Book VIII

of his _Natural History_.

[381] This last paragraph is not found in the _Paesi novamente retrovati_, and is taken from Ramusio.

[382] This paragraph is rather puzzling. July 10th, 1499, was the date of Coelho’s arrival. Of the four vessels, two are correctly stated to have been burnt, though not near Cape Verde, namely, the store ship of 110 tons, and one of the vessels of 90 tons (the _S. Raphael_). Coelho brought home the small vessel of 50 tons, and the “captain” himself is stated to have returned in the remaining vessel of 90 tons.

[383] The Cape Verde islands.

[384] Grão or gran (Portuguese), kermes-grain, anciently scarlet, is not mentioned by Ramusio.

[385] Rosebeeren (Roseberries) seems to stand for Rose mallus, or Rossamalha, an aromatic resin containing benzoic acid, yielded by the majestic Rasamala tree (_Altingia excelsa_) of Java, where it is used as a substitute for benzoin.

[386] I need hardly direct the reader’s attention to the fact that the fustas of the Sabayo were fought _after_ Vasco’s return from Calecut, and that he visited neither Cochin nor Cananor in the course of this first voyage.

[387] A MS. in the Torre do Tombo quoted by Texeira de Aragão (_Boletim_, VI, 1886, p. 580), ornamented with the coloured coats of arms of the _Counts_ of Vidigueira, and extending to 1641, seems to be identical in several respects with the MS. from which the above is quoted. The concluding portion, beginning with “returned to this kingdom”, is taken word for word from the earlier _Jornal_. Vasco da Gama is stated to have gone in the _S. Raphael_, whilst Paulo’s vessel, the _S. Gabriel_, is said to have been destroyed on the homeward voyage near Cabo de S. Vicente.

[388] Paulo da Gama came back in this vessel, his own having been burnt by order of Vasco da Gama, off Tangáta. [_Note by the author._]

[389] Pavia, a small town twenty miles to the north of Evora.

[390] The 7th of April was a Saturday (see p. 34).

[391] The preceding dates agree with those in the _Journal_, but the anchorage, two leagues from Calecut (see p. 48) was only reached on May 20th, and the stay at or off Calecut was certainly much longer than the seventy-four days allowed by Rezende. In fact, seventy-four days would only carry us from May 20th to August 1st.

[392] That is, the mouth of the Tagus.

[393] A sailing vessel occasionally propelled by oars.

[394] Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, _Estudos sobre navios Portuguezes_, Lisbon (Ac. Real), 1892, p. 58.

[395] A pilot, Fernando Rodriques Berrio, resided at Lagos in 1502, and there were other members of the same family (Varnhagen).

[396] Goes, _Chronica do Rei D. Emanuel_, 1790, I, p. 10.

[397] Only their type, for the legend below N. Coelho’s ship (“which they broke up”) shows that these are not portraits of the actual vessels, but fancy sketches. Coelho’s vessel was the first to return to Lisbon; it was the store-ship which was broken up.

[398] _Obras de Luiz de Camões_, VI.

[399] Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, p. 26.

[400] _Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis_, Lisbon, 1892, p. 99.

[401] _Esmeraldo_, p. 99.

[402] A ton register is of a capacity of 100 cubic feet; a ton measurement is usually assumed to have a capacity of 40 cubic feet. Hence 400 tons measurement would be equivalent to 160 tons register, instead of 250 to 300.

[403] _Le construzione navali (Raccolta Colombiana)_, Rome, 1893, p. 76.

[404] The palmo de goa was equal to 293 m.m., and the _tonel_ consequently measured 2.42 cubic metres or 85 cubic feet. “Goa” has nothing to do either with _agoa_, or with the town of that name in India, but is a corruption of “gouê”, a measure anciently used by shipbuilders in the Mediterranean (see Lopez de Mendonça, _loc. cit._, p. 118).

[405] _Os Navios de Vasco da Gama_, Lisbon, June, 1892.

[406] _Noticia sobre e Não S. Gabriel_, Lisbon, August, 1892.

[407] Captain Braz d’Oliveira gives the following dimensions: length, 106 ft.; keel, 54.5 ft.; beam, 20 ft.; draught, aft, 10.5 ft.; depth, 18 ft.

[408] This consists in multiplying length of keel, breadth and depth, and dividing by thirty. The result is expressed in _botte_.

[409] See J. de Barros, _Dec. I_, l. vi, c. 3.

[410] Barros and Castanheda, in addition to bombards, mention spin-gards (wall-pieces) and one-pounder matchlocks. Correa (Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_) says that the ships, or some of them, in Vasco da Gama’s second voyage were armed with six heavy guns below, four smaller guns and four falconets on deck, and several swivel guns. The caravels, though only manned by thirty men, carried four heavy guns below, six falconets and twelve swivel guns.

[411] Note by Sir Clements R. Markham.

[412] D. Diogo Ortiz de Vilhegas was a native of Calçadinha, in Leon, and came to Portugal as father-confessor and spiritual director of that “excellent lady”, D. Joanna. King Manuel held him in high respect, and appointed him Bishop of Tangier in 1491. Jointly with Masters Rodriguez, the physician, and Jose Vizinho, he is responsible for reporting adversely on the bold projects of Columbus. In 1500, he was transferred to the See of Ceuta, and, in 1505, to that of Vizeu. He never resided in his African dioceses. When Gama took leave of the King at Montemór ó novo, Vilhegas is said to have celebrated Mass. He died in 1519 at Almeirim.—(Paiva Manso, _Historia Ecclesiastica_, Lisbon, 1872, I, pp. 40, 47, 62.)

[413] Pero de Covilhão and Affonso de Paiva were despatched from Santarem in 1487 to spy out the countries of the east. Covilhão, in the course of his extensive travels, visited Hormuz, Calecut, and the east coast of Africa as far as Sofala. He ultimately reached the court of Prester John, and was never again allowed to leave it. These travellers, too, received a map and instructions from D. Diogo de Vilhegas. The best account of Covilhão’s adventures is that furnished by Alvarez, c. 103 (see Lord Stanley’s translation, published by the Hakluyt Society).

[414] Lucas Marcos visited Rome and Lisbon. The information furnished by him included a vocabulary.—(Barros, _Da Asia_, _Dec. I_, l. iii, c. 5.)

[415] Abraham ben Samuel Zacuto was professor of astronomy and mathematics in the University of Salamanca when King John II called him to Portugal in 1492, and appointed him Astronomer Royal. He is the author of _Ephemerides_, originally written in Hebrew, a Latin translation of which, by José Vizinho, one of his pupils, was first printed in 1496—on the eve of Vasco da Gama’s departure—although there can be no doubt that these useful tables previously circulated in MS. José Vizinho is perhaps identical with the physician José whom King John had charged, jointly with Master Rodrigo, to prepare tables of the declination of the sun, which would enable navigators to determine their latitude after they had lost sight of the Pole star. Rudolf Wolf (_Geschichte der Astronomie_, p. 97) credits Regiomontanus with having produced the first set of “practical” tables for the use of mariners. He does not even once mention Zacuto in his history, and states that the tables of the great German astronomer were those made use of by Dias and Vasco da Gama. As the _Ephemerides_ of Regiomontanus were printed in 1474, they naturally became more widely known than those of Zacuto, which only circulated in MS., and they were, perhaps, brought to Portugal by Martin Behaim. It cannot, however, be doubted that the tables which Vasco da Gama took with him were those of Zacuto.

For the contents of the first printed edition of Zacuto’s _Almanach Perpetuum_, see Antonio Ribeiro dos Santos in _Memorias de Litteratura Portugueza_, 2 edição, VIII, p. 46; for later reprints of the Tables of the Declination of the Sun, see Luciano Cordeira in the _Boletim_ of the Lisbon Geographical Society, 1883, p. 163.

[416] See Hellmann, in _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, 1897. The _Roteiros_ of João de Castro, containing these observations, were published at Lisbon, 1833 and 1882.

[417] The description of this proposed series is of historical interest (see _Alguns documentos_, 1892, p. 516).

[418] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 73 and 144. The “Sphere” was a device bestowed upon D. Manuel by King João II. A coin called an “Esphera de Ouro” was coined in Portuguese India. M.B. Lopez Fernandes (_Memoria das moedas_, Lisbon, 1856, p. 121) had such a coin in his possession. It had the device on the face, and a royal crown with the word MEA on the obverse. Manuel de Faria (_Noticias de Portugal_, Disc. IV, § 31) thinks that MEA stands for “Mine”, meaning that the whole sphere was Manuel’s; but Fernandes is inclined to think that it stands for MEIA, that is, “Half”. The coin in his collection had an intrinsic value of about six shillings.

