part 50

miles in breadth, its circumference being 325. It is 62 miles distant from the Vada Volaterrana[1497]. It contains thirty-two states, and two colonies, that of Mariana[1498], founded by C. Marius, and that of Aleria, founded by the Dictator Sylla. On this side of it is Oglasa[1499], and, at a distance of less than sixty miles from Corsica, Planaria[1500], so called from its appearance, being nearly level with the sea, and consequently treacherous to mariners.

We next have Urgo[1501], a larger island, and Capraria, which the Greeks have called Ægilion[1502]; then Igilium[1503] and Dianium[1504], which they have also called Artemisia, both of them opposite the coast of Cosa; also Barpana[1505], Mænaria, Columbaria, and Venaria. We then come to Ilva[1506] with its iron mines, an island 100 miles in circumference, 10 miles distant from Populonium, and called Æthalia by the Greeks: from it the island of Planasia[1507] is distant 28 miles. After these, beyond the mouths of the Tiber, and off the coast of Antium, we come to Astura[1508], then Palmaria and Sinonia, and, opposite to Formiæ, Pontiæ. In the Gulf of Puteoli are Pandateria[1509], and Prochyta, so called, not from the nurse of Æneas, but because it has been poured forth[1510] or detached from Ænaria[1511], an island which received its name from having been the anchorage of the fleet of Æneas, though called by Homer Inarime[1512]; it is also called Pithecusa, not, as many have fancied, on account of the multitudes of apes found there, but from its extensive manufactories of pottery. Between Pausilipum[1513] and Neapolis lies the island of Megaris[1514], and then, at a distance of eight miles from Surrentum, Capreæ[1515], famous for the castle of the emperor Tiberius: it is eleven miles in circumference.

CHAP. 13.—SARDINIA.

Leucothea comes next, and after it, but out of sight, as it lies upon the verge of the African Sea, Sardinia. It is situate somewhat less[1516] than eight miles from the nearest point of Corsica, and the Straits between them are even still more reduced by the small islands there situate, called the Cuniculariæ[1517], as also those of Phintonis[1518] and Fossæ, from which last the Straits themselves have obtained the name of Taphros[1519].

(7.) Sardinia extends, upon the east side, a distance of 188 miles, on the west 175, on the south 77, and on the north 125, being 565 miles in circumference. Its promontory of Caralis[1520] is distant from Africa 200, and from Gades 1400 miles. Off the promontory of Gordis[1521] it has two islands called the Isles of Hercules[1522], off that of Sulcis, the island of Enosis[1523], and off that of Caralis, Ficaria[1524]. Some writers place Beleris not far from it, as also Callodis, and the island known as Heras Lutra[1525].

The most celebrated peoples of this island are the Ilienses[1526], the Balari, and the Corsi; and among its eighteen towns, there are those of the Sulcitani[1527], the Valentini[1528], the Neapolitani[1529], the Bosenses[1530], the Caralitani[1531], who enjoy the rights of Roman citizens, and the Norenses[1532]. There is also one colony which is called Ad Turrim Libysonis[1533]. Timæus has called this island Sandaliotis, on account of the similarity of its shape to the sole of a shoe, while Myrtilus has given it the name of Ichnusa[1534], from its resemblance to the print of a footstep. Opposite to the Gulf of Pæstum is Leucasia[1535], so called from a Siren who is buried there; opposite to Velia are Pontia and Isacia, both known by one name, that of Œnotrides, a proof that Italy was formerly possessed by the Œnotrians. Opposite to Vibo are the little islands called Ithacesiæ[1536], from the watch-tower of Ulysses situate there.

CHAP. 14. (8.)—SICILY.

But more celebrated than all is Sicily, called Sicania by Thucydides, and by many writers Trinacria or Trinacia, from its triangular appearance. According to Agrippa it is 618[1537] miles in circumference. In former times it was a continuation of the territory of Bruttium, but, in consequence of the overflowing of the sea, became severed from it; thus forming a strait of 15 miles in length, and a mile and a half in width in the vicinity of the Pillar of Rhegium. It was from this circumstance of the land being severed asunder that the Greeks gave the name of Rhegium[1538] to the town situate on the Italian shore.

In these Straits is the rock of Scylla, as also Charybdis[1539], a whirlpool of the sea, both of them noted for their perils. Of this triangle, the promontory, which, as we have already[1540] mentioned, is called Pelorus, faces Scylla and juts out towards Italy, while Pachynum[1541] extends in the direction of Greece, Peloponnesus being at a distance from it of 440 miles, and Lilybæum[1542], towards Africa, being distant 180 miles from the promontory of Mercury[1543], and from that of Caralis in Sardinia 190. These promontories and sides are situate at the following distances from each other: by land it is 186 miles from Pelorus to Pachynum, from Pachynum to Lilybæum 200, and from Lilybæum to Pelorus 170[1544].

In this island there are five colonies and sixty-three cities or states. Leaving Pelorus and facing the Ionian Sea, we have the town of Messana[1545], whose inhabitants are also called Mamertini and enjoy the rights of Roman citizens; the promontory of Drepanum[1546], the colony of Tauromenium[1547], formerly called Naxos, the river Asines[1548], and Mount Ætna, wondrous for the flames which it emits by night. Its crater is twenty stadia in circumference, and from it red-hot cinders are thrown as far as Tauromenium and Catina, the noise being heard even at Maroneum[1549] and the Gemellian Hills. We then come to the three rocks of the Cyclopes[1550], the Port of Ulysses[1551], the colony of Catina[1552], and the rivers Symæthus[1553] and Terias; while more inland lie the Læstrygonian Plains.

To these rivers succeed the towns of Leontinum[1554] and Megaris, the river Pantagies[1555], the colony of Syracuse[1556], with the fountain of Arethusa[1557], (the people in the Syracusan territory drink too of the fountains of Temenitis[1558], Archidemia, Magæa, Cyane, and Milichie,) the port of Naustathmus[1559], the river Elorus, and the promontory of Pachynum. This side[1560] of Sicily begins with the river Hirminius[1561], then follow the town of Camarina[1562], the river Gelas[1563], and the town of Agragas[1564], which our people have named Agrigentum. We next come to the colony of Thermæ[1565], the rivers Achates[1566], Mazara, and Hypsa; the town of Selinus[1567], and then the Promontory of Lilybæum, which is succeeded by Drepana[1568], Mount Eryx[1569], the towns of Panhormus[1570], Solus[1571] and Himera[1572], with a river of the same name, Cephalœdis[1573], Aluntium[1574], Agathyrnum, the colony of Tyndaris[1575], the town of Mylæ[1576], and then Pelorus, the spot at which we began.

