Part 27
The lists of witch-names bring to light several facts as regards the women. One of these is the entire absence of Saxon names, such as Gertrude, Edith, Hilda; Old Testament names are so few in number as to be negligible; Scandinavian names are not found; the essentially Puritan names, such as Temperance, hardly occur; but the great mass of the names fall under eight heads with their dialectical differences: 1, Ann (Annis, Agnes, Annabel); 2, Alice (Alison); 3, Christian (Christen, Cirstine); 4, Elizabeth (Elspet, Isobel, Bessie); 5, Ellen (Elinor, Helen); 6, Joan (Jane, Janet, Jonet); 7, Margaret (Marget, Meg, Marjorie); 8, Marion (Mary).
At first sight the list suggests New Testament and Greek influence; and though I am not prepared to dispute this, I would point out (1) that there was a British goddess called Anna, which may account not only for all the forms of Ann but also for the terminations in Alison and Marion; (2) that the name _Christian_ clearly indicates the presence of another religion; (3) that there is at present nothing to prove that Isobel is a variant of Elizabeth--it is quite possible that Isobel was the original name and that the missionaries 'Christianized' it as Elizabeth; (4) that Helen was a pre-Christian name in Great Britain; (5) that Margaret may have been originally Marget, the spelling and pronunciation being influenced by the Greek form; and as g and y are dialectically interchangeable, Marget would be the same as, or closely allied to, the Finnish Marjatta.
If Christianity had obtained the hold on the people which the ecclesiastical writers would have us believe, the name Mary should surely have been the most common, but it hardly occurs in Great Britain before 1645, while Marion is hardly used after that date. This looks as though Marion were the earlier form, and Mary may therefore be merely the contraction of the longer name.
As regards the name Joan I can offer no explanations or suggestions. I can only call attention to its overwhelming preponderance in comparison with the others.
In the lists the names are arranged without regard to local differences of spelling. The surnames are in alphabetical order.
Abre Grinset Dunwich 1663 Agnes Allene Crook of Devon 1662 Agnes Beveridge Crook of Devon 1662 Agnes Brodie Auldearne 1662 Agnes Browne Northampton 1612 Agnes Brugh Crook of Devon 1662 Agnes Finnie Edinburgh 1644 Agnes Forbes Aberdeen 1597 Agnes Frame Aberdeen 1597 Agnes Grant Auldearne 1662 Agnes Murie Crook of Devon 1662 Agnes Naismith Bargarran 1697 Agnes Pittendreich Crook of Devon 1662 Agnes Rawsterne Lancs 1613 Agnes Sampson North Berwick 1590 Agnes Sharp Crook of Devon 1662 Agnes Sparke Forfar 1661 Agnes Stratton North Berwick 1590 Agnes Torrie Auldearne 1662 Agnes Williamson Samuelston 1662 Agnes Wobster Aberdeen 1597 Agnes ... in Gortenis Bute 1662
Alester McNiven Bute 1642 Alexander Bell Auldearne 1662 Alexander Elder Auldearne 1662 Alexander Hamilton Edinburgh 1630 Alexander Hunter East Lothian 1649 Alexander Ledy Auldearne 1662 Alexander Quhytelaw N. Berwick 1590 Alexander Shepheard Auldearne 1662 Alexander Sussums Suffolk 1646