The Pelican was the device of King João II. It may have been on the padrãos erected by Dias, but has not been discovered on those of Cão.

[419] See Texeira de Aragão (_Boletim_, VI, 1886, p. 562).

[420] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 38, 73, 94, 96.

[421] According to J. de Escalante de Mendoso (1575), quoted by D’Albertis, _loc. cit._, p. 84.

[422] In quoting authorities I refer to the following editions:—João de Barros, _Da Asia_, Lisbon, 1788; Castanheda, _Historia da India_, Lisbon, 1833; Manuel de Faria y Sousa, _Asia Portuguesa_, Lisbon, 1666; Gaspar Correa, _Lendas da India_, Lisbon, 1858-64; Damião de Goes, _Chronica do Rei D. Manuel_, 1790.

[423] If Correa (I, p. 656) can be trusted, he still had a wife at Cochin in 1506. Sernigi (see p. 136) credits him with a wife and children at Calecut.

[424] Barros, _Dec. I_, iv, c. 1; Goes, I, c. 23; Castanheda, I, c. 2.

[425] Correa gives a circumstantial account of the embarkation in the King’s presence, but the description of the paintings which were to have been executed by the King’s order in illustration of the discovery and “conquest” of India, shows very conclusively that the King was _not_ there (_Alguns documentos_, p. 516).

[426] This, without a doubt, is the correct date. The author of our “Journal”, Barros, Goes, Castanheda, and Faria y Sousa, they all agree in this. Sernigi gives July 9th; Correa fixes upon March 25th as the day of departure.

We may say, once for all, that the dates given in the “Journal” may confidently be accepted as correct, allowing for a few _lapsi calami_ (or errors of the copyist), which can fortunately be rectified in nearly every instance, as the Author names the day of the week, and often even the name of the Saint to whom the day is dedicated.

[427] This date is doubtful. See p. 3, note 3. The wrong date is not August 18th, but August 22nd.

[428] The variation being about 19° E., according to João de Castro, the true course would have been nearly S. by E.

[429] See p. 4, note 1.

[430] See Admiralty “Chart showing the tracks of sailing vessels with auxiliary steam power”; the valuable track-charts by Capt. A. Schück in the _Jahresbericht_ of the Hamburg Geographical Society, for 1874; Dr. G. Schott, “Die Verkehrswege” in _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, 1895, with maps; the sailing directories of all ages since Duarte Pacheco wrote his _Esmeraldo_ in 1505.

[431] According to Barros, Bartholemeu Dias kept in his company until he took the direction of Mina.

[432] See, for instance, _The Voyage of François Leguat_, by Capt. Pasfield Oliver (Hakluyt Society, 1891), i, p. 25.

[433] Modern sailing vessels do much better. The passage from São Thiago to the Cape by way of Trinidad (5,140 miles) is made on an average in forty-six days, being a daily run of 125 miles, as compared with 54 miles daily, with which we have credited Vasco da Gama (see the Table at the end of this Appendix).

[434] One league of Columbus = 4 Italian miles = 3.38 nautical miles.

[435] In note 3, p. 3, we have assumed a somewhat shorter course, but after due consideration we now give the preference to the track laid down upon our chart. On an old map of Africa, by H. Moll, a “tract” passing to the east of Ascension and St. Helena is recommended as “a good course of sailing from Great Britain to the East Indies in the Spring and Fall”. What would Admiral Wharton say to this?

[436] These islands are distinctly shown on the Cantino Chart, but unfortunately not named. They are not, however, the _Ys. Tebas_ of Juan de la Cosa, as is supposed by the Editor of Spruner’s _Historical Atlas_, for the chart of the Spanish pilot which contains this name was completed before Cabral’s return. If we can credit a statement of Correa (Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, p. 825), who quotes Gaspar da Gama as his authority, Cabral also discovered Tristão da Cunha. He certainly must have been very near these islands when several of his vessels foundered.

[437] King Manuel, in his letter of 1505, to King Ferdinand of Castile (“Centenario do descobrimento da America”, Lisbon, 1892), says that João da Nova sailed to the Terra de Santa Cruz (Brazil), and thence to the Cape. He does not mention Ascension (Conceiçao). This, however, is not conclusive, for Kings, unlike Popes, are not infallible. Barros, Goes, and Galvão are our authorities for the discovery of the island of Concepçao in 8° S.

[438] There is no doubt that the island referred to by Thome Lopes (see Ramusio) as being 330 leagues from the Ilha dos Papagaios (Brazil), 775 leagues from the Ilha da Boa Vista (Cape Verdes), and 850 leagues from the Cape, is the island now known as Trinidad. This island, on early Portuguese charts, is called Ascenção menor.

[439] If the distance given by Giovanni da Empoli, who writes as an eye-witness, can be trusted, this must be the Ascenção menor (Trinidad), and not the island discovered by João da Nova, which is only 400 leagues from Cape Verde.

[440] On Canerio’s chart St. Helena’s Bay is placed 32° 30´ S., the true latitude being 32° 40´ S. Cantino, whose _outline_ is far more correct places the Bay in 31° S.

[441] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, p. 48. Compare Introduction, p. xviii.

[442] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 62, 67, 270.

[443] _The History of the Portuguese during the Reign of Emmanuel_ London, 1752, 1, p. 48.

[444] _Roteiro_, first edition, p. 143.

[445] For a discussion of these sites, see p. 18, _note_.

[446] _Africa Pilot_, iii, p. 241.

[447] Vasco da Gama thus took 24 days to cross from Melinde to India. Cabral, João da Nova, Estevão da Gama and Affonso de Albuquerque effected this passage in from 15 to 18 days. They crossed in August, when the S.-W. monsoon blows freshly.

[448] _The Discoveries of the World_ (Hakluyt Society), p. 93.

[449] These “Flats” are a submerged coral reef lying between 12° 30´ and 13° 40´ N. The native name is Maniyal Par.

[450] According to the author of Add. MS. 20901 (British Museum), Vasco da Gama “cast anchor in front of the most noble and rich city of Calecut on May 22”. The date of this MS. is about 1516.

[451] On page 80, note 2, we have identified the island upon which this padrão was placed with Pigeon Island, 14° 1´, on the ground of its answering better to the description given by the author of the _Roteiro_; but we see reasons for accepting the general opinion that one of the islands off Mulpy (perhaps Coco Nut Island) must be meant, although none of these islets is more than a mile from the coast, instead of two leagues. Barros (Dec. 1, l. iv, c. ii.) locates the Ilhéos de Santa Maria between Bacanor and Baticala.

[452] Cabral, on his homeward voyage in 1501, reached Lisbon from Cape Verde in twenty days, but Juan Sebastian del Cano, in the _Victoria_, took fifty-seven days to reach San Lucar from the Cape Verde Islands.

[453] In converting legoas into nautical miles we have assumed 100 legoas to be the equivalent of 338 miles. See _League_ in Index and Glossary.

[454] Or thirty miles, if we exclude the five days wasted in a vain effort to stem the Agulhas current (see p. 15).

[455] No account is taken of the four days lost in an attempt to sail north (see p. 28).

[456] This includes a delay of fifteen (?five) days when burning the _S. Raphael_.

[457] Charts on a larger scale, but of a later date, are available, and enable us to trace the physical features of the coast, but their nomenclature is not always that of the original discoverers. Nor are we so fortunate as to possess such full descriptions of the coast as are to be found in the “Africa Pilot”, for the _Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis_ (1505) of the famous Duarte Pacheco Pereira stops short at the Rio de Infante; whilst works such as Linschoten’s _Itinerarium ofte Schipvaert_, belong either to a much later epoch, or are of too general a nature to prove of use when attempting to identify the more obscure place-names. I think it was Admiral Ignacio da Costa Quintella, the author of the _Annaes da marinha Portugueza_, who regretted that the task of writing the history of Portuguese exploration should have devolved almost exclusively upon landsmen, who neglected to give satisfactory accounts of the routes followed by the early navigators. This regret we fully share.

[458] See, for instance, A. Mori, in _Atti IIº Congresso Geogr. Italiana_, Rome, 1895, who describes maps by him in a “Ptolemy” in the Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence.