In the interior there are the following towns enjoying Latin privileges, those of the Centuripini[1577], the Netini[1578], and the Segestani[1579]; tributary towns are those of the Assorini[1580], the Ætnenses[1581], the Agyrini[1582], the Acestæi, the Acrenses[1583], the Bidini[1584], the Cetarini[1585], the Cacyrini[1586], the Drepanitani, the Ergetini[1587], the Echetlienses[1588], the Erycini[1589], the Entellini[1590], the Enini[1591], the Enguini[1592], the Gelani[1593], the Galatini[1594], the Halesini[1595], the Hennenses, the Hyblenses[1596], the Herbitenses[1597], the Herbessenses[1598], the Herbulenses, the Halicyenses[1599], the Hadranitani[1600], the Imacarenses, the Ipanenses, the Ietenses[1601], the Mytistratini[1602], the Magellini, the Murgentini[1603], the Mutycenses[1604], the Menanini[1605], the Naxii[1606], the Noæi[1607], the Petrini[1608], the Paropini[1609], the Phthinthienses[1610], the Semellitani, the Scherini, the Selinuntii[1611], the Symæthii, the Talarienses, the Tissinenses[1612], the Triocalini[1613], the Tyracinenses, and the Zanclæi[1614], a Messenian colony on the Straits of Sicily. Towards Africa, its islands are Gaulos[1615], Melita, 87 miles from Camerina, and 113 from Lilybæum, Cosyra[1616], Hieronnesos[1617], Cæne[1618], Galata[1619], Lopadusa, Æthusa, written by some Ægusa, Bucinna[1620], Osteodes[1621], distant from Soluntum 75 miles, and, opposite to Paropus, Ustica.

On this side of Sicily, facing the river Metaurus, at a distance of nearly 25[1622] miles from Italy, are the seven[1623] islands called the Æolian, as also the Liparæan islands; by the Greeks they are called the Hephæstiades, and by our writers the Vulcanian[1624] Isles; they are called “Æolian” because in the Trojan times Æolus was king there.

(9.) Lipara[1625], with a town whose inhabitants enjoy the rights of Roman citizens, is so called from Liparus, a former king who succeeded[1626] Æolus, it having been previously called Melogonis or Meligunis. It is 25 miles[1627] distant from Italy, and in circumference a little less. Between this island and Sicily we find another, the name of which was formerly Therasia, but now called Hiera, because it is sacred to Vulcan[1628]: it contains a hill which at night vomits forth flames. The third island is Strongyle[1629], lying one mile[1630] to the east of Lipara, over which Æolus reigned as well; it differs only from Lipara in the superior brilliancy of its flames. From the smoke of this volcano it is said that some of the inhabitants are able to predict three days beforehand what winds are about to blow; hence arose the notion that the winds are governed by Æolus. The fourth of these islands is Didyme[1631], smaller than Lipara, the fifth Ericusa, the sixth Phœnicusa, left to be a pasture-ground for the cattle of the neighbouring islands, and the last and smallest Euonymos. Thus much as to the first great Gulf of Europe.

CHAP. 15. (10.)—MAGNA GRÆCIA, BEGINNING AT LOCRI.

At Locri begins the fore-part of Italy, called Magna Græcia, whose coast falls back in three bays[1632] formed by the Ausonian sea, so called from the Ausones, who were the first inhabitants of the country. According to Varro it is 86 miles in extent; but most writers have made it only 75. Along this coast there are rivers innumerable, but we shall mention those only that are worthy of remark. After leaving Locri we come to the Sagra[1633], and the ruins of the town of Caulon, Mystiæ[1634], Consilinum Castrum[1635], Cocinthum[1636], in the opinion of some, the longest headland of Italy, and then the Gulf of Scylacium[1637], and Scylacium[1638] itself, which was called by the Athenians, when they founded it, Scylletium. This part of Italy is nearly a peninsula, in consequence of the Gulf of Terinæum[1639] running up into it on the other side; in it there is a harbour called Castra Hannibalis[1640]: in no part is Italy narrower than here, it being but twenty miles across. For this reason the Elder Dionysius entertained the idea of severing[1641] this portion from the main-land of Italy at this spot, and adding it to Sicily. The navigable rivers in this district are the Carcines[1642], the Crotalus, the Semirus, the Arocas, and the Targines. In the interior is the town of Petilia[1643], and there are besides, Mount Clibanus[1644], the promontory of Lacinium, in front of which lies the island of Dioscoron[1645], ten miles from the main-land, and another called the Isle of Calypso, which Homer is supposed to refer to under the name of Ogygia; as also the islands of Tiris, Eranusa, and Meloessa. According to Agrippa, the promontory of Lacinium[1646] is seventy miles from Caulon.

(11.) At the promontory of Lacinium begins the second Gulf of Europe, the bend of which forms an arc of great depth, and terminates at Acroceraunium, a promontory of Epirus, from which it is distant[1647] seventy-five miles. We first come to the town of Croton[1648], and then the river Neæthus[1649], and the town of Thurii[1650], situate between the two rivers Crathis and Sybaris, upon the latter of which there was once a city[1651] of the same name. In a similar manner Heraclia[1652], sometimes called Siris, lies between the river of that name and the Aciris. We next come to the rivers Acalandrus and Casuentum[1653], and the town of Metapontum[1654], with which the third region of Italy terminates. In the interior of Bruttium, the Aprustani[1655] are the only people; but in Lucania we find the Atinates, the Bantini, the Eburini[1656], the Grumentini, the Potentini, the Sontini[1657], the Sirini, the Tergilani, the Ursentini, and the Volcentani[1658], whom the Numestrani join. Besides these, we learn from Cato[1659] that Thebes in Lucania has disappeared, and Theopompus informs us that there was formerly a city of the Lucani called Pandosia[1660], at which Alexander, the king of Epirus, died.

CHAP. 16.—THE SECOND REGION OF ITALY.

