part i
. 134.
[213] "Malabar and its Folk," Madras, 2nd ed., 133.
[214] Thula (scales), purusha (man), danam (gift).
[215] See Shungoony Menon, "History of Travancore," 1878, 58-72.
[216] Madras Diocesan Record, October, 1905.
[217] "Christianity and Caste," 1893.
[218] Rev. J. Cain, Madras Christian Coll. Mag., 1887-8, v. 358.
[219] In Southern India, turmeric (Curcuma) is commonly called saffron (Crocus).
[220] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 75.
[221] Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v., No. 3, 134.
[222] Ibid., 171.
[223] "An Indian Olio," 79-80.
[224] "Gazetteer of the Nilgiris," 1908, i. 340.
[225] "The Tinnevelly Shanars," 1849.
[226] Madras Dioc. Mag., March, 1903.
[227] Rev. J. Cain, "Ind. Ant.," 1879, viii. 219.
[228] "Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies,' translation by H. K. Beauchamp, 1897, i. 143.
[229] "Gazetteer of the Anantapur District," 1905, i. 198.
[230] "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 93.
[231] "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 92-3.
[232] "Goa and the Blue Mountains," 1851, 339.
[233] "Gazetteer of the Bellary District," 1904, i. 60.
[234] F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 307.
[235] "Malabar," 1887, i. 175.
[236] "Malabar," 1887, i. 175.
[237] M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 23.
[238] F. Fawcett, Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 260.
[239] "Manual of the Kurnool District," 1886, 116.
[240] Tennent, "Ceylon," 1860, i. 145.
[241] "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 292.
[242] Madras Mail, 26th January, 1906.
[243] Madras Museum Bull., 1900, iii., No. 1, 41.
[244] Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 195-6.
[245] Madras Dioc. Mag., July, 1905.
[246] Rev. A. C. Clayton, Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 86.
[247] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1890, xix., 56.
[248] Madras Christian Coll. Mag., January, 1907, vi. No. 7.
[249] Rev. A. C. Clayton, Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 66.
[250] "The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian," translation, 3rd ed., 1903, ii. 332.
[251] The pearl fisheries are conducted from Tuticorin in the Tinnevelly district.
[252] "Ceylon," 1860, ii. 564-5.
[253] "The Golden Bough," 1900, ii. 241 et seq. Bibliography of human sacrifice among the Kondhs, see Thurston, "Castes and Tribes of Southern India," 1909, iii. 412-5.
[254] "Selections from the Records of the Government of India," No. v., Suppression of human sacrifice and infanticide, 1854. The subject of Meriah sacrifice is also dealt with by F. E. Penny, in her novel entitled "Sacrifice," 1910.
[255] "Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan," 1864.
[256] "The People of India," 1908, 62.
[257] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 202.
[258] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 262-3.
[259] Madras Weekly Mail, 6th June, 1894.
[260] "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 359.
[261] Madras Christian Coll. Mag., 1887-88, v. 357.
[262] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 202.
[263] "Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies," translation by H. K. Beauchamp, 1897, i. 70-1.
[264] "Ind. Ant.," 1879, viii. 219.
[265] Infanticide, see Thurston, "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India," 1907, 502-9.
[266] Marshall, "A Phrenologist amongst the Todas," 1873, 195.
[267] Ellis, "History of Madagascar."
[268] "The Village Deities of Southern India," Madras Museum Bull., 1907, v. 3, 137, 186.
[269] "Gazetteer of Malabar," 1908, i. 132.
[270] "Mysore and Coorg Manual," 1878, iii. 265.
[271] The Kaniyans of the west coast are exorcisers.
[272] "Mysore and Coorg Manual," 1878, iii. 264-5.
[273] "Ind. Ant.," 1881, x. 366.
[274] Ibid., 1876, v. 22.
[275] "Ind. Ant.," 1878, vii. 177.
[276] "Gazetteer of the Anantapur District," 1905, i. 179.
[277] "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 284.
[278] Lieutenant-General F. F. Burton, "An Indian Olio," 307.
[279] "Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life," 1901, 72-3.
[280] "Manual of Medical Jurisprudence in India," 1870.
