Part 17

The flowers are eaten in salad like the above-mentioned _palmito_. The seed is astringent and tænifuge; for the latter purpose it is given internally as a powder in a dose of from 16 to 24 grams. Its action is uncertain. The catechu which is obtained in India from the Bonga differs from that obtained from the _Acacia Catechu_ and is a tonic analogous to rhatany and cinchona.

The seeds contain about 14% of a fatty crystalline material which melts at 39°, and after saponification yields a crystalline, fatty acid that may be regarded as a mixture of lauric and muriatic acids. They also contain about 14% of a red, amorphous tonic material which, after drying, is but slightly soluble in cold or hot water.

The lower part of the petiole of the leaves is thin and broad, ensheathing the trunk, is as tough as pasteboard when dry and is used in the Philippines as wrapping paper; Dr. Bholanauth Bose and other physicians of India use it as a material for splints in fractures, a practice which might well be imitated in Manila and especially in the country.

Botanical Description.--A well-known palm with slender stem, surrounded by many circles; it grows to about the same height as the coco-nut palm or less. The flowers spring in bunches of long, thread-like spikes from the trunk a little below the crown of leaves at the base of the long, smooth, green, sheath-like petioles which clasp the trunk; each spike bears many staminate and a few pistillate flowers. The fruit is about the size and shape of a hen's egg, the husk tow-like or filamentose, the kernel pinkish or light red.

Habitat.--Grows throughout the islands.

_Cocos nucifera_, L.

Nom. Vulg.--_Coco_, Sp.-Fil.; _Niog_, Tag.; _Coco-nut Palm_, Eng.

Uses.--This plant is, perhaps, the most useful in the Philippines. Without it and the bamboo plant the people of the Archipelago would not know how to live. It produces vinegar, an alcoholic drink called _tuba_ or _coco-wine_, an oil, an edible nut, and its leaves are used instead of nipa to roof the huts.

Tuba is an opaline, slightly sweet liquid, with an agreeable taste, which rapidly becomes acid under the influence of the heat. A flowering or fruit-bearing stalk, which has not been incised before, is chosen and encircled with several rings of rope or rattan. The stalk is then cut and a bamboo vessel called a _bombón_ is hung to receive the sap which escapes during the night. This liquid is valuable as a drink for those who are debilitated, suffering from pulmonary catarrh, and even for consumptives, who are accustomed to drink it every morning, sometimes with marvelous results, according to reports. The heat of the day rapidly ferments the tuba, converting it into a mild vinegar, which is widely used for domestic purposes in the Philippines. When fermented and distilled it produces a weak alcohol of disagreeable taste called coco-wine.

The ripe fruit contains a rather soft and savory meat which is generally eaten mixed with the clear, sweet coco-nut milk. Later the meat becomes firmer and is used as a food and an oil much used in the islands is extracted from it. To extract the oil the meat is grated and pressed until all the juice is extracted. This is called the milk and when boiled is converted almost completely into oil. Cocoanut milk has an agreeable taste and may in some cases take the place of cow's milk. It is apt to produce diarrhoea, however, which action may be bad for some but on the other hand good for others, such as the habitually constipated. Both the meat and the milk are widely used by the natives in making sweets.

In the greater part of the islands it is the only oil used for illumination. As a medicine it is employed internally as a purgative and externally in the treatment of scores of troubles in which the good results obtained are due, not to the oil but to the massage used in rubbing it in. It has the reputation of stimulating the growth of the hair and all the natives and some Europeans use it lavishly as a hair ointment. When fresh its odor is agreeable, but it easily becomes rancid and assumes a most disagreeable odor. In the Visayan Islands they make an oil of a nauseous odor which they call in Manila _Caracoa_. It is used only for illumination and by the poor.

At a temperature of 20° or more the oil remains liquid; it is colorless when fresh and properly extracted. It solidifies at 18° and two kinds of soap are made of it; one soft and exceedingly cheap called "Quiapo"; the other hard, white, of a high quality, but as a rule containing an excess of lime which in time is deposited in a fluorescent film on its surface.

In India the root is employed in the treatment of dysentery.

Botanical Description.--A tree most familiar to every one.

Habitat.--Common in all parts of the Archipelago.

_Nipa fruticans_, Wurmb.

Nom. Vulg.--_Nipa_, Sp.-Fil.; _Sasa_, Tag.

Uses.--The dry leaves of this palm are generally used in the villages of Manila Province, Pampanga, Bulacan and other provinces in the construction of roofs and walls of houses, which are therefore called "nipa houses." The decoction of the fresh leaves is used as a lotion for indolent ulcers, and a popular preserve is made from the fruit.