Adjoining to this district is the second region of Italy, which embraces the Hirpini, Calabria, Apulia, and the Salentini, extending a distance of 250 miles along the Gulf of Tarentum, which receives its name from a town of the Laconians so called, situate at the bottom of the Gulf, to which was annexed the maritime colony which had previously settled there. Tarentum[1661] is distant from the promontory of Lacinium 136 miles, and throws out the territory of Calabria opposite to it in the form of a peninsula. The Greeks called this territory Messapia, from their leader[1662]; before which it was called Peucetia, from Peucetius[1663], the brother of Œnotrius, and was comprised in the territory of Salentinum. Between the two promontories[1664] there is a distance of 100 miles. The breadth across the peninsula from Tarentum[1665] to Brundusium by land is 35 miles, considerably less if measured from the port of Sasina[1666]. The towns inland from Tarentum are Varia[1667] surnamed Apulia, Messapia, and Aletium[1668]; on the coast, Senum, and Callipolis[1669], now known as Anxa, 75 miles from Tarentum. Thence, at a distance of 32 miles, is the Promontory of Acra Iapygia[1670], at which point Italy projects the greatest distance into the sea. At a distance of 19 miles from this point is the town of Basta[1671], and then Hydruntum[1672], the spot at which the Ionian is separated from the Adriatic sea, and from which the distance across to Greece is the shortest. The town of the Apolloniates[1673] lies opposite to it, and the breadth of the arm of the sea which runs between is not more than fifty miles. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, was the first who entertained the notion of uniting these two points and making a passage on foot, by throwing a bridge across, and after him M. Varro[1674], when commanding the fleet of Pompey in the war against the Pirates. Other cares however prevented either of them from accomplishing this design. Passing Hydruntum, we come to the deserted site of Soletum[1675], then Fratuertium, the Portus Tarentinus, the haven of Miltopa, Lupia[1676], Balesium[1677], Cælia[1678], and then Brundusium[1679], fifty miles from Hydruntum. This last place is one of the most famous ports of Italy, and, although more distant, affords by far the safest passage across to Greece, the place of disembarkation being Dyrrachium, a city of Illyria; the distance across is 225 miles.

Adjoining Brundusium is the territory of the Pediculi[1680]; nine youths and as many maidens, natives of Illyria, became the parents of sixteen nations. The towns of the Pediculi are Rudiæ[1681], Egnatia[1682], and Barium[1683]; their rivers are the Iapyx (so called from the son of Dædalus, who was king there, and who gave it the name of Iapygia), the Pactius[1684], and the Aufidus, which rises in the Hirpinian mountains and flows past Canusium[1685].

At this point begins Apulia, surnamed the Daunian, from the Daunii, who take their name from a former chief, the father-in-law of Diomedes. In this territory are the towns of Salapia[1686], famous for Hannibal’s amour with a courtezan, Sipontum[1687], Uria, the river Cerbalus[1688], forming the boundary of the Daunii, the port of Agasus[1689], and the Promontory of Mount Garganus[1690], distant from the Promontory of Salentinum or Iapygia 234 miles. Making the circuit of Garganus, we come to the port of Garna[1691], the Lake Pantanus[1692], the river Frento, the mouth of which forms a harbour, Teanum of the Apuli[1693], and Larinum, Cliternia[1694], and the river Tifernus, at which the district of the Frentani[1695] begins. Thus there were three different nations of the Apulians, [the Daunii,] the Teani, so called from their leader, and who sprang from the Greeks, and the Lucani, who were subdued by Calchas[1696], and whose country is now possessed by the Atinates. Besides those already mentioned, there are, of the Daunii, the colonies of Luceria[1697] and Venusia[1698], the towns of Canusium[1699] and Arpi, formerly called Argos Hippium[1700] and founded by Diomedes, afterwards called Argyrippa. Here too Diomedes destroyed the nations of the Monadi and the Dardi, and the two cities of Apina and Trica[1701], whose names have passed into a by-word and a proverb.

Besides the above, there is in the interior of the second region one colony of the Hirpini, Beneventum[1702], so called by an exchange of a more auspicious name for its old one of Maleventum; also the Æculani[1703], the Aquilonii[1704], the Abellinates surnamed Protropi, the Compsani, the Caudini, the Ligures, both those called the Corneliani and Bebiani, the Vescellani, the Æclani, the Aletrini, the Abellinates[1705] surnamed Marsi, the Atrani, the Æcani[1706], the Alfellani[1707], the Atinates[1708], the Arpani, the Borcani, the Collatini, the Corinenses, the Cannenses[1709], rendered famous by the defeat of the Romans, the Dirini, the Forentani[1710], the Genusini[1711], the Herdonienses, the Hyrini[1712], the Larinates surnamed Frentani[1713], the Merinates[1714] of Garganus, the Mateolani, the Netini[1715], the Rubustini[1716], the Silvini[1717], the Strapellini[1718], the Turmentini, the Vibinates[1719], the Venusini, and the Ulurtini. In the interior of Calabria there are the Ægetini, the Apamestini[1720], the Argentini, the Butuntinenses[1721], the Deciani, the Grumbestini, the Norbanenses, the Palionenses, the Sturnini[1722], and the Tutini: there are also the following Salentine nations; the Aletini[1723], the Basterbini[1724], the Neretini, the Uxentini, and the Veretini[1725].

CHAP. 17. (12.)—THE FOURTH REGION OF ITALY.

We now come to the fourth region, which includes the most valiant probably of all the nations of Italy. Upon the coast, in the territory of the Frentani[1726], after the river Tifernus, we find the river Trinium[1727], with a good harbour at its mouth, the towns of Histonium[1728], Buca[1729], and Ortona, and the river Aternus[1730]. In the interior are the Anxani surnamed Frentani, the Higher and Lower Carentini[1731], and the Lanuenses; in the territory of the Marrucini, the Teatini[1732]; in that of the Peligni, the Corfinienses[1733], the Superæquani[1734], and the Sulmonenses[1735]; in that of the Marsi, the Anxantini[1736], the Atinates[1737], the Fucentes[1738], the Lucenses[1739], and the Marruvini[1740]; in that of the Albenses, the town of Alba on Lake Fucinus; in that of the Æquiculani, the Cliternini[1741], and the Carseolani[1742]; in that of the Vestini, the Angulani[1743], the Pinnenses, and the Peltuinates, adjoining to whom are the Aufinates[1744] Cismontani; in that of the Samnites, who have been called Sabelli[1745], and whom the Greeks have called Saunitæ, the colony of old Bovianum[1746], and that of the Undecumani, the Aufidenates[1747], the Esernini[1748], the Fagifulani, the Ficolenses[1749], the Sæpinates[1750], and the Tereventinates; in that of the Sabini, the Amiternini[1751], the Curenses[1752], Forum Decî[1753], Forum Novum, the Fidenates, the Interamnates[1754], the Nursini[1755], the Nomentani[1756], the Reatini[1757], the Trebulani, both those called Mutusci[1758] and those called Suffenates[1759], the Tiburtes, and the Tarinates.

In these districts, the Comini[1760], the Tadiates, the Cædici, and the Alfaterni, tribes of the Æquiculi, have disappeared. From Gellianus we learn that Archippe[1761], a town of the Marsi, built by Marsyas, a chieftain of the Lydians, has been swallowed up by Lake Fucinus, and Valerianus informs us that the town of the Viticini in Picenum was destroyed by the Romans. The Sabini (called, according to some writers, from their attention to religious[1762] observances and the worship of the gods, Sevini) dwell on the dew-clad hills in the vicinity of the Lakes of the Velinus[1763]. The Nar, with its sulphureous waters, exhausts these lakes, and, descending from Mount Fiscellus[1764], unites with them near the groves of Vacuna[1765] and Reate, and then directs its course towards the Tiber, into which it discharges itself. Again, in another direction, the Anio[1766], taking its rise in the mountain of the Trebani, carries into the Tiber the waters of three lakes remarkable for their picturesque beauty, and to which Sublaqueum[1767] is indebted for its name. In the territory of Reate is the Lake of Cutiliæ[1768], in which there is a floating island, and which, according to M. Varro, is the navel or central point of Italy. Below the Sabine territory lies that of Latium, on one side Picenum, and behind it Umbria, while the range of the Apennines flanks it on either side.

