigris rises in Armenia, and joins the Euphrates ninety miles from the sea, the united stream being then called Shat-el-Arab. In ancient times the two rivers had distinct outlets. In the Hebrew the Tigris is called Chiddekel, _i.e._ _arrow_. The Greek name Tigres is derived from the Zend _Tighra_, which comes from the Sanscrit _Tig_, to sharpen. Its present name is Dijleh. The respective lengths of the Euphrates and Tigris are 1,780 and 1,146 miles.

[826] Among these were _Curtius_ (x. 3); _Diodorus_ (xviii. 4); and Plutarch (_Alex._, 68).

[827] Gadeira or Gades was a Phoenician colony. The name is from the Hebrew גָּדֵר, _a fence_. Cf. _Pliny_ (iv. 36); appellant Poeni _Gadir_ ita Punica lingua _septum_ significante. Also Avienus (_Ora Maritima_, 268): Punicorum lingua conseptum locum _Gaddir_ vocabat. According to _Pliny_ (v. 1), Suetonius Paulinus was the first Roman general who crossed the Atlas Mountains.

[828] See note 714, page 309.

[829] Now called Capo di Leuca, the south-eastern point of Italy.

[830] Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 11).

[831] Cf. Alciphron (_Epistolae_, i. 30, 1), with Bergler and Wagner’s notes.

[832] This must have occurred B.C. 336. See Plutarch (_Alex._ 14); Cicero (_Tusculanae Disputationes_, v. 32). Alexander said: “If I were not Alexander, I should like to be Diogenes.” Cf. _Arrian_, i. 1; Plutarch (_de Fortit. Alex._, p. 331).

[833] Cf. _Strabo_, xv. 1.

[834] Strabo calls this sage Mandanis.

[835] Strabo says, Alexander’s messengers summoned Mandanis to the son of Zeus.

[836] Plutarch (_Alex._, 65) says this philosopher’s name was Sphines; but the Greeks called him Calanus, because when he met them, instead of using the word χαῖρε greeting them, he said καλέ. The same author says that he was persuaded to come to Alexander by Taxiles. See also _Strabo_ (xv. 1).

[837] _Strabo_ (xv. 1) says that the voluntary death of Calanus occurred at Pasargadae; Aelian (_Varia Historia_, v. 6) says it was at Babylon; but _Diodorus_ (xvii. 107) says it happened at Susa, which statement is confirmed by the fact of Nearchus being seemingly present.

[838] Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 10).

[839] Cf. _Arrian_, vii. 13 infra; and _Herodotus_, vii. 40.

[840] Cf. Cicero (_Tusc. Disput._ v. 27).

[841] Media. See vi. 29 supra.

[842] Oxathres was killed by Alexander himself with a sarissa, or long Macedonian pike. See Plutarch (_Alex._ 68), who calls him Oxyartes.

[843] For this use of φθείρομαι, cf. Aristophanes (_Plutus_, 610); _Alciphron_, i. 13, 3; with Bergler’s note.

[844] Cf. _Curtius_, x. 5.

[845] She was also called Statira. See _Diodorus_, xvii. 107; Plutarch (_Alex._, 70). She is called Arsinoe by Photius.

[846] “By these two marriages, Alexander thus engrafted himself upon the two lines of antecedent Persian kings. Ochus was of the Achaemenid family, but Darius Codomannus, father of Statira, was not of that family; he began a new lineage. About the overweening regal state of Alexander, outdoing even the previous Persian kings, see _Pylarchus apud Athenaeum_, xii. p. 539.”—_Grote._

[847] See p. 242.

[848] Cf. Aelian (_Varia Historia_, viii. 7). A copious account of this celebrated marriage feast is given in _Athenæus_, xii. p. 538.

[849] Cf. _Curtius_, x. 8.

[850] About £4,600,000. _Justin_, xii. 11, agrees with Arrian; but _Diodorus_ (xvii. 109); Plutarch (_Alex._, 70); _Curtius_ (x. 8) say 10,000 talents.

[851] Cf. _Curtius_ (ix. 41); _Arrian_ (vi. 22) supra.

[852] The Epigoni, or Afterborn, were the sons of the seven chiefs who fell in the first war against Thebes. See Herodotus, Pindar, Sophocles, etc.

[853] For this _mesanculon_ see Gellius (_Noctes Atticae_, x. 25); _Polybius_, xxiii., 1, 9; Euripides (_Phoenissae_, 1141; _Andromache_, 1133); _Alciphron_, iii. 36.

[854] It was at this time that Harpalus, viceroy of Babylon, having squandered a great deal of the treasure committed to his charge, became frightened at the return of Alexander, and fled to Greece with 50,000 talents and 6,000 mercenary troops. See _Diodorus_, xvii. 108.

[855] The Eulaeus is now called Kara Su. After joining the Coprates it was called Pasitigris. It formerly discharged itself into the Persian Gulf, but now into the Shat-el-Arab, as the united stream of the Euphrates and Tigris is now called. In Dan. viii. 2, 16, it is called Ulai. Cf. _Pliny_, vi. 26, 31; xxxi. 21.

[856] The Greeks and Romans sometimes speak of Mesopotamia as a part of Syria, and at other times they call it a part of Assyria. The Hebrew and native name of this country was Aram Naharaim, or “Syria of the two rivers.”

[857] The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates.

[858] Cf. _Arrian_, iii. 7, supra; _Curtius_, iv. 37.

[859] Cf. _Strabo_, xvi. 1; _Herodotus_, i. 193; _Ammianus_, xxiv. 3, 14.

[860] Probably this city stood at the junction of the Tigris with the Physcus, or Odorneh. See Xenophon (_Anab._ ii. 4, 25); _Herodotus_, i. 189; _Strabo_, (xvi. 1) says that Alexander made the Tigris navigable up to Opis.

[861] Cf. _Justin_ (xii. 11); _Diodorus_ (xvii. 109); _Curtius_ (x. 10, 11). These authors put the punishment of the ringleaders after the speech instead of before.

[862] Thracians mean _mountaineers_; Hellenes, _warriors_; Dorians, _highlanders_; Ionians, _coast-men_; and Aeolians, _mixed men_. See Donaldson (_New Cratylus_, sect. 92).

[863] The gold and silver mines at Mount Pangaeon near Philippi brought Philip a yearly revenue of more than 1,000 talents (_Diodorus_, xvi. 8). _Herodotus_ (v. 17) says that the silver mines at Mount Dysorum brought a talent every day to Alexander, father of Amyntas.

[864] This is a Demosthenic expression. See _De Falsa Legatione_, 92; and _I. Philippic_, 45.

[865] B.C. 346.

[866] He here refers to his own part in the victory of Chaeronea, B.C. 336. See _Diodorus_, xvi. 86; Plutarch (_Alex._ 9).

[867] This fact is attested by Demosthenes (_De Haloneso_, 12).

[868] The Thebans under Pelopidas settled the affairs of Macedonia, and took young Philip to Thebes as a hostage, B.C. 368.

[869] About £122,000. Cf. Plutarch (_Alex._ 15); _Curtius_, x. 10.

[870] Ἴων is the Hebrew Javan without the vowel points. In the Persian name for the Greeks Ἰάονες, one of these vowels appear. See Aeschўlus (_Persae_, 178, 562).

[871] Larger Phrygia formed the western part of the great central table-land of Asia Minor. Smaller Phrygia was also called Hellespontine Phrygia, because it lay near the Hellespont. See _Strabo_, xii. 8.

[872] A blue band worked with white, which went round the tiara of the Persian kings.

[873] Cf. _Ammianus_, xxv. 4, 15: “(Julianus) id aliquoties praedicans, Alexandrum Magnum, ubi haberet thesauros interrogatum, apud amicos benevole respondisse.”

[874] Cf. _Arrian_, i. 16 supra.

[875] It is supposed that the Saxones, _i.e._ Sacasuna, _sons of the Sacae_, originated from this nation.

[876] At the Persian court, kinsman was a title bestowed by the king as a mark of honour. Curtius says they were 15,000 in number. Cf. _Diodorus_, xvi. 50; Xenophon (_Cyropaedia_, i. 4, 27; ii. 2, 31).

[877] As to this Persian custom, see Xenophon (_Agesilaus_, v. 4; _Cyropaedia_ i. 4, 27).

[878] Cf. _Justin_, xii. 7; Plutarch (_Eumenes_, 16); _Curtius_, viii. 17; _Livy_ xxxvii. 40; _Polybius_, v. 79, 4.

[879] ἔμενον λιπαροῦντες. The more usual construction would be ἐλιπάρουν μένοντες. Cf. _Herodotus_, ix. 45 (λιπαρέετε μένοντες); iii. 51 (ἐλιπάρεε ἱστορέων)

[880] The paean was sung, not only before and after battle, but also after a banquet, as we see from this passage and from Xenophon (_Symposium_, ii. 1).

[881] About £240.

[882] Literally “with his own head,” an Homeric expression. We learn from Plutarch (_Eumenes_, 6), that Craterus was a great favourite with the Macedonians because he opposed Alexander’s Asiatic innovations. See also Plutarch (_Alexander_, 47); _Diodorus_, xvii. 114:—Κράτερον μὲν γὰρ εἶναι φιλοβασιλέα, Ἡφαιστίωνα δὲ φιλαλέξανδρον.

[883] The use of κελεύειν with the dative, is in imitation of Homer. Cf. i. 26, 3 supra.

[884] We learn from Diodorus (xviii. 4) that when Alexander died, Craterus had got no farther than Cilicia on his return journey. He had with him a paper of written instructions, among which were projects for building an immense fleet in Phoenicia and the adjacent countries for conveying an expedition against the Carthaginians and the other western nations as far as the pillars of Hercules; for the erection of magnificent temples, and for the transportation of people from Europe into Asia and from Asia into Europe. Alexander’s generals put these projects aside, as too vast for any one but Alexander himself.

[885] Cf. _Curtius_, x. 31.

[886] The Greeks reckoned according to the lunar months, and therefore they talked of ten months instead of nine as the period of gestation. Cf. _Herodotus_, vi. 63; Aristophanes (_Thesmoph._ 742); Menander (_Plocion_, fragment 3); Plautus (_Cistell._ i. 3, 15); Terence (_Adelphi_, iii. 4, 29).

