chapter i
conflict groups were divided into gangs, labor organizations, sects, parties, and nationalities.[219] Common to these groups is an organization and orientation with reference to conflict with other groups of the same kind or with a more or less hostile social environment, as in the case of religious sects.
The spontaneous organizations of boys and youths called gangs attracted public attention in American communities because of the relation of these gangs to juvenile delinquency and adolescent crime. An interesting but superficial literature upon the gang has developed in recent years, represented typically by J. Adams Puffer _The Boy and his Gang_. The brief but picturesque descriptions of individual gangs seem to indicate that the play group tends to pass over into the gang when it comes into conflict with other groups of like type or with the community. The fully developed gang appears to possess a restricted membership, a natural leader, a name--usually that of a leader or a locality--a body of tradition, custom and a ritual, a rendezvous, a territorial area which it holds as a sort of possession and defends against invasion by other groups. Attention was early called, as by Mr. Brewster Adams in an article _The Street Gang as a Factor in Politics_, to the facility with which the gang graduates into a local political organization, representing thus the sources of political power of the typical American city.
Although the conflict of economic groups is not a new nor even a modern phenomenon, no such permanent conflict groups as those represented by capital and labor existed until recent times. Veblen has made an acute observation upon this point. The American Federation of Labor, he states, "is not organized for production but for bargaining." It is, in effect, an organization for the strategic defeat of employers and rival organizations, by recourse to enforced unemployment and obstruction; not for the production of goods and services.[220]
Research in the labor problem by the Webbs in England and by Commons, Hoxie, and others in this country has been primarily concerned with the history and with the structure and functions of trade unions. At present there is a tendency to investigate the human-nature aspects of the causes of the industrial conflict. The current phrases "instincts in industry," "the human factor in economics," "the psychology of the labor movement," "industry, emotion, and unrest" indicate the change in attitude. The essential struggle is seen to lie not in the conflict of classes, intense and ruthless as it is, but more and more in the fundamental struggle between a mechanical and impersonal system, on the one hand, and the person with his wishes unsatisfied and insatiable on the other. All attempts to put the relations of capital and labor upon a moral basis have failed hitherto. The latest and most promising experiment in this direction is the so-called labor courts established by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers and their employees.
The literature upon sects and parties has been written for the most part with the purpose of justifying, to a critical and often hostile public, the sectarian and partisan aims and acts of their several organizations. In a few works such as Sighele's _Psychologie des sectes_ and Michels' _Political Parties_ an attempt has been made at objective description and analysis of the mechanisms of the behavior of the sect and of the party.
The natural history of the state from the tribe to the modern nation has been that of a political society based on conflict. Franz Oppenheimer maintains the thesis in his book _The State: Its History and Development Viewed Sociologically_, that conquest has been the historical basis of the state. The state is, in other words, an organization of groups that have been in conflict, i.e., classes and castes; or of groups that are in conflict, i.e., political parties.
A nationality, as distinct from a nation, as for instance the Irish nationality, is a language and cultural group which has become group conscious through its struggle for status in the larger imperial or international group. Nationalism is, in other words, a phenomenon of internationalism.
The literature upon this subject is enormous. The most interesting recent works on the general topic are Dominian's _The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe_, Pillsbury's _The Psychology of Nationality and Internationalism_, and Oakesmith's _Race and Nationality_.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF CONFLICT
A. _Conflict and Social Process_
(1) Simmel, Georg. "The Sociology of Conflict." Translated from the German by Albion W. Small. _American Journal of Sociology_, IX (1903-4), 490-525; 672-89; 798-811.
(2) Gumplowicz, Ludwig. _Der Rassenkampf._ Sociologische Untersuchungen. Innsbruck, 1883.
(3) Novicow, J. _Les Luttes entre sociétés humaines et leurs phases successives._ Paris, 1893.
(4) Ratzenhofer, Gustav. _Wesen und Zweck der Politik._ Als Theil der Sociologie und Grundlage der Staatswissenschaften. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1893.
(5) ----. _Die sociologische Erkenntnis._ Positive Philosophie des Socialen Lebens. Leipzig, 1898.
(6) Sorel, Georges. _Reflections on Violence._ New York, 1914.
B. _Conflict and Mental Conflict_
(1) Healy, William. _Mental Conflicts and Misconduct._ Boston, 1917.
(2) Prince, Morton. _The Unconscious._ The fundamentals of personality, normal and abnormal. Chap. xv, "Instincts, Sentiments, and Conflicts," pp. 446-87; chap, xvi, "General Phenomena Resulting from Emotional Conflicts," pp. 488-528. New York, 1914.
(3) Adler, Alfred. _The Neurotic Constitution._ Outlines of a comparative individualistic psychology and psychotherapy. Translated by Bernard Glueck and John E. Lind. New York, 1917.
(4) Adler, Alfred. _A Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation._ A contribution to clinical medicine. Translated by S. E. Jelliffe. "Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series," No. 24. New York, 1917.
(5) Lay, Wilfrid. _Man's Unconscious Conflict._ A popular exposition of psychoanalysis. New York, 1917.
(6) Blanchard, Phyllis. _The Adolescent Girl._ A study from the psychoanalytic viewpoint. Chap. iii, "The Adolescent Conflict," pp. 87-115. New York, 1920.
(7) Weeks, Arland D. _Social Antagonisms._ Chicago, 1918.
C. _Rivalry_
(1) Baldwin, J. Mark, editor. _Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology._ Article on "Rivalry." Vol. II, pp. 476-78.