[459] The late Dr. Kohl published a facsimile of this map in the _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, I, 1856, but it is not very accurate. That portion of the map which lies between the Guinea islands and Dias’s furthest accompanies my Paper on “Cão, Dias and Behaim”, in the _Geographical Journal_.

[460] A legend (near the southern tropic and on the meridian of Lisbon) refers to Santa Cruz as “ysla descubierta por portugal”.

[461] There are flags at Abaran, c. etiopico and quinonico.

[462] A fine facsimile of this map was published at Madrid, in 1892, by Antonio Cánovas Vallego and Prof. Traynor, together with a biographical sketch of Juan de la Cosa by Antonio Vasáno.

[463] A. Galvano, _The Discoveries of the World_, London (Hakluyt Society), 1862, p. 98; and _The Letters of Vespucci_, translated by Sir C. R. Markham, _ib._ 1894.

[464] This carries us almost to Hawaii.

[465] The words “questo avemo visto”, to the south of Moçambique, point to the use of an original sailing chart.

[466] Reproduced in Sir Clements R. Markham’s _Journal of Christopher Columbus_, London, 1893, where also see Cantino’s letters.

[467] _Die topographischen Capitel des Indischen Seespiegels Mohit_, von Dr. M. Bittner, Vienna, 1897, with thirty maps by Dr. Tomaschek.

[468] Even Ptolemy seems to have been in possession of some of these Indian sailing charts, and Dr. Tomaschek suggests that the monstrous size of his Taprobana, or Ceylon, is due to his having mistaken the horizontal lines crossing these charts for parallels drawn at intervals of a degree.

[469] Africa to the north of Mozambique measures 28° across on Canerio’s chart, and 25° on Cantino’s, the actual breadth being 26°.

[470] _Le Portulan de Nicolas de Canerio_ (Bulletin de la Soc. de Géogr. de Lyon, 1890).

[471] _Geographie du Moyen Age_, ii, p. 143.

[472] In Nordenskiöld’s _Atlas_ will be found facsimiles of these maps.

[473] Instead of a full translation of the two documents on this subject, which are printed as an appendix to the original edition of the _Roteiro_, we have given abstracts of all the available documents bearing upon it. Most of these will be found _in extenso_ in Teixeira de Aragão’s _Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira_ (Boletim, Lisbon Geogr. Soc., 1886, pp. 541-702); Luciano Cordeiro’s _De come e quando foi feito Conde Vasco da Gama_ (Boletim, 1892, pp. 257-303); and Cordeiro’s _O Premio da Descoberta_, Lisbon, 1897.

[474] The original document bestowing this title is not available, but the King makes use of it in his Order of Nov. 19th, 1501.

[475] Compare Document 18 at end of this Appendix.

[476] See also Documents 10 and 11.

[477] Peragallo, _Carta de El-Rei D. Manuel ao Rei Catholico_, Lisbon, 1892, p. 89. Leonardo Masser describes the Admiral as being ill-tempered and unreasonable, and as exhibiting but little gratitude in return for the favours conferred upon him by the King.

[478] Peragallo, _loc. cit._, p. 92. The highest incomes were enjoyed by the Duke of Coimbra (16,000 cruz.), the Duke of Bragança (16,000 cruz.), the Bishop of Evora (12,000 cruz.), the Marquis of Villa Real and the Archbishop of Lisbon (10,000 cruz. each).

[479] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 285.

[480] Quoted by teixeira de Aragão, p. 572, from a document in the Torre do Tombo.

[481] teixeira de Aragão, p. 573.

[482] This document was first printed as an Appendix to the second edition of the _Roteiro_, and has since been published as an Appendix to Lord Stanley of Alderley’s _Vasco da Gama_, and in _Alguns Documentos_, p. 127. Its provisions were confirmed in favour of D. Francisco da Gama by King John III, May 4th, 1526 (Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, pp. 48-55.)

[483] In 1434 (not 1433) Gil Eanes doubled Cape Bojador.

[484] In 1482 Diogo Cão discovered the Congo. We ought evidently to read 1488, for the Congo is only 1,240 leagues from Lisbon, whilst the 1,885 leagues actually carry us to the Rio do Infante. The name is thus spelt in this document as if the river had been named in honour of Prince Henry, and not after João Infante, the companion of Dias.

[485] Published _in extenso_ in the 2nd edition of the _Roteiro_, p. 175.

[486] Departure from Lisbon, February 10, 1502; return, September 1, 1503.

[487] About _£_900. The King had this gold converted into a “custodia”, which he presented to the church of Belem.

[488] Cordeiro, Boletim, 1892, p. 287.

[489] Teixeira de Aragão, p. 675.

[490] Leonardo da Chá Maser calls him “discreet and experienced, although quite illiterate” (see Peragallo, _Carta de El-Rei D. Manuel_, Lisbon, 1892, p. 89).

[491] This Gama was the third son of the first Vasco, and consequently an uncle of the Admiral. He was Comptroller of the Revenues (“casa da fazenda”) of the Order.

[492] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 287.

[493] A town on the Tejo, 20 miles above Lisbon.

[494] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 288. This _Alvaró_ was confirmed by King John, June 17, 1522 (Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 45).

[495] Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 46.

[496] _Roteiro_, Appendice, p. 175.

[497] Niza, a town in the district of Portalegre, about 100 miles to the N.E. of Lisbon. When the 5th Count da Gama was raised to the dignity of a “Marquis” in 1648, he took his title from this town.

[498] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 289.

[499] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 292.

[500] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, pp. 278, 291.

[501] Cordeiro, pp. 274, 295.

[502] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, p. 295.

[503] Cordeiro, p. 280.

[504] Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 46.

[505] _Cordeiro_, p. 302. I.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

+Açoutado+, ilha do (Kiziwa, 12° 35´ S., 400° 40´ E., Map III), 32, 218

+Adarga+ (Arabic _el darakah_); according to Jubinal (_Armeria Real_, Madrid, Plate 3), a short spear with a target-like handguard, and a dagger projecting at right angles; compare Burton’s _Camoens_, xiv, p. 571.

+Affonso, Martin+, interpreter, 12, 17, 176; Boa Gente, 17

+“Africa Pilot,”+ quoted, 32, 93, 197

+Agonia+ (Arabic _El Jumbiyeh_) a crooked dagger worn in the waist waist-belt, 30

+Agostinho+, Cabe de, Brazil (8° S., 35° W.), 205

+Agulhas+, Cabo das (34° 50´ S., 20° E., Map II), 168, 169, 215

+Agulhas+ current, xviii, 15, 195

+Ailly, Pierre d’+ (b. 1350, d. 1419), xvii

+Albertis, E. A. D’+, quoted 161, 174

+Albuquerque, Affonso de+ (Governor of India, 1509-15), 179, 191

+Alcacer do Sal+, Portugal (38° 20´ N., 8° 30´ W.), 159

+Alcaide+ (Arabic _Al Kadi_), a judge, 35 In Portuguese it means the governor of a province, town, or castle. _Alcaide-mór_ governor in chief; _Alcaideria_, the district or office of an alcaide.

+Alcochete+ (38° 46´ N., 80° 57´ W.), town, Portugal, 46

+Alenquer, Pero d’+, 175; at S. Helena Bay, 5; at the Cape, 9; Cross Island, 14

+Alexander VI+, Pope (1492-1503), 115

+Alexandria+, Egypt, 78

+Algoa Bay+ (33° 50´ S., 26° E., Map II), 15, 221

+Aljofar+ (from Arabic _Jauhar_ or _Gohar_ i.e., “Jewel”). In Portuguese it means seed-pearls.

+Alliacus+, _see_ +Ailly, Pierre d’+.

+Almadia+ (Arabic _El Maziyah_), a ferry-boat, dug-out, 20

+Almanach perpetuum+, 167

+Almeida, D. Francisco de+ (Viceroy of India, 1505-9); at Mombaça, 38, 39; at Malindi, 44; at Anjediva, 80

+Almoxarife+ (Arabic), a receiver of customs or taxes.

+Almude+, a measure of capacity, holding 29½ pints.