Alice Dixon Essex 1645 Alice Dixon Northumberland 1673 Alice Duke Somerset 1664 Alice Gooderidge Burton-on-Trent 1597 Alice Gray Lancs 1613 Alice Green Somerset 1664 Ales Hunt St. Osyth 1582 Alice Huson Burton Agnes 1664 Alice Kyteler Ireland 1324 Ales Mansfield St. Osyth 1582 Ales Newman St. Osyth 1582 Alice Nutter Lancs 1613 Alice Priestley Lancs 1613 Alse Young Connecticut 1647 Alizon Device Lancs 1613 Alison Dick Kirkcaldy 1636 Alesoun Peirsoun Fifeshire 1588
Allan McKeldowie Orkney 1616
Amy Duny Essex 1645 Amie Hyndman, Snr. Bute 1662 Amie Hyndman, Jnr. Bute 1662
Andro Man Aberdeen 1597 Andrew Sanford Conn. 1662 Andrew Watson Forfar 1661
Anne Ashby Maidstone 1652 Ann Baites Northumberland 1673 Anne Baker Leicester 1619 Anne Bishop Somerset 1664 Anne Blampied Guernsey 1629 Anne Bodenham Salisbury 1633 Anne Cate Much Holland, Essex 1645 Anne Cooper Clacton, Essex 1645 Annas Craigie Crook of Devon 1662 Anne Crunkshey Lancs 1613 Anne Desborough Hunts 1646 Anne Driden Northumberland 1673 Anne Foster Northumberland 1673 Ann Foster Northampton 1674 Annis Glascocke St. Osyth 1582 Anne Grut Guernsey 1614 Annis Heade St. Osyth 1582 Annie Heyman Bute 1662 Anne Hunnam Scarborough 1651 Anne Leach Misley, Essex 1645 Anne Martyn Maidstone 1652 Anne Massq Guernsey 1617 Anne Parker Suffolk 1645 Anne Parteis Northumberland 1673 Anne Pearce Suffolk 1645 Anne Redferne Lancs 1613 Annie Richardson N. Berwick 1590 Anne Smith St. Albans 1649 Annabil Stuart Paisley 1678 Anie Tailzeour Orkney 1633 Annaple Thomson Borrowstowness 1679 Anne Usher Northumberland 1673 Anne West Lawford, Essex 1645 Anne Whitfield Northumberland 1673 Anne Whittle Lancs 1613
Anthony Hunter Northumberland 1673
Archibald Man Auldearne 1662
Arthur Bill Northampton 1612
Barbara Erskeine Alloa 1658 Barbara Friece Auldearne 1662 Barbara Napier N. Berwick 1590 Barbara Ronald Auldearne 1662
Beak Taiss Aberdeen 1597 Beigis Tod N. Berwick 1598
Beatrice Laing Pittenweem 1704 Beatrice Robbie Aberdeen 1597
Cirstine Ballantyne Bute 1662 Christian Carington N. Berwick 1597 Christian Carrington N. Berwick 1590 Christian Graham Glasgow 1622 Christian Green Somerset 1664 Christian Grieve Crook of Devon 1662 Christine Harnon Guernsey 1617 Christiane Lewingstone Leith 1597 Christen Miller Aberdeen 1597 Christen Mitchell Aberdeen 1597 Christen Reid Aberdeen 1597 Christian Saidler Edinburgh 1597 Christian Tod N. Berwick 1590 Christen Whyte Forfar 1661 Christiane Wilson Dalkeith 1661 Christian Young Crook of Devon 1662
Christopher Dixon Northumberland 1673 Christopher Ellen Somerset 1664 Christopher Hargreaves Lancs 1613 Christopher Howgate Lancs 1613
Cysley Celles St. Osyth 1582 Cecile Vaultier Guernsey 1610
Collas Becquet Guernsey 1617 Collette Becquet Guernsey 1617 Collette de l'Estal Guernsey 1622 Collette Dumont Guernsey 1617 Collette Gascoing Guernsey 1563 Collette la Gelée Guernsey 1624 Collette Robin Guernsey 1622 Collette Salmon Guernsey 1563 Collette Sauvage Guernsey 1639 Collette Tourtel Guernsey 1576
Deliverance Hobbs Salem 1692
Dinah Warberton Somerset 1664
Donald McCartour Bute 1662 Donald Robesoune N. Berwick 1590 Doll Bilby Burton Agnes 1664
Dorothy Green Northumberland 1673 Dorothy Warberton Somerset 1664
Duncan Buchquhannane N. Berwick 1590