(2) Vincent, George E. "The Rivalry of Social Groups," _American Journal of Sociology_, XVI (1910-11), 469-84.
(3) Ordahl, George. "Rivalry: Its Genetic Development and Pedagogy," _The Pedagogical Seminary_, XV (1908), 492-549. [Bibliography.]
(4) Ely, Richard T. _Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society._ Chap. ii, "Rivalry and Success in Economic Life," pp. 152-63. New York, 1903.
(5) Cooley, Charles H. _Personal Competition: Its Place in the Social Order and Effect upon Individuals; with Some Considerations on Success._ "Economic Studies," Vol. IV, No. 2. New York, 1899.
(6) Triplett, Norman. "The Dynamogenic Factors in Pacemaking and Competition," _American Journal of Psychology_, IX (1897-98), 507-33.
(7) Baldwin, J. Mark. "La Concurrence sociale et l'individualisme," _Revue Internationale de sociologie_, XVIII (1910), 641-57.
(8) Groos, Karl. _The Play of Man._ Translated with author's co-operation by Elizabeth L. Baldwin with a preface by J. Mark Baldwin. New York, 1901.
D. _Discussion_
(1) Bagehot, Walter. _Physics and Politics._ Or thoughts on the application of the principles of "Natural Selection" and "Inheritance" to political society. Chap. v, "The Age of Discussion," pp. 156-204. New York, 1875.
(2) Robertson, John M. _A Short History of Free Thought, Ancient and Modern._ 2 vols. New York, 1906.
(3) Windelband, Wilhelm. _Geschichte der alten Philosophie._ "Die Sophistik und Sokrates," pp. 63-92. München, 1894.
(4) Mackay, R. W. _The Progress of the Intellect as Exemplified in the Religious Development of the Greeks and Hebrews._ 2 vols. London, 1850.
(5) Stephen, Sir Leslie. _History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century._ 2d ed., 2 vols. London, 1881.
(6) Damiron, J. Ph. _Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la philosophie au 18ième siècle._ 3 vols. Paris, 1858-64.
(7) Draper, J. W. _History of the Intellectual Development of Europe._ Rev. ed., 2 vols. New York, 1904.
(8) ----. _History of the Conflict between Religion and Science._ New York, 1873.
(9) Lecky, W. E. H. _History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe._ Rev. ed., 2 vols. New York, 1903.
(10) White, Andrew D. _History of the Warfare of Science with Theology._ An expansion of an earlier essay, "The Warfare of Science," 2d. ed., 1877. 2 vols. New York, 1896.
(11) Haynes, E. S. P. _Religious Persecution._ A study in political psychology. London, 1904.
II. TYPES OF CONFLICT
A. _War_
1. Psychology and Sociology of War:
(1) Darwin, Charles. _The Descent of Man._ Chaps. xvii and xviii. "Secondary Sexual Characters of Mammals," pp. 511-67. (Gives account of the fighting instinct in males and the methods of fighting of animals.) 2d rev. ed. New York, 1907.
(2) Johnson, George E. "The Fighting Instinct: Its Place in Life," _Survey_, XXXV (1915-16), 243-48.
(3) Thorndike, Edward L. _The Original Nature of Man._ "Fighting," pp. 68-75. New York, 1913.
(4) Hall, G. Stanley. "A Study of Anger," _American Journal of Psychology_, X (1898-99), 516-91.
(5) Patrick, G. T. W. _The Psychology of Social Reconstruction._ Boston, 1920.
(6) ----. _The Psychology of Relaxation._ Chap. vi, "The Psychology of War," pp. 219-52. Boston, 1916.
(7) Pillsbury, W. B. _The Psychology of Nationalism and Internationalism._ New York, 1919.
(8) Trotter, W. _Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War._ London, 1916.
(9) La Grasserie, R. de. "De l'intolerance comme phénomène social," _Revue International de Sociologie_, XVIII (1910), 76-113.
(10) Percin, Alexandra. _Le Combat._ Paris, 1914.
(11) Huot, Louis, and Voivenel, Paul. _Le Courage._ Paris, 1917.
(12) Porter, W. T. _Shock at the Front._ Boston, 1918.
(13) Lord, Herbert Gardiner. _The Psychology of Courage._ Boston, 1918.
(14) Hall, G. Stanley. _Morale, the Supreme Standard of Life and Conduct._ New York, 1920.
(15) Roussy, G., and Lhermitte, J. _The Psychoneuroses of War._ Translated by W. B. Christopherson. London, 1918.
(16) Babinski, J. F., and Froment, J. _Hysteria or Pithiatism, and Reflex Nervous Disorders in the Neurology of the War._ Translated by J. D. Rolleston, with a preface by E. Farquhar Buzzard. London, 1918.
2. The Natural History of War:
(1) Sumner, William G. _War and Other Essays._ Edited with an introduction by Albert Galloway Keller. New Haven, 1911.
(2) Letourneau, Ch. _La Guerre dans les diverses races humaines._ Paris, 1895.
(3) Frobenius, Leo. _Weltgeschichte des Krieges._ Unter Mitwirkung von Oberstleutnant a. D. H. Frobenius u. Korvetten-Kapitän a. D. E. Kohlhauer. Hannover, 1903.
(4) Bakeless, John. _The Economic Causes of Modern Wars._ A study of the period 1878-1918. New York, 1921.
(5) Crosby, Oscar T. _International War, Its Causes and Its Cure._ London, 1919.