+Aloes+, 99, 104, 213

+Alvares, Gonçalo+, master of the _S. Gabriel_, 176

+Alvarez, Francisco+ (Chaplain of Portuguese mission in Abyssinia, 1520-27), 24, 167

+Ambergris+, 135, 213, 219

+Ameixoeira, João de+, 177

+Anafil+ (Arabic _El Nafir_), a sort of trumpet, 22, 42

+Anchovies+, 92

+Andaman+ Islands (12° N., 93° E., Maps I and VI), 220, 214 L.

+Anjediva+ Islands (14° 45´ N., 74° 5´ E., Map IV), 80, 200

+Antonio, Nicoláo+, quoted, xxv

+Arabian Sea+, 46, 87, 123, 130, 135, 198, 200

+Aragão, Texeira de+, quoted, xxi, 91, 94, 95, 111, 112, 147, 148, 173, 175, 176, 178, 225

+Ascension+ Island, or Conçeicão (80° S., 14° 10´ E., Map I), 190, 191

+Ascençao menor+, or Trinidad (20° 20´ S., 29° 20´ W., Map I), 191

+Astrolabes+, 167

+Atambur+, or Betel-nut, 56, 96

+Badger, Rev. G. P.+, quoted, 61, 138

+Bahar+, a weight, at Calcutta equal to 268.16 kilo = 459 pounds. It was divided into 20 farazolas (farzilas) of 100 fens each, and roughly accepted as equal to 4 quintals.

+Bahrein+ islands, Persian Gulf (26° N., 50° 30´ E., Map I), 139

+Balandrau+, a coat, 41

+Balasci+ (rubies), 130

+Baldelli Boni+, quoted, 121, 179

+Bale+ (Arabic _Wale_), governor, 51

+Baltasar+, a Moor of Calecut, 181

+Bananas+, 57

+Bandini. A.+, quoted, 120

+Baqua+, stone of (bezoar), 96

+Barbosa, Duarte+, quoted, 32, 98, 99, 100, 103, 130, 139

+Barca+, a term vaguely applied by the author to sailing boats, where others make use of the more definite terms of “_fusta_”, or “_zambuk_”.

+Barros, João de+, quoted, xx, 8, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 31, 38, 40, 45, 48, 51, 92, 94, 98, 99, 157, 161, 164, 169, 175, 178, 179, 180

+Bastos, E. Pinto+, 161

+Bastos, José+, xxxvi, 118

+Bees+, 6

+Behaim, Martin+, (b. 1459, d. 1506), 165

+Belnos+, quoted, 54

+Benapa+, Mtapwa (3° 56´ S., 39° 40´ E., Map III), 40

+Bengal+ (24° N., 100° E, Map I), 100, 101, 220

+Bent, Theodore+, quoted, 139

+Benzoin+, 99, 101, 103, 213

+Berchet, Prof. Guglielmo+, xxxvi, 119, 157, 158

+“Berrio”+, enters Rio dos bons Signaes, 19; at Mombaça, 37; at Anjediva, 84

+Berrio+, name of a pilot, 158

+Betel-nut+ (atambur), 56, 96

+Bezoar+ (Stone of Baqua), 96

+Biagi, Prof.+, xxxvi, 119

+Birch, Dr. Walter de Gray+, quoted, 145, 146, 149

+Bisarma+, a two-edged battle-axe, 67

+Bittner, Dr. M.+, quoted, 208, 216

+Bombards+, 3, 164

+Boni+, _see_ +Baldelli+.

+Bons signaes, Rio dos+ (18° S., 37° E., Map III), 19, 124, 146, 173, 196

+Braça+, or fathom, as used by seamen, equal to 8 palmas or 5.76 feet

+Braga, Alvaro de+, clerk of the _Berrio_, 67, 176

+Bragança, Duke of+, agrees to sell Vidigueira, 228

+Braz+, _see_ +São Braz+.

+Brazil wood+, 99, 102, 104

+Breech-loaders+, 164

+Bretschneider, E.+, quoted, 132

+Buchanan, Claudius+, quoted, 137

+Bull+ of Alexander VI (1497), 115

+Burton, Sir R.+, quoted, 20, 23, 33, 36, 44, 52, 53, 79

+Cabaya+, a silk robe reaching to the ankles.

+Cabral, Jorge+ (governor of India, 1549-50), 159, 160

+Cabral, Pedro Alvarez+, the navigator, 18, 38, 44, 178, 179, 190, note 2 (supposed discovery of Tristão da Cunha), 205

+Caçadilho+, Cazadillo, village near Salamanca, Spain. _See_ +Vilhegas+.

+Cael+ (8° 40´ N., 78° 5´ E., Map I), 98

+Cairo+, Egypt, 78, 113

+Caldwell, Rev. Dr.+, quoted, 98

+Calecut+ (11° 15´ N., 75° 45´ E., Map IV); arrival, 48; description, 49, 125; pagodas, 52, 126, 137, 139; royal palace 55; the Zamorin or King, 57, 127, 132; Portuguese sailors visit the city, 69; a Padrão set up, 74, 75; commerce, 77, 96, 115, 127, 135, 142; Sernigi’s account, 125, 142; legend on Canerio’s map, 213

+Çamatarra+ (Sumatra, 0°, 110° E., Map I); 98, 101, 213, 220

+Cambay+ (22° 20´ N., 72° 35´ E., Map IV), 47, 213 A.

+Camoens+, quoted, 26, 178

+Çamolim+, _see_ +Zamorin+.

+Campo, Antonio de+, in Delagoa Bay, 18

+Cananor+ (11° 50´ N., 75° 20´ E., Map IV), 79, 146, 200

+Canaries+ (29° N., 140° W., Map I) sighted, 2

+Canerio’s Map+, 16, 18, 21, 32, 210, 212

+Canestrini+, quoted, 119

+Cantino, Alberto+, his chart, xix, 208, 212

+Cão’s+ padrão at Cape Cross, 169

+Cape of Good Hope+ (34° 20´ S., 18° 32´ E., Map II) doubled, 8, 92, 192, 215

+Cape Verde+ islands (10° N., 24° W., Map I), 2, 94, 141, 142

+Capua+, or +Capocate+ (11° 20´ N., 75° 44´ E., Map IV), 48, 52

+Caputo, M. C.+, xxxvi, 208

+Caravels+, 157, 158

+Carneiro, Antonio+ (King Manuel’s secretary), 233, 235

+Carvalho e Vasconcellos, Capt. E. J. de+, _see_ +Vasconcellos+.

+Casa da Mina+, the “House”, or office, charged with the affairs of the “mine” on the Gold Coast.

+Castanheda, Lopez de+, quoted, xx, xxiv, 1, 5, 6, 9, 21, 23, 26, 39, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 67, 77, 79, 94, 157, 161, 164, 166, 169, 173, 175, 178, 183; his signature, xxii

+Castro, João de+, (Governor and Viceroy of India, 1545-48), 159, 168

+Catalan Chart+, 211

+Catena a poppa+, 165

+Çatiguam+, Sadigam, or Shadigam (Satgaon on Hugli, 22° 15´ N., 88° 5´ E., Maps I and VIII), 220, 213 D

+Cattle+ among the Hottentots, 11, 12

+Catual+ (Kot-Wal), governor of a fort, 51

+Çeitil+, a small copper coin, worth one-third of a farthing, 7

+Ceylon+, (Çillan, 8° N., 80° E., Map I), 77, 98, 115, 135, 136, 144, 214 K.

+Chãos+, ilhéos; _see_ +Ilhéos+.

+Charton+, quoted, 53; _see_ +F. Denis+.

+Charts+ of Indian pilots, 26

+Chinese+ at Calecut, 131

+Chomandarla+ (Choromandel, on south-east coast of India), 98

+Christians+ at Mombaça, 35, 36, 39; at Malindi, 40, 44, 45; in India, 24, 114, 115, 125, 231; at Calecut, 49, 53, 137

+Cidadym+, of Harar, 78, note 5

++Çillan+, _see_ +Ceylon+.

+Çinguapura+, Singapore (1° 20´ N., 104° E., Maps I and VII), 18, 196

+Cinnamon+, 77, 81, 86, 98, 103, 113, 213, 214; boughs, 113

+Cipangu+ (Japan), xvii

+Cloves+, 77, 100, 103, 113, 213

+Cobilhões, Pedro de+ (Cobillones), _see_ +Covilhã+.