Bessie Aiken Edinburgh 1597 Elspet Alexander Forfar 1661 Elizabeth Astley Lancs 1613 Elizabeth Atchinson Northumberland 1673 Bessie Bathgate Eymouth 1634 Elizabeth Bennet St. Osyth 1582 Elspet Blak Alloa 1658 Bessie Browne N. Berwick 1590 Elspet Bruce Forfar 1661 Elspet Cant Queensferry 1644 Elizabeth Chandler Hunts 1646 Elspet Chisholme Auldearne 1662 Elizabeth Clark Manningtree 1645 Elizabeth Clawson Conn. 1692 Bessie Croket Forfar 1661 Elizabeth Demdike Lancs 1613 Elizabeth Dempster Crook of Devon 1662 Elizabeth Device Lancs 1613 Elizabeth Dickenson Knaresborough 1621 Bessie Dunlop Ayrshire 1576 Elizabeth Duquenin Guernsey 1610 Elizabeth Ewstace St. Osyth 1582 Elspet Falconer Auldearne 1662 Elspet Findlay Aberdeen 1597 Elizabeth Fletcher Knaresborough 1621 Elspett Forbes Aberdeen 1597 Elizabeth Francis Chelmsford 1556 Bessie Friece Auldearne 1662 Elspet Galie Bute 1662 Elizabeth Garlick Conn. 1657 Elizabeth Gauvein Guernsey 1639 Elspet Gilbert Auldearne 1662 Elizabeth Godman Conn. 1653 Elizabeth Gooding Manningtree 1645 Bessie Graham Kilwinning 1649 Elspet Graham Dalkeith 1661 Elspet Gray Bute 1662 Bessie Gulene N. Berwick 1590 Elizabeth Hare Essex 1645 Elizabeth Hargraves Lancs 1613 Elizabeth Harvy Ramsey, Essex 1645 Bessie Hay Auldearne 1662 Bessie Henderson Crook of Devon 1662 Elizabeth Howgate Lancs 1613 Bessie Hucheons Auldearne 1662 Elizabeth Knap Groton 1671 Elspet Laird Auldearne 1662 Elizabeth le Hardy Guernsey 1631 Elspet Leyis Aberdeen 1597 Elspet Macbeith Auldearne 1662 Elspet Makhomie Auldearne 1662 Bessie Moffat Dalkeith 1661 Elspet Moinness Aberdeen 1597 Elspet NcWilliam Bute 1662 Bessie Neil Crook of Devon 1662 Elspet Nishie Auldearne 1662 Bessie Paton Alloa 1658 Bessie Paul Aberdeen 1597 Bessie Peterkin Auldearne 1662 Elizabeth Pickering Northumberland 1673 Elspeth Reoch Orkney 1616 Bessie Robson N. Berwick 1590 Elizabeth Sawyer Edmonton 1621 Elizabeth Seager Conn. 1662 Elspet Smyth Aberdeen 1597 Elspeth Spence Bute 1662 Elizabeth Stile Somerset 1664 Elizabeth Stile Windsor 1579 Elspet Strathaquhin Aberdeen 1597 Bessie Thom Aberdeen 1597 Bessie Thomson N. Berwick 1590 Bessie Vickar Borrowstowness 1679 Elizabeth Weed Hunts 1646 Bessie Weir Paisley 1678 Bessie Wilson Auldearne 1662 Bessie Wright N. Berwick 1590 Elizabeth Wright Burton-on-Trent 1597 Bessie Young Auldearne 1662
Ellen Bierley Lancs 1613 Ellen Gray Aberdeen 1597 Ellen Green Leicester 1619 Elinor Shaw Northampton 1705 Euphemia McCalyan N. Berwick 1590
Frances Dicconson Lancs 1613 Frances Moore Hunts 1646
George Ellies Forfar 1661
Gideon Penman Crighton 1678
Gilbert Fidlar Aberdeen 1597 Gilbert McGill N. Berwick 1590
Giles Fenderlin Leaven Heath 1652 Geillis Duncan N. Berwick 1590 Gilles Hutton Crook of Devon 1662
Girette le Parmentier Guernsey 1620
Gracyenne Gousset Guernsey 1563 Grace Hay Lancs 1613
Grissell Gairdner Newburgh 1610 Grissall Sinklar Auldearne 1662
Guillemine la Bousse Guernsey 1622 Guillemine Vaultier Guernsey 1610
Hellen Alexander Forfar 1661 Hellen Clark Manningtree 1645 Helen Cothills Forfar 1661 Helen Fraser Aberdeen 1597 Helen Guthrie Forfar 1661 Helen Hill Queensferry 1644 Helen Inglis Auldearne 1661 Hellen Jenkinson Northampton 1612 Helen Lauder N. Berwick 1590 Helène le Brun Guernsey 1609 Helen Makkie Aberdeen 1597 Hellen Pennie Aberdeen 1597 Helen Rogie Aberdeen 1597 Helen Thomson Queensferry 1644 Helen White N. Berwick 1590
Henry Graver Knaresborough 1621 Henry Walter Somerset 1665
Hugh Crosia Conn. 1693