Like the coco and following the same process the nipa yields a liquid also called tuba and possessing properties identical with those of the former plant. The weak alcohol distilled from it has some repute in the treatment of conjunctivitis, for which purpose a few drops are mixed with a small quantity of water and the eyes are washed with it several times a day. This alcohol, improperly called wine of nipa, has a characteristically unpleasant odor which makes it impracticable for medicinal or industrial use. Several chemists have attempted to remove the characteristic odor from nipa alcohol, but their results had always been negative because the odorous principle was distilled over at the same temperature as the alcohol. Finally a distinguished Filipino chemist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, perfected a process of producing from the nipa tuba an absolute alcohol perfectly free from the characteristic odor; an alcohol, in fact, possessing all the qualities of chemically pure alcohol, and of such a high grade that it was awarded the first prize at the last World's Fair in Paris.

Botanical Description.--A palm about 6° high with long, pinnate leaves with leaflets which separate, at maturity, like those of the coco palm. Flowers monoecious, in a spathe. Fruit, many pyramidal drupes joined together, but easily separable. The outer covering of each drupe is hard, the inner part tow-like; seed enveloped in a sort of fleshy white meat.

Habitat.--Salt water marshes, especially in Pampanga and the Visayan Islands.

CYPERACEÆ.

Sedge Family.

_Cyperus rotundus_, L.

Nom. Vulg.--_Mutha_, Tag.; _Botobotones_, Vis.; _Mota_, _Malaapolid_, _Sursur_, _Onoran_, _Kusung_, _Omadiung_, _Galonalpas_, Pam.; _Nutgrass_ or _Coco-grass_, Eng.

Uses.--The root possesses stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue properties. In the Philippines it is used internally for dysentery, and in India for the same purpose and as a vermifuge. It is given as a tonic in gastro-intestinal diseases, and General Hardwick has reported good results with it in cholera; as he reported only two cases, his testimony is not of much value.

The Chinese use the dry or roasted root, especially in inflammation of the viscera and uterine diseases. They also attribute to it diuretic, emmenagogue and anthelmintic properties. In Java and India they use it for gonorrhoea, and in Mauritius as a diaphoretic and astringent. In the Philippines the bruised root is applied to the face for toothache.

Botanical Description.--The root is ovoid, ranging in size from that of a hazel-nut to that of a walnut, composed of a white, spongy substance. Leaves sword-shaped, ensheathing the stem. Flowers in a compound umbel on the end of the stalk which is naked, long and triangular. The umbellets are alternate, awl-shaped, with distinct flowers. Calyx universal, with 2 sword-shaped leaflets. Calyx proper, a very small, ridged scale. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Filaments long, inserted on the base of the ovary. Anthers long and straight. Style 1. Stigmas 3, simple, revolute. Fruit 1. Seed oblong, 3-sided, glabrous.

Habitat.--Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in June and July.

GRAMINEÆ.

Grass Family.

_Zea Mays_, L.

Nom. Vulg.--_Maíz_, Sp.; _Maize_, _Corn_, Eng.

Uses.--Corn is an extensive article of diet in the Philippines, but has the reputation of being indigestible. This is true when it is eaten in the grain, but in the form of meal it is easily digested and highly nutritious. The tassels have been used in the Philippines from time immemorial in decoction as a diuretic, for which property they received notice in the _Medical World_ of Paris about the year 1876. The entire plant is diuretic and the natives give the decoction of the stalk for various diseases of the bladder and kidneys. An extract of the tassels has been put on the market, but it is better to administer a decoction made from 20 grams of tassel to 1 liter of water to be taken at will during the day. Rademaker and Fischer give the following chemical composition:

Fixed oil 5.25 Resin, crystalline matter and chlorophyl 3.25 Maizenic acid 2.25 Sugar and gum 19.50 Albuminoids 3.50 Salts and extracts 5.50 Cellulose 37.00 Water 20.00

The fixed oil is bright yellow, saponifiable by potash, soluble in chloroform and ether, insoluble in alcohol, solidifies at 10°.

Habitat.--Very common in all parts of the islands.

_Andropogon Schoenanthes_, L.

Nom. Vulg.--_Salay_, _Tanglad_, Tag.; _Paja de Meca_, Sp.-Fil.; _Baliyoko_, Vis.; _Geranium Grass_, Eng.

Uses.--The Filipino women use the leaves to perfume their gogo hair-wash. The decoction of the leaves is used internally as a diuretic (10 grams to a liter of water) and also to bathe pregnant women. The roots also are diuretic.

A Manila pharmacist, D. Rosendo García, has obtained a good quality of the fixed oil of this plant. In India they call this essence _rusa_, _geranium_ and _gin-gembre_ (nimar oil, Eng.); the annual export from Bombay is over 40,000 English pounds. It is dextrogyrous and its formula is C_5_H_4_.