+Cobre, Rio de+ (24° 50´ S., 34° 25´ E., Map III), 18, 196

+Cochin+ (10° N., 76° 12´ E., Map IV), 146

+Coco-nut+ palm, 27

+Coelho, Nicolau+, captain of the _Berrio_, 175; at St. Helena Bay, 5; crossing Kilimani Bar, 196; lost sight of, 14; alleged ascent of river in South Africa, 193; at Moçambique, 22, 27, 29, 197; at *Malindi, 44; at Calecut, 51, 66; at Anjediva, 83, 84; at Rio Grande, 152; return to Lisbon, 93, 94, 201

+Çofalla+, _see_ +Sofalla+.

+Coge+ (Arabic, _Khojah_), lord, master

+Coimbra+ (40° 10´ N., 8° 25´ W.), xxii

+Coimbra, João de+, 30, 175

+Coins+ at Calecut, 128

+Coleu+, Coulão, Coulam (9° 10´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98

+Columbus, Bartholomeu+, map of world, xix

+Columbus, Christopher+, compared with Gama, xv; his first voyage, 189; his latitudes, xviii; his journal, xix

+Compass+, Mariner’s, 26

+Compass+, equinoctial and variation, 168

+Conimata+, Sumatra? a corrupt spelling of, 101

+Convicts+, _see_ +Degradados+.

+Copper+, 18, 96

+Cordeira, Luciano+, quoted, xxi, 2, 168, 225

+Cormorants+, 6

+Coromandel+ (south-east coast of India), 98

+Corongolor+, Crangalor (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97

+Correa, Gaspar+, his untrustworthiness, xx, 56, 193, 194; Herculano’s eulogy, xxxiii; Vasco’s ships, 164; his padrões, 169; his portrait, 150; number of men, 173; convicts, 48, 178; Gaspar da Gama, 179; Monçaide, 180; Davane, 21 note 4, 41, 181; departure from Lisbon, 185; doubling the Cape, 193; alleged mutiny, 194; transactions at Cananor, 79; concoction of a letter to the Zamorin, 58

+Correa, Manuel+, 178

+Correa, Ayres+, 158

+Cosa, Juan de la+, his chart, xix, 205

+Costa, D. Jorge da+, 112

+Costa, P. Antonio Carvalho da+, xiii

+Coulão+ (Coulam, 9° 10´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98

+Covilhã, Pedro de+, a priest, 177

+Covilhão, Pero de+, 24, 167

+Crangalor+, Quorongoliz (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97

+Cross-bows+, 10, 12

+Cross-staff+, 26

+Cruz+, ilha da, Brazil (5° S., 40° W., Map I), 14, 15, 205

+Cruz+, ilhéo da, Algoa Bay (33° 48´ S., 25° 45´ E., Map II), 15, 195

+Cruzado+, a Portuguese gold coin, weighing 71.25 grãos (4,608 grãos = 1 marc = 229.5 grammes) of fine gold, and consequently worth 9_s._ 8_d._ It retained this value up to 1555, when, being coined of gold having a fineness of 22⅝ carat only, its value was reduced to 9_s._ 2_d._

Up to 1499, 380 réis were accepted as the equivalent of a cruzado; between 1499 and 1517 the rate of exchange was 390 réis, and after that date 400 réis. This shows that the relative value of gold to silver was assumed to have been as 1:10 (in England about the same time the rate of exchange was as 1:11).

The value of 100 réis was consequently 30.5_d._ up to 1499, 29.82_d._ from 1499 to 1517, and 29.08_d._ after 1517 (see Nunes, _O livro dos Pesos, 1555_, published at Lisbon in 1868; and M. B. Lopes Fernandes, _Memoria das moedas correntes em Portugal_, Lisbon, 1856).

+Dalla Vedova, Prof.+, xxxvi, 133

+Dameiroeiro, João+, 177

+Davane+, the Moor, 21, 41, 181

+Declination+ of the sun, 167, 168

+Degradados+ (convicts or banished men), 174

+Delagoa Bay+ (26° S., 34° E.), its discovery, 19, 221

+Dely+, Eli, Mount (12° N., 75° 15´ E., Map IV), 47. 198

+Denis, Ferd.+, quoted, xxxiv, 53, 78

+Dias, Bartholomeu+ sails to Elmina, 2; his conflict at the bay of S. Braz, 10; his last padrão, 14, 15, 195; builds Gama’s ships, 159

+Dias, Diogo+, 176; factor at Pandarani, 67; carries a message to the Zamorin, 70; his imprisonment, 71, 73; liberated, 74

+Dias, Pedro+, a convict, 178

+Dogs+ of the Hottentots, 6

+Dress+ at Calecut, 133

+Elephants+, how they are captured, 102; at Mossel Bay, 11; in India, 98, 99, 100, 133, 140

+Eli+, Dely, mount (12° N., 75° 15´ E., Map IV), 47, 198

+Empoli, Giovanni da+, quoted, 6, 99, 191

+Escolar, Pero+, pilot of the _Berrio_, x, 148, 175; _see_ +Escovar+.

+Escovar, Pero+, was associated with Santarem in the discovery of the Gold Coast, 1471; another Pero Escovar went as pilot to the Congo, 1490; Barros and Resende call the pilot of the _Berrio_ Esolar and not Escovar.

+Esphera+ de ouro, a coin, 170

+Esteves, Pero+, a convict, 178

+Evora+ (38° 33´ N., 7° 55´ W.), 235, 236

+Falcão, Luiz de Figueiredo+, 119, 147, 157

+False Bay+, South Africa (34° 15´ S., 18° 30´ E., Map II), 9, 215

+Fanão+, a coin, at Calecut worth 7.45_d._ (_see_ p. 69 _n._).

+Farazola+, Frasila, weight, at Calecut, equal to 10.4 kilos., or 22 lbs.

+Faria, Manuel de+, 170

+Faria, Severim de+, quoted, 175

+Faria e Figueiredo, Francisco de+, xxx, 177

+Faria e Figueiredo, Pedro de+, 177

+Faria y Sousa+, quoted, xxi, 46, 157, 173, 175, 177, 178

+Ferdinand, Valentin+, 178

+Fernandez, M. B. Lopez+, 170

+Figueiredo+, _see_ +Faria+ and +Falcão+.

+Figueiro, João+, a priest, xxxi, 177

+Fish+, 133

+Flutes+, 11

+Food+ at Calecut, 132

+Foot, Captn.+, view of Mombasa, 35

+Foster, William+, xxxvi

+Fowls+, 17

+Fracanzio di Montalboddo+, editor of _Paesi novamente retrovati_, q. v.

+Francisco de S. Maria+, quoted, 177

+Frankincense+, 104, 213

+Fumos+ (25° S., 32° E., Map III), 17, 217

+Fusta+, a galley, 83

+Gabriel+, _see_ São +Gabriel+.

+Gallois, Prof. L.+, xxxvi, 210

+Galvão, Antonio+, quoted, 173, 198, 206

+Gama, Estevão da+, nephew of Vasco, Voyage to India, 191

+Gama, Gaspar da+, at Anjediva, 84, 152; tortured, 86; information on countries to the south, 95, 115, 121; his history, 179, 180

+Gama, Paulo da+, offered the command of the expedition, xiii; captain of the _S. Raphael_, 1; loses the flagship, 2; rejoins his brother, 3; at St. Helena Bay, 8; tends the sick, 21; at Moçambique, 26, 31; his ship aground at Malindi, 44; at Calecut, 51, 65; at Anjediva, 85; his ship burnt, 91, 153; alleged breaking-up of his ship, 146, 147; his death, 94, 147, 148

+Gama, Vasco da+; His birth, xiii; qualification as a navigator, xiv; compared with Columbus, xv; his observations for latitude, xviii; authorities on his first voyage, xix; his death, xiv

_First Voyage._—The ships, 147, 151, 157-160; muster-roll, 173; despatch by King Manuel, 185, 230; Lisbon, dep., 1, 123, 146, 148, 151, 153, 185; Cape Verde, 3, 186; across the Southern Atlantic, xvii, 3, 142, 186; first landfall, 5, 189; St. Helena Bay, 5, 192; doubling the Cape, 8, 192; S. Braz Bay, 9, 192; alleged mutiny, 194; a gale, 14, 194; ilhéos chãos, 14, 195; Ilhéos da Cruz, 15, 195; Dias’ furthest, 15, 195; the Agulhas current, viii, 15; Rio do Cobre, 16, 196; Rio dos bons Signaes, 19, 146; Mozambique, 22, 146, 151, 197; false start for the north, 28, 197; the _S. Raphael_ aground, 33, 197; Mombasa, 34, 198; Malindi, 40, 146, 151, 198; across the Arabian sea, 46, 198; landfall near Mount Eli, 47, 198; at Capocate, 48, 199; royal audiences, 56, 61, 126; capture of hostages, 72, 115, 180

Departure from Calecut, 76; supposed visits to Cochin and Cananor, 146, 147, 200; S. Maria islands and Anjediva, 80, 200; across the Arabian Sea, 87, 200; Magadoxo, 88, 200; Malindi, 89, 200; the _S. Raphael_ burnt, 91, 201; Mozambique, 92, 201; S. Braz Bay, 92, 201; doubling the Cape, 92, 201; Rio Grande, 93, 201; return to Lisbon, 94, 113, 122, 124, 148

Loss of life during the voyage, 124, 141, 231

Second Voyage to India, 1502-3, 191, 233

Honours and rewards bestowed upon Vasco da Gama, 225-232 Instructions to Cabral, 190.