Isobel Adams Pittenweem 1704 Issabel Andrews Northumberland 1673 Isobel Bairdie Edinburgh 1649 Issobell Barroun Aberdeen 1597 Isabel Becquet Guernsey 1617 Isobel Black Crook of Devon 1662 Issobell Burnett Aberdeen 1597 Issobell Coky Aberdeen 1597 Isabel Condie Crook of Devon 1662 Isobell Crawford Irvine 1618 Isobel Dorward Forfar 1661 Issobell Forbes Aberdeen 1597 Isobel Friece Auldearne 1662 Isobel Gairdner Edinburgh 1649 Isabel Gibson Crook of Devon 1662 Issobell Gowdie Auldearne 1662 Issobell Griersoune Edinburgh 1607 Isobell Gylour N. Berwick 1590 Isobel Haldane Perth 1607 Isobel Inch Irvine 1618 Issabell Johnson Northumberland 1673 Isobell Lauder N. Berwick 1590 Issobell Menteithe Aberdeen 1597 Isobel More NcKaw Bute 1662 Isobel More Auldearne 1662 Issobell NcNeill Bute 1662 Issobell NcNicoll Bute 1662 Issobell Nicoll Auldearne 1662 Issobell Oige Aberdeen 1597 Isobel Ramsay Edinburgh 1661 Issobell Richie Aberdeen 1597 Issobell Robbie Aberdeen 1597 Isobel Robey Lancs 1613 Isabel Rutherford Crook of Devon 1662 Issobell Shyrie Forfar 1661 Isabel Sidegraves Lancs 1613 Issobell Smith Forfar 1661 Issobell Strathaquhin Aberdeen 1597 Issabell Thompson Northumberland 1673 Isobel Young Queensferry 1644
James Bush Somerset 1664 James Device Lancs 1613 James Hudston Alloa 1658 James Kirk Alloa 1658 James Og Aberdeen 1597 James Walkley Conn. 1662
Jonet Anderson Edinburgh 1657 Jane Baites Northumberland 1673 Jonet Barrie Forfar 1661 Jeanne Bichot Guernsey 1619 Jennet Bierley Lancs 1613 Jannet Blandilands Edinburgh 1590 Janet Breadheid Auldearne 1662 Janet Brown Edinburgh 1649 Janet Brugh Crook of Devon 1662 Jane Bulcock Lancs 1613 Janet Burnet Auldearne 1662 Jonet Campbell Edinburgh 1590 Jonet Campbell N. Berwick 1590 Joan Cariden Faversham 1645 Joan Carrington Conn. 1651 Jonett Clark Edinburgh 1590 Jonet Cleracht Aberdeen 1597 Jennot Cooke Dalkeith 1661 Johan Cooper Much Holland, Essex 1645 Jonet Corset Pittenweem 1704 Jennet Cronkshaw Lancs 1613 Janet Cunningham Edinburgh 1590 Jonet Davidson Aberdeen 1597 Jeanne de Bertran Guernsey 1626 Jenette de Garis Guernsey 1631 Jonet Degeddes Aberdeen 1597 Jennet Device Lancs 1613 Jennit Dibble Knaresborough 1621 Jonet Drever Orkney 1615 Jeannette Dumaresq Guernsey 1570 Janet Finlay Auldearne 1662 Jean Fulton Bargarran 1697 Jonet Gaw (Gall) N. Berwick 1590 Jonet Grant Aberdeen 1597 Jonett Grant Edinburgh 1590 Jeanne Guignon Guernsey 1570 Jonet Guissett Aberdeen 1597 Jennet Hargraves Lancs 1613 Jonet Hird Crook of Devon 1662 Jonet Hood Crook of Devon 1662 Jane Hopper Northumberland 1673 Jane Hott Faversham 1645 Jonet Howit Forfar 1661 Jonet Hunter Ayrshire 1605 Jonet Isack Bute 1662 Jonat Kaw Perth 1607 Jean King Innerkip 1662 Jeanne le Cornu Guernsey 1620 Jeannette le Gallées Guernsey 1570 Jonet Leisk Aberdeen 1597 Jonet Leyis Aberdeen 1597 Jonet Logan N. Berwick 1590 Janet Lowry Queensferry 1644 Jonet Lucas Aberdeen 1597 Joane Lucus Northampton 1612 Jane Makepiece Northumberland 1673 Janet Man Auldearne 1662 Janet Mathie Paisley 1678 Jonet McConachie Bute 1662 Jonet Mcilmertine Bute 1642 Jonet McNeill Bute 1662 Jonet McNickell Bute 1662 Jonet Mctyre Bute 1642 Jenot Meiklejohn Dalkeith 1661 Jonet Millar Alloa 1658 Jonet Morison Bute 1662 Janet Mowbray Queensferry 1644 Jonet Nctyre