[887] For this expression, cf. _Dion Cassius_, xlii. 57; Homer (_Iliad_, 23, 538); _Pausanias_, vii. 10, 2; _Herodotus_, viii. 104.

[888] Here there is a gap in the manuscripts of Arrian, which probably contained an account of the flight of Harpalus, the viceroy of Babylon, with the treasures committed to his care, and also a description of the dispute between Hephaestion and Eumenes. See _Photius_ (codex 92).

[889] Cf. Plutarch (_Eumenes_, 2).

[890] The march was from Opis to Media, as we see from the next chapter.

[891] Cf. _Herodotus_ (iii. 106; vii. 40); _Strabo_, xi. 7 and 14; _Diodor._ xvii. 110; _Ammianus_, xxiii. 6. Sir Henry Rawlinson says: “With Herodotus, who was most imperfectly acquainted with the geography of Media, originated the error of transferring to that province the Nisea (Nesá) of Khorassan, and all later writers either copied or confounded his statement. Strabo alone has escaped from the general confusion. In his description we recognise the great grazing plains of Khawah, Alishtar, Huru, Silakhur, Burburud, Japalak, and Feridun, which thus stretch in a continuous line from one point to another along the southern frontiers of Media.” Alexander probably visited the westernmost of these pastures which stretch from Behistûn to Ispahan along the mountain range. The form διαρπαγῆναι is used only by the later writers for διαρπασθῆναι.

[892] Cf. _Strabo_, xi. 5; _Diodorus_, xvii. 77; _Curtius_, vi. 19; _Justin_, xii. 3; _Arrian_, iv. 15; Homer (_Iliad_, iii. 189); Aeschўlus (_Eumenides_, 655); Hippocrates (_De Aere, Aquis, et Locis_, p. 553).

[893] The queen is called Thalestris by Diodorus and Curtius.

[894] This is a mistake, for Xenophon does mention the Amazons in the _Anabasis_ (iv. 4, 16). For Trapezus and the Phasians see his _Anabasis_ (iv. 8, 22; v. 6, 36.)

[895] See _Diodorus_, iv. 16. This was one of the twelve labours of Hercules.

[896] See Plutarch (_Theseus_, 26).

[897] “The Battle of the Amazons” was a celebrated painting in the Stoa Poecile at Athens, executed by Micon, son of Phanichus, a contemporary of Polygnotus about B.C. 460. Cf. Aristophanes (_Lysistrata_, 678): “Look at the Amazons whom Micon painted on horseback fighting with the men.” See also _Pausanias_ (i. 15; viii. 11).

[898] Cf. _Herodotus_, iv. 110-117; ix. 27.

[899] See Isocrates (_Panegyricus_, 19); Lysias (_Oratio Funebris_, near the beginning).

[900] _Strabo_ (xi. 5) declined to believe in the existence of the Amazons altogether. However, even Julius Cæsar spoke of them as having once ruled over a large part of Asia. See Suetonius (_Life of Julius Cæsar_, 22). Eustathius, on _Dionysius Periegetes_, p. 110, derives the name _Amazones_ from ἀ, _not_, and μᾶζα, _barley-bread_:—διὸ καὶ Ἀμαζόνες ἐκαλοῦντο οἷα μὴ μάζαις ἀλλὰ κρέασι θηρίων ἐπιστρεφόμεναι. This is not the usual derivation of the word.

[901] Cf. Plutarch (_Alex._ 72); _Diodorus_ (xvii. 110).

[902] Plutarch makes this statement.

[903] See Homer (_Iliad_, xxiii. 141, 152); _Arrian_ (i. 12).

[904] See _Herodotus_ (vii. 35). Xerxes means _the venerable king_. Cf. _Herod._, vi. 98. See Donaldson’s _New Cratylus_, sections 161, 479.

[905] Epidaurus in Argolis was celebrated as the chief seat of the worship of Aesculapius.

[906] This is an Homeric expression, meaning _myself_.

[907] Equal to £2,300,000. Plutarch (_Alex._ 72) agrees with Arrian. _Diodorus_ (xvii. 115) and _Justin_ (xii. 12) say 12,000 talents.

[908] Cf. Aelian (_Varia Historia_, vii. 8); _Diodorus_ (xvii. 114, 115); Plutarch (_Alex._ 72, 75; _Eumenes_, 2; _Pelopidas_, 34).

[909] See p. 392, note 888.

[910] Cossaea was a district on the north-east of Susiana, which the Persian kings never subdued, but purchased the quiet of the inhabitants by paying them tribute. It is supposed to be the Cush of the Old Testament. _Diodorus_ (xvii. 111) says that Alexander completed his conquest of the Cossaeans in forty days. Plutarch (_Alex._ 72) says he called the massacre of the Cossaeans his offering to the manes of Hephaestion.

[911] Cf. _Livy_, vii. 37, 38; _Pliny_, xxii. 4; _Justin_, xii. 13.

[912] The Romans called these people Etruscans.

[913] _Justin_ (xxi. 6) says that the Carthaginians sent Hamilcar to learn Alexander’s real designs against them, under the pretence of being an exile offering his services.

[914] Cf. _Diodorus_, xvii. 113.

[915] Aristus was a man of Salamis in Cyprus. Neither his work nor that of Asclepiades is extant. Aristus is mentioned by _Athenæus_ (x. 10) and _Strabo_ (lib. xv.).

[916] _Livy_ (ix. 18) says he does not think the contemporary Romans even knew Alexander by report.

[917] These are what Hirtius (_Bell. Alex._ 11) calls “naves apertas et constratas.”

[918] See p. 155, note 392.

[919] See p. 199, note 499. _Strabo_ (xi. 7) says that Aristobulus declared the Oxus to be the largest river which he had seen except those in India.

[920] See p. 198, note 498. The Oxus and Jaxartes really flow into the Sea of Aral, or the Palus Oxiana, which was first noticed by _Ammianus Marcellinus_ (xxiii. 6, 59) in the 4th century A.D. Ptolemy, however, mentions it as a small lake, and not as the recipient of these rivers. Cf. _Pliny_, vi. 18.

[921] The Araxes, or Aras, joins the Cyrus, or Kour, and falls into the Caspian Sea. It is now called Kizil-Ozan, or Red River. Its Hebrew name is Chabor (2 Kings xvii. 6). Pontem indignatus Araxes (Vergil, _Aeneid_, viii. 728). See Aeschўlus (_Prometheus_, 736), Dr. Paley’s note.

[922] As to the Chaldaeans, see Cicero (_De Div._, i. 1) and _Diod._ (ii. 29-31).

[923] This is a verse from one of the lost tragedies of Euripides. It is also quoted by Cicero (_De Divin._, ii. 5): Est quidam Graecus vulgaris in hanc sententiam versus; bene qui conjiciet, vatem hunc perhibebo optimum.

[924] See _Herodotus_ (i. 32); Plutarch (_Solon_, 27).

[925] See p. 171, note 430. _Herodotus_ (i. 181) gives a description of this temple, which he says existed in his time. _Strabo_ (xvi. 1) agrees with Arrian that it was said to have been destroyed by Xerxes. He also says that Alexander employed 10,000 men in clearing away the rubbish of the ruins. Professor Sayce and others adduce this passage of Arrian to prove that Herodotus is not to be trusted even when he says he had seen the places and things which he describes. The words of Herodotus are ἐς ἐμὲ τοῦτο ἔτι ἐόν, meaning, not that he had himself seen the temple, but that it existed _till his time_. In chap. 183 he expressly states that he did not see other things which he is describing, but that he derived his information from the Chaldaeans. He was about twenty years of age when Xerxes was assassinated. It must not be forgotten that Strabo and Arrian lived five or six hundred years after Xerxes. The veracity of Strabo is never doubted; yet in his description of Babylon this author speaks of the walls and hanging gardens as if they were still in existence, though not expressly saying so.

[926] Cf. _Arrian_, iii. 16 supra.

[927] See _Arrian_, iii. 16 supra.

[928] Cf. Philostratus (_Life of Apollonius_, viii. 7, 5).

[929] Perdiccas was killed by his own troops at Memphis, B.C. 321. See _Diodorus_, xviii. 36.

[930] The battle of Ipsus was fought B.C. 301. See Plutarch (_Demetrius_, 29).

[931] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 113) says that embassies came from the Carthaginians, Liby-Phoenicians, Greeks, Macedonians, Illyrians, Thracians, and Gauls.

[932] Cf. _Arrian_, iii. 16 supra.

[933] The name Athens is said to have been derived from the worship of Athena. See Euripides (_Ion_, 8): Πόλις τῆς χρυσολόγχου Παλλάδος κεκλημένη. Attica is ἀττική or ἀκτικὴ γῆ, the “promontory land.”

[934] Clazomenae was an Ionian city on the Gulf of Smyrna, celebrated as the birthplace of Anaxagoras. It is now called Kelisman.

[935] About £1,200,000.

[936] The Hebrew name for Arabia is Arab (wilderness). In Gen. xxv. 6 it is called the “East country,” and in Gen. xxix. 1 the “Land of the Sons of the East.”

[937] Cf. _Arrian_, v. 26; vii. 1 and 15 supra.

[938] Cf. _Herodotus_, iii. 8.

[939] Cf. _Herodotus_, ii. 40, 86; iii. 110-112; _Strabo_, xvi. 4; Pliny (_Nat. Hist._ xii.).

[940] About 17 miles.

[941] One of the Sporades, west of Samos, now called Nikaria. Cf. Horace (_Carm._, iv. 2, 2) and Ovid (_Fasti_, iv. 28).

[942] Called Tyrus by _Strabo_ (xvi. 3). It is now called Bahrein, and is celebrated for pearl fisheries.

[943] A fragment of the work of Androsthenes descriptive of his voyage is preserved by _Athenæus_ (iii. p. 936).

[944] Probably Ramses. Its ruins are at Abu-Kesheb.

[945] Probably the projection now called Ras-al-Had.

[946] Cf. Arrian (_Indica_, 32).

[947] About 90 miles. This canal fell into the Persian Gulf at Teredon. No trace of it now remains.