CHAP. 18. (13.)—THE FIFTH REGION OF ITALY.

The fifth region is that of Picenum, once remarkable for the denseness of its population; 360,000 Picentines took the oaths of fidelity to the Roman people. They are descended from the Sabines, who had made a vow to celebrate a holy spring[1769]. Their territory commenced at the river Aternus[1770], where the present district and colony of Adria[1771] is, at a distance of six miles from the sea. Here we find the river Vomanus, the territories of Prætutia and Palma[1772], Castrum Novum[1773], the river Batinus; Truentum[1774], with its river of the same name, which place is the only remnant of the Liburni[1775] in Italy; the river Albula[1776]; Tervium, at which the Prætutian district ends, and that of Picenum begins; the town of Cupra[1777], Castellum Firmanorum[1778], and above it the colony of Asculum[1779], the most illustrious in Picenum; in the interior there is the town of Novana[1780]. Upon the coast we have Cluana[1781], Potentia, Numana, founded by the Siculi, and Ancona[1782], a colony founded by the same people on the Promontory of Cumerus, forming an elbow of the coast, where it begins to bend inwards, and distant from Garganus 183 miles. In the interior are the Auximates[1783], the Beregrani[1784], the Cingulani, the Cuprenses surnamed Montani[1785], the Falarienses[1786], the Pausulani, the Planinenses, the Ricinenses, the Septempedani[1787], the Tollentinates, the Treienses, and the Pollentini of Urbs Salvia[1788].

CHAP. 19. (14.)—THE SIXTH REGION OF ITALY.

Adjoining to this is the sixth region, which includes Umbria and the Gallic territory in the vicinity of Ariminum. At Ancona begins the coast of that part of Gaul known as Gallia Togata[1789]. The Siculi and the Liburni possessed the greater part of this district, and more

## particularly the territories of Palma, of Prætutia, and of Adria. These

were expelled by the Umbri, these again by the Etrurians, and these in their turn by the Gauls. The Umbri are thought to have been the most ancient race in Italy, it being supposed that they were called “Ombrii” by the Greeks, from the fact of their having survived the rains[1790] which had inundated the earth. We read that 300 of their towns were conquered by the Tusci; at the present day we find on their coast the river Æsis[1791], Senogallia[1792], the river Metaurus, the colonies of Fanum Fortunæ[1793] and Pisaurum[1794], with a river of the same name; and, in the interior, those of Hispellum[1795] and Tuder.

Besides the above, there are the Amerini[1796], the Attidiates[1797], the Asisinates[1798], the Arnates[1799], the Æsinates[1800], the Camertes[1801], the Casuentillani, the Carsulani[1802], the Dolates surnamed Salentini, the Fulginiates[1803], the Foroflaminienses[1804], the Forojulienses surnamed Concupienses, the Forobrentani, the Forosempronienses[1805], the Iguvini[1806], the Interamnates surnamed Nartes, the Mevanates[1807], the Mevanionenses, the Matilicates[1808], the Narnienses[1809], whose town used formerly to be called Nequinum; the Nucerini[1810], both those surnamed Favonienses and those called Camellani; the Ocriculani[1811], the Ostrani[1812], the Pitulani, both those surnamed Pisuertes and the others called Mergentini; the Plestini[1813], the Sentinates[1814], the Sarsinates[1815], the Spoletini[1816], the Suasini[1817], the Sestinates[1818], the Suillates[1819], the Tadinates[1820], the Trebiates[1821], the Tuficani[1822], the Tifernates[1823] surnamed Tiberini, and the others called Metaurenses, the Vesinicates, the Urbinates, both those surnamed Metaurenses[1824] and the others called Hortenses, the Vettonenses[1825], the Vindinates, and the Viventani. In this district there exist no longer the Feliginates who possessed Clusiolum above Interamna, and the Sarranates, with their towns of Acerræ[1826], surnamed Vafriæ, and Turocelum, also called Vettiolum; as also the Solinates, the Curiates, the Fallienates, and the Apiennates. The Arienates also have disappeared with the town of Crinovolum, as well as the Usidicani, the Plangenses, the Pæsinates, and the Cælestini. Cato writes that Ameria above-mentioned was founded 964 years before the war with Perseus.

CHAP. 20. (15.)—THE EIGHTH REGION OF ITALY; THE PADUS.

The eighth region is bounded by Ariminum, the Padus, and the Apennines. Upon the coast we have the river Crustumium[1827], and the colony of Ariminum[1828], with the rivers Ariminus and Aprusa. Next comes the river Rubico[1829], once the boundary of Italy, and after it the Sapis[1830], the Vitis, and the Anemo, and then, Ravenna, a town of the Sabines[1831], with the river Bedesis, 105 miles from Ancona; and, not far from the sea, Butrium[1832], a town of the Umbri. In the interior there are the colonies of Bononia[1833], formerly called Felsina, when it was the chief place of Etruria[1834], Brixillum[1835], Mutina[1836], Parma[1837], and Placentia[1838]. There are also the towns of Cæsena[1839], Claterna, Forum Clodî[1840], Forum Livî, Forum Popilî, Forum Truentinorum[1841], Forum Cornelî, Forum Licinî, the Faventini[1842], the Fidentini[1843], the Otesini, the Padinates[1844], the Regienses[1845], who take their name from Lepidus, the Solonates[1846], the Saltus Galliani[1847], surnamed Aquinates, the Tannetani[1848], the Veliates[1849], who were anciently surnamed Regiates, and the Urbanates[1850]. In this district the Boii[1851] have disappeared, of whom there were 112 tribes according to Cato; as also the Senones, who captured Rome.

(16.) The Padus[1852] descends from the bosom of Mount Vesulus, one of the most elevated points of the chain of the Alps, in the territories of the Ligurian Vagienni[1853], and rises at its source in a manner that well merits an inspection by the curious; after which it hides itself in a subterranean channel until it rises again in the country of the Forovibienses. It is inferior in fame to none whatever among the rivers, being known to the Greeks as the Eridanus and famous as the scene of the punishment of Phaëton[1854]. At the rising of the Dog-star it is swollen by the melted snows; but, though it proves more furious in its course to the adjoining fields than to the vessels that are upon it, still it takes care to carry away no portion of its banks, and when it recedes, renders them additionally fertile. Its length from its source is 300 miles, to which we must add eighty-eight for its sinuosities; and it receives from the Apennines and Alps not only several navigable rivers, but immense lakes as well, which discharge themselves into its waters, thus conveying altogether as many as thirty streams into the Adriatic Sea.