Another species, the _A. nardus_, L., commonly called "raiz de mora" (mulberry root), "citronella," Eng., possesses the same therapeutic properties as the former. It also possesses an agreeable perfume and yields an essential oil, which, like rusa, is used to adulterate Attar of Roses.

The dried root is widely used in the Philippines and in Europe as well, to preserve clothing from moths and other destructive insects, at the same time giving them a sweet odor. In India the decoction is used internally, 10 grams to a liter of water, in the treatment of rheumatism and as a diuretic.

Botanical Description.--An indigenous grass with sword-shaped leaves about 4° high, tapering at the base, possessing a sweet odor. Root thick, irregular, rough, formed by the union of several small rootlets.

_Saccharum officinarum_, L.

Nom. Vulg.--_Cañamiel_, _Caña de azúcar_, _Caña dulc_, Sp.; _Tubo_, Tag.; _Sugar Cane_, Eng.

Uses.--The Filipinos are very fond of the fresh cane. The juice, which is extracted by means of primitive wooden presses, is used as a drink mixed with lemon juice or vino and is sold in markets and public places as a popular beverage on hot days. A tepid juice, extracted from heated cane is given for catarrhal troubles. This use of the juice is the only one peculiar to the Philippines. Its general use and properties are universally familiar and are amply treated in the materia medica.

Botanical Description.--This plant is so universally familiar that it is unnecessary to describe it. More than 20 varieties are found in the Philippines.

Habitat.--Throughout the islands, especially in the Island of Negros and the Luzon Provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.

_Oriza_, L.

Nom. Vulg.--_Arroz_, Sp.; _Palay_, Tag. (the plant and the unhusked rice); _Bigas_, Tag. (the husked rice); _Rice_, Eng.

Uses.--All the people of Indo-China, China, Japan and the greater part of the Indian Archipelago eat rice as Europeans do bread.

In the Philippines an immense variety of rice grows and in the World's Fair at Paris, in 1889, Señor D. Regino García, of Manila, presented a unique collection of 147 varieties. The rice grown in high lands above irrigation is called "arroz de secano" and mountain rice, and that grown in low and irrigated land is called "arroz de sementera" and swamp rice. The two kinds are equally valuable as food.

The proportion of starch in rice is large, but it contains but a small amount of gluten, and therefore a large amount must be eaten in order to obtain sufficient nutritive elements.

Water 5.00 Starch 85.07 Parenchyma 4.80 Nitrogenous matter 3.68 Crystallizable sugar 0.29 Gummy matter 1.71 Oil 0.13 Phosphate of lime 0.40 Chloride of potash, phosphate of potash, acetic acid, calcareous vegetable salt, salt of potash, sulphur Traces.

In the Filipino therapeutics rice has an extensive use, especially in the form of a decoction called _cange_, which is commonly given in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery, with good results. Cooked as a sort of mush it may be used as a substitute for linseed poultices and has the great advantage of not becoming rancid. Roasted and powdered it is dusted upon wounds or abrasions of the skin and forms a dry and absorbent covering under which they heal rapidly.

It has lately been claimed that beriberi is due to a microorganism found in rice under certain abnormal conditions; this claim is not yet firmly established and beriberi is still one of the many problems in medicine which are awaiting solution.

Habitat.--All parts of the Archipelago.

BAMBUSEÆ.

Bamboo Family.

Nom. Vulg.--_Caña_, Sp.; _Bamboo_, Eng.

Linnæus and Blanco include in the genus _Bambus_ all the different species of bamboo to which the Spaniards have given the general name of _caña_. The plant is of incomparable value to the natives of the Philippines; they build their houses of it, make agricultural and industrial instruments of it, use it in all the varied apparatus of their fisheries and for a multitude of household utensils and furniture.

The variety _B. arundinacea_, Retz. (_B. arundo_, Blanco), _Kawayag-totóo_, Tag., is the largest and most generally employed in making houses and furniture. The tender shoots prepared in lime water are edible but have the deserved reputation of being difficult of digestion.

The variety _Schizostachyum acutiflorum_, Munro (_B. diffusa_, Blanco), _Osiw_, _Bokawy_, Tag., is less used. The shoots are used to treat opacity of the cornea, for which purpose they are cut when about a palm in height, the outer leaves removed, and the center soaked over night with a little sugar candy. The following day the water in the bottom of the jar is collected and used to paint the cornea.

The variety _Dendrocalamus sericens_, Munro (_B. mitis_, Blanco), _Taywanak_, Tag., is also used in medicine. Its abundant sap is given internally in the treatment of phthisis.