[948] The Hebrew name for Armenia is Ararat (2 Kings xix. 37; Isa. xxxvii. 38; Jer. li. 27).

[949] The country called Assyria by the Greeks is called Asshur (level) in Hebrew. In Gen. x. 11 the foundation of the Assyrian kingdom is ascribed to Nimrod; for the verse ought to be translated: “He went forth from that land into Asshur.” Hence in Micah v. 6, Assyria is called the “land of Nimrod.”

[950] The Hebrew name for Babylon is Babel, _i.e._ Bab-Bel, _court of Bel_: porta vel aula, civitas Beli (_Winer_). In Jer. xxv. 26; li. 41, it is called Sheshach, which Jewish commentators, followed by Jerome, explain by the Canon Atbash, _i.e._ after the alphabet put in an inverted order. According to this rule the word Babel, which is the Hebrew name of Babylon, would be written Sheshach. Sir Henry Rawlinson, however, says it was the name of a god after whom the city was named; and the word has been found among the Assyrian inscriptions representing a deity.

[951] The perfect passive δεδόμημαι is equivalent to the Epic and Ionic form δέδμημαι.

[952] σχεθῆναι. See p. 268, note 629.

[953] τῶν τὶς ναυτῶν. This position of τίς is an imitation of the usage in Ionic prose. Cf. _Herod._ i. 85; τῶν τὶς Περσέων. See _Liddell and Scott_, sub voce τίς. Cf. _Arrian_, ii. 26, 4; vi. 9, 3; vii. 3, 4; 22, 5; 24, 2.

[954] Cf. _Arrian_ v. 13 supra.

[955] Cf. _Arrian_, iii. 6; iv. 18.

[956] The Macedonian stater was worth about £1 3_s._ 6_d._

[957] Cf. Arrian (_Tactics_, 12, 11).

[958] Cf. _Arrian_, p. 379, note 853.

[959] We read in the speech of Demosthenes against Dionysiodorus (1285), that Cleomenes and his partisans enriched themselves by monopolizing the exportation of corn from Egypt. Cf. _Arrian_, iii. 5 supra.

[960] This island is mentioned by Homer (_Odyssey_, iv. 355). Alexander constructed a mole seven stades long from the coast to the island, thus forming the two harbours of Alexandria. See _Strabo_, xvii. 1. The island is chiefly famous for the lofty tower built upon it by Ptolemy Philadelphus, for a lighthouse. Cf. Cæsar (_De Bello Civili_, iii. 112); _Ammianus_, xxii. 16.

[961] Consult Lucian (_Calumniae non temere credendum_, 17).

[962] After Alexander’s death Cleomenes was executed by Ptolemy, who received Egypt as his share of the great king’s dominions.

[963] _I.e._ the Mediterranean.

[964] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 116) and Plutarch (_Alex._, 73) say that he was a bound prisoner. The latter says his name was Dionysius, and that he was a Messenian.

[965] Plutarch (_Alex._, 75) and _Justin_ (xii. 13) say that he gave a banquet to Nearchus the admiral, and that, as he was leaving it, he was invited to the revel by Medius the Thessalian. Cf. _Diodorus_, xvii. 117.

[966] We learn from _Athenæus_ (x. p. 434 B) that this Court Journal was kept by the royal secretary, Eumenes, afterwards so famous, and by the historian, Diodotus of Erythrae. As to the last days of Alexander, cf. Plutarch (_Alex._, 76, 77).

[967] Cf. _Curtius_, ix. 23: Mos erat principibus amicorum et custodibus corporis excubare ante praetorium, quotiens adversa regi valetudo incidisset.

[968] Serāpis, or more correctly Sarapis, was an Egyptian deity, whose worship was introduced into Greece in the time of the Ptolemies. His worship was introduced into Rome, with that of Isis, in the time of Sulla. _Strabo_ (xvii. 1) gives an account of his cultus in the celebrated temple at Canobus. The Serapeum at Alexandria, which contained the famous library, is described by _Ammianus_, xxii. 16.

[969] _I.e._ the most valiant.

[970] To decide who was to succeed to his power. Cf. _Curtius_, x. 14; _Diodorus_, xvii. 117; _Justin_, xii. 15.

[971] Cf. _Curtius_, x. 31; _Diodorus_, xvii. 117, 118; _Justin_, xii. 13. Plutarch (_Alex._, 77) asserts that nothing was said about Alexander’s being poisoned, until six years after, when Olympias, the enemy of Antipater, set the charge afloat.

[972] See _Arrian_, iv. 10 supra.

[973] Cassander was afterwards king of Macedonia and Greece. He put Olympias, Roxana, and her son Alexander Aegus to death, and bribed Polysperchon to put Barsine and her son Hercules to death. He died of dropsy, B.C. 297.

[974] Cf. _Pausanias_, xviii. 4; _Curtius_, x. 31; Plutarch (_Alex._, 77). The ancients called the poison, “the water of Styx”; it was obtained from Nonacris in the north of Arcadia, near which the river Styx took its origin. _Justin_ (xii. 14) says: Cujus veneni tanta vis fuit, ut non aere, non ferro, non testa contineretur, nec aliter ferri nisi in ungula equi potuerit. Pliny (_Hist. Nat._, xxx. 53) says: Ungulas tantum mularum repertas, neque aliam ullam materiam quae non perroderetur a veneno Stygis aquae, cum id dandum Alexandro magno Antipater mitteret, dignum memoria est, magna Aristotelis infamia excogitatum.

[975] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 117) states that after drinking freely, Alexander swallowed the contents of a large goblet, called the cup of Heracles, and was immediately seized with violent pain. This statement, however, is contradicted by Plutarch. It seems from the last injunction of Calanus, the Indian philosopher, that it was considered the right thing to drink to intoxication at the funeral of a friend. See Plutarch (_Alex._, 69).

[976] June, 323 B.C.

[977] Ptolemy took the embalmed body of Alexander to Egypt, and placed it in Memphis, but removed it a few years after to Alexandria. See _Curtius_, x. 31. Cf. Aelian (_Varia Historia_, xii. 64; xiii. 29).

[978] Cf. _Diodorus_, xvii. 4; ἡ ὀξύτης τοῦ νεανίσκου.

[979] Cf. _Curtius_, x. 18: Gloriae laudisque, ut justo major cupido, ita ut juveni et in tantis admittenda rebus.

[980] Plutarch (_Alex._, 28) attributes the same motive to Alexander in representing himself to be the son of Zeus. _Livy_ (ix. 18) says: Referre in tanto rege piget superbam mutationem vestis et desideratas humi jacentium adulationes, etiam victis Macedonibus graves, nedum victoribus; et foeda supplicia, et inter vinum et epula, caedes amicorum et vanitatem ementiendae stirpis. Consult the whole of the interesting passage in _Livy_, ix. 17-19. See also Aelian (_Varia Historia_, ii. 19; v. 12; ix. 37).

[981] Cf. _Herodotus_, vii. 41; _Arrian_, iii. 11 supra.

[982] Xenophon (_Cyropaedia_, vii. 5, 85) says that the Persian Equals-in-Honour, or Peers, spent their time about the Court.

[983] Cf. _Arrian_, iv. 14 supra; _Justin_, ix. 8; _Athenæus_, x. p. 434 B; Aelian (_Varia Historia_, iii. 23; ix. 3; xii. 26).

[984] Europe and Asia. Arrian reckoned Libya, or Africa, as a part of Asia. See iii. 30; v. 26; vii. 1.

[985] Dr. Leonhard Schmitz says:—“Arrian is in this work one of the most excellent writers of his time, above which he is raised by his simplicity and his unbiassed judgment. Great as his merits thus are as an historian, they are yet surpassed by his excellence as an historical critic. His Anabasis is based upon the most trustworthy historians among the contemporaries of Alexander, such as Ptolemy, Aristobulus, which two he chiefly followed, Diodotus of Erythrae, Eumenes of Cardia, Nearchus of Crete, and Megasthenes; and his sound judgment as to who deserved credit, justly led him to reject such authors as Onesicritus, Callisthenes, and others. No one at all acquainted with this work of Arrian’s can refuse his assent to the opinion of Photius (p. 73; comp. Lucian, _Alex._, 2), that Arrian was the best among the numerous historians of Alexander. One of the great merits of the work, independent of those already mentioned, is the clearness and distinctness with which he describes all military movements and operations, the drawing up of the armies for battle, and the conduct of battles and sieges. In all these respects the Anabasis is a masterly production, and Arrian shows that he himself possessed a thorough practical knowledge of military affairs. He seldom introduces speeches, but wherever he does he shows a profound knowledge of man; and the speech of Alexander to his rebellious soldiers, and the reply of Coenus, as well as some other speeches, are masterly specimens of oratory. Everything, moreover, which is not necessary to make his narrative clear is carefully avoided.” See Smith’s _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography_.

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

(_The numbers refer to the pages._)

Abastanians, 340.

Abbot, 258.

Abdalonymus, 116.

Abdēra, 37.

Abian Scythians, 205.

Abicht, 213, 276, 283.

Abisares, 257, 264, 279, 298, 301, 315.

Aboukir, 142.

Abreas, 330-334.

Abūlites, 172, 173, 374.

Abȳdus, 37.

Abyssinia, 272.

Acĕsinēs, 271, 274, 298-300, 308, 315-325, 336, 339-341, 374, 387.

Achaeans, Port of, 37.

Achaemenids, 375.

Achilles, 38, 39, 139, 323, 396, 402.

Achilleus, 150.

Achmetha, 179.

Acropolis of Athens, 49, 173.

Acropolis of Sardis, 50.

Acūphis, 266-268.

Ada, 65, 66.

Addaeus, 63, 64.

Admētus, 131-133.

Adōnis, 116.

Adraistaeans, 301.

Aeacus, 226, 425.

Aeacidae, 138.

Aegae, 36.

Aegean Sea, 110, 408.

Aegina, 334.

Aegospotami, 31, 57.

Aegyptus, 276, 318.

Aeolis and Aeolians, 53, 71, 186, 383, 385.

Aeschines, 91, 113, 150.

Aeschўlus, 149, 269, 338.