(6) Sombart, Werner. _Krieg und Kapitalismus._ Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des modernen Kapitalismus. Vol. II, München, 1913.
(7) Lagorgette, Jean. _Le Rôle de la guerre._ Étude de sociologie générale. Préface de M. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu. Paris, 1906.
(8) Steinmetz, S. R. _Der Krieg als sociologisches Problem._ Pp. 21 ff. Amsterdam, 1899.
(9) ----. _Die Philosophie des Krieges._ "Natur- und kultur-philosophische Bibliothek," Band VI. Leipzig, 1907.
(10) Constantin, A. _Le rôle sociologique de la guerre et le sentiment national._ Suivi de la guerre comme moyen de sélection collective, par S. R. Steinmetz. "Bibliothèque scientifique internationale," Tome CVIII. Paris. 1907.
(11) Keller, Albert G. _Through War to Peace._ New York, 1918.
(12) Worms, René, editor. "Les luttes sociales." Études et paroles de E. Levasseur, Lord Avebury, René Worms, J. Novicow, Lester F. Ward, A. P. Xénopol, Louis Gumplowicz, Ferdinand Tönnies, Raoul de la Grasserie, Simon Halpércine, Ludwig Stein, Émile Worms, Charles M. Limousin, Frederick Harrison, C. L. Loch, G. Arcoleo, R. Garofalo, J. K. Kochanowski, Léon Phillipe, Alfredo Niceforo, N. A. Abrikossof, Adolphe Landry. _Annales de l'institut international de sociologie._ Tome XI. Paris, 1907.
(13) Fielding-Hall, H. _Nature of War and Its Causes._ London, 1917.
(14) Oliver, Frederick S. _Ordeal by Battle._ London, 1915.
3. War and Human Nature:
(1) Petit-Dutaillis, C. E. "L'Appel de guerre en Dauphiné Ier 2 août 1914," _Annales de l'Université de Grenoble_, XXVII (1915), 1-59. [Documents consisting of letters written by instructors and others describing the sentiments with which the declaration of war was received.]
(2) Wood, Walter, editor. _Soldiers' Stories of the War._ London, 1915.
(3) Buswell, Leslie. _Ambulance No. 10: Personal Letters from the Front._ Boston, 1916.
(4) Kilpatrick, James A. _Tommy Atkins at War as Told in His Own Letters._ New York, 1914.
(5) Fadl, Said Memun Abul. "Die Frauen des Islams und der Weltkrieg," _Nord und Süd_, CLV (Nov. 1915), 171-74. [Contains a letter from a Turkish mother to her son at the front.]
(6) Maublanc, René. "La guerre vue par des enfants (septembre, 1914)." (Recits par des enfants de campagne.) _Revue de Paris_, XXII (septembre-octobre, 1915), 396-418.
(7) Daudet, Ernest, editor. "L'âme française et l'âme allemande." Lettres de soldats. _Documents pour l'histoire de la guerre._ Paris, 1915.
(8) "Heimatsbriefe an russische Soldaten." (Neue philologische Rundschau; hrsg. von dr. C. Wagener und dr. E. Ludwig in Bremen, jahrg. 1886-1908.) _Die neue Rundschau_, II (1915), 1673-83.
(9) "The Attack at Loos," by a French Lieutenant. "Under Shell-Fire at Dunkirk," by an American Nurse. "The Winter's War," by a British Captain. "The Bitter Experience of Lorraine," by the Prefect of Meurthe-et-Moselle. _Atlantic Monthly_, CXVI (1915), 688-711.
(10) Böhme, Margarete. _Kriegsbriefe der Familie Wimmel._ (Personal experiences in the Great War). Dresden, 1915.
(11) Chevillon, André. "Lettres d'un soldat," _Revue de Paris_, XXII (juillet-août, 1915), 471-95.
(12) Boutroux, Pierre. "Les soldats allemands en campagne, d'après leur correspondance," _Revue de Paris_, XXII (septembre-octobre, 1915), 323-43; 470-91
(13) West, Arthur Graeme. _The Diary of a Dead Officer._ Posthumous papers. London, 1918.
(14) Mayer, Émile. "Emotions des chefs en campagne," _Bibliothèque universelle et Revue Suisse_, LXIX (1913), 98-131.
(15) Wehrhan, K. "Volksdichtung über unsere gefallenen Helden," _Die Grenzboten_, LXXIV (No. 28, July 14, 1915), 58-64. [Calls attention to growth of a usage (anfangs, wagte sich der Brauch nur schüchtern, hier und da, hervor) of printing verses, some original, some quoted, in the death notices.]
(16) Naumann, Friedrich. "Der Kriegsglaube," _Die Hilfe_, XXI (No. 36, Sept. 9, 1915), 576. [Sketches the forces that have created a war creed, in which all confessions participate, immediately and without formalities.]
(17) Roepke, Dr. Fritz. "Der Religiöse Geist in deutschen Soldatenbriefen," _Die Grenzboten_, LXXIV (No. 30, July 28, 1915), 124-28. [An interesting analysis of letters which are not reproduced in full.]
(18) Wendland, Walter, "Krieg und Religion," _Die Grenzboten_, LXXIV (No. 33, Sept. 11, 1915), 212-19. [Reviews the literature of war and religion.]
(19) Bang, J. P. _Hurrah and Hallelujah._ The teaching of Germany's poets, prophets, professors, and preachers; a documentation. From the Danish by Jessie Bröchner. London and New York, 1917.
B. _Race Conflict_
1. Race Relations in General:
(1) Bryce, James. _The Relations of the Advanced and the Backward Races of Mankind._ Oxford, 1903.