Bute 1642 Jonet Nicholson N. Berwick 1590 Jonet Nicoll Bute 1662 Jonet Paiston Dalkeith 1661 Jonet Paterson Alloa 1658 Janet Paton Crook of Devon 1662 Janet Paton Kilduff 1662 Joan Pechey St. Osyth 1582 Joan Peterson Wapping 1652 Jennet Preston Lancs 1613 Jonet Reid Alloa 1658 Jonet Reid Orkney 1633 Jonet Rendall Orkney 1629 Joan Robinson St. Osyth 1582 Janet Rodgers Bargarran 1697 Janet Scot Innerkip 1662 Janet Smith Auldearne 1662 Jonet Smyth Aberdeen 1597 Jane Southworth Lancs 1613 Jonet Spaldarg Aberdeen 1597 Jonet Stewart Edinburgh 1597 Jonet Stout Forfar 1661 Jonet Stratton N. Berwick 1590 Jean Sutherland Auldearne 1662 Jone Syms Somerset 1664 Janet Thomson Edinburgh 1649 Jeanne Tourgis Guernsey 1622 Joane Vaughan Northampton 1612 Janet Wagh Bargarran 1697 Joan Walliford Faversham 1645 Joane Wallis Hunts 1646 Joan Waterhouse Chelmsford 1556 Jonet Watson Dalkeith 1661 Jean Weir Edinburgh 1670 Jennet Wilkinson Lancs 1613 Joane Willimot Leicester 1619 Jonet Wishert Aberdeen 1597
John Brugh Edinburgh 1643 John Bulcock Lancs 1613 John Carington Conn. 1651 John Clarke Hunts 1646 John Combes Somerset 1664 John Couper N. Berwick 1590 John Crauforth Northumberland 1673 Johnne Damiet Edinburgh 1597 John Douglas Tranent 1659 John Fian N. Berwick 1590 John Galie Bute 1662 John Gordon (Gray-meill) N. Berwick 1590 John Lamen, Snr. St. Albans 1649 John Lamen, Jnr. St. Albans 1649 John Leyis Aberdeen 1597 John Lindsay Bargarran 1697 John McGill N. Berwick 1590 John Palmer St. Albans 1649 John Ramsden Lancs 1613 John Reid Bargarran 1697 John Robertson Auldearne 1662 John Salmon St. Albans 1649 John McWilliam Sclater Edinburgh 1656 John Stewart Irving 1618 John Stuart Paisley 1678 John Tailzeour Forfar 1661 John Taylor Auldearne 1662 John Vining Somerset 1664 John Whitfield Northumberland 1673 John Winnick Hunts 1646 John Young Auldearne 1662
Joseph Salmon St. Albans 1649
Josine Deblicq Hainault 1616
Joyce Boanes St. Osyth 1645
Judith Moone Thorp, Essex 1645 Judeth Salmon St. Albans 1649 Judith Varlet Conn. 1662
Julian Cox Somerset 1665
Katherine Blair Glasgow 1622 Kathren Blak Alloa 1658 Katherine Campbell N. Berwick 1590 Katherine Campbell Bargarran 1697 Katherine Carruthers N. Berwick 1590 Katherine Craige Orkney 1633 Katherine Cristell Bute 1662 Katherine Duncan N. Berwick 1590 Katherine Earle Yorks 1654 Catherine Ellot Northumberland 1673 Katherine Eustache Guernsey 1581 Katherine Fernsche Aberdeen 1597 Katherine Ferris Aberdeen 1597 Katherine Frissell Bute 1662 Katherine Gerard Aberdeen 1597 Kait Gray N. Berwick 1590 Catherine Green Somerset 1665 Catherine Halloudis Guernsey 1622 Katherine Harrison Conn. 1662 Katherine Heirst Lancs 1613 Catherine Logie Queensferry 1644 Katherine McGill N. Berwick 1590 Katherine McTeir Ayrshire 1605 Katherine McWilliam Bute 1662 Katherine Miller Orkney 1633 Kathren Mitchell Aberdeen 1597 Kathrin Moore Bute 1662 Katherine Oswald Edinburgh 1629 Katharene Portour Forfar 1661 Catherine Prays Guernsey 1563 Kathren Renny Alloa 1658 Catherine Robert Guernsey 1639 Katherine Scott Innerkip 1662 Kathren Sowter Auldearne 1662 Katherine Stewart Bute 1662 Catherine Thomson Queensferry 1644 Kait Wallace N. Berwick 1590 Katharene Wallace Forfar 1661
Lawrence Hay Lancs 1613 Laurenche Jehan Guernsey 1570 Laurence l'Eustache Guernsey 1617