Aesculapius, 88, 397.

Aetolians, 26, 34.

Afghanistan, 155, 191.

Africa, 108, 203, 309.

Agallassa, 324.

Agamemnon, 37.

Agatho, 44, 164.

Agēnor, 133.

Agēsilaüs, 110.

Agis III., 109, 110, 173.

Agis the Argive, 223.

Agrianians, 11, 18, 19, 21, 23, _et passim_.

Ahasuerus, 364.

Aithiops, 272.

Alani, 2, 4.

Albanians, 155, 161, 164.

Albion, 125.

Alcetas, 246, 255, 256, 283.

Alcias, 77.

Alcmēna, 117, 145.

Alēian Plain, 89.

Alexander I., 33, 383.

Alexander the Great, _passim_.

Alexander Aegus, 242, 421.

Alexander, son of Aëropus, 27, 51, 68.

Alexander the Epirote, 152.

Alexandrīa, 141, 142, 143, 197, 206, 210, 247, 266, 340, 351, 416, 420, 423.

Alinda, 66.

Alpes, 125.

Amānic Gates, 91.

Amastrinē, 375.

Amathūs, 129.

Amazons, 234, 393-395.

Ambracia, 119.

Ammianus, 80, 106, 203, 229, 270, 271, 385, 401.

Amminaspes, 185.

Ammōn, 144-148, 223, 320, 347, 382, 397, 415.

Amphiaraüs, 89.

Amphilochians, 119.

Amphilochus, 89.

Amphīon, 30.

Amphipolis, 10, 12, 13, 37, 98, 107.

Amphitrītē, 320.

Amphoterus, 70, 144, 150.

Amyntas of Macedon, 19, 66.

Amyntas, son of Antiochus, 51, 69, 90, 91, 107, 109.

Amyntas, son of Andromenes, 29, 43, 50, 59, 162, 173, 174, 177, 188, 190, 192, 195.

Amyntas, son of Arrhabaeus, 40, 43-45, 59, 74, 95.

Amyntas, son of Nicolaüs, 237, 238, 247.

Amyntas the Theban, 25.

Anaxagoras, 407.

Anaxarchus, 222-226.

Anaxippus, 191, 192.

Anchialus, 87, 88.

Ancyra, 84.

Androcles, 129.

Andromachus, 127, 150, 162, 192, 210, 213-215.

Andronīcus, 189, 191.

Androsthenes, 409.

Anicētus, 134.

Antaeus, 145.

Antalcidas, 79, 80.

Anteas, 363.

Anthemūs, 98.

Antibēlus, 182.

Anticles, 230.

Antigĕnes, 291, 344.

Antigŏnē, 193.

Antigŏnus, 76, 88, 305, 405.

Anti-Libănus, 125, 156, 308.

Antiochus, 97, 149, 263.

Antipater, 26, 36, 43, 81, 102, 105, 109, 148, 162, 173, 231, 391, 392, 421.

Antipater, son of Asclepiodōrus, 230.

Antiphilus, 105.

Antoninus Pius, 2.

Aornus, 199, 258-263, 310.

Apelles, 48, 53, 88.

Aphrices, 279.

Apis, 142.

Apollo, 148, 196, 204, 389, 390, 425.

Apollodōrus, 171, 404, 405.

Apollonia, 40, 98.

Apollonides, 144.

Apollonius, 149.

Apollonius Rhodius, 56, 346.

Apollophanes, 351, 360.

Arab, 407.

Arabia and Arabians, 135, 140, 149, 172, 308, 309, 369, 407-412.

Arabian Gulf, 410.

Arabitians, 350.

Arabius River, 349, 350.

Arachotia and Arachotians, 155, 161, 183, 197, 275, 283, 341, 344, 360, 378, 387.

Arădus, 108, 111.

Aral Sea, 198, 199, 202, 234, 274, 401.

Aram, 87, 107,156, 380.

Arārat, 411.

Arātus, 88.

Araxes, 177, 401.

Arbēla, 13, 98, 156-171, 334.

Arbūpales, 48.

Arcadia and Arcadians, 32, 34, 421.

Archelaüs, 36, 173, 199.

Archias, 409.

Arconnēsus, 65.

Areia and Areians, 155, 191-193, 197, 200, 216, 361, 378.

Areius River, 216.

Arēs, 45.

Arĕtes, 164, 166, 167.

Arĕtis, 46.

Argos and Argives, 51, 58, 89, 217, 224, 227.

Ariaces, 156.

Ariaspians, 196.

Arigaeum, 251.

Arimmas, 152.

Ariobarzanes, 155, 176, 177, 178, 189.

Arisbē, 40.

Aristander, 36, 70, 121, 137, 143, 154, 170, 211, 212, 235.

Aristo, 97, 162, 164, 165.

Aristobūlus, 3, 6, 83, 85, 101, 105, 145, 146, 148, 160, 193, 197, 198, 202, 209, 214, 220, 230, 231, 232, 277, 281, 297, 334, 344, 348, 351, 352, 363, 365, 366, 375, 394, 400, 404, 405, 406, 409, 414, 417, 421, 423, 425, 427.

Aristogeiton, 173, 224, 406.

Aristomēdes, 107.

Aristonīcus, 143, 144, 236, 237.

Aristonoüs, 363.

Aristophanes, 121, 152, 170, 231, 394.

Aristophon, 185.

Aristotle, 8, 18, 68, 81, 125, 223, 232, 271, 308, 421.

Aristus, 3, 399.

Armenia and Armenians, 107, 153, 155, 156, 161, 170, 171, 273, 401, 411.

Arrhabaeus, 68.

Arrhybas, 149.

Arrian, 1-5, 9, 10, 14, 20, 28, 40, 44, 49, 98, 101, 102, 119, 162, 168, 179, 202, 203, 244, 258, 265, 267, 268, 270, 273, 276, 277, 285, 304, 346, 355, 370, 392, 394, 399, 425, 426.

Arsaces, 315.

Arsames, 40, 85, 103, 189, 193, 200, 216.

Arses, 112, 113.

Arsimas, 112.

Arsinoē, 375.

Arsites, 40, 41, 48, 50.

Arta, 119.

Artabazus, 183, 189, 197, 199, 234-237, 242, 375.

Artacama, 375.

Artacoana, 192, 193.

Artaxerxes, 39, 112, 113, 192, 224, 227, 271, 364.

Artĕmis, 52, 53, 406, 409.

Artemisia, 66.

Artemisium, 334.

Artibŏlēs, 379.

Artōnis, 375.

Arvad, 111.

Asander, 51, 88, 217.

Ascania Lake, 76.

Asclēpiadae, 333.

Asclēpiades, 3, 399.

Asclēpiodōrus, 148, 152, 171, 217, 230.

Asclēpius, 88, 333, 396.

Asia, 37, 38, 49, 58, 66, 91, 93, 106, 112, 114, 155, 156, 158, 178, 192, 197, 200, 203, 205, 210, 234, 242, 243, 270-272, 274, 276, 309, 369, 406, 426.

Asia Minor, 53, 59, 76, 79, 108, 151, 273, 275, 276, 308.

Aspasians, 249-251.

Aspendus, 71-73.

Assacēnians, 249, 253, 254, 263, 298.

Assacēnus, 256, 263.

Assagĕtes, 259.

Asshur, 411.

Assyria and Assyrians, 87, 89, 91, 154, 156, 172, 380, 407, 411-413.

Astes, 248.

Atbash, 413.

Athaliah, 58.

Atharrias, 64.

Athēna, 38, 49, 89, 104, 148, 247, 406.

Athenæus, 409.

Athens and the Athenians, 1, 8, 9, 26, 31, 34, 35, 37, 49, 77, 79, 91, 105, 113, 115, 120, 150, 173, 178, 224, 227, 232, 384, 394, 406.

Atizyes, 69, 103.

Atlas Mountains, 309, 369.

Atropates, 155, 239, 365, 374, 375, 393, 395.

Attalus, 98, 163, 184, 195, 231, 235, 246, 250, 252, 256, 284, 344, 420.

Attica, 27, 406.

Attinas, 237.

Attock, 279.

Atūria, 154, 156.

Audaca, 250.

Aurelius, 2.

Austanes, 246, 247.

Autariatians, 19.

Autobares, 379.

Autophradates, 79, 80, 109-111, 117, 124, 143, 189, 190, 239.

Aven, 141.

Avienus, 118, 369.

Avon, 141.

Axenos, 15, 203, 313.

Azemilcus, 117, 133.

Azov Sea, 202, 274.

Azzah, 136.

Baal, 117, 171.

Babel, 413.

Babylon, 94, 153, 171, 172, 224, 239, 308, 372, 385, 396-420.

Babylonians, 155, 156, 161, 171, 402.

Bacchus, 221, 268, 362.

Bacchylides, 39.

Bactra, 187, 192, 196, 199, 202, 206, 233, 246, 247, 312, 385.

Bactria, 155, 183, 215, 236, 247, 263, 273, 284, 308, 319, 401.

Bactrians, 155, 161, 165, 170, 183, 192, 198, 199, 206, 234, 235, 237, 238, 378, 387.

Baetica, 118.

Bagae, 238.

Bagistanes, 182, 183.

Bagoas, 113, 367.

Bahrein, 409.

Balacrus, 76, 104, 149, 164, 165, 212, 252.

Balkan, 10.

Balkh, 187.

Bardylis, 18.

Barsaëntes, 155, 183, 185, 193.

Barsinē, 186, 242, 375, 421.

Baryaxes, 365.

Barzanes, 216.

Batis, 135-139.

Bazira, 256, 257, 259.

Beas River, 306.

Beghram, 197.

Beith-Shemesh, 141.

Beloochistan, 155, 196, 350, 354.

Bēlus, 171, 172, 401, 402, 413.

Berdes, 205.

Beroea, 151.

Bēssus, 155, 182-185, 191-202, 206, 216, 217, 263, 334.

Bianor, 107.

Bistanes, 113, 180.

Bithynia, 77, 108.

Bithynian Thracians, 77.

Boeōtarchs, 28.

Boeōtia, 26, 30.

Bospŏrus, 277.

Bottiaea, 13, 98.

Boupares, 155.