(2) Simpson, Bertram L. _The Conflict of Colour._ The threatened upheaval throughout the world, by Weale, B. L. P. [_pseud._]. London, 1910.
(3) Steiner, Jesse F. _The Japanese Invasion._ A study in the psychology of inter-racial contacts. Chicago, 1917.
(4) Stoddard, T. Lothrop. _The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy._ New York, 1920.
(5) Blyden, Edward W. _Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race._ London, 1888.
(6) Spiller, G., editor. _Papers on Inter-racial Problems._ Communicated to the First Universal Races Congress, London, 1911, pp. 463-77. Boston, 1911. [Bibliography on Race Problems.]
(7) Baker, Ray Stannard. _Following the Color Line._ An account of Negro citizenship in the American democracy. New York, 1908.
(8) Miller, Kelly. _Race Adjustment._ Essays on the Negro in America. New York, 1908.
(9) Stephenson, Gilbert T. _Race Distinctions in American Law._ New York, 1910.
(10) Mecklin, John M. _Democracy and Race Friction._ A study in social ethics. New York, 1914.
(11) Evans, Maurice. _Black and White in South East Africa._ London, 1911.
(12) ----. _Black and White in the Southern States._ A study of the race problem in the United States from a South African point of view. London, 1915.
(13) Brailsford, H. N. _Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future._ London, 1906.
(14) Means, Philip A. _Racial Factors in Democracy._ Boston, 1918.
2. Race Prejudice:
(1) Crawley, Ernest. _The Mystic Rose._ A study of primitive marriage. Pp. 33-58; 76-235. London, 1902. [Taboo as a mechanism for regulating contacts.]
(2) Thomas, W. I. "The Psychology of Race-Prejudice," _American Journal of Sociology_, IX (1903-4), 593-611.
(3) Finot, Jean. _Race Prejudice._ Translated from the French by Florence Wade-Evans. London, 1906.
(4) Pillsbury, W. B. _The Psychology of Nationality and Internationalism._ Chap. iii, "Hate as a Social Force," pp. 63-89. New York, 1919.
(5) Shaler, N. S. "Race Prejudices," _Atlantic Monthly_, LVIII (1886), 510-18.
(6) Stone, Alfred H. _Studies in the American Race Problem._ Chap. vi, "Race Friction," pp. 211-41. New York, 1908.
(7) Mecklin, John M. _Democracy and Race Friction._ A study in social ethics. Chap v, "Race-Prejudice," pp. 123-56. New York, 1914.
(8) Bailey, T. P. _Race Orthodoxy in the South._ And other aspects of the negro question. New York, 1914.
(9) Parton, James. "Antipathy to the Negro," _North American Review_, CXXVII (1878), 476-91.
(10) Duncan, Sara Jeannette. "Eurasia," _Popular Science Monthly_, XLII (1892), 1-9.
(11) Morse, Josiah. "The Psychology of Prejudice," _International Journal of Ethics_, XVII (1906-7), 490-506.
(12) McDougall, William. _An Introduction to Social Psychology._ Chap. xi, "The Instinct of Pugnacity," pp. 279-95; "The Instinct of Pugnacity and the Emotion of Anger," pp. 49-61. 4th rev. ed. Boston, 1912.
(13) Royce, Josiah. _Race Questions, Provincialism, and Other American Problems._ Chap. i, "Race Questions and Prejudices," pp. 1-53. New York, 1908.
(14) Thomas, William I. "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro," _American Journal of Sociology_, XVII (1912-13), 725-75.
(15) Bryce, James. _Race Sentiment as a Factor in History._ A lecture delivered before the University of London, February 22, 1915. London, 1915.
3. Strikes:
(1) Schwittau, G. _Die Formen des wirtschaftlichen Kampfes, Streik, Boykott, Aussperung, usw._ Eine volkswirtschaftliche Untersuchung auf dem Gebiete der gegenwärtigen Arbeitspolitik. Berlin, 1912. [Bibliography.]
(2) Hall, Frederick S. _Sympathetic Strikes and Sympathetic Lockouts._ "Columbia University Studies in Political Science." Vol. X. New York, 1898. [Bibliography.]
(3) Bing, Alexander M. _War-time Strikes and Their Adjustment._ With an introduction by Felix Adler. New York, 1921.
(4) Egerton, Charles E., and Durand, E. Dana. _U. S. Industrial Commission Reports of the Industrial Commission on Labor Organizations._ "Labor Disputes and Arbitration." Washington, 1901.
(5) Janes, George M. _The Control of Strikes in American Trade Unions._ Baltimore, 1916.
(6) United States Strike Commission, 1895. _Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894, by the United States Strike Commission._ Washington, 1895.
(7) Warne, Frank J. "The Anthracite Coal Strike," _Annals of the American Academy_, XVII (1901), 15-52.
(8) Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, 1902-3. _Report to the President on the Anthracite Coal Strike of May-October, 1902, by the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission._ Washington, 1903.
(9) Hanford, Benjamin. _The Labor War in Colorado._ New York, 1904.
(10) Rastall, B. M. _The Labor History of the Cripple Creek District._ A study in industrial evolution. Madison, Wis., 1908.
(11) United States Bureau of Labor. _Report on Strike at Bethlehem Steel Works, South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania._ Prepared under the direction of Charles P. Neill, commissioner of labor. Washington, 1910.
(12) Wright, Arnold. _Disturbed Dublin._ The story of the great strike of 1913-14, with a description of the industries of the Irish Capital. London, 1914.