[281] Indian Review, May, 1900.
[282] "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," Madras, 1909, i. 77-81.
[283] "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," Madras, i. 176-7.
[284] "Malabar," 1887, i. 174.
[285] "Description of a Singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills," 1832, 83-4.
[286] "Madras Police Administration Report," 1900.
[287] "Manual of the Niligiri District," 1880, 212.
[288] "Madras Police Administration Report," 1904.
[289] Ibid., 1905-6.
[290] A. C. Haddon, "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions, ancient and modern), 1906, 51.
[291] See the articles devoted to these castes in my "Castes and Tribes of Southern India," 1909.
[292] B. Govinda Nambiar, Indian Review, May, 1900.
[293] M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 22.
[294] "Report of the Chemical Examiner, Madras," 1908, 5.
[295] Journ. and Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1905, i. No. 9.
[296] Rev. A. C. Clayton, Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 82.
[297] Cf. odi cult, 228-9.
[298] "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 22.
[299] Gloyer, Jeypore, Breklum, 1901.
[300] "Gazetteer of the Bellary District," 1904, i. 60.
[301] "Gazetteer of the South Arcot District," 1906, i. 93.
[302] "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 76.
[303] Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, ii. 1890, 282-5.
[304] Indian Review, May, 1900.
[305] Journ. Royal Asiat. Soc., 1884, xvi. 185-6.
[306] For a detailed account of demonolatry among the Shanans, I would refer the reader to the Rev. R. (afterwards Bishop) Caldwell's now scarce "Tinnevelly Shanans," 1849.
[307] Madras Museum Bull., 1900, iii., No. 1, 51.
[308] Madras Mail, 18th November, 1905.
[309] An example of so-called homoeopathic magic. See Haddon, "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions ancient and modern), 1906, 19-22.
[310] "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 22.
[311] Laccadiveans come to the Malabar coast in sailing-boats.
[312] Nature, 18th October, 1906.
[313] Madras Mail, 18th November, 1905.
[314] F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 317.
[315] Madras Mail, 19th November, 1897.
[316] In like manner, the chief mourner at the funeral among many castes, after breaking a water-pot at the graveside, retires without looking back.
[317] F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1900, iii., No. 1, 51.
[318] "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 103.
[319] F. Fawcett, Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 533-5.
[320] "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 87.
[321] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 73.
[322] L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 99.
[323] F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 247.
[324] M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant." 1881, x. 364.
[325] "Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life," 1901, 70-1.
[326] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 205.
[327] H. J. Stokes, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 355-6.
[328] L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes," 1909, i. 167.
[329] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 73.
[330] "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 358.
[331] Trial by Ordeal, see my "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India," 1907, 407-32.
[332] "Gazetteer of the Godavari District," 1907, i. 64.
[333] Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1887-8, v. 355.
[334] At times of census, the Konda Doras have returned themselves as Pandava kulam, or Pandava caste.
[335] "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 290-1.
[336] Some Pandarams are managers of Siva temples.
[337] "A Madura Missionary, John Eddy Chandler: a Sketch of his Life," Boston.
[338] A. C. Haddon, "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions ancient and modern), 1906, 40.
[339] For much of the note on Kaniyans I am indebted to Mr N. Subramani Iyer.
[340] "Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar," translation, Hakluyt Society, 1866, 139.
[341] "Journey through Mysore Canara, and Malabar," 1807, ii. 528.
[342] "Malabar," 1887, i. 140-1.
[343] The Kaniyan, when wanted in his professional capacity, presents himself with triple ash marks of Siva on his chest, arms, and forehead.
[344] "Gazetteer of Malabar," 1908, i. 130.
[345] C. Gopalan Nair, Malabar Series, "Wynad, its People and Traditions," 1911, 70-1.
[346] Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 273-4.
[347] "Birds of India," 1877, i. 216-7.
[348] The Dusserah or Dasara is also known as Sarasvati puja or Ayudha puja (worship of weapons or tools). See p. 174.
[349] Madras Weekly Mail, 8th August, 1907.
[350] "History of Railway Thieves," 1904.
[351] The Koravas are professional burglars.
[352] "Madras Census Report," 1901,