Of these the best known are the following—flowing from the range of the Apennines, the Jactus, the Tanarus[1855], the Trebia which passes Placentia, the Tarus, the Incia, the Gabellus, the Scultenna, and the Rhenus: from the chain of the Alps, the Stura[1856], the Orgus, the two Duriæ, the Sessites, the Ticinus, the Lambrus, the Addua, the Ollius, and the Mincius. There is no river known to receive a larger increase than this in so short a space; so much so indeed that it is impelled onwards by this vast body of water, and, invading the land[1857], forms deep channels in its course: hence it is that, although a portion of its stream is drawn off by rivers and canals between Ravenna and Altinum, for a space of 120 miles, still, at the spot where it discharges the vast body of its waters, it is said to form seven seas.

By the Augustan Canal the Padus is carried to Ravenna, at which place it is called the Padusa[1858], having formerly borne the name of Messanicus. The nearest mouth to this spot forms the extensive port known as that of Vatrenus, where Claudius Cæsar[1859], on his triumph over the Britons, entered the Adriatic in a vessel that deserved rather the name of a vast palace than a ship. This mouth, which was formerly called by some the Eridanian, has been by others styled the Spinetic mouth, from the city of Spina, a very powerful place which formerly stood in the vicinity, if we may form a conclusion from the amount of its treasure deposited at Delphi; it was founded by Diomedes. At this spot the river Vatrenus[1860], which flows from the territory of Forum Cornelî, swells the waters of the Padus.

The next mouth to this is that of Caprasia[1861], then that of Sagis, and then Volane, formerly called Olane; all of which are situate upon the Flavian Canal[1862], which the Tuscans formerly made from Sagis, thus drawing the impetuous stream of the river across into the marshes of the Atriani, which they call the Seven Seas; and upon which is the noble port of Atria[1863], a city of the Tuscans, from which place the sea was formerly called the Atriatic, though now the Adriatic.

We next come to the overflowing mouths of Carbonaria, and the Fosses of Philistina[1864], by some called Tartarus[1865], all of which originate in the overflow of the waters in the Philistinian Canal, swollen by the streams of the Atesis, descending from the Tridentine Alps, and of the Togisonus[1866], flowing from the territory of the Patavini. A portion of them also forms the adjoining port of Brundulum[1867], in the same manner as Edron[1868] is formed by the two rivers Meduacus and the Clodian Canal. With the waters of these streams the Padus unites, and with them discharges itself into the sea, forming, according to most writers, between the Alps and the sea-shore a triangular figure, 2000 stadia in circumference, not unlike the Delta formed by the Nile in Egypt. I feel somewhat ashamed to have to borrow from the Greeks any statement in reference to Italy; Metrodorus of Scepsos, however, informs us that this river has obtained its name of Padus from the fact, that about its source there are great numbers of pine-trees, which in the Gallic language are called “padi.” In the tongue of the Ligurians this river is called “Bodincus,” which signifies “the bottomless.” This derivation is in some measure supported by the fact that near this river there is the town of Industria[1869], of which the ancient name was Bodincomagum, and where the river begins to be of greater depth than in other parts.

CHAP. 21. (17.)—THE ELEVENTH REGION OF ITALY; ITALIA TRANSPADANA.

From the river Padus the eleventh region receives its name of Transpadana; to which, situate as it is wholly in the interior, the river, by its bounteous channel, conveys the gifts of all the seas. The towns are Vibî Forum[1870] and Segusio; and, at the foot of the Alps, the colony of Augusta Taurinorum[1871], at which place the Padus becomes navigable, and which was founded by the ancient race of the Ligurians, and of Augusta Prætoria[1872] of the Salassi, near the two passes of the Alps, the Grecian[1873] and the Penine (by the latter it is said that the Carthaginians passed into Italy, by the Grecian, Hercules)—the town of Eporedia[1874], the foundation of which by the Roman people was enjoined by the Sibylline books; the Gauls call tamers of horses by the name of “Eporediæ”—Vercellæ[1875], the town of the Libici, derived its origin from the Salluvii, and Novaria[1876], founded by the Vertacomacori, is at the present day a district of the Vocontii, and not, as Cato supposes, of the Ligurians; of whom two nations, called the Lævi and the Marici, founded Ticinum[1877], not far from the Padus, as the Boii, descended from the Transalpine nations, have founded Laus Pompeia[1878] and the Insubres Mediolanum[1879].

From Cato we also learn that Comum, Bergomum[1880], and Licinîforum[1881], and some other peoples in the vicinity, originated with the Orobii, but he admits that he is ignorant as to the origin of that nation. Cornelius Alexander however informs us that they came from Greece, interpreting their name as meaning “those who live upon the mountains[1882].” In this district, Parra has disappeared, a town of the Orobii, from whom, according to Cato, the people of Bergomum are descended; its site even yet shows that it was situate in a position more elevated than fruitful[1883]. The Caturiges have also perished, an exiled race of the Insubres, as also Spina previously mentioned; Melpum too, a place distinguished for its opulence, which, as we are informed by Cornelius Nepos, was destroyed by the Insubres, the Boii, and the Senones, on the very day on which Camillus took Veii.

CHAP. 22. (18.)—THE TENTH REGION OF ITALY.

We now come to the tenth region of Italy, situate on the Adriatic Sea. In this district are Venetia[1884], the river Silis[1885], rising in the Tarvisanian[1886] mountains, the town of Altinum[1887], the river Liquentia rising in the mountains of Opitergium[1888], and a port with the same name, the colony of Concordia[1889]; the rivers and harbours of Romatinum[1890], the greater and less Tiliaventum[1891], the Anaxum[1892], into which the Varamus flows, the Alsa[1893], and the Natiso with the Turrus, which flow past the colony of Aquileia[1894] at a distance of fifteen miles from the sea. This is the country of the Carni[1895], and adjoining to it is that of the Iapydes, the river Timavus[1896], the fortress of Pucinum[1897], famous for its wines, the Gulf of Tergeste[1898], and the colony of that name, thirty-three miles from Aquileia. Six miles beyond this place lies the river Formio[1899], 189 miles distant from Ravenna, the ancient boundary[1900] of enlarged Italy, and now the frontier of Istria. That this region takes its name from the river Ister which flows from the Danube, also called the Ister, into the Adriatic opposite the mouth of the Padus, and that the sea which lies between them is rendered fresh by their waters running from opposite directions, has been erroneously asserted by many, and among them by Nepos even, who dwelt upon the banks of the Padus. For it is the fact that no river which runs from the Danube discharges itself into the Adriatic. They have been misled, I think, by the circumstance that the ship Argo came down some river into the Adriatic sea, not far from Tergeste; but what river that was is now unknown. The most careful writers say that the ship was carried across the Alps on men’s shoulders, having passed along the Ister, then along the Savus, and so from Nauportus[1901], which place, lying between Æmona[1902] and the Alps, from that circumstance derives its name.