(13) Seattle General Strike Committee. _The Seattle General Strike._ An account of what happened in the Seattle labor movement, during the general strike, February 6-11, 1919. Seattle, 1919.
(14) Interchurch World Movement. _Report on the Steel Strike of 1919._ New York, 1920.
(15) U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. _Report in Regard to the Strike of Mine Workers in the Michigan Copper District._ Bulletin No. 139. February 7, 1914.
(16) ----. _Strikes and Lockouts, 1881-1905._ Twenty-first annual report, 1906.
(17) Foster, William Z. _The Great Steel Strike and Its Lessons._ New York, 1920.
(18) Wolman, Leo. "The Boycott in American Trade Unions," _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science_, Vol. XXXIV. Baltimore, 1916.
(19) Laidler, Harry W. _Boycotts and the Labor Struggle._ Economic and legal aspects. With an introduction by Henry R. Seager. New York and London, 1914.
(20) Hunter, Robert. _Violence and the Labour Movement._ New York, 1914. [Bibliography.]
4. Lynch Law and Lynching:
(1) Walling, W. E. "The Race War in the North," _Independent_, LXV (July-Sept. 1908), 529-34.
(2) "The So-Called Race Riot at Springfield," by an Eye Witness. _Charities_, XX (1908), 709-11.
(3) Seligmann, H. J. "Race War?" _New Republic_, XX (1919), 48-50. [The Washington race riot.]
(4) Leonard, O. "The East St. Louis Pogrom," _Survey_, XXXVIII (1917), 331-33.
(5) Sandburg, Carl. _The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919._ New York, 1919.
(6) Chicago Commission on Race Relations. _Report on the Chicago Race Riot._ [In Press.]
(7) Cutler, James E. _Lynch-Law._ An investigation into the history of lynching in the United States. New York, 1905.
(8) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. _Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918._ New York, 1919.
(9) ----. _Burning at Stake in the United States._ A record of the public burning by mobs of six men, during the first six months of 1919, in the states of Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas. New York, 1919.
C. _Feuds_
(1) Miklosich, Franz. _Die Blutrache bei den Slaven._ Wien, 1887.
(2) Johnston, C. "The Land of the Blood Feud," _Harper's Weekly_, LVII (Jan. 11, 1913), 42.
(3) Davis, H., and Smyth, C. "The Land of Feuds," _Munseys'_, XXX (1903-4), 161-72.
(4) "Avenging Her Father's Death," _Literary Digest_, XLV (November 9, 1912), 864-70.
(5) Campbell, John C. _The Southern Highlander and His Homeland._ Pp. 110-13. New York, 1921.
(6) Wermert, Georg. _Die Insel Sicilien, in volkswirtschaftlicher, kultureller, und sozialer Beziehung._ Chap. xxvii, "Volkscharacter und Mafia." Berlin, 1901.
(7) Heijningen, Hendrik M. K. van. _Het Straf- en Wraakrecht in den Indischen Archipel._ Leiden, 1916.
(8) Steinmetz, S. R. _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe, nebst einer psychologischen Abhandlung über Grausamkeit und Rachsucht._ 2 vols. Leiden, 1894.
(9) Wesnitsch, Milenko R. _Die Blutrache bei den Südslaven._ Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Strafrechts. Stuttgart, 1889.
(10) Bourde, Paul. _En Corse._ L'esprit de clan--les moeurs politiques--les vendettas--le banditisme. Correspondances adressées au "Temps." Cinquième édition. Paris, 1906.
(11) Dorsey, J. Owen. "Omaha Sociology," chap. xii, "The Law," sec. 310, "Murder," p. 369. In _Third Annual Report of the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology, 1881-82._ Washington, 1884.
(12) Woods, A. "The Problem of the Black Hand," _McClure's_, XXXIII (1909), 40-47.
(13) Park, Robert E., and Miller, Herbert A. _Old World Traits Transplanted._ New York, 1921. [See pp. 241-58 for details of rise and decline of Black Hand in New York.]
(14) White, F. M. "The Passing of the Black Hand," _Century_, XCV, N. S. 73 (1917-18), 331-37.
(15) Cutrera, A. _La Mafia e i mafiosi._ Origini e manifestazioni. Studio di sociologia criminale, con una carta a colori su la densità della Mafia in Sicilia. Palermo, 1900.
D. _The Duel and the Ordeal of Battle_
(1) Millingen, J. G. _The History of Duelling._ Including narratives of the most remarkable personal encounters that have taken place from the earliest period to the present time. 2 vols. London, 1841.
(2) Steinmetz, Andrew. _The Romance of Duelling in All Times and Countries._ London, 1868.
(3) Sabine, Lorenzo. _Notes on Duels and Duelling._ Boston, 1855.
(4) Patetta, F. _Le Ordalie._ Studio di storia del diritto e scienza del diritto comparato. Turino, 1890.
(5) Lea, Henry C. _Superstition and Force._ Essays on the wager of law, the wager of battle, the ordeal, torture. 4th ed., rev., Philadelphia, 1892.
(6) Neilson, George. _Trial by Combat._ In Great Britain. Glasgow and London, 1890.
E. _Games and Gambling_
(1) Culin, Stewart. "Street Games of Boys in Brooklyn, N.Y.," _The Journal of American Folk-Lore_, IV (1891), 221-37.
(2) ----. _Korean Games._ With notes on the corresponding games of China and Japan. Philadelphia, 1895.