Lilias Adie Torryburn 1704
Lillie Wallace Pittenweem 1704
Lucy Thompson Northumberland 1673
Lydia Gilbert Conn. 1654
Malie Geddie N. Berwick 1590
Manie Haliburton Dirlton 1649
Marable Cooper Orkney 1633
Margaret Agar Somerset 1664 Margaret Aitchison N. Berwick 1590 Margaret Aynsley Northumberland 1673 Margaret Barclay Irvine 1618 Margret Bean Aberdeen 1597 Meg Begtoun N. Berwick 1590 Marget Beveridge Crook of Devon 1662 Margret Brodie Auldearne 1662 Margaret Brown Queensferry 1644 Margaret Clarke Somerset 1664 Margrat Cleraucht Aberdeen 1597 Margaret Craige Paisley 1678 Margaret Dauline Queensferry 1644 Margret Demperstoun Alloa 1658 Margret Duchall Alloa 1658 Margaret Duncane Ayrshire 1605 Margaret Duncane Crook of Devon 1662 Margaret Dwn N. Berwick 1590 Margaret Fulton Bargarran 1697 Margaret Grevell St. Osyth 1582 Margaret Hamilton (Mitchell) Borrowstowness 1679 Margaret Hamilton (Pullwart) Borrowstowness 1679 Margrat Holm Innerkip 1662 Margret Hucheons Auldearne 1662 Margaret Huggon Crook of Devon 1662 Marget Hutton Crook of Devon 1662 Margrat Innes Aberdeen 1597 Margaret Jackson Paisley 1678 Margaret Jennings Conn. 1661 Margaret Johnson Lancs 1633 Margaret Keltie Crook of Devon 1662 Margaret Kyllie Auldearne 1662 Margaret Laing Bargarran 1697 Margaret Landish St. Osyth 1645 Margaret Litster Crook of Devon 1662 Margaret Loy Liverpool 1667 Margaret McGuffok Ayrshire 1605 Margret McKenzie Innerkip 1662 Margaret McNeill Bute 1662 Margaret McNickell Bute 1662 Margaret McNish Crook of Devon 1662 Margaret McWilliam Bute 1662 Margaret Moone Thorp, Essex 1645 Margaret Morton Yorks 1650 Margaret Ncilduy Bute 1662 Margaret NcLevin Bute 1662 Margaret Nicoll Forfar 1661 Margaret Nin-Gilbert Thurso 1719 Margret Og Aberdeen 1597 Margaret Pearson Lancs 1613 Marguerite Picot Guernsey 1629 Margaret Pringle Borrowstowness 1679 Margrat Reauch Aberdeen 1597 Margaret Rodgers Bargarran 1697 Margrat Scherar Aberdeen 1597 Margaret Simson Hunts 1646 Margaret Smith Bute 1662 Margrat Smyth Aberdeen 1597 Meg Stillcart N. Berwick 1590 Margret Tailzeour Alloa 1658 Marguerite Tardif Guernsey 1624 Margaret Thomson N. Berwick 1590 Margaret Waite, Snr. Knaresborough 1621 Margaret Waite, Jnr. Knaresborough 1621 Margaret Wallace Glasgow 1622 Margret Wilson Auldearne 1662 Margaret Young Crook of Devon 1662 Margarett (surname unknown) Northumberland 1673
Marion Bailzie N. Berwick 1590 Marion Congilton N. Berwick 1590 Marion Dauline Queensferry 1644 Marion Frissell Bute 1642 Marrion Fyfe Crook of Devon 1662 Marion Grant Aberdeen 1597 Marion Hocket Ramsey, Essex 1645 Marion Linkup Leith 1590 Marion Little Queensferry 1644 Marion Nicholson N. Berwick 1590 Marion Paterson N. Berwick 1590 Marion Richart Orkney 1633 Marion Scheill (Shaw) N. Berwick 1590 Marion Stein Queensferry 1644 Marrion Thomson Crook of Devon 1662 Marion Wod Aberdeen 1597 Marion (Irish Marion) N. Berwick 1590
Marjorie Dunbar Auldearne 1662 Marjorie Man Auldearne 1662 Marjorie Mutch Aberdeen 1597 Marjorie Ritchie Forfar 1661 Margery Sammon St. Osyth 1582 Margery Stoakes St. Osyth 1645 Marjorie Taylor Auldearne 1662
Martha Semple Bargarran 1697
Martin Tulouff Guernsey 1563