Brachmans, 327, 343.

Branchĭdae, 148, 204.

Briso, 163.

Britain, 370.

Bromius, 268.

Browne, 144.

Bruttians, 152, 399.

Būbaces, 103.

Būcĕphala, 296, 316.

Būcĕphalas, 288, 296, 297.

Būmōdus, 156, 334.

Būsiris, 145.

Byblus, 115.

Cabul, 247.

Cadiz, 108, 118, 203, 309.

Cadmēa, 25, 27, 30, 33.

Cadmus, 117.

Cadūsians, 155, 161, 180.

Cæsar, 123, 278, 303, 395.

Caïcus, 275, 276.

Calanus, 149, 372-374, 405, 422.

Calas, 41, 44, 50, 51, 69, 84.

Callatis, 354.

Callicratidas, 190.

Callines, 389.

Callipolis, 88.

Callisthĕnes, 95, 101, 102, 146, 148, 222-232, 247, 421, 427.

Cambȳses, 140, 141, 226, 364.

Canōbus, 142, 420.

Caphtor, 110.

Cappadocia and Cappadocians, 2, 48, 84, 156, 161, 305, 308.

Caranus, 151, 197, 210, 214, 215, 217.

Carchēdōn, 313, 370.

Cardacĕs, 95.

Cardia, 305.

Cardūchi, 154, 172.

Caria and Carians, 58, 65, 66, 76, 88, 155, 161, 164, 186, 308, 318, 414.

Carim, 186.

Carmania, 344, 360-364, 387.

Carthage, 108, 116, 133, 309, 313, 370, 391, 399, 406.

Casdim, 172.

Caspian Gates, 179, 182, 308, 387.

Caspian Sea, 155, 161, 187, 199, 202, 234, 236, 274, 387, 400, 401.

Cassander, 19, 76, 88, 162, 242, 421.

Castor, 219.

Catanes, 246, 247.

Cathaeans, 301.

Cathaia, 319.

Catullus, 198.

Caucasus, 197-199, 202, 234, 247, 266-275, 284, 308, 387.

Caunus, 88.

Caÿster, 275, 276, 309.

Celaenae, 76.

Celts, 14, 18.

Cĕnaan, 107, 108.

Ceramīcus, 173.

Cercinītis Lake, 37.

Cĕrēth, 110.

Ceth, 109.

Chabor, 401.

Chaboras, 172.

Chaeronēa, 8, 144, 384.

Chalcedonians, 191.

Chalcis, 81.

Chaldaeans, 172, 401-403, 412.

Chandragupta, 275.

Chares, 35, 38, 102, 125, 144.

Charicles, 231.

Charidēmus, 35.

Chemi, 318.

Chenab, 298.

Chiddekel, 153.

Chios, 78, 109, 143, 144.

Choaspes, 172.

Choes, 249.

Chorasmians, 234, 273, 387.

Choriēnēs, 244-246.

Chrysippus, 88.

Cicero, 81, 84, 104, 232, 368, 401.

Cilicia, 85, 87, 88, 91, 104, 153, 173, 186, 197, 273, 391.

Cilician Gates, 84.

Cillūta, 347.

Cimōn, 72.

Citium, 109.

Cittim, 109.

Clazomĕnae, 407.

Cleander, 67, 75, 125, 163, 194, 361.

Clearchus, 39, 102, 152, 191, 227.

Cleomĕnes, 149, 415, 416, 420.

Cleōn, 224.

Cleopatra, 151, 152.

Cleophis, 256.

Clītarchus, 335.

Clītus, son of Bardylis, 18-25.

Clītus, son of Dropidas, 47, 162, 181, 195, 218-221, 232, 233, 235, 237, 248.

Cnĭdus, 88.

Coele-Syria, 110, 156, 158, 161, 308, 385.

Coenus, 24, 43, 67, 77, 95, 131, 133, 162, 169, 177, 182, 190, 235, 236-239, 250, 256, 257, 259, 280, 284, 291, 299, 300, 311-314, 318, 427.

Coeranus, 151, 164.

Colchians, 234, 394.

Colōnae, 40.

Comēdae Mountains, 202.

Companions, 23, _et passim_.

Cŏnōn, 224.

Cōphaeus, 259.

Cōphēn, 114, 189, 379.

Cōphēn River, 247, 265.

Corē, 118.

Corinth, 9, 49, 79, 110, 334.

Corus, 53.

Cōs, 88, 109, 144, 333.

Cossaeans, 398, 414.

Crateas, 363.

Cratĕrus, 43, 44, 95, 126, 162, 175-177, 183, 188, 193, 206-209, 231, 237, 239, 246, 247, 250, 251, 253, 259, 283, 284, 289, 293, 297, 300, 319, 321, 322, 324, 337, 341-344, 361, 375, 391.

Crētē and Cretans, 58, 98, 108, 110.

Crētheus, 354.

Critodēmus, 333.

Croesus, 402.

Ctēsias, 3, 271.

Cūnaxa, 94, 102, 165.

Cūrium, 129.

Curtius, 77, 85, 96, 102, 114, 116, 139, 165, 203, 204, 219, 232, 241, 258, 333, 335, 358, 361, 419, 424.

Cush, 272, 398.

Cўbĕlē, 275.

Cyclădĕs, 80, 108.

Cydnus, 85.

Cȳmē, 71.

Cyna, 19.

Cyprus and Cyprians, 55, 108, 109, 120, 125-129, 132, 150, 318.

Cȳrēnē, 198, 385.

Cyreschăta, 207.

Cyropolis, 206, 208, 209.

Cȳrus the Elder, 84, 178, 196, 207, 208, 227, 236, 272, 355, 364, 367, 369.

Cȳrus the Younger, 39, 71, 76, 85, 87, 102.

Cyrus, camp of, 84.

Cythnus, 81.

Daans, 161, 198, 199, 284.

Dacians, 14.

Daedălus, 409.

Dăhae, 161.

Damascus, 103, 104, 114, 242.

Dammasek, 103.

Dandamis, 371, 372.

Daniel, 172, 307.

Danube, 12, 15, 270.

Darīus, 41, 48, 53, 59, 69, 79, 80, 90-114, 120, 134, 135, 140, 152-171, 179-187, 201, 211, 220, 227, 243, 277, 334, 364, 375.

Dascўlium, 50.

Datămes, 80, 81.

Dataphernes, 200-202.

David, 110, 186.

Dēĭmăchus, 273.

Deinarchus, 113.

Delta, 270, 340, 343.

Delphi, 228.

Dēmādes, 34.

Dēmarātus, 47.

Dēmētrius, 76, 99, 162, 196, 228, 256, 284, 291, 300, 328, 335.

Dēmŏphōn, 420.

Dēmosthĕnēs, 35, 91, 113, 150, 175, 384, 416.

Dii, 10.

Dindўmēnē, 275.

Dīnocrătes, 143.

Diodōrus, 28, 37, 41, 44, 48, 61, 64, 102, 116, 204, 379, 391, 422, 424.

Diŏdŏtus, 3, 418, 427.

Diogĕnes, 79, 90, 371.

Diōn Cassius, 1.

Dionȳsiodōrus, 115.

Dionȳsius of Halicarnassus, 59, 139, 285.

Dionȳsus, 117, 218, 221-225, 265-269, 310, 321, 338, 362, 387, 408.

Diophantus, 150.

Dioscūri, 218.

Diotimus, 35.

Dium, 48.

Dnieper, 270.

Doloaspis, 148.

Domitian, 2.

Don, 202, 203, 274.

Donaldson, 361, 383, 396.

Dorians, 273.

Doxareus, 279.

Drangiana and Drangians, 183, 193, 196, 239, 341, 387.

Drapsaca, 199.

Dropides, 190.

Dryden, 179.

Drypetis, 375.

Dyrta, 263.

Dysōrum, Mount, 383.

Eastern Sea, 309, 400.

Ecbătăna, 179-181, 217, 312, 395, 396.

Egypt and Egyptians, 109, 118, 120, 135, 140-149, 158, 193, 266, 271, 276, 308, 317, 318, 385, 410, 416, 423.

Elaeūs, 37.

Elam, 364.

Ēlēans, 34, 77.

Elephantinē, 144.

Eleusis, 173.

Eleuthĕrae, 27.

Elimiōtis, 26.

Elymais, 364.

Embolima, 259.

England, 108.

Enўălius, 45, 282.

Enylus, 116, 124.

Eordaea, 26, 363.

Eordaicus River, 20.

Epamīnōndas, 32.

Epardus River, 216.

Ephĕsus, 51-53.

Ephialtes, 35, 64.

Ephippus, 149.

Epictētus, 1, 2.

Epidaurians, 397.

Epigŏni, 378, 382.

Epimĕnes, 230, 231.

Epimĕnĭdēs, 110.

Ēpīrus, 19, 119.

Epocillus, 180, 216, 239.

Eratosthĕnes, 3, 269, 273, 274.

Erĭgōn River, 20.

Erigyius, 151, 163, 181, 188, 189, 197.

Erythīa, 119.

Erythrae, 148.

Ethiopians, 272, 317, 369, 399.

Etruscans, 186, 399.

Etymander, 196, 216.

Euaspla River, 250.

Eubœa, 78, 81, 108, 181, 334.

Eudanĕmi, 173.

Eudēmus, 360.

Euergĕtae, 196, 216.

Eugnōstus, 149.

Eulaeus River, 107, 379, 380, 381.

Eumĕnes, 3, 43, 305, 375, 392, 397, 418, 427.

Euphrātes, 71, 91, 107, 134, 151, 153, 156, 274, 275, 277, 347, 369, 380, 381, 403, 406, 408, 411, 412, 422.

Eurīpĭdes, 401, 406.

Eurīpus, 81.

Europe, 14, 38, 119, 202, 203, 205, 270, 276, 370, 394, 426.

Eurybōtas, 29.

Eurylochus, 231.

Eurydĭcē, 151.

Eurymĕdōn, 72.

Eurystheus, 118, 119, 224.

Eusĕbius, 109.

Eustathius, 4, 395.

Euthycles, 114, 115.

Euxine Sea, 4, 15, 77, 94, 203, 234, 269, 313, 370, 400.