All of the above species and the _Dendrocalamus flagellifer_, Munro (_B. levis_, Blanco), _Boho_, Tag., produce at their joints a hard porcelain-like substance, friable, of opaline color, called "bamboo stone" or "tabashir" in India, where, as well as in the Philippines and Indo-China, it has great repute among the popular remedies. It is given in venereal diseases, hiccough, hemorrhage, fevers and other diseases. As a matter of fact, it is an almost inert substance, the imaginary virtues of which originated, doubtless, in the apparently remarkable fact that a stone (?) was produced inside of a vegetable.

The analysis of M. Guibourt is as follows:

Silicon 96.04 Water 2.94 Lime and potassium 0.13 Organic material Traces.

INDEX OF PLANTS

ACCORDING TO THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES.

_Alteratives._--Anona muricata.--Tinospora crispa.--Raphanus sativus.--Bombax malabaricus.--Oxalis corniculata.--Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.--Mangifera Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Lawsonia alba.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Oldenlandia corymbosa.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ehretia buxifolia.--Solanum nigrum.--Cassytha filiformis--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Phyllanthus reticulatus.

_Anthelmintics._ [11]--Cleome viscosa.--Pangium edule.--Ruta graveolens.--Melia Azedarach.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Mucuna pruriens.--Quisqualis Indica.--_Punica Granatum._ [12]--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--Carica Papaya.--Trichosanthes anguina and T. cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tectona grandis.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Echinus Philippinensis.--Cyperus rotundus.--_Rhinacanthus communis._

_Antispasmodics._--Sida carpinifolia.--Hibiscus Abelmoschus.--Ruta graveolens.--Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.--Cedrela Toona.--Celastrus paniculata.--Cassia occidentalis.--Carum copticum.--Blumea balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Solanum nigrum.--Datura alba.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Adhatoda vasica.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Chloranthus officinalis.

_Antiseptics._--Ruta graveolens.--Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Erythrina Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Entada scandens.--_Coffea Arabica._--Blumea balsamifera.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Nerium odorum.--Solanum nigrum.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Tectona grandis.--Ocimum.--Piper Betle.--_Cinnamomum._--Acalypha Indica.--Curcuma longa.--Areca Catechu.--Nipa fruticans.

_Astringents._--Tetracera macrophylla.--Michelia Champaca.--Anona squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Bixa Orellana.--Garcinia mangostana, G. Cambogia.--Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.--Sida carpinifolia.--Thespesia populnea.--Bombax malabaricus.--Sterculia foetida.--Murraya exotica.--Ægle decandra.--Feronia elephantum.--Melia Azedarach.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Caropa Moluccensis.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Mangifera Indica.--Odina Wodier.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Acacia Farnesiana.--Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.--Psidium pomiferum.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Punica Granatum.--Hymenodictyon Indicum.--Tectona grandis.--Achyranthes obtusifolia.--Artocarpus integrifolia.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Areca Catechu.--Cyperus rotundus.

_Acids or Refrigerants._--Oxalis corniculata.--_Averrhoa Bilimbi_ and _A. Carambola_.--_Citrus acida_ and _C. Bigaradia_.--Feronia elephantum.--Amaranthus spinosus.--Phyllanthus reticulatus.--_Tamarindus Indica._

_Balsams._--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Garuga pinnata.--Canarium commune.

_Carminatives._--Illicium anisatum.--Cleome viscosa.--Helicteres Isora.--Abroma fastuosa.--Feronia elephantum.--Terminalia Chebula.--Carum copticum.--Foeniculum vulgare.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Coleus aromaticus.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Aristolochia Indica.--Zingiber officinale.--Curcuma longa.--Elettaria Cardamomum.

_Convulsives._--_Strychnos Ignatii._

_Cosmetics._--Eriodendrum anfractuosum.--Cocos nucifera.

_Diaphoretics._--Cissampelos Pareira.--Sida carpinifolia.--Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Ruta graveolens.--Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum.--Celastrus paniculata.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Eupatorium Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Plumbago Zeylanica. Calotropis gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Oroxylum Indicum.--Barleria Prionitis.--Justicia Gendarussa.--Ocimum.--Anisomeles ovata.--Crinum Asiaticum.--Cyperus rotundus.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.

_Digestives._--_Carica Papaya._

_Diuretics._--Cissampelos Pareira.--Abutilon Indicum.--Anacardium occidentale.--Abrus precatorius.--Erythrina Indica.--Clitoria ternata.--Cassia occidentalis.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Pæderia foetida.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Achras Sapota.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Solanum nigrum.--Limnophila Menthastrum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Lippia nodiflora.--Tectona grandis.--Vitex.--Amaranthus spinosa.--_Achyranthes obtusifolia._--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Phyllanthus reticulatus and P. Niruri.--Allium Cepa.--Cyperus rotundus.--Zea Mays.--Andropogon Schoenanthus.