CHAP. 23. (19.)—ISTRIA, ITS PEOPLE AND LOCALITY.

Istria projects in the form of a peninsula. Some writers have stated its length to be forty miles, and its circumference 125; and the same as to Liburnia which adjoins it, and the Flanatic Gulf[1903], while others make it 225[1904]; others again make the circumference of Liburnia 180 miles. Some persons too extend Iapydia, at the back of Istria, as far as the Flanatic Gulf, a distance of 130 miles, thus making Liburnia but 150 miles. Tuditanus[1905], who subdued the Istri, had this inscription on his statue which was erected there: “From Aquileia to the river Titus is a distance of 1000 stadia.”

The towns of Istria with the rights of Roman citizens are Ægida[1906], Parentium, and the colony of Pola[1907], now Pietas Julia, formerly founded by the Colchians, and distant from Tergeste 100 miles: after which we come to the town of Nesactium[1908], and the river Arsia, now[1909] the boundary of Italy. The distance across from Ancona to Pola is 120 miles. In the interior of the tenth region are the colonies of Cremona, Brixia in the territory of the Cenomanni[1910], Ateste[1911] belonging to the Veneti, and the towns of Acelum[1912], Patavium[1913], Opitergium, Belunum[1914], and Vicetia; with Mantua[1915], the only city of the Tuscans now left beyond the Padus. Cato informs us that the Veneti are descendants of the Trojans[1916], and that the Cenomanni[1917] dwelt among the Volcæ in the vicinity of Massilia. There are also the towns of the Fertini[1918], the Tridentini[1919], and the Beruenses, belonging to the Rhæti, Verona[1920], belonging to the Rhæti and the Euganei, and Julienses[1921] to the Carni. We then have the following peoples, whom there is no necessity to particularize with any degree of exactness, the Alutrenses, the Asseriates, the Flamonienses[1922] with those surnamed Vanienses, and the others called Culici, the Forojulienses[1923] surnamed Transpadani, the Foretani, the Nedinates[1924], the Quarqueni[1925], the Taurisani[1926], the Togienses, and the Varvari. In this district there have disappeared—upon the coast—Iramene, Pellaon, and Palsatium, Atina and Cælina belonging to the Veneti, Segeste and Ocra to the Carni, and Noreia to the Taurisci. L. Piso also informs us that although the senate disapproved of his so doing, M. Claudius Marcellus[1927] razed to the ground a tower situate at the twelfth mile-stone from Aquileia.

In this region also and the eleventh there are some celebrated lakes[1928], and several rivers that either take their rise in them or else are fed by their waters, in those cases in which they again emerge from them. These are the Addua[1929], fed by the Lake Larius, the Ticinus by Lake Verbannus, the Mincius by Lake Benacus, the Ollius by Lake Sebinnus, and the Lambrus by Lake Eupilis—all of them flowing into the Padus.

Cælius states that the length of the Alps from the Upper Sea to the Lower is 1000 miles, a distance which Timagenes shortens by twenty-two. Cornelius Nepos assigns to them a breadth of 100 miles, and T. Livius of 3000 stadia; but then in different places. For in some localities they exceed 100 miles; where they divide Germany, for instance, from Italy; while in other parts they do not reach seventy, being thus narrowed by the providential dispensation of nature as it were. The breadth of Italy, taken from the river Var at the foot of these mountains, and passing along by the Vada[1930] Sabatia, the Taurini, Comum, Brixia, Verona, Vicetia, Opitergium, Aquileia, Tergeste, Pola, and Arsia, is 745 miles.

CHAP. 24. (20.)—THE ALPS, AND THE ALPINE NATIONS.

Many nations dwell among the Alps; but the more remarkable, between Pola and the district of Tergeste, are the Secusses, the Subocrini, the Catali, the Menocaleni, and near the Carni the people formerly called the Taurisci, but now the Norici. Adjoining to these are the Rhæti and the Vindelici, who are all divided into a multitude of states. It is supposed that the Rhæti are the descendants of the Tuscans, who were expelled by the Gauls and migrated hither under the command of their chief, whose name was Rhætus. Turning then to the side of the Alps which fronts Italy, we have the Euganean[1931] nations enjoying Latin rights, and of whom Cato enumerates thirty-four towns. Among these are the Triumpilini, a people who were sold[1932] with their territory; and then the Camuni, and several similar tribes, each of them in the jurisdiction of its neighbouring municipal town. The same author also considers the Lepontii[1933] and the Salassi to be of Tauriscan origin, but most other writers, giving a Greek[1934] interpretation to their name, consider the Lepontii to have been those of the followers of Hercules who were left behind in consequence of their limbs being frozen by the snow of the Alps. They are also of opinion that the inhabitants of the Grecian Alps are descended from a portion of the Greeks of his army, and that the Euganeans, being sprung from an origin so illustrious, thence took their name[1935]. The head of these are the Stœni[1936]. The Vennonenses[1937] and the Sarunetes[1938], peoples of the Rhæti, dwell about the sources of the river Rhenus, while the tribe of the Lepontii, known as the Uberi, dwell in the vicinity of the sources of the Rhodanus, in the same district of the Alps. There are also other native tribes here, who have received Latin rights, such as the Octodurenses[1939], and their neighbours the Centrones[1940], the Cottian[1941] states, the Ligurian Vagienni, descended from the Caturiges[1942], as also those called Montani[1943]; besides numerous nations of the Capillati[1944], on the confines of the Ligurian Sea.

It may not be inappropriate in this place to subjoin the inscription now to be seen upon the trophy[1945] erected on the Alps, which is to the following effect:—“TO THE EMPEROR CÆSAR—THE SON[1946] OF CÆSAR NOW DEIFIED, AUGUSTUS, PONTIFEX MAXIMUS, AND EMPEROR FOURTEEN YEARS, IN THE SEVENTEENTH[1947] YEAR OF HIS HOLDING THE TRIBUNITIAL AUTHORITY, THE SENATE AND THE ROMAN PEOPLE, IN REMEMBRANCE THAT UNDER HIS COMMAND AND AUSPICES ALL THE ALPINE NATIONS WHICH EXTENDED FROM THE UPPER SEA TO THE LOWER WERE REDUCED TO SUBJECTION BY THE ROMAN PEOPLE—THE ALPINE NATIONS SO SUBDUED WERE: THE TRIUMPILINI, THE CAMUNI, THE VENOSTES[1948], THE VENNONENSES, THE ISARCI, THE BREUNI, THE GENAUNES[1949], THE FOCUNATES, FOUR NATIONS OF THE VINDELICI, THE CONSUANETES, THE RUCINATES, THE LICATES[1950], THE CATENATES, THE AMBISONTES, THE RUGUSCI, THE SUANETES[1951], THE CALUCONES, THE BRIXENTES, THE LEPONTII, THE UBERI, THE NANTUATES, THE SEDUNI, THE VARAGRI, THE SALASSI, THE ACITAVONES, THE MEDULLI, THE UCENI[1952], THE CATURIGES, THE BRIGIANI, THE SOGIONTII, THE BRODIONTII, THE NEMALONI, THE EDENATES[1953], THE ESUBIANI, THE VEAMINI, THE GALLITÆ, THE TRIULATTI, THE ECDINI, THE VERGUNNI, THE EGUITURI[1954], THE NEMENTURI, THE ORATELLI, THE NERUSI, THE VELAUNI, AND THE SUETRI.”