Evacae, 378.

Evius, 268.

Ewald, 149.

Fars, 364.

Frontinus, 358.

Ftah, 141, 142.

Gadeira, 203, 369.

Gadrosia, 196, 350-363, 374, 387.

Galatia, 84.

Ganges, 141, 270, 271, 274, 276, 281, 309, 317.

Gaugamēla, 156, 334.

Gauls, 14, 84, 399, 406.

Gaza, 110, 135-140, 206, 207.

Gebal, 116.

Gelo, 39.

Georgia, 155.

Geraestus, 78.

Gerostrătus, 111, 124.

Gerўŏnēs, 118, 119.

Gesenius, 117.

Getae, 14-17.

Gibbon, 217.

Gibraltar, Straits of, 118, 203, 309.

Gizeh, 141.

Glaucias, 19-25, 162, 396.

Glaucippus, 55.

Glaucus, 171.

Glauganicians, 297.

Glausians, 297.

Gordium, 76, 77, 82.

Gordius, 82.

Gordўaeans, 154.

Gorgias, 235, 248, 284.

Gorgons, 145.

Gough, 280.

Graikos, 308.

Granīcus, 41-49, 150, 220, 334.

Great Sea, 119, 270, 273, 274, 275, 309, 315, 317, 318, 347-349, 377, 385, 387, 400, 410.

Grecian Sea, 134, 266.

Greece, 81, 88, 93, 108, 112, 120, 142, 148, 173, 189, 234, 391, 394, 396, 406, 414, 420.

Greeks, _passim_.

Gronovius, 263.

Grote, 9, 16, 96, 103, 162, 375.

Gūraeans, 249, 253.

Gūraeus River, 253.

Hādrian, 1, 2.

Haemus, 10, 11.

Halicarnassus, 59-65, 69, 88, 109, 110, 186.

Hălys, 84.

Hamilcar, 399.

Hamley, 146.

Hannibal, 286.

Hanno, 309.

Hardinge, 280.

Harmŏdius, 173, 224, 406.

Harpălus, 151, 152, 181, 379, 392.

Hebrus, 37.

Hecataeus, 118, 275, 276.

Hecatomnus, 65.

Hector, 139.

Hēgelochus, 42, 80, 143, 144, 162.

Hēgĕmon, 296.

Hēgēsias, 139, 423.

Hēgēsistrătus, 53.

Hēliopolis, 141.

Hellanīcus, 62.

Hellēnes, 308, 383.

Hellespont, 36, 38, 234, 277, 307, 384, 396.

Heordaeans, see _Eordaea_.

Hēphaestion, 38, 85, 105, 106, 140, 169, 195, 228, 235, 236, 248, 249, 259, 264, 269, 284, 300, 315, 319, 321, 322, 324, 336, 344, 345, 348, 350-352, 363, 364, 375, 377, 379, 381, 391, 392, 395-397, 398, 402, 404, 415, 416.

Hēra, 119.

Heracles, son of Alexander, 242, 421.

Heracles or Hercules, 17, 38, 89, 104, 117-119, 121, 133, 134, 145, 150, 217, 224-227, 258, 263, 269, 310, 320, 394.

Hēracōn, 361, 362.

Hēraclīdes, 13, 162, 191, 400.

Hercules, Pillars of, 118, 203, 309, 391.

Hermolaüs, 230, 232.

Hermōtus, 40.

Hermus, 50, 275, 276.

Hērŏdŏtus, 14, 15, 58, 59, 108, 118, 141, 170, 202, 218, 226, 240, 244, 270, 271, 274-277, 286, 317, 358, 389, 392-394, 402, 413.

Hēromĕnes, 68.

Hērōŏpŏlis, 149, 410.

Hēropythus, 52.

Hērostrătus, 52.

Hēsychius, 95.

Hidrieus, 65, 66.

Hiĕro, 39, 409, 410.

Himalayas, 271.

Hindu-Koosh, 197, 202, 263.

Hindustan, 263.

Hipparchus, 224.

Hippias, 109, 224.

Hippocrătes, 88.

Hippolўtē, 394.

Hirtius, 400.

Histanes, 379.

Hodu, 263.

Homa, 265.

Homer, 39, 45, 56, 116, 121, 141, 167, 175, 205, 218, 260, 276, 285, 286, 291, 309, 318, 331, 391, 416.

Humboldt, 108.

Hydarnes, 379.

Hydaspes, 270, 271, 274, 279-288, 293, 297, 308, 316-324, 339, 374, 387.

Hydraōtes, 271, 274, 300, 301, 308, 315, 324, 326, 328, 336, 339, 387.

Hyparna, 67.

Hypaspists, 21, _et passim_.

Hyperīdes, 35.

Hyphăsis, 24, 271, 274, 306, 308, 309, 315, 339, 374, 387.

Hyrcania and Hyrcanians, 155, 161, 181, 185, 187, 188, 191, 199, 274, 297, 308, 309, 361, 387, 400.

Hyrcanian Sea, 202, 274, 308, 309, 400.

Hystaspes, 379.

Iacchus, 118, 268.

Iapygian Cape, 370.

Iassians, 58.

Iazygians, 14.

Ibērians, 118, 119, 399.

Icarian Sea, 409.

Icărus Isle, 409.

Ichthyŏphăgi, 354, 363.

Idaean Mountains, 40, 50.

Ilium, 37, 38.

Illyria and Illyrians, 9, 19, 93, 310, 383, 406.

India, 44, 247, 258-349, 355, 360, 400, 406, 408.

Indica, the, 3, 273, 277, 343.

Indians, 155, 156, 161, 164, 167, 168, 193, 197, 199, 234, 248-349, 370-373, 385.

Indian Gulf, 309.

Indus, 156, 193, 248, 258-281, 308, 317-320, 339-345, 364, 369, 374, 387.

Iolaüs, 27.

Iollas, 421.

Iōn, 308, 385, 425.

Ionian Gulf, 18.

Ionia and Ionians, 40, 53, 54, 186, 307, 363, 385.

Iphicrătes, 66, 115, 140.

Ipsus, 53, 76, 405.

Isis, 142, 420.

Ismēnias, 224.

Isocrates, 395.

Issus, 90-104, 140, 157, 243, 334.

Ister, 12-17, 270, 276, 277.

Isthmus, 334, 371.

Italy, 152, 399.

Ivica, 108.

Javan, 307, 385.

Jaxartes, 198, 202, 247, 274, 401.

Jelalabad, 265.

Jelum, 270.

Jerome, 109, 413.

Jerusalem, 135.

Josephus, 1, 91, 109, 124.

Julian, 85, 103, 106, 385.

Juliopolis, 76.

Jupiter Ammon, 144.

Justice, 222.

Justin, 9, 31, 103, 421.

Kem, 276.

Khorasan, 155, 191.

Krüger, 99, 143, 188, 244, 257, 263, 268, 278, 281, 283, 319, 356.

Labdacus, 118.

Lacedaemonians, 9, 26, 32, 49, 113, 115, 120, 150, 173, 190, 227, 272.

Ladē, 54, 56, 57.

Lahore, 280, 301.

Läīus, 118.

Lampsacus, 40.

Langarus, 19, 20.

Lanicē, 221.

Laŏmĕdon, 151.

Lebānon, 108, 111, 122, 125, 156, 308.

Lēnaeus, 268.

Leon, 119.

Leŏnnātus, 105, 149, 228, 245, 249, 252, 253, 330-334, 345, 348, 351, 363, 377.

Leōtychĭdes, 54.

Lesbos, 78, 108, 143, 144.

Leuctra, 32.

Leugē, 98.

Liber, 268.

Libya, 144, 145, 149, 203, 308, 309, 313, 369, 399, 426.

Līby-Phoenicians, 406.

Liddell and Scott, 127, 278.

Livy, 167, 210, 253, 349, 400, 424.

Lubim, 144.

Lūcanians, 152, 399.

Lūcian, 4, 6, 416, 427.

Lucullus, 71.

Lud, 186.

Lyaeus, 268.

Lўcia and Lycians, 67, 68, 80, 125, 151, 308.

Lўcidas, 148.

Lўcomēdes, 79.

Lўcūrgus, 35.

Lўcus River, 154, 169.

Lȳdia and Lydians, 40, 50, 51, 152, 186, 308, 385, 414.

Lyginus, 12.

Lysander, 57.

Lysanias, 12.

Lysias, 395.

Lȳsimăchus, 53, 76, 285, 305, 363, 373, 405.

Lysippus, 48.

Macedonia, 8, 9, 13, 18, 48, 49, 66, 77, 98, 112, 125, 162, 173, 174, 239, 253, 308, 310, 344, 383, 391, 405.

Macedonians, _passim_.

Madai, 239.

Maeander, 57, 275, 276.

Maeotis, Lake, 202, 203, 274, 370.

Magarsus, 89.

Magi, 366, 367, 389.

Magnesia, 58, 165.

Mahabunn Mount, 258, 259.

Malea, 78.

Mallians, 301, 322, 324-335, 338, 339.

Mallus, 89, 125.

Mandanis, 371.

Mantinēa, 32.

Maracanda, 202, 210, 213, 215, 235, 236.

Marathus, 111, 115.

Marcomanni, 14.

Mardians, 161, 164, 297.

Mareōtis, Lake, 142.

Mariamnē, 111.

Marian, Lake, 142.

Maritza, 37.

Marmarians, 67.

Marmarica, 145.

Marōnēa, 37.

Mars, 45.

Martial, 118.

Massaga, 254-256, 259.

Massăgĕtae, 2, 4, 236-238.

Mausōlus, 65.

Mavaces, 155.

Mazaces, 140, 141, 185.

Mazaeus, 152, 156, 168, 171, 239, 379, 404.

Mazarus, 173.

Mēdia and Medes, 91, 125, 155, 161, 171, 179, 180, 192, 194, 239, 272, 273, 308, 365, 374, 387, 393.

Mediterranean, 275, 276, 318, 369, 417.

Mēdius, 418-422.

Megalŏpŏlis, 173.

Megareus, 144.

Megăris, 152.

Megasthĕnes, 3, 4, 273, 274, 355, 372, 427.