_Emmenagogues._--Michelia Champaca.--Artabotrys odoratissimus.--Anamirta Cocculus.--Cissampelos Pareira.--Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Abroma fastuosa.--Ruta graveolens.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Cæsalpinia Sappan and C. pulcherrima.--Citrullus Colocynthis.--Morinda citrifolia.--Blumea balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Sesamum Indicum.--Vitex.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Aristolochia Indica.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Aloes Barbadensis.--Cyperus rotundus.

_Emetics._--Hibiscus tiliaceus.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Moringa pterygosperma.--Clitoria ternatea.--Entada scandens.--Trichosanthes anguina.--Lagenaria.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Randia dumetorum.--Pæderia foetida.--Allamanda cathartica.--Thevetia neriifolia.--Cerbera Odallam.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Justicia Gendarussa.--_Acalypha Indica._--_Crinum Asiaticum._

_Emollients._--Sida carpinifolia.--Abutilon Indicum.--Urena sinuata.--Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Eriodendron anfractuosum.--Helicteres Isora.--Biophytum sensitivum.--Zizyphus Jujuba.--Abrus precatorius.--Clitoria ternata.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Lawsonia alba.--Luffa Ægyptiaca.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Sesamum Indicum.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Lippia nodiflora.--Plantago erosa.--Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum.--Curcuma longa.--Allium Cepa.--Cocos nucifera.--Oriza.

_Stimulants._--Illicium anisatum.--Artabotrys odoratissimus.--Brassica juncea.--Raphanus sativus.--Mesua ferrea.--Hibiscus Abelmoschus.--Helicteres Isora.--Ruta graveolens.--Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum.--Citrus acida.--Celastrus paniculata.--Moringa pterygosperma.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Carum copticum.--Foeniculum vulgare.--_Coffea Arabica._--Eupatorium Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Mimusops Elengi.--Jasminum Sambac.--_Capsicum fastigiatum._--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Piper Betle and P. nigrum.--Chloranthus officinalis.--_Cinnamomum._--_Zingiber officinale._--Curcuma longa.--Allium sativum and A. Cepa.--Cyperus rotundus.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.

_Expectorants._--Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.--Biophytum sensitivum.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Blumea balsamifera.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Barleria Prionitis.--Adhatoda vasica.--Vitex.--Ocimum.--_Acalypha Indica._--_Crinum Asiaticum._

_Febrifuges._--Michelia Champaca.--Tinospora crispa.--Anamirta Cocculus.--Sida carpinifolia.--Melia Azedarach.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Carapa Moluccensis.--Cedrela Toona.--Erythrina Indica.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella and C. pulcherrima.--Cassia occidentalis.--Ammannia vesicatoria.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Hymenodictyon excelsum.--Ixora coccinea.--Morinda citrifolia.--Achras Sapota.--Mimusops Elengi.--Thevetia neriifolia.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Alstonia scholaris.--Vitex.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Anisomeles ovata.--Aristolochia Indica.--Piper nigrum.--Chloranthus officinalis.

_Galactagogues._--Gossypium herbaceum.

_Antigalactagogues._--Jasminum Sambac.--Piper Betle.

_Hemostatics._--Portulaca oleracea.--Tetracera macrophylla.--Mangifera Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Euphorbia pilulifera.

_Narcotics_ (_sedatives and anodynes_).--Anamirta Cocculus.--Argemone Mexicana.--Pangium edule.--Cassia occidentalis.--Solanum nigrum.--_Datura alba._--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Vitex.

_Nutritive Plants._--_Anona squamosa_, A. reticulata and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Pangium edule.--Portulaca oleracea.--Garcinia mangostana and G. Cambogia.--Sterculia foetida.--_Theobroma Cacao._--_Averrhoa Bilimbi_, _A. Carambola._--Feronia elephantum.--Garuga pinnata.--Canarium commune.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Zizyphus Jujuba.--_Mangifera Indica._--Anacardium occidentale.--Moringa pterygosperma.--Agati grandiflora.--_Tamarindus Indica._--Bauhinia malabarica.--Parkia Roxburghii.--Psidium pomiferum.--Eugenia Jambolana.--Trichosanthes.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Achras Sapota.--Solanum nigrum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Artocarpus integrifolia.--_Musa paradisiaca_ and _M. sapientum_.--Areca Catechu.--_Cocos nucifera._--_Zea Mays._--_Saccharum officinarum._--_Oriza._--Bambuseæ.

_Purgatives._--Argemone Mexicana.--Garcinia morella.--Mesua ferrea.--Agati grandiflora.--Erythrina Indica.--Clitoria ternatea.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Cassia fistula and C. alata.--Tamarindus Indica.--Entada scandens.--Terminalia Chebula.--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--Carica Papaya.--Trichosanthes anguina and T. cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Luffa Ægyptiaca.--Momordica.--_Citrullus Colocynthis._--Trianthema monogyna.--Morinda citrifolia.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Carthamus tinctorius.--Allamanda cathartica.--Cerbera Odallam.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ipomoea hederacea.--Ipomoea Turpethum.--Solanum nigrum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Tectona grandis.--Samadera Indica.--Mirabilis Jalapa.--Amaranthus spinosus.--Euphorbia neriifolia.--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Jatropha Curcas.--Aleurites moluccana.--Croton Tiglium.--Acalypha Indica.--_Ricinus communis_.--_Aloes Barbadensis._

_Sialagogues._--Carum copticum.