+Garnett, Dr. R.+, 119

+Gazelles+, 6

+Genoese+ needles, 26

+George+, _see_ +São Jorge+.

+Germanus, Henricus Martellus+, his Map, 204

+Ghats+, Western, in India, 199

+Ginger+, 77, 103, 113

+Giovanni da Empoli+, 6, 99, 191

+Goa+ (15° 25´ N., 73° 50´ E., Map IV), 219

+Goes, Damião de+, quoted, xx, 5, 8, 18, 19, 21, 26, 40, 45, 50, 53, 56, 57, 94, 112, 159, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180

+Gold+ of Sofala, 33, 113, 124

+Gonçalves, André+, 176

+Greiff, Dr. G.+, 121

+Guillen, Felipe+, 168

+Gujarat+ (Guzerat, 22° N., 72° E., Map IV), F 45, 63

+Gulf-weed+, 4

+Gulls+, 8

+Guzerate+ (Gujarat, 22° N., 72° E., Map IV), 45, 63

+“Guzerati”+, a merchant of Guzerat, or Gujarat, at Calecut, 63

+Hamy, Dr. E. T.+, quoted, 18, 19, 21, 32, 206

+Harar+, Cidadym of, 78

+Harrisse, Mr.+, 205

+Helena+, _see_ +Santa Helena+.

+Hellmann, G.+, quoted, 169

+Herculano+, quoted, xxiv, xxxiii, 41, 65, 195

+Herons+, 4

+Heyd, W.+, 130

+Hirth, F.+, 132

+Horsburgh, Captain+, 188

+Horses+, 133

+Hostages+ taken at Calecut, 72, 115; carried to Portugal, 76

+Hottentots+, meeting with, 11-13

+Hour-glasses+, 168

+Hulot, Baron+, xxxvi

+Ilha da Cruz+, _see_ +Cruz+.

+Ilhas primeiras+ (17° S., 39° E., Map III), 21

+Ilhéos chãos+, low islets, Algoa Bay (33° 50´ S., 29° 18´ E., Map II), 4, 195, 216

+Images+, worshipped by Portuguese and Indians, 24

+Incense+, 104, 213

+Infante, Rio de+ (_i.e._, River of J. Infante), frequently called Rio _do_ Infante, _i.e._, River of the Infante, Prince Henry (33° 30´ S., 27° 8´ E., Map II), 14, 216

+Ivory+, 18

+Jack-fruit+, 57

+Jaus, Rev. J. J.+, quoted, xxxvi, 52, 54, 97

+Java+, on Canerio’s Map, 211

+Jeronymo de São José+, 177

+Jews+ at Calecut, 137

+Jidda+, Red Sea (21° 30´ N., 39° 10´ E., Map I), 78

+Jordanus, Friar+, quoted, 98

+Jorge+, _see_ +São Jorge+.

_Jornal das Viagens_, 145, 146

+Juromenho, Visconde+, 159

+Justice+, administration of, at Calecut, 135

+Kilwa+, _see_ +Quiloa+.

+Kioni+, Quioniete (30° 38´ S., 39° 50´ E., Map III), 40

+Kirk, Sir John+, quoted, xxxvi, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 45, 90

+Kohl, Dr.+, 205

+Kopke, Diogo+, quoted, xxii, xxiv, xxxii, 4, 5, 6, 13, 19, 24, 26, 32, 33, 38, 78, 97, 98, 99, 101, 120, 194

+Krishna+ and +Devaki+, 53

+Lac+, 98, 101, 102, 104, 213

+Laccadivas+ (10° N., 73° E, Map I), 134, 198

+Lambel+, striped cloth, 11

+Lamu+ (2° 15´ S., 40° 20´ E., Map III), 219

+Lançarote+ (29° N., 14° W.); pass to lee of it, 2

+Larks+, 6

+Latitudes+ on early maps, 213; observed by Colon, xix

_Laurie’s Sailing Directory_, 190

+League.+ The Portuguese (Castilian) legoa of 7,500 varas was equal to 6,269 meters, or 20,568 feet, and 17.72 of these legoas were consequently equal to one mean degree of a meridian. The Portuguese pilots generally assumed 17½ of these legoas to be equal to 1°; and had they known the real size of the earth the league would have been 6,350 m., an error of only 1.27 per cent. in the estimate of the size of the earth as determined by observation for latitude taken at sea.

There can hardly be a doubt that the Italian mile was the same as the old Roman mile, and had a length of 1,480 m. Consequently, 4.236 of these miles were equal to a legoa, and when Sernigi (see p. 124) reckons 4¼ of these miles to a legoa he is very near the truth. On the Cantino chart 75 Italian miles are = 1° = 17.5 Portuguese legoas, and if we accept this estimate the legoa would be = 4.29 Italian miles. The Portuguese pilots at the Conference of Badajoz (1525), maintained, however, that 1 legoa = 4 Italian miles. As to Prof. Wagner’s “Portulano mile” (_Report of Sixth International Geographical Congress_, p. 698) of only 1,265 m., its shortness is obviously due to the very common over-estimate of distances, even when there is no mileage charge as in the case of London cabmen.

+Leal, J. da Silva Mendes+, quoted, 95

+Leiria+ (39° 42´ N., 8° 50´ W.), 159

+Lelewel, Joachim+, 211

+Leguat, F.+, quoted, 6

+Lemos, Gaspar de+, 205

+Leonardo+ of Camões, 178

+Linen cloth+, 18

+Lindsay, W. S.+, 159, 161

+Lingams+, 83

+Linschoten’s+ _Itinerarium_, 203

+Loadstone+ islands, 129

+Lopes, Thomé+, 191

+Lourenço, Fernão+, 159

+Machado, Barbosa+, xxv

+Machado, João+, a convict, 178

+Mafia+, island (70° 50´ S., 39° 50´ E., Map III), 33

+Magadoxo+ (2° 20´ N., 45° 25´ E.), 88, 200, 219

+Magelhães, Fernão de+, xv

+Magnetic Variation+, 168

+Malabar+, casts, 49

+Malacca+, Malagua (2° 10´ N., 102° 10´ E., Map I), 77, 100, 220, 213 F.

+Malayalam+, vocabulary, 105

+Malema Cana+, or +Canaqua+, pilot, 46, 181

+Malindi+, Melinde (3° 12´ S., 40° 10´ E., Map III), 40, 89, 125, 146

+Malmsey+, wine, 131

+Manicongo+ (Congo), 17

+Manso, Paiva+, quoted, 167

+Manuel, King+, his letters on Vasco da Gama’s first voyage, 111, 230; quoted, 96, 173, 233; rewards to Gama, 225

+Maps+, early, 203

+Marcel, Gabriel+, xxxvi

+Marcos, Lucas+, an Abyssinian priest, 24, 167

+Maria+, _see_ +Santa Maria+.

+Mariz+, _Dialogues_, xiv

+Markham, Sir Clements R.+, quoted, xxxvi, 120, 165, 206, 208

+Markham, Admiral Albert H.+, xxxvi

+Marlota+, a Moorish jacket or jerkin, 25

+Matikal+, a gold coin, value at Moçambique about 12_s._; see p. 25

+Martins, Fernão+, at Moçambique, 23; at Calecut, xxix, 50, 57, 62, 176

+Martinz, Fernão+, Royal Chaplain, xvi

+McCrindle, J. W.+, quoted, 26

+Masser, Leonardi da Chá+, 180, 227, 233

+Mecca+ (21° 20´ N., 45° E., Map I), 47, 87, 113, 125, 130

+Melequa+, _see_ +Malacca+.