Mĕlamnĭdas, 216.

Mĕlas River, 37.

Melĕāger, 17, 44, 59, 67, 77, 95, 162, 176, 235, 238, 248, 284, 344.

Melkarth, 117.

Mēlos, 32.

Memnōn, 41, 46, 51, 59, 64, 78, 79, 242.

Memphis, 141, 142, 148, 150, 405, 423.

Menander, 109, 124, 152, 414, 417.

Menedēmus, 210, 215.

Menelaüs, 276.

Mĕnēs, 104, 141, 173, 181, 217.

Menĭdas, 148, 164, 165, 169, 194, 239, 414, 420.

Meniscus, 112.

Mĕnōn, 110, 197.

Menoetius, 38.

Mĕnoph, 141.

Mentor, 51, 375.

Merŏēs, 295.

Mēros Mountain, 266, 268.

Mesopotamia, 153, 156, 161, 172, 308, 380, 385.

Metellus, 48.

Methymna, 78, 143.

Miccalus, 407.

Micōn, 394.

Midas, 82.

Milētus and Milesians, 53-58, 149, 204, 275, 354, 385.

Milyas, 67.

Minōs, 110, 224, 425.

Mithraustes, 156.

Mithridates, 47, 48.

Mithrines, 50, 171.

Mithrobaeus, 379.

Mithrobūzanes, 48.

Mitylēnē, 78, 79, 80, 144.

Mitsraim, 276.

Moeris, 344.

Moerocles, 35.

Monimus, 190.

Mooltan, 325.

Moph, 41.

Muses, 36.

Musicanus, 341-343.

Mycălē, 54-57, 273.

Mycēnae, 118.

Mylasa, 59, 61.

Myndus, 59, 60, 88.

Myriandrus, 90, 92.

Mȳsia, 275.

Nabarzanes, 182, 185, 188.

Naucrătis, 149.

Nautaca, 199, 239.

Nearchus, 3, 4, 151, 217, 263, 273, 319, 324, 336, 337, 348, 349, 355, 363, 364, 372, 374, 375, 377, 406, 410, 418, 419, 427.

Nebuchadnezzar, 117.

Necho, 108, 309.

Negropont, 81.

Neilos, 141.

Neiloxĕnus, 197.

Neoptolemus, 38, 61, 138, 226.

Nĕpos, 305.

Nērēids, 38, 320.

Nervii, 61.

Nessus River, 10.

Nīcaea, 247, 296, 316.

Nīcānōr, 16, 43, 54, 56, 95, 162, 184, 192, 247, 259.

Nīcĭas, 51.

Nīcomēdia, 1, 2.

Nīcŏpŏlis, 2.

Nīcostrătus, 104.

Nile, 24, 140, 141, 144, 149, 150, 203, 270, 276, 317, 318.

Nimrod, 411.

Niphātes, 40, 48.

Nisaean Plain, 373, 393.

Nomad Libyans, or Numidians, 203, 369.

Nonacris, 421.

Noph, 141.

Nȳsa, 265-268, 310, 319.

Ocean, 320.

Ōchus, 112, 113, 116, 375.

Ocondobates, 155.

Odrysians, 164.

Oedipūs, 118.

Olympias, 8, 68, 151, 152, 223, 318, 391, 392, 421.

Ōmares, 48.

Ombrion, 149.

Omphis, 247.

On, 141.

Onchēstus, 26.

Onēsicritus, 319, 365, 377, 410, 427.

Onomas, 190.

Opis, 381.

Ōra, 256-259, 351, 355, 363, 377.

Orbelus Mountain, 10.

Orchomĕnus, 34.

Ordanes, 361.

Orestis, 363.

Ōrītians, 350-352, 377, 387.

Ormuzd, 243.

Orobatis, 259.

Orontes, 156.

Orontobates, 64, 66, 88.

Orpheus, 36.

Orxines, 365, 367.

Oscius, 12.

Ossadians, 340.

Otanes, 155.

Ovid, 15, 41, 234.

Oxathres, 155, 180, 374.

Oxiana Palus, 401.

Oxodates, 182, 239.

Ōxus, 199, 200, 202, 234, 235, 247, 274, 358, 387, 401.

Oxyartes, 199, 239-245, 340, 341, 375, 379.

Oxycanus, 342.

Oxydracians, 301, 322, 333, 338.

Ozines, 361.

Paddan-Aram, 156, 308.

Paetica, 37.

Paeonians, 18, 43, 45, 93, 97, 154, 163, 165.

Palaetyrus, 119, 122.

Palestine, 110, 135, 136, 385.

Pallacŏpas River, 411, 412.

Pamphȳlia, 67, 71, 197, 273, 308.

Pandŏsia, 152.

Panegorus, 40.

Pangaean Mountain, 37, 383.

Pantaleōn, 148.

Pantordanus, 98.

Paphlagonia and Paphlagonians, 84, 305, 308.

Paraetacae, 180, 244, 246.

Paraetŏnium, 145.

Parălus, 125, 150.

Parapamisadae, 247, 269, 283, 340, 358.

Parapamisus, 197, 270, 271, 273.

Paras, 364.

Paravaea, 26.

Parmĕnio, 12, 37, 41-43, 50, 53, 54, 67, 69, 70, 76, 84, 86, 87, 95, 96, 104, 106, 114, 135, 157-159, 163, 168, 169, 176, 178, 181, 194-196, 232, 361.

Paron, 171.

Parthia and Parthians, 155, 161, 168, 181, 182, 185, 191, 197, 216, 273, 361, 378, 387.

Pasargădae, 178, 364-369, 372, 406.

Pasicrătes, 129.

Pasitigris, 174, 379.

Patala and Patalians, 343-345, 348, 349.

Patăra, 67.

Patrŏclus, 38, 402.

Paul, St., 110.

Pausanias, 8, 51, 68, 217.

Pausippus, 190.

Peithagŏras, 404, 405.

Peithōn son of Sosicles, 236, 237.

Peithon, son of Agenor, 236, 324-328, 341, 343, 344, 348, 420.

Peithon, son of Crateas, 236, 363.

Pelagon, 52.

Pelesheth and Pelishtim, 135.

Pelina, 26.

Pēlium, 20.

Pella, 8, 20, 148, 363.

Pelopidas, 224, 384.

Peloponnēsus, 9, 51, 67, 81, 96, 125, 150, 310, 384.

Pēlūsium, 140, 141, 148.

Pēneius, 216.

Pĕrath, 107.

Percōte, 40.

Perdiccas, 17, 20, 24, 28, 29, 43, 59, 61, 95, 162, 176, 235, 244, 248, 259, 264, 284, 285, 302, 325, 326, 329, 330, 333, 340, 363, 375, 405.

Perga and Pergaĕans, 70-73.

Perinthus, 112.

Peripolus, 125.

Periplūs, the, 4.

Peroedas, 98.

Persĕpŏlis, 178, 179, 195, 367, 369.

Perseus, 145, 230.

Persian Gates, 176.

Persian Sea or Gulf, 309, 347, 364, 369, 379, 380, 381, 400, 406, 410.

Persians, 42-58, _et passim_.

Persis, 155, 173, 174, 177, 178, 185, 308, 363-368, 372, 378, 414.

Petinēs, 40, 48.

Petisis, 148.

Peucē, 12, 270.

Peucela, 248.

Peucelaōtis, 248, 259.

Peucestas, 149, 330-335, 363, 367, 368, 377, 378, 414, 415, 417, 420.

Pharasmanes, 234.

Pharismanes, 361.

Pharnabāzus, 79-81, 109, 140-144, 189.

Pharnăcēs, 48.

Pharnuches, 210, 213, 214.

Phăros, 142, 416.

Pharsalians, 163.

Phasēlis, 68, 70.

Phasians, 394.

Philēmon, 88.

Philip, 259.

Philip of Macedon, 6-9, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27, 34, 36, 68, 112, 113, 151, 219, 229, 305, 383, 384.

Philip, son of Amyntas, 43.

Philip, son of Machatas, 17, 44, 279, 298, 319, 321, 324, 339, 340, 360.

Philip, son of Menelaüs, 44, 163, 192.

Philip, the Physician, 85, 86.

Philippi, 10, 12.

Philistines, 110, 135, 136.

Philotas, son of Carsis, 230.

Philōtas, son of Parmenio, 12, 13, 21, 24, 43, 57, 62, 86, 89, 162, 177, 193-196, 200, 224, 232, 252.

Philoxĕnus, 151, 172, 414, 417.

Phisinus, 144.

Phocians, 30, 384.

Phōcĭōn, 35.

Phoenicia and Phoenicians, 55, 81, 90, 107, 108, 111, 116, 118, 120, 125-127, 132, 136, 140, 150, 151, 153, 158, 173, 308, 309, 318, 352, 359, 391, 406, 407, 414.

Phōtius, 1, 4, 271, 392, 427.

Phradasmenes, 379.

Phrasaortes, 178, 364.

Phrataphernes, 155, 188, 197, 216, 239, 298, 362, 379.

Phrygia, 40, 44, 48, 65, 67, 73, 76, 77, 82, 105, 186, 308, 385.

Pieris, 36.

Pimprama, 301.

Pinăra, 67.

Pinărus, 92, 95, 104.

Pindar, 34, 39, 177, 309, 334.

Pisidia and Pisidians, 67, 68, 73-75.

Pixōdarus, 66.

Plataeae and Plataeans, 30, 32, 138.

Plato, 181, 286.

Plautus, 108.

Pleiades, 349, 411.

Pliny, 271, 272, 277, 313, 340, 349, 369, 422.

Plutarch, 3, 6, 27, 33-35, 37, 39, 49, 92, 94, 106, 137, 268, 305, 358, 372, 396, 417, 418, 421, 424.

Pnytagŏras, 126, 129.

Polemo, 148, 149, 195.

Polyaenus, 358.

Polybĭus, 95, 101, 102, 203, 231, 239, 346, 364.

Polydămas, 194.

Polydectēs, 145.

Polydeucēs or Pollux, 219.

Polydōrus, 118.

Polyeuctus, 35.

Polysperchōn, 104, 162, 228, 235, 242, 246, 253, 283, 324, 391, 421.