The twelve states of the Cottiani[1955] were not included in the list, as they had shown no hostility, nor yet those which had been placed by the Pompeian law under the jurisdiction of the municipal towns.

Such then is Italy, sacred to the gods, such are the nations, such the cities of her peoples; to which we may add, that this is that same Italy, which, when L. Æmilius Paulus[1956] and C. Attilius Regulus were Consuls, on hearing of the rising in Gaul, unaided, and without any foreign assistance whatever, without the help even of that portion which lies beyond the Padus, armed 80,000 horse and 700,000 foot. In abundance of metals of every kind Italy yields to no land whatever; but all search for them has been prohibited by an ancient decree of the Senate, who gave orders thereby that Italy shall be exempted[1957] from such treatment.

CHAP. 25. (21.)—LIBURNIA AND ILLYRICUM.

The nation of the Liburni adjoins the river Arsia[1958], and extends as far as the river Titus. The Mentores, the Hymani[1959], the Encheleæ, the Buni, and the people whom Callimachus calls the Peucetiæ, formerly formed part of it; but now the whole in general are comprised under the one name of Illyricum. But few of the names of these nations are worthy of mention, or indeed very easy of pronunciation. To the jurisdiction of Scardona[1960] resort the Iapydes and fourteen cities of the Liburni, of which it may not prove tedious if I mention the Lacinienses, the Stlupini, the Burnistæ, and the Olbonenses. Belonging to the same jurisdiction there are, in the enjoyment of Italian rights, the Alutæ[1961], the Flanates[1962], from whom the Gulf takes its name, the Lopsi, and the Varvarini; the Assesiates, who are exempt from tribute; and upon the islands, the Fertinates and the Curictæ[1963].

Besides these, there are on the coast, after leaving Nesactium, Alvona[1964], Flanona, Tarsatica, Senia, Lopsica, Ortopula, Vegium, Argyruntum, Corinium[1965], Ænona, the city of Pasinum, and the river Tedanius, at which Iapydia terminates. The islands of this Gulf, with their towns, besides those above mentioned, are Absyrtium[1966], Arba[1967], Crexa, Gissa, and Portunata. Again, on the mainland there is the colony of Iadera[1968], distant from Pola 160 miles; then, at a distance of thirty miles, the island of Colentum[1969], and of eighteen, the mouth of the river Titus.

CHAP. 26. (22.)—DALMATIA.

Scardona, situate upon the river[1970], at a distance of twelve miles from the sea, forms the boundary of Liburnia and the beginning of Dalmatia. Next to this place comes the ancient country of the Autariatares and the fortress of Tariona, the Promontory of Diomedes[1971], or, as others call it, the peninsula of Hyllis, 100 miles[1972] in circuit. Then comes Tragurium, a place with the rights of Roman citizens, and celebrated for its marble, Sicum, a place to which Claudius, the emperor lately deified, sent a colony of his veterans, and Salona[1973], a colony, situate 112 miles from Iadera. To this place resort for legal purposes, having the laws dispensed according to their divisions into decuries or tithings, the Dalmatæ, forming 342 decuries, the Deurici 22, the Ditiones 239, the Mazæi 269, and the Sardiates 52. In this region are Burnum[1974], Andetrium[1975], and Tribulium, fortresses ennobled by the battles of the Roman people. To the same jurisdiction also belong the Issæi[1976], the Colentini, the Separi, and the Epetini, nations inhabiting the islands. After these come the fortresses of Peguntium[1977] and of Rataneum, with the colony of Narona[1978], the seat of the third jurisdiction, distant from Salona eighty-two miles, and situate upon a river of the same name, at a distance of twenty miles from the sea. M. Varro states that eighty-nine states used to resort thither, but now nearly the only ones that are known are the Cerauni[1979] with 24 decuries, the Daorizi with 17, the Dæsitiates with 103, the Docleatæ with 33, the Deretini with 14, the Deremistæ with 30, the Dindari with 33, the Glinditiones with 44, the Melcomani with 24, the Naresii with 102, the Scirtarii with 72, the Siculotæ with 24, and the Vardæi, once the scourges of Italy, with no more than 20 decuries. In addition to these, this district was possessed by the Ozuæi, the Partheni, the Hemasini, the Arthitæ, and the Armistæ. The colony of Epidaurum[1980] is distant from the river Naron 100 miles. After Epidaurum come the following towns, with the rights of Roman citizens:—Rhizinium[1981], Acruvium[1982], Butua, Olcinium, formerly called Colchinium, having been founded by the Colchians; the river Drilo[1983], and, upon it, Scodra[1984], a town with the rights of Roman citizens, situate at a distance of eighteen miles from the sea; besides in former times many Greek towns and once powerful states, of which all remembrance is fast fading away. For in this region there were formerly the Labeatæ, the Enderini[1985], the Sasæi, the Grabæi[1986], properly called Illyrii, the Taulantii[1987], and the Pyræi. The Promontory of Nymphæum on the sea-coast still retains its name[1988]; and there is Lissum, a town enjoying the rights of Roman citizens, at a distance from Epidaurum of 100 miles.

(23.) At Lissum begins the province of Macedonia[1989], the nations of the Parthini[1990], and behind them the Dassaretæ[1991]. The mountains of Candavia[1992] are seventy-eight miles from Dyrrhachium. On the coast lies Denda, a town with the rights of Roman citizens, the colony of Epidamnum[1993], which, on account of its inauspicious name, was by the Romans called Dyrrhachium, the river Aöus[1994], by some called Æas, and Apollonia[1995], formerly a colony of the Corinthians, at a distance of four miles from the sea, in the vicinity of which the celebrated Nymphæum[1996] is inhabited by the barbarous Amantes[1997] and Buliones. Upon the coast too is the town of Oricum[1998], founded by the Colchians. At this spot begins Epirus, with the Acroceraunian[1999] mountains, by which we have previously mentioned[2000] this Gulf of Europe as bounded. Oricum is distant from the Promontory of Salentinum in Italy eighty[2001] miles.