_Bitter Tonics._--Michelia Champaca.--Tinospora crispa.--Cissampelos Pareira.--Cratæva religiosa.--Mesua ferrea.--Sida carpinifolia.--Murraya exotica.--Citrus Bigaradia.--Samadera Indica.--Melia Azedarach.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Agati grandiflora.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella.--Cassia occidentalis.--Terminalia Chebula.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Momordica.--Hymenodictyon excelsum.--Morinda citrifolia.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Achras Sapota.--Mimusops Elengi.--Alstonia scholaris.--Calotropis gigantea.--_Strychnos Ignatii._--Limnophila Menthastrum.--Oroxylum Indicum.--Vitex.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Anisomeles ovata.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Aloes Barbadensis.--_Areca Catechu._--_Nerium odorum_ (cardiac).

_Aromatic Tonics._--Feronia elephantum.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Foeniculum.--_Coffea Arabica._--Eupatorium Ayapana.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamomum.--_Zingiber officinale._

_Vesicants._--Anacardium occidentale.--Moringa pterygosperma.--Ammannia vesicatoria.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Calotropis gigantea.--Euphorbia Tirucalli.

_Rubefacients or Revulsives._--Moringa pterygosperma.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Croton Tiglium.--Jatropha Curcas.--Allium sativum.

_Stimulants._--Sterculia urens.--Argemone Mexicana.--Kleinhovia hospitata.--Celastrus paniculata.--Pongamia glabra.--Cassia alata.--Entada scandens.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Elettaria Cardamomum.

_Antiherpetics, etc._--Sterculia foetida.--Canarium commune.--Trichosanthes palmata.

INDEX OF PLANTS

ACCORDING TO SPECIAL DISEASES.

_Aphthæ, Stomatitis, Glossitis._ [13]--Tetracera macrophylla.--Feronia elephantum.--Pterocarpus santalinus, Indicus and erinaceus.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--_Punica Granatum._--Mimusops Elengi.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tectona grandis.--Ocimum.--Achyranthes obtusifolia.--Phyllanthus reticulatus.

_Hemorrhoids._--Mesua ferrea.--Thespesia populnea.--Terminalia Chebula.--Punica Granatum.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Capsicum fastigiatum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Aloes Barbadensis (for inducing the hemorrhoids).

_Amenorrhoea and Dysmenorrhoea._--Abroma fastuosa.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Blumea balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Sesamum Indicum.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Aloes Barbadensis.

_Anasarca._--Plumbago Zeylanicum.--Coffea Arabica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Solanum nigrum.--Barlonia Prionitis.--Achyranthes obtusifolia.--Euphorbia neriifolia.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Cissampelos Pareira.

_Anal Fistula._--Pterocarpus.

_Asthma._--Gossypium herbaceum.--Garuga pinnata.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Erythrina Indica.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Entada scandens.--Trichosanthes palmata.--Coffea Arabica.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Datura alba.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--_Adhatoda vasica._--Coleus aromaticus.--_Euphorbia pilulifera._--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Euphorbia neriifolia.--Phyllanthus Niruri.

_Spleen, Affections of._--Ammannia vesicatoria.--Lawsonia alba.--Momordica.

_Beriberi._--Celastrus paniculata.--Vitex.

_Blenorrhoea, Gonorrhoea, Urethritis._--Nymphæa Lotus.--Argemone Mexicana.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus.--Sterculia foetida.--Clitoria ternata.--Pterocarpus.--Trichosanthes palmata.--Mimusops Elengi.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Lippia nodiflora.--_Ocimum._--_Amaranthus spinosus._--Cassytha filiformis.--Cyperus rotundus.

_Bronchi and Lungs, Diseases of._--Anona muricata.--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus.--Canarium commune.--Zizyphus Jujuba.--Abrus precatorius.--Erythrina Indica.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Ixora coccinea.--Blumea balsamifera.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Sesamum Indicum.--Barleria Prionitis.--_Adhatoda vasica._--Vitex.--Coleus aromaticus.--Anisomeles ovata.--_Chenopodium ambrosioides._--_Euphorbia pilulifera._--Acalypha Indica.--Curcuma longa.

_Cholera._--Artabotrys odoratissimus.--Samadera Indica.--Carum copticum.--Eupatorium Ayapana.--_Zingiber officinale._--Cyperus rotundus.