Mary Barber Northampton 1612 Mary Barnes Conn. 1662 Marie Becquet Guernsey 1617 Mary Bychance St. Albans 1649 Marie Clouet Guernsey 1631 Marie de Calais Guernsey 1617 Marie de Calais Guernsey 1631 Marie du Mont Guernsey 1617 Marie Gauvein Guernsey 1570 Mary Green Somerset 1664 Mary Greenleife Alresford, Essex 1645 Marie Guilbert Guernsey 1639 Marie Guillemotte Guernsey 1634 Mary Hunter Northumberland 1673 Mary Johnson Wyvenhoe, Essex 1645 Mary Johnson Conn. 1647 Mary Lamen, Snr. St. Albans 1649 Mary Lamen, Jnr. St. Albans 1649 Marie Lamont Innerkip 1662 Marie Mabille Guernsey 1631 Marie Martin Guernsey 1588 Marie McKaw Bute 1662 Mary McNiven Bute 1662 Marie Mortimer Guernsey 1631 Marie More NcCuill Bute 1662 Marie Paterson N. Berwick 1590 Mary Penny Somerset 1664 Mary Phillips Northampton 1705 Mary Read Lenham 1652 Marie Roland Guernsey 1601 Marie Roland Guernsey 1634 Mary Rynd Forfar 1661 Mary Sanford Conn. 1662 Marie Shuttleworth Lancs 1613 Mary Sikes Yorks 1649 Marie Sohier Guernsey 1626 Marie Spencer Lancs 1613 Marie Stewart Bute 1662 Mary Trembles Bideford 1682 Mary Warberton Somerset 1665
Masie Aitchison N. Berwick 1590
Mercy Disborough Conn. 1692
Meslie Hirdall Auldearne 1662
Michael Aynsley Northumberland 1673 Michael Clark N. Berwick 1590
Mildred Wright Maidstone 1652
Nathaniel Greensmith Conn. 1662
Nicholas Jennings Conn. 1661
Patrick Lowrie Ayrshire 1605 Patrick McKaw Bute 1662 Patrik Watson Dirlton 1649
Perine Marest Guernsey 1622
Philipine le Parmentier Guernsey 1617
Rachel King Somerset 1665
Rebecca Greensmith Conn. 1662 Rebecca Jones St. Osyth 1645 Rebecca Weste Lawford, Essex 1645
Richard Dickes Somerset 1665 Richard Graham Edinburgh 1590 Richard Lannen Somerset 1665
Robert Griersoun N. Berwick 1590 Robert Grieve Lauder 1649 Robert Wilkinson Lancs 1613 Robert Wilson Crook of Devon 1662
Rose Cullender Bury 1664 Rose Hallybread St. Osyth 1645
Sarah Barton Harwich 1645 Sarah Cooper Essex 1645 Sarah Hating Ramsey, Essex 1645 Sarah Smith St. Albans 1649
Susan Cock St. Osyth 1645 Susanna Edwards Bideford 1682 Susanne Prudhomme Guernsey 1629 Susanne Rouanne Guernsey 1631
Temperance Lloyd Bideford 1682
Thomas Bolster Somerset 1665 Thomas Burnhill N. Berwick 1590 Thomas Durning Somerset 1665 Thomas Leyis Aberdeen 1597 Thomas Weir Edinburgh 1670
Thomasse de Calais Guernsey 1617 Thomazine Ratcliffe Suffolk 1645 Thomasse Salmon Guernsey 1570 Thomasine Watson Northumberland 1673
Ursley Kemp St. Osyth 1582
Vyolett Leyis Aberdeen 1597
Walter Ledy Auldearne 1662
William Ayres Conn. 1662 William Barton Queensferry 1655 William Berry Rutland 1619 William Coke Kirkcaldy 1636 William Craw Borrowstowness 1679 William Wright Northumberland 1673
APPENDIX IV
JOAN OF ARC AND GILLES DE RAIS
These two personages--so closely connected in life and dying similar deaths, yet as the poles asunder in character--have been minutely studied from the historical and medical points of view, and in the case of Joan from the religious standpoint also. But hitherto the anthropological aspect has been disregarded. This is largely due to the fact that these intensive studies have been made of each person separately, whereas to obtain the true perspective the two should be taken together. This individual treatment is probably owing to the wide divergence of the two characters; the simplicity and purity of the one is in marked contrast with the repulsive attributes of the other. Yet anthropologically speaking the tie between the two is as strongly marked as the contrast of character.