CHAP. 27. (24.)—THE NORICI.

In the rear of the Carni and the Iapydes, along the course of the great river Ister[2002], the Rhæti touch upon the Norici[2003]: their towns are Virunum[2004], Celeia, Teurnia, Aguntum[2005], Vianiomina[2006], Claudia[2007], and Flavium Solvense[2008]. Adjoining to the Norici is Lake Peiso[2009], and the deserts of the Boii[2010]; they are however now inhabited by the people of Sabaria[2011], a colony of the now deified emperor Claudius, and the town of Scarabantia Julia[2012].

CHAP. 28. (25.)—PANNONIA.

Next to them comes acorn-bearing Pannonia[2013], along which the chain of the Alps, gradually lessening as it runs through the middle of Illyricum from north to south, forms a gentle slope on the right hand and the left. The portion which looks towards the Adriatic Sea is called Dalmatia and Illyricum, above mentioned, while Pannonia stretches away towards the north, and has the Danube for its extreme boundary. In it are the colonies of Æmona[2014] and Siscia. The following rivers, both known to fame and adapted for commerce, flow into the Danube; the Draus[2015], which rushes from Noricum with great impetuosity, and the Savus[2016], which flows with a more gentle current from the Carnic Alps, there being a space between them of 120 miles. The Draus runs through the Serretes, the Serrapilli[2017], the Iasi, and the Andizetes; the Savus through the Colapiani[2018] and the Breuci; these are the principal peoples. Besides them there are the Arivates, the Azali, the Amantini, the Belgites, the Catari, the Cornacates, the Eravisci, the Hercuniates[2019], the Latovici, the Oseriates, the Varciani, and, in front of Mount Claudius, the Scordisci, behind it the Taurisci. In the Savus there is the island of Metubarris[2020], the greatest of all the islands formed by rivers. Besides the above, there are these other rivers worthy of mention:—the Colapis[2021], which flows into the Savus near Siscia, where, dividing its channel, it forms the island which is called Segestica[2022]; and the river Bacuntius[2023], which flows into the Savus at the town of Sirmium, where we find the state of the Sirmienses and the Amantini. Forty-five miles thence is Taurunum[2024], where the Savus flows into the Danube; above which spot the Valdanus[2025] and the Urpanus, themselves far from ignoble rivers, join that stream.

CHAP. 29. (26.)—MŒSIA.

Joining up to Pannonia is the province called Mœsia[2026], which runs, with the course of the Danube, as far as the Euxine. It commences at the confluence[2027] previously mentioned. In it are the Dardani, the Celegeri, the Triballi, the Timachi, the Mœsi, the Thracians, and the Scythians who border on the Euxine. The more famous among its rivers are the Margis[2028], which rises in the territory of the Dardani, the Pingus, the Timachus, the Œscus which rises in Mount Rhodope, and, rising in Mount Hæmus, the Utus[2029], the Asamus, and the Ieterus.

The breadth of Illyricum[2030] at its widest part is 325 miles, and its length from the river Arsia to the river Drinius 530; from the Drinius to the Promontory of Acroceraunia Agrippa states to be 175 miles, and he says that the entire circuit of the Italian and Illyrian Gulf is 1700 miles. In this Gulf, according to the limits which we have drawn, are two seas, the Ionian[2031] in the first part, and the Adriatic, which runs more inland and is called the Upper Sea.

CHAP. 30.—ISLANDS OF THE IONIAN SEA AND THE ADRIATIC.

In the Ausonian Sea there are no islands worthy of notice beyond those which we have already mentioned, and only a few in the Ionian; those, for instance, upon the Calabrian coast, opposite Brundusium, by the projection of which a harbour is formed; and, over against the Apulian coast, Diomedia[2032], remarkable for the monument of Diomedes, and another island called by the same name, but by some Teutria.

The coast of Illyricum is clustered with more than 1000 islands, the sea being of a shoaly nature, and numerous creeks and æstuaries running with their narrow channels between portions of the land. The more famous are those before the mouths of the Timavus, with warm springs[2033] that rise with the tides of the sea, the island of Cissa near the territory of the Istri, and the Pullaria[2034] and Absyrtides[2035], so called by the Greeks from the circumstance of Absyrtus, the brother of Medea, having been slain there. Some islands near them have been called the Electrides[2036], upon which amber, which they call “electrum,” was said to be found; a most assured instance however of that untruthfulness[2037] which is generally ascribed to the Greeks, seeing that it has never yet been ascertained which of the islands were meant by them under that name. Opposite to the Iader is Lissa, and other islands whose names have been already mentioned[2038]. Opposite to the Liburni are some islands called the Crateæ, and no smaller number styled Liburnicæ and Celadussæ[2039]. Opposite to Surium is Bavo, and Brattia[2040], famous for its goats, Issa with the rights of Roman citizens, and Pharia with a town. At a distance of twenty-five miles from Issa is Corcyra[2041], surnamed Melæna, with a town founded by the Cnidians; between which and Illyricum is Melite[2042], from which, as we learn from Callimachus, a certain kind of little dogs were called Melitæi; fifteen miles from it we find the seven Elaphites[2043]. In the Ionian Sea, at a distance of twelve miles from Oricum, is Sasonis[2044], notorious from having been a harbour of pirates.

* * * * *

SUMMARY.—The towns and nations mentioned are in number * * * *[2045]. The rivers of note are in number * * * *. The mountains of note are in number * * * *. The islands are in number * * * *. The towns or nations which have disappeared are in number * * * *. The facts, statements, and observations are in number 326.

ROMAN AUTHORS QUOTED.—Turannius Gracilis[2046], Cornelius Nepos[2047], T. Livius[2048], Cato the Censor[2049], M. Agrippa[2050], M. Varro[2051], the Emperor Augustus[2052] now deified, Varro Atacinus[2053], Antias[2054], Hyginus[2055], L. Vetus[2056], Pomponius Mela[2057], Curio[2058] the Elder, Cælius[2059], Arruntius[2060], Sebosus[2061], Licinius Mucianus[2062], Fabricius Tuscus[2063], L. Ateius[2064], Capito[2065], Verrius Flaccus[2066], L. Piso[2067], Gellianus[2068], and Valerianus[2069].

FOREIGN AUTHORS QUOTED.—Artemidorus[2070], Alexander Polyhistor[2071], Thucydides[2072], Theophrastus[2073], Isidorus[2074], Theopompus[2075], Metrodorus of Scepsis[2076], Callicrates[2077], Xenophon of Lampsacus[2078], Diodorus of Syracuse[2079], Nymphodorus[2080], Calliphanes[2081], and Timagenes[2082].

##