+Melinde+, _see_ +Malindi+.

+Melons+, 57

+Mendes, A. Lopes+, quoted, 80

+Mendoso, J. de Escalante de+, quoted, 174

+Mendonça, H. Lopez de+, 158, 161, 162

+Mercy+, river of, is identical with the Rio dos bons signaes, 19, 146, 173

+Mexia, Sancho+, at St. Helena Bay, 6, 177

+Millet+, 17

+Misericordia, Rio da+, is identical with the Rio dos bons signaes, 19, 169, 173

+Mitkal+ (matikal), gold coin, 25

+Moçambique+ (15° S., 40° 45´ E., Map III); arrival, 22, 146, 151, 197; trade, 23, 69; a conflict on return voyage, 92, 201

+Moçambique+ current, 197

+Modobar+, Meduar on Lingga (2° 30´ N., 102° E., Map VII), 213, 220 E.

+“Mohit”+, quoted, 26, 208

+Moll, A.+, map of Africa, 190

+Moluccas+, 77

+Mombaça+ (4° 5´ S., 39° 40´ E., Map III); arrival, 34; return, 91

+Monçaide+, a Moor, 48, 50, 72, 75, 79, 112, 115, 180

+Monte formosa+, Cotta Point (11° 30´ N., 75° 40´ E., Map IV), 199

+Money+, _see_ +Cruzado+, Real, Reis, matikals, fanão, xerafin

+Monsoons+, 136, 198, 200

+Montemór o novo+ (38° 40´ N., 8° 15´ W.), 185

+Moor, E.+, quoted, 53

+Moorish+ merchants at Calecut, 61, 62, 68, 127, 152

+Moplah+, 49

+Morelet, Arthur+, xxxiv

+Moreri+, xxv

+Mori, A.+, 205

+Mourá+, quoted, 25

+Mtwapa+, _see_ +Benapa+.

+Musk+, 100, 104

+Nairs+, at Calecut, 49

+Natal+, its discovery, 16

+Native+ navigation, 134, 139

+Navarrete, D. Martin Fernandez de+, xvii, note 2

+Nicobar Islands+ (7° N., 94° E., Map VII), 214 M., 220

+Nile+, river, 78

+Niza+ (39° 32´ N., 7° 40´ W.), 100 miles N.E. of Lisbon, 235

+Nova, João da+, 178, 190, 206, 210

+Nuguoquioniete+, _see_ +Takaungu+ and +Quioni+.

+Nunes, Antonio+, quoted, 25

+Nunes, Gonçalo+, 175

+Nunes, João+, 48

+Nunez, João+, a convict, 179

+Nunes, Pedro+, 168

+Nutmeg+, 100, 104, 113

+Oliveira, Fernando+, quoted, 162

+Oliveira, João Braz d’+, 162

+Olivença+, Spain (38° 40´ N., 7° 5´ E.), xiii

+Oporto+, in Portugal, xxiii

+Ortelius+, 115, 125

+Ortiz de Vilhegas+, _see_ +Vilhegas+.

+Osorio, D. Jeronymo+, quoted, 6, 26, 194

+Ouro, Rio do+ (west coast of Africa, 23° 50´ N., 16° E., Map I), 2

+Ouro, Rio do+, or Limpopo (25° 20´ S., 33° 30´ E., Map III), 19

+Pacheco Pereira, Duarte+, quoted, 161, 192

+Padrões+, 169; at S. Bráz, 15; of S. Raphael, 21; at Calecut, 74, 75; of S. Maria, 80; S. Jorge, 92

+Padua+, baixos de, (13° N., 72° 20´ E., Map IV), 198

+Paesi novamente retrovati+, 120, 123, 124, 128, 137, 141

+Pagodas+, at Calecut, 53

+Paiva, Afonso de+, 167

+Paiva, Antonio da Costa+, editor of the _Roteiro_, xxii, xxxii

+Paiva, Baron Castello de+, editor of the _Roteiro_, xxxiii

+Palha, João+, 177

+Panane+ (10° 50´ N., 75° 55´ E., Map IV), 50

+“Pandarani”+ (11° 28´ N., 75° 40´ E., Map IV), 48; at anchor there, 50; detention, 63

+Parrots+, 100

+Pate+, town (2° 10´ S., 41° 2´ E.), 88

+Pater, Pedir+ (5° N., 96° 30´ E., Map I), 102

+Pearls+, 23, 138, 213, 214

+Pegu+ (17° 20´ N., 96° 30´ E. Map I), 100

+Pelele+, lip-disk, 20

+Pelican+, a device of King João II, 100

+Pemba+ Island (5° S., 39° 4´ E., Map III), 34

+Penguins+, 92

+Pepper+, 77, 103, 113, 213

+Peragallo+, quoted, 227

+Pereira, Duarte Pacheco+, _see_ +Pacheco+.

+Perestrello, M. de Mesquito+, quoted, 14, 15, 19

+Periplus+ of the Erythrean, 26

+Peurbach, G.+ (born 1423, died 1461), 68

+Peutinger, Conrad+, abstract of Sernigi’s letter, 121, 122, 141

+Pilots+, at Moçambique, 25; Mombaça, 37; Malindi, 45

+Pimentel’s+ _Roteiro_, quoted, 14

+Pinzon, Vicento Yanez+, 205, 206

+Pinto, Mendes+, quoted, 99

+Pirez, Gonçalo+, 177

+Pliny+, quoted, 140

+Polo, Marco+, quoted, xvii, 98, 211

+Porcelain+, 200, 213

+Precious stones+, 130, 140, 213, 214

+Prester John+, 24, 134

+Ptolemaic traditions+, 206, 207, 211, 167

+Ptolemy’s+ Taprobana, 209

+Quafees+, priests, 54

+Quicksilver+, 97

+Qualicut+, _see_ +Calecut+.

+Quiloa, Kilwa+ (9° S., 39° 30´ E., Map III), 32, 46, 233

+Quilon, Coulão+, (8° 52´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98

+Quintal+, a weight, equal to 110 Portuguese pounds of 16 oz. each, 103

+Quintella, Admiral Ignacio da Costa+, 208

+Quioni, Kioni+ (3° 38´ S., 39° 50´ E., Map III), 40

+Quorongoliz, Corongolos+ (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97

+Rae, G. Milne+, quoted, 138

+Ramusio+, quoted, 120, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141

+“Raphael”+, _see_ +“São Raphael”+.

+Real+ (plur. _réis_), a Portuguese silver coin. The Cologne marc (229.5 grammes) of a fineness of 11/12ths, was coined into 2,280 réis in 1485, into 2,340 in 1499, 2,500 in 1517, and 2,600 in 1555. _See_ +Cruzado+.

+Red Sea+, 47, 125, 130

+Regiomontanus+ (astronomer, born 1436, died 1575), 168

+Réis+, _see_ +Real+ and +Cruzado+.

+Reis, Rio dos+, Delagoa Bay (26° S., 33° E., Map III), 18, 217

+Resende, Garcia de+, xiv

+Restello+, suburb of Lisbon, 1

+Rezende, Pero Barretto de+, quoted, 94, 143, 149, 150, 157, 161

+Rhubarb+, 102, 104, 213

+Ribeiro’s+ map, 18

+Ribeyro, Leonardo+, 178

+Richthofen, Prof. F. von+ (geographer, born 1833), 132

+Rio de Infante+, _see_ +Infante+.

+Rio dos Bons Signaes+, _see_ +Bons Signaes+.

+Rio do Cobre+, _see_ +Cobre+.

+Rio Grande+, Guinea (11° 20´ N., 15° 30´ W., Map I), 93

+Rivara, Cunha+, quoted, 148, 175

+Rodriguez+ (or Rodrigo), the physician, 167

+Rodriguez, Damião+, 179

+Romish images+, 45, 53, 54

+Rosetta+, Egypt, 7, 8

+Rossamalha+, 144

+Roteiro+, the MS., xxii; the author, xxv; his style, xxviii; Portuguese editions, xxxii; French translations, xxxiv; English translation, xxxv

+Rubies+, 98, 102, 113

+Sá, João de+, xxx, xxxi; 51, 54, 90, 94, 122, 176

+Sal, Ilha do+, Cape Verde (16° 40´ N., 23° W., Map I), 2

+Samori+ or +Samurin+, _see_ +Zamorin+.