_Colic._--(_a_) _Flatulent: Illicium anisatum._--Argemone Mexicana.--Cleome viscosa.--Helicteres Isora.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Terminalia Chebula.--_Carum copticum._--_Foeniculum._--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Ocimum.--Coleus aromaticus.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Aristolochia Indica.--_Piper Betle._--_Elettaria Cardamomum._

(_b_) _Lead_: Allamanda cathartica.

_Contusions._--Samadera Indica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Aloes Barbadensis.--Casuarina sumatrana.

_Heart, Diseases of._--Helicteres Isora.--Coffea Arabica.--Cinnamomum.

_Coryza_ (_rhinitis_, _nasal catarrh_, _ozoena_).--Agati grandiflora.--Ocimum.--Curcuma longa.

_Diabetes._--Eugenia Jambolana.

_Diarrhoea, Dysentery._--Anona squamosa.--Anona reticulata and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Bixa Orellana.--Garcinia mangostana.--Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.--Thespesia populnea.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Bombax malabaricum.--Averrhoa Bilimbi.--_Averrhoa Carambola._--Murraya exotica.--_Ægle decandra._--_Feronia elephantum._--Sandoricum Indicum.--Carapa Moluccensis.--Cedrela Toona.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Mangifera Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella.--Bauhinia malabarica.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Terminalia Catappa.--Psidium pomiferum.--Eugenia Jambolana.--Punica Granatum.--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--_Carica Papaya._--Carum copticum.

_Randia dumetorum._--Ixora coccinea.--Morinda citrifolia.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Mimusops Elengi.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Oroxylum Indicum.--Anisomeles ovata.--Aristolochia Indica.--Piper Betle.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--_Zingiber officinale._--Cyperus rotundus.--Oriza.

_Dyspepsia._--Illicium anisatum.--Sida carpinifolia.--_Ægle decandra._--Samadera Indica.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Agati grandiflora.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella.--Cassia occidentalis.--_Terminalia Chebula._--_Carica Papaya._--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Momordica.--Carum copticum.--Eupatorium Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Alstonia scholaris.--_Strychnos Ignatii._--Capsicum fastigiatum.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Lippia nodiflora.--Tectona grandis.--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Anisomeles ovata.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Aristolochia Indica.--Piper Betle.--Zingiber officinale.--Elettaria Cardamomum.--Aloes Barbadensis.

_Gingivitis, Hemorrhage, etc._--Feronia elephantum.--Tectona grandis.--Plantago erosa.--Phyllanthus reticulatus. (See "Sore-throat.")

_Scorbutics._--Anona muricata.--Raphanus sativus.--_Oxalis corniculata._--Phyllanthus reticulatus.--_Musa paradisiaca_ and _M. sapientum_.

_Spermatorrhoea._--Sida carpinifolia.--Lawsonia alba.

_Constipation._--Ægle decandra.--Helicteres Isora.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. (See "Purgatives.")

_Fevers._--Michelia Champaca.--Sida carpinifolia.--Tinospora crispa.--Anamirta Cocculus.--Samadera Indica.--Melia Azedarach.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Carapa moluccensis.--Cedrela Toona.--Erythrina Indica.--_Cassia occidentalis_ (malarial).--Ammannia vesicatoria.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Hymenodictyon excelsum.--Morinda citrifolia.--Pæderia foetida.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Mimusops Elengi.--_Alstonia scholaris._

_Fracture._--Sterculia urens.

_Throat, Diseases of_ (_anginas_, _amygdalitis_, _pharyngitis_).--Feronia elephantum.--Mangifera Indica.--Odina Wodier.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Punica Granatum.--Mimusops Elengi.

_Gout._--Celastrus paniculata.--Momordica.

_Hemorrhage._--Bixa Orellana.--Bombax malabaricum.--Mangifera Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.

_Hemoptysis._--Tetracera macrophylla.--Portulaca oleracea.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Curcuma longa.

_Herniæ._--Nicotiana Tabacum.

_Liver, Diseases of._--Anona muricata.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Lawsonia alba.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Oldenlandia corymbosa.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Carthamus tinctorius.--Solanum nigrum.

_Cephalalgia._--Portulaca oleracea.--Coffea Arabica.--Blumea balsamifera.--Vitex.--Colus aromaticus.--Acalypha Indica.

_Laryngitis._--Mangifera Indica.--Capsicum fastigiatum.

_Leucorrhoea._--Garcinia mangostana.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Mangifera Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Acacia Farnesiana.--Terminalia Chebula.--Punica Granatum.

_Bloody Flux._--Artocarpus integrifolia.

_Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia._ See "Hemorrhages."