Polytimētus, 213, 216.

Pompeiopolis, 88.

Pompey, 115.

Porticanus, 342.

Porus, 280-306, 315, 318.

Poseidōn, 38, 145, 320, 347, 425.

Practius River, 40.

Prasĭas, Lake, 37.

Priam, 38.

Priāpus, 40.

Proëxes, 197.

Prŏmētheus, 269.

Propontis, 234.

Proteas, 81, 125.

Protĕsĭlāus, 37.

Protomăchus, 97.

Ptolemy the Geographer, 203, 401.

Ptolemy, son of Lagus, 3, 6, 13, 24, 28, 76, 88, 102, 103, 105, 146, 148, 151, 175, 193, 194, 196, 200-202, 209, 220, 231, 232, 235, 245, 249-253, 260, 261, 277, 288, 297, 299, 304, 305, 314, 319, 324, 332-337, 363, 373, 375, 394, 399, 405, 416, 421, 423, 427.

Ptolemy, son of Philip, 45.

Ptolemy, son of Seleucus, 66, 77, 100, 104.

Ptolemy, 63-65, 88, 95, 177, 216.

Ptolemy Philadelphus, 416.

Punjab, 249, 271.

Pūra, 355.

Purally, 349.

Pydna, 230.

Pȳrămus, 89.

Pyrrhus of Epirus, 19.

Pythagŏras, 317.

Pythodēmus, 8.

Quadi, 14.

Raamses, 149, 410.

Rai, 182.

Ras-al-Had, 410.

Ravi, 300.

Rawlinson, 87, 393, 413.

Rawson, 146.

Red Sea, 155, 161, 309, 400.

Reno, 277.

Rha, 203.

Rhadamanthus, 425.

Rhăgae, 182.

Rhambacia, 351.

Rhĕa, 173.

Rheomithres, 40, 103.

Rhine, 141, 277.

Rhodes, 94, 125, 335.

Rhoesaces, 47.

Rhone, 153, 286.

Richard I., 136.

Rome and Romans, 1, 2, 149, 230, 277, 278, 370, 399, 400, 420.

Roxāna, 242, 243, 340, 375, 421, 422.

Rumour, 333.

Sabaces, 103, 140.

Sabictas, 84.

Sacesinians, 155, 161.

Săcians, 155, 161, 387.

Sagalassus, 74.

Salaminia, 125, 150.

Salămis, 102, 150, 334, 399.

Salmacis, 65.

Salmus, 363.

Samarcand, 202.

Samaria, 91, 150, 364.

Sambus, 342.

Sămos, 57, 273.

Samothrace, 230.

Sanballat, 91.

Sandracotus, 273, 275.

Sangaeus, 248.

Sangala, 301-306.

Sangarius River, 77.

Sardanapālus, 87.

Sardinia, 108.

Sardīs, 50, 51, 67, 171.

Sarmatians, 14.

Sarra, 117.

Satibarzanes, 155, 191-193, 197.

Satraces, 212.

Satrapes, 247.

Sauromatians, 14.

Saxones, 387.

Schmieder, 296.

Schmitz, 426.

Scinde, 263.

Sciōne, 32.

Scythia and Scythians, 15, 155, 161, 164, 165, 180, 192, 196, 202, 205-214, 227, 233, 234, 237, 238, 272, 273, 284, 308, 309, 370, 399, 401.

Seleucidae, 285.

Seleucus, 53, 76, 107, 273, 285, 291, 375, 405, 414, 420.

Selgians, 74.

Sĕmĕlē, 117.

Semiramis, 66, 355.

Seneca, 118, 232.

Sennacherib, 140.

Serāpis, 420.

Seriphus, 145.

Sestus, 37.

Shalmaneser, 116, 117, 124.

Shat-el-Arab, 153, 369, 379.

Sheshach, 413.

Shichor, 141.

Shushan, 172.

Sibi, 324.

Sibyrtius, 275, 360.

Sicily, 108, 370.

Sidē, 71.

Sidon, 108, 111, 116, 124-127.

Sigēum, 38.

Sigon, 111.

Sigrium, 78.

Simmias, 162, 167, 195.

Sin, 140.

Sindhu, 263.

Sindimana, 342, 343.

Sinōpe and Sinopeans, 190, 371.

Sintenis, 209, 220, 257, 361.

Siphnus, 81, 109.

Sisicottus, 263, 298.

Sisinēs, 69, 379.

Sisygambis, 105, 167, 175.

Sitacenians, 156, 161.

Sitalces, 75, 87, 98, 164, 194, 361.

Siwah, 144.

Smerdis, 364.

Smyrna, 275, 407.

Sochi, 89.

Sōcrătes, 40, 43, 45.

Sogdian Rock, 239-241.

Sogdiana and Sogdianians, 155, 199-206, 215, 235-240, 284, 378.

Sogdians, 341.

Soli, 88-90, 104, 125, 410.

Solomon, 107.

Sŏlōn, 402.

Sopeithes, 319.

Sopolis, 13, 162, 239.

Sōstrătus, 230.

Spain, 108, 118.

Sparta, 32, 39.

Sphines, 372.

Spitaces, 294.

Spitamenes, 199-202, 209, 213-215, 236-239, 375.

Spithridates, 40, 47,48, 51.

Spŏrădĕs, 88, 409.

Stamenes, 239.

Stasanor, 200, 216, 239, 361, 362, 364.

Statira, 48, 135, 242, 243.

Stiboetis, 188.

Străbo, 15, 55, 78, 108, 139, 141, 202, 269, 274, 319, 356, 371, 393, 395, 402, 420.

Străto, 111, 116.

Strȳmon, 37.

Stymphaea, 26.

Styx, 421.

Suetonius Paulinus, 369.

Sulla, 420.

Sunium, 334.

Sūsa, 171-174, 182, 362, 372, 374, 377, 385, 387, 406.

Susia, 191.

Susiana and Susianians, 155, 161, 173, 174, 308, 363, 364, 379, 398.

Sutledj, 339.

Syennĕsis, 85.

Syllium, 72.

Syria Palaestinē, 135.

Syria and Syrians, 87, 91, 140, 152, 156, 173, 285, 308, 380, 407.

Syrian Gates, 87, 89, 91, 94.

Syrmus, 12,17.

Syrphax, 52.

Tacitus, 110.

Taenărum, 110.

Tanais, 198, 202, 203, 205, 209-211, 274, 308, 387.

Tapuria and Tapurians, 165, 161, 187, 188, 239, 414.

Tarentines, 152.

Tarshish, 118.

Tarsus, 85, 87, 89, 90.

Tartēssus, 118.

Taulantians, 19-22, 25.

Tauriscus, 151.

Tauron, 287, 291.

Taurus, 85, 151, 197, 273-275.

Taxĭla, 270, 279, 280, 371.

Taxiles, 247, 248, 270, 279, 280, 294, 298, 360, 372.

Tel-el-Kebir, 146.

Tēlĕphus, 354.

Telmissus, 36, 67, 82.

Tēmĕnus, 217.

Tempē, 216.

Tĕnĕdus, 80, 81, 143.

Tennes, 116.

Teredon, 411.

Terioltes, 341.

Termēssus, 73-75.

Thalestris, 394.

Thammuz, 116.

Thapsăcus, 71, 107, 151, 152, 406.

Thara, 183.

Thebes and Thebans, 25-34, 115, 221, 265, 310, 378, 384.

Theodectes, 68.

Theŏcrĭtus, 242.

Theophrastus, 232.

Thēra, 88, 198.

Thermopўlae, 26.

Thēro, 39.

Thersippus, 112.

Thēseus, 394, 425.

Thessaliscus, 114, 115.

Thessaly and Thessalians, 26, 43, 67, 68, 69, 77, 87, 96, 97, 101, 163, 169, 176, 180, 200, 310, 383, 391.

Thoas, 353, 360.

Thrace and Thracians, 9-12, 15, 44, 53, 54, 69, 71, 75, 87, 93, 98, 108, 112, 148, 164, 298, 310, 340, 383, 391, 406.

Thriambus, 362.

Thūcўdĭdēs, 12, 45, 55, 99, 295, 335.

Thymōndas, 80,107.

Tibarēnes, 118.

Tigrēs, 107, 153, 154, 156, 274, 277, 347, 364, 369, 380, 381, 401.

Timaeus, 153, 223.

Timagenes, 335.

Timander, 63.

Timolaüs, 25.

Tiphsach, 107.

Tīryns, 310.

Tirynthius, 310.

Tissaphernes, 191.

Tlēpolĕmus, 185, 360.

Tmōlus, Mount, 265.

Tobit, 182.

Trallēs, 52, 65.

Trapĕzūs, 394.

Trebizond, 234.

Triballians, 9-17, 310, 383.

Triopium, 88.

Tripolĭs, 107, 108.

Troezēn, 59.

Troy, 332.

Tsidon, 116.

Tsor, 117.

Tubal, 119.

Tylus Island, 409.

Tyndareus, 219.

Tyre, 108, 109, 116-138, 150, 255.

Tyriaspes, 247, 298, 340.

Tyrrhenians, 399.

Ulai, 379.

Urănus, 408.

Uxians, 155, 161, 174, 175, 297, 387, 398.

Vergil, 54, 167, 186, 310, 318, 401.

Vitellius, 71.

Winer, 413.

Xanthippus, 54.

Xanthus, 67.

Xathrians, 340.

Xenophōn, 1, 39, 42, 84, 93, 94, 96, 99, 102, 159, 191, 224, 225, 227, 244, 394, 425.

Xerxēs, 37, 102, 171, 173, 204, 226, 227, 277, 364, 396, 403, 406.

Yam-Suph, 155.

Yenikale, Straits of, 277.

Yĕor, 141.

Zab, 156, 169.

Zadracarta, 188, 191.

Zarangaeans, 193, 344, 361, 378.

Zariaspa, 206, 216, 236.

Zeleia, 41, 50.

Zeriaspes, 361.

Zeus, 36, 38, 51, 82, 89, 104, 145, 148, 219, 222, 243, 266, 371, 425.

Ziobetis, 188.

Zoroaster, 367.

Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Anabasis of Alexander, by Arrian of Nicomedia