+Sandalwood+, 213

+San Roman+, quoted, 173

+Santa Cruz, terra de+, or +Ilha de Cruz+, Brazil, 14, 15, 205

+Santa Helena+, Bay of, 5, 192; (32° 40´ S., 18° E., Map II), 5, 192

+Santa Maria+, Bay of, São Thiago, 3

+Santa Maria+, Ilhas de, India (13° 20´ N., 75° 20´ E., Map IV), 80, 200

+Santarem, Vizconde de+, quoted, 145, 146

+Santiago+, _see_ +São Thiago+.

+Santos, Antonio Ribeiro dos+, quoted, 168

+Santos, João dos+, quoted, 19

+São Braz+, bay, Mossel Bay (34° 10´ S., 22° 10´ E., Map II), 9, 92, 192

+“São Gabriel,”+ flagship, 1, 94, 112, 155, 163; burnt, 146; picture of, 155; description of, 159

+São Jorge+, island (15° 2´ S., 40° 45´ E., Map III), 25, 28, 31, 92, 197

+“São Raphael,”+ Paulo da Gama’s ship, springs a mast, 16; repaired, 20; aground, 33; at Anjediva, 88; injured, 88; burnt, 91

+São Raphael+, shoals (5° 20´ S., 39° 8´ E., Map III) and mountains of, 33, 91, 97, 201; padrão of, 196

+São Thiago de Cacem+ (38° N., 8° 40´ W.), headquarters of the Order of S. Thiago, 10 miles N. E. of Sines, 232, 234

+São Thiago+ (Samtiago), Cape Verde isles (15° N., 23° 30´ E., Map I), 3

+São Thiago+, river of, St. Helena Bay (33° 45´ S., 18° 10´ E., Map III), 5

+Sapphires+, 98, 102

+Schott, Dr. G.+, 187

+Schück, Capt. A.+, 187

+Scientific+ outfit of Vasco da Gama, 166

+Scurvy+, 20, 187, 200

+Seals+, 4, 6, 8, 13, 92

+Seal Island+ (Mossel Bay), 13

+Seed-pearls+, 23, 213

+Sernigi, Girolamo+, his letters, 119-142; quoted, 158, 160, 173

+Setubal, João+, 178

+Sewn boats+, 26

+Sharifs+, 29

+Sheath+, over virile member, 6

+Siam+ (15° N., 110° E., Map I), 99

+Sickness+ at Mombaça, 35 (_see_ +Scurvy+).

+Silk+, 98, 99, 100, 213, 214

+Silva, A. A. Baldaque da+, quoted, xxxvi, 162

+Sinai+, mount, 78, 130

+Sines+ (37° 57´ N., 8° 50´ W.), xiii, 225, 227, 228, 233

+Singapore+, _see_ +Çinguapara+.

+Síwa-blower+, 43

+Sneyd, Mr. Ralph+, 119

+Sofala+, Çoffala, gold mines (20° S., 34° 30´ E., Map III), 212, 233 A.

+Sotilicayos+ (Cape Penguins), 13

+Sousa, João de+, quoted, 44, 79

+Sousa, Francisco de+, 177

+Speechley, Bishop J. W.+, xxxvi, 97, 105

+Spice Islands+, 135

+Spice trade+, 113, 127, 137, 214

+Spruner’s+ _Historical Atlas_, 190

+Stanley of Alderley, Lord+, quoted, xiv, xxxiv, 3, 8, 9, 19, 21, 40, 44, 48, 56, 58, 104, 173, 177, 178, 179, 194

+Storax+, 213

+Strassburg+, Ptolemy, maps of, 211

+Sumatra+ (Çamatarra, 0°, 110° E., Map I), 98, 101, 213, 220

+Takaunga+, Tocanuguo, Toça (3° 40´ S., 39° 50´ E., Map III), 40

+Tamugata+, Tangata, Mtangata (5° 15´ S., 39° 5´ E., Map III), 33, 93

+Taprobana+ (Ceylon), 115; (identified with Ceylon), 139, 213

+Tausens+, imaginary islands, 205

+Tavira+ (37° 8´ N., 7° 40´ W.), a town in Algarve, 234

+Tebas+ or +Thebas+, imaginary islands, 205, 210

+Tenacar+, Tenasserim (12° 10´ N., 92° E., Map I), 99

+Terceira+, Azores (38° 40´ N., 27° W., Map I), 94

+Terra+, _see_ +Fumos+.

+Terra alta+, Sahara (24° 30´ N., 15° 30´ E., Map I), 2

+Terra da boa gente+ (24° 50´ S., 34° 25´ E., Map III), 17, 196

+Thebas+, imaginary islands, 205, 210

+Thiago+, _see_ +São Thiago+.

+Thomar+ (32° 38´ N., 8° 23´ W.), since 1356 principal seat of the Order of Christ, 233

+Timoja+, the “pirate”, 82

+Tîmor+ (10° S., 125° E.), 101

+Tin+, 18, 100, 213

+Toar, Sancho de+, discovers Delagoa Bay, 18; shipwrecked at Mombaça, 38

+Toleta de Martoloia+, 168

+Tomaschek, Dr.+, quoted, 26, 208

+Tonnage+ of vessels, 161

+Toscanelli’s+ letter, xvi

+Touca+, a cap, 20, 23

+Trinidad+ Island (20° 20´ S., 29° 20´ E., Map I), 187, 190, 191 (its discovery)

+Trinity+, Order of, 177

+Tristão da Cunha+, Islands (37° 24´ S., 12° 20´ W., Map I), 189, 190, note 2

+Turtle Doves+, 6

+Tuuz+, Tor (28° 15´ N., 23° 30´ E., Map I), 78

+Valle, Pietro della+, quoted, 55

+Vallego, A. Cánovas+, 206

+Variation+ of the compass, 168

+Varthema+, quoted, 99, 102, 139

+Varnhagen+, 158

+Vasconcellos, E. J. Carvalho e+, xxxvi

+Velho, Alvaro+, xxx, xxxi, 178

+Veloso, Fernão+, at St. Helena Bay, 7; muster-roll, 178

+Venice+, 78

+Vespucci, Amerigo+, 120, 179, 206, 211

+Vilhegas, Diogo Ortiz de+, 166, 167

+Vidigueira+ (38° 12´ N., 7° 48´ W.), 236, 237

+Villa de Frades+, village, one mile from Vidigueira, 235, 236

+Villafranca de Xira+, town on the Tejo, twenty miles above Lisbon (38° 58´ N., 9° W.), 227, 234

+Villanova de Milfontes+, coast town, fifteen miles south of Sines (37° 43´ N., 8° 45´ W.), 231, 234

+Villa Viçosa+ (38° 47´ N., 70° 24´ W.), 236

+Vizinho, José+, 167

+Vocabulary+ of Malayalam, 105

+Whales+, 4, 6

+Wieser, F. R. von+, xix

+Wine+ at Calecut, 131, 135

+Wolf, Rudolf+, quoted, 168

+Xarnauz+, Sornau, Siam, 99

+Xerafin+, a coin at Calecut, equal to 12 fanãos in gold, or 7_s._ 5_d._

+Yule, Colonel+, quoted, 47, 98, 99, 130, 131

+Zacut+, the astronomer, 167, 168

+Zambuk+, _see_ +Barca+.

+Zamorin+, title of ruler of Calecut, 61; his letter to Vasco da Gama, 75 (_see_ also +Gama+ and +Dias+).

+Zanzibar+, (6° 10´ S., 30° 10´ E., Map III), 92, 207, 218

+Zavra+, a dhau, 34

[Illustration: II.

THE CAPE TO NATAL

_E. G. R._

_George Philip & Son_]

[Illustration: III.

NATAL TO MAGADOXO

_E. G. R._

_Geo. Philip & Son_]

[Illustration: IV.

WEST COAST OF I N D I A

_E. G. R._

_Geo. Philip & Son_]

[Illustration: V.

ANONYMOUS [1502] Published by Dr. E. T. Hamy

HAKLUYT, S, I, v. XCIX]

[Illustration: VI.

CANTINO’S CHART. 1502

HAKLUYT, S, I, v. XCIX]

[Illustration: VII.

NICOLAS DE CANERIO 1502.

SOUTH AFRICA

HAKLUYT, S, I, v. XCIX]