(3) ----. "Games of the North American Indians," _Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1902-3._ Washington, 1907.
(4) Steinmetz, Andrew. _The Gaming Table: Its Votaries and Victims, in all Times and Countries, Especially in England and in France._ London, 1870.
(5) Thomas, W. I. "The Gaming Instinct," _American Journal of Sociology_, VI (1900-1901), 750-63.
(6) O'Brien, Frederick. _White Shadows in the South Seas._ Chap. xxii, pp. 240-48. [Memorable Game for Matches in the Cocoanut Grove of Lano Kaioo].
III. CONFLICT GROUPS
A. _Gangs_
(1) Johnson, John H. _Rudimentary Society Among Boys._ "Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science," 2d series, XI, 491-546. Baltimore, 1884.
(2) Puffer, J. Adams. _The Boy and His Gang._ Boston, 1912.
(3) Sheldon, H. D., "Institutional Activities of American Children," _American Journal of Psychology_, IX (1899), 425-48.
(4) Thurston, Henry W. _Delinquency and Spare Time._ A study of a few stories written into the court records of the City of Cleveland. Cleveland, Ohio., 1918.
(5) Woods, Robert A., editor. _The City Wilderness._ A settlement study by residents and associates of the South End House. Chap. vi, "The Roots of Political Power," pp. 114-47. Boston, 1898.
(6) Hoyt, F. C. "The Gang in Embryo," _Scribner's_, LXVIII (1920), 146-54. [Presiding justice of the Children's Court of the city of New York.]
(7) _Boyhood and Lawlessness._ Chap. iv, "His Gangs," pp. 39-54. Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1914.
(8) Culin, Stewart. "Street Games of Boys in Brooklyn, N.Y.," _The Journal of American Folklore_, IV (1891), 221-37. [For observations on gangs see p. 235.]
(9) Adams, Brewster. "The Street Gang as a Factor in Politics," _Outlook_ LXXIV (1903), 985-88.
(10) Lane, W. D. "The Four Gunmen," _The Survey_, XXXII (1914), 13-16.
(11) Rhodes, J. F. "The Molly Maguires in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania," _American Historical Review_, XV (1909-10) 547-61.
(12) Train, Arthur. "Imported Crime: The Story of the Camorra in America," _McClure's_, XXXIX (1912), 82-94.
B. _Sects_
(1) Nordhoff, Charles. _The Communistic Societies of the United States from Personal Visit and Observation._ Including chapters on "The Amana Society," "The Separatists of Zoar," "The Shakers," "The Oneida and Wallingford Perfectionists," "The Aurora and Bethel Communes." New York, 1875.
(2) Gillin, John L. _The Dunkers: A Sociological Interpretation._ New York, 1906. [Columbia University dissertation, V, 2.]
(3) Milmine, Georgine. _The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science._ New York, 1909.
(4) Gehring, Johannes. _Die Sekten der russischen Kirche, 1003-1897._ Nach ihrem Ursprunge und inneren Zusammenhange dargestellt. Leipzig, 1898.
(5) Grass, K. K. _Die russischen Sekten._ I, "Die Gottesleute oder Chlüsten"; II, "Die weissen Tauben oder Skopzen." Leipzig, 1907-9.
(6) Lea, Henry Charles. _The Moriscos of Spain._ Their conversion and expulsion. Philadelphia, 1901.
(7) Friesen, P. M. _Geschichte der alt-evangelischen mennoniten Brüderschaft in Russland (1789-1910) im Rahmen der mennonitischen Gesamtgeschichte._ Halbstadt, 1911.
(8) Kalb, Ernst. _Kirchen und Sekten der Gegenwart._ Unter Mitarbeit verschiedener evangelischer Theologen. Stuttgart, 1905.
(9) Mathiez, Albert. _Les origines des cultes révolutionnaires._ (1789-92). Paris, 1904.
(10) Rossi, Pasquale. _Mistici e Settarii._ Studio di psicopatologia collettiva. Milan, 1900.
(11) Rohde, Erwin. _Psyche: Seelencult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen._ Freiburg, 1890.
C. _Economic Conflict Groups_
(1) Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. _Industrial Democracy._ London, 1897.
(2) ----. _The History of Trade Unionism._ (Revised edition extended to 1920.) New York and London, 1920.
(3) Commons, John R., editor. _Trade Unionism and Labor Problems_, Boston, 1905.
(4) ----. _History of Labor in the United States._ 2 vols. New York, 1918.
(5) Groat, George G. _An Introduction to the Study of Organized Labor in America._ New York, 1916.
(6) Hoxie, Robert F. _Trade Unionism in the United States._ New York, 1917.
(7) Marot, Helen. _American Labor Unions._ By a member. New York, 1914.
(8) Carlton, Frank T. _Organized Labor in American History._ New York, 1920.
(9) Levine, Louis. _Syndicalism in France._ 2d rev. ed. of _The Labor Movement in France._ New York and London, 1914.
(10) Brissenden, Paul Frederick. _The I.W.W., A Study of American Syndicalism._ New York, 1919. [Bibliography.]
(11) Brooks, John Graham. _American Syndicalism; the I.W.W._ New York, 1913.
(12) ----. _Labor's Challenge to the Social Order._ Democracy its own critic and educator. New York, 1920.
(13) Baker, Ray Stannard. _The New Industrial Unrest._ Reasons and remedies. New York, 1920.
(14) Commons, John R. _Industrial Democracy._ New York, 1921.
(15) Brentano, Lujo. _On the History and Development of Gilds and the Origin of Trade Unions._ London, 1870.