The case of Joan is easily studied, as the documents are accessible.[956] Anatole France has realized that behind Joan there lay some unseen power, which Charles VII feared and from which he unwillingly accepted help. M. France sees in this power a party in the Church, and in his eyes the Church was a house divided against itself. Though agreeing with the view that Joan was the rallying-point of a great and powerful organization, I see in that organization the underlying religion which permeated the lower orders of the people in France as in England; that religion which I have set forth in the foregoing chapters. The men-at-arms, drawn from the lower orders, followed without hesitation one whom they believed to have been sent by their God, while the whole army was commanded by Marshal Gilles de Rais, who apparently tried to belong to both religions at once.
1. _Joan of Arc_
The questions asked by the judges at Joan's trial show that they were well aware of an underlying organization of which they stood in some dread. The judges were ecclesiastics, and the accusation against the prisoner was on points of Christian faith and doctrine and ecclesiastical observance. It was the first great trial of strength between the old and the new religions, and the political conditions gave the victory to the new, which was triumphant accordingly. 'We have caught her now', said the Bishop of Beauvais, and she was burned without even the formality of handing her over to the secular authorities. After the execution, the judges and counsellors who had sat in judgement on Joan received letters of indemnity from the Great Council; the Chancellor of England sent letters to the Emperor, to the kings and princes of Christendom, to all the nobles and towns of France, explaining that King Henry and his Counsellors had put Joan to death through zeal for the Christian Faith; and the University of Paris sent similar letters to the Pope, the Emperor, and the College of Cardinals. Such action can hardly be explained had Joan been an ordinary heretic or an ordinary political prisoner. But if she were in the eyes of the great mass of the population not merely a religious leader but actually the incarnate God, then it was only natural for the authorities, who had compassed her death, to shelter themselves behind the bulwark of their zeal for the Christian religion, and to explain to the heads of that religion their reasons for the execution. On the other hand, the belief that Joan was God Incarnate will account, as nothing else can, for the extraordinary supineness of the French, who never lifted a finger to ransom or rescue Joan from the hands of either the Burgundians or the English. As God himself or his voluntary substitute she was doomed to suffer as the sacrifice for the people, and no one of those people could attempt to save her.
In comparing the facts elicited at the trial with the Dianic Cult as set out in the previous chapters, the coincidences are too numerous to be merely accidental. I do not propose to enter into a detailed discussion of the trial, I only wish to draw attention to a few points in this connexion.