D. _Parties_
(1) Bluntschli, Johann K. _Charakter und Geist der politischen Parteien._ Nördlingen, 1869.
(2) Ostrogorskïi, Moisei. _Democracy and the Organization of Political
## Parties._ Translated from the French by F. Clarke with a preface by
Right Hon. James Bryce. New York and London, 1902.
(3) Lowell, A. Lawrence. _Governments and Parties in Continental Europe._ 2 vols. Boston, 1896.
(4) Merriam, C. E. _The American Party System._ In press.
(5) Haynes, Frederick E. _Third Party Movements since the Civil War, with Special Reference to Iowa._ A study in social politics. Iowa City, 1916.
(6) Ray, P. O. _An Introduction to Political Parties and Practical Politics._ New York, 1913.
(7) Bryce, James. _The American Commonwealth._ 2 vols. New rev. ed. New York, 1911.
(8) Hadley, Arthur T. _Undercurrents in American Politics._ Being the Ford Lectures, delivered at Oxford University, and the Barbour-Page Lectures, delivered at the University of Virginia in the spring of 1914. New Haven, 1915.
(9) Lowell, A. Lawrence. _Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1901._ 2 vols. "The Influence of Party upon Legislation in England and America" (with four diagrams), I, 319-542. Washington, 1902.
(10) Beard, Charles A. _Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy._ New York, 1915.
(11) Morgan, W. T. _English Political Parties and Leaders in the Reign of Queen Anne, 1702-1710._ New Haven, 1920.
(12) Michels, Robert. _Political Parties._ A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul. New York, 1915.
(13) Haines, Lynn. _Your Congress._ An interpretation of the political and parliamentary influences that dominate law-making in America. Washington, D.C., 1915.
(14) Hichborn, Franklin. _Story of the Session of the California Legislature._ San Francisco, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1915.
(15) Myers, Gustavus. _The History of Tammany Hall._ 2d ed. rev. and enl. New York, 1917.
(16) Roosevelt, Theodore. _An Autobiography._ New York, 1913.
(17) Platt, Thomas C. _Autobiography._ Compiled and edited by Louis J. Lang. New York, 1910.
(18) Older, Fremont. _My Own Story._ San Francisco, 1919.
(19) Orth, Samuel P. _The Boss and the Machine._ A chronicle of the politicians and party organization. New Haven, 1919.
(20) Riordon, William L. _Plunkitt of Tammany Hall._ A series of very plain talks on very practical politics, delivered by ex-Senator George Washington Plunkitt, the Tammany philosopher, from his rostrum--the New York County Court House boot-black stand. New York, 1905.
E. _Nationalities_
(1) Oakesmith, John. _Race and Nationality._ An inquiry into the origin and growth of patriotism. New York, 1919.
(2) Lillehei, Ingebrigt. "Landsmaal and the Language Movement in Norway," _Journal of English and Germanic Philology_, XIII (1914), 60-87.
(3) Morris, Lloyd R. _The Celtic Dawn._ A survey of the renascence in Ireland, 1889-1916. New York, 1917.
(4) Keith, Arthur. _Nationality and Race from an Anthropologist's Point of View._ London, 1919.
(5) Barnes, Harry E. "Nationality and Historiography" in the article "History, Its Rise and Development," _Encyclopedia Americana_, XIV, 234-43.
(6) Fisher, H. A. "French Nationalism," _Hibbert Journal_, XV (1916-17), 217-29.
(7) Ellis, H. "The Psychology of the English," _Edinburgh Review_, CCXXIII (April, 1916), 223-43.
(8) Bevan, Edwyn R. _Indian Nationalism._ An independent estimate. London, 1913.
(9) Le Bon, Gustave. _The Psychology of Peoples._ London, 1898.
(10) Francke, K. "The Study of National Culture," _Atlantic Monthly_, XCIX (1907), 409-16.
(11) Auerbach, Bertrand. _Les races et nationalités en Autriche-Hongrie._ Deuxième édition revisée. Paris, 1917.
(12) Butler, Ralph. _The New Eastern Europe._ London, 1919.
(13) Kerlin, Robert T. _The Voice of the Negro 1919._ New York, 1920. [A compilation from the colored press of America for the four months immediately succeeding the Washington riots.]
(14) Boas, F. "Nationalism," _Dial_, LXVI (March 8, 1919), 232-37.
(15) Buck, Carl D. "Language and the Sentiment of Nationality," _The American Political Science Review_, X (1916), 44-69.
(16) McLaren, A. D. "National Hate," _Hibbert Journal_, XV (1916-17), 407-18.
(17) Miller, Herbert A. "The Rising National Individualism," _Publications of the American Sociological Society_, VIII (1913), 49-65.
(18) Zimmern, Alfred E. _Nationality and Government._ With other wartime essays. London and New York, 1918.
(19) Small, Albion W. "Bonds of Nationality," _American Journal of Sociology_, XX (1915-16), 629-83.
(20) Faber, Geoffrey. "The War and Personality in Nations," _Fortnightly Review_, CIII (1915), 538-46. Also in _Living Age_, CCLXXXV (1915), 265-72.
TOPICS FOR WRITTEN THEMES
1. The History of Conflict as a Sociological Concept
2. Types of Conflict: War, the Duello, Litigation, Gambling, the Feud, Discussion, etc.
3. Conflict Groups: Gangs, Labor Organizations, Sects, Parties, Nationalities, etc.
4. Mental Conflicts and the Development of Personality
5. Sex Differences in Conflict
6. Subtler Forms of Conflict: Rivalry, Emulation, Jealousy, Aversion, etc.
7. Personal Rivalry in Polite Society
8. Conflict and Social Status
9. The Strike as an Expression of the Wish for Recognition
10. Popular Justice: the History of the Molly Maguires, of the Night Riders, etc.
11. The Sociology of Race Prejudice
12. Race Riots in the North and the South
13. War as an Action Pattern, Biological or Social?
14. War as a Form of Relaxation
15. The Great War Interpreted by Personal Documents
16. Conflict and Social Organization
17. Conflict and Social Progress
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
1. How do you differentiate between competition and conflict?
2. Is conflict always conscious?
3. How do you explain the emotional interest in conflict?
4. In your opinion, are the sexes in about the same degree interested in conflict?
5. In what way do you understand Simmel to relate conflict to social process?
6. What are the interrelations of war and social contacts?
7. "Without aversion life in a great city would have no thinkable form." Explain.
8. "It is advantageous to hate the opponent with whom one is struggling." Explain.
9. Give illustrations of feuds not mentioned by Simmel.
10. How do you distinguish between feuds and litigation?
11. What examples occur to you of conflicts of impersonal ideals?
12. What are the psychological causes of war?
13. "We may see in war the preliminary process of rejuvenescence." Explain.
14. Has war been essential to the process of social adjustment? Is it still essential?
15. What do you understand by war as a form of relaxation?
16. How do you interpret Professor James's reaction to the Chautauqua?
17. What is the rôle of conflict in recreation?
18. Is it possible to provide psychic equivalents for war?
19. What application of the sociological theory of the relation of ideals to instinct would you make to war?
20. How do you distinguish rivalry from competition and conflict?
21. What bearing have the facts of animal rivalry upon an understanding of rivalry in human society?
22. What are the different devices by which the group achieves and maintains solidarity? How many of these were characteristic of the war-time situation?
23. In what way is group rivalry related to the development of personality?
24. How does rivalry contribute to social organization?
25. What do you understand by Giddings' distinction between cultural conflicts and "logical duels"?
26. Have you reason for thinking that culture conflict will play a lesser rôle in the future than in the past?
27. To what extent was the world-war a culture conflict?
28. Under what circumstances do social contacts make (a) for conflict, and (b) for co-operation?
29. What has been the effect of the extension of communication upon the relations of nations? Elaborate.
30. What do you understand by race prejudice as a "more or less instinctive defense-reaction"?
31. To what extent is race prejudice based upon race competition?
32. Do you believe that it is possible to remove the causes of race prejudice?
33. In what ways does race conflict make for race consciousness?
34. What are the different elements or forces in the interaction of races making for race conflict and race consciousness?
35. Is a heightening of race consciousness of value or of disadvantage to a racial group?
36. How do you explain the present tendency of the Negro to substitute the copying of colored models for the imitation of white models?
37. "In the South, the races seem to be tending in the direction of a bi-racial organization of society, in which the Negro is gradually gaining a limited autonomy." Interpret.
38. "All racial problems are distinctly problems of racial distribution." Explain with reference to relative proportion of Negroes, Chinese, and Japanese in certain sections of the United States.
39. Why have few or no race riots occurred in the South?
40. Under what circumstances have race riots occurred in the North?
FOOTNOTES:
[206] Adapted from William I. Thomas, "The Gaming Instinct," in the _American Journal of Sociology_, VI (1900-1901), 750-63.
[207] Adapted from a translation of Georg Simmel, _Soziologie_, by Albion W. Small, "The Sociology of Conflict," in the _American Journal of Sociology_, IX (1903-4), 490-501.
[208] Adapted from a translation of Georg Simmel, _Soziologie_, by Albion W. Small, "The Sociology of Conflict," in the _American Journal of Sociology_, IX (1903-4), 505-8.
[209] Adapted from William A. White, _Thoughts of a Psychiatrist on the War and After_, pp. 75-87. (Paul B. Hoeber, 1919.)
[210] From G. T. W. Patrick, "The Psychology of War," in the _Popular Science Monthly_, LXXXVII (1915), 166-68.
[211] Adapted from Henry Rutgers Marshall, _War and the Ideal of Peace_, pp. 96-110. (Duffield & Co., 1915.)
[212] Adapted from William H. Hudson, "The Strange Instincts of Cattle," _Longman's Magazine_, XVIII (1891), 393-94.
[213] Adapted from George E. Vincent, "The Rivalry of Social Groups," in the _American Journal of Sociology_, XVI (1910-11), 471-84.
[214] Adapted from Franklin H. Giddings, "Are Contradictions of Ideas and Beliefs Likely to Play an Important Group-making Rôle in the Future?" in the _American Journal of Sociology_, XIII (1907-8), 784-91.
[215] From Robert E. Park, Introduction to Jesse F. Steiner, _The Japanese Invasion_. (A. C. McClurg & Co., 1917.)
[216] From Robert E. Park, "Racial Assimilation in Secondary Groups," in _Publications of the American Sociological Society_, VIII (1913), 75-82.
[217] Adapted from Alfred H. Stone, "Is Race Friction between Blacks and Whites in the United States Growing and Inevitable?" in the _American Journal of Sociology_, XIII (1907-8), 677-96.
[218] Karl Groos, _The Play of Man_, p. 213. (New York, 1901.)
[219] _Supra_, p. 50.
[220] _The Dial_, LXVII (Oct. 4, 1919), 297.
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