_Bites of Insects and Poisonous Animals._--Feronia elephantum.--Carapa moluccensis.--Eupatorium Ayapana.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Rhinocanthus communis.--Coleus aromaticus.--Leucas aspera.--_Aristolochia Indica._--_Euphorbia neriifolia._--Acalypha Indica.--Allium sativum.

_Nervous Diseases_ (_chorea_, _epilepsy_, _convulsions_, _hysteria_, etc.).--Sida carpinifolia.--Ruta graveolens.--Blumea balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Solanum nigrum.--Datura alba.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Coleus aromaticus.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.

_Neuralgia._--Coffea Arabica.--Acanthus ilicifolius.

_Odontalgia._--Murraya exotica and M. Koenigi.--Pterocarpus.--Calotropis gigantea.--Plantago erosa.--Cyperus rotundus. (See "Ears.")

_Intestinal Obstruction._--Nicotiana Tabacum. (See "Purgatives.")

_Ears, Affections of._--Cleome viscosa.--Hibiscus tiliaceus.--Helicteres Isora.--Crinum Asiaticum. (See "Odontalgia.")

_Eyes, Affections of._--Argemone Mexicana.--Portulaca oleracea.--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Garuga pinnata.--Abrus precatorius.--Erythrina Indica.--Jasminum Sambac.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Curcuma longa.

_Orchitis._--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Sterculia urens.--Vitex.

_Paralysis._--Celastrus paniculata.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus officinalis.

_Parasites_ (_pediculi_, etc.).--Anona squamosa.--Anamirta Cocculus.

_Skin, Affections of_ (_lepra_, _itch_, _eczema_, _psoriasis_).--Argemone Mexicana.--Pangium edule.--Portulaca oleracea.--Urena sinuata.--Thespesia populnea.--Sterculia foetida.--Kleinhovia hospitata.--Helicteres Isora.--Canarium commune.--Celastrus paniculata.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Odina Wodier.--_Pongamia glabra_ (itch).--Cassia fistula.--_Cassia alata_ (herpes).--Entada scandens.--Psidium pomiferum.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Lawsonia alba.--Carica Papaya.--Momordica.--_Hydrocotyle Asiatica._--Alangium Lamarkii.--Oldenlandia corymbosa.--Ixora coccinea.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Nerium odorum.--Calotropis gigantea.--Solanum nigrum.--Rhinacanthus communis.--Tectona grandis.--Leucas aspera.--Amaranthus spinosus.--Echinus Philippinensis.--Curcuma longa.

_Burns._--Eriodendron anfractuosum.--Lawsonia alba.

_Rectum, Prolapsed._--Pterocarpus.--Acacia Farnesiana.--Psidium pomiferum.

_Rheumatism._--Tinospora crispa.--Cratæva religiosa.--Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.--Mesua ferrea.--Sida carpinifolia.--Samadera Indica.--Celastrus paniculata.--Erythrina Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Momordica.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Pæderia foetida.--Blumea balsamifera.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Datura alba.--Oroxylum Indicum.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Justicia Gendarussa.--Vitex.--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Anisomeles ovata.--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Zingiber officinale.--Allium sativum.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.

_Kidneys, Affections of._--Sida carpinifolia.--_Zea Mays._

_Syphilis._--Tinospora crispa.--Erythrina Indica.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Nerium odorum.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ehretia buxifolia.--Cassytha filiformis.--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Acalypha Indica.

_Tæniæ._ (See "Anthelmintics.")

_Phthisis._--Garuga pinnata.

_Tumors._--Trichosanthes palmata.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.

_Ulcers, Wounds, Sores, etc._--Tinospora crispa.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus.--Hibiscus tiliaceus.--Sterculia foetida.--Canarium commune.--Melia Azedarach.--Cedrela Toona.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Odina Wodier.--Erythrina Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.--Psidium pomiferum.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Morinda citrifolia.--Eupatorium Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Mimusops Elengi.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Solanum nigrum.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Tectona grandis.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Acalypha Indica.--Ricinus communis.--Artocarpus integrifolia.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Nipa fruticans.--_Carica Papaya._

_Urticaria._--Phyllanthus reticulatus.

_Bladder, Affections of._--_Cissampelos Pareira._--Portulaca oleracea.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus.--Urena sinuata.--Abrus precatorius.--Clitoria ternata.--Pterocarpus.--Lawsonia alba.--Pæderia foetida.--Spilanthus Acmella.--Allium sativum.--Zea Mays.

_Vermes._ (See "Anthelmintics.")

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF SYSTEMATIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS

A

_Abangabang_, 183

_Abilo_, 73

Abroma angulata, 55 augusta, 55 communis, 55 fastuosa, 55

Abrus precatorius, 88

Abutilon Indicum, 43

Acacia Arabica, 108 Catechu, 235 Farnesiana, 108 Indica, 108

Acalypha Caroliniana, 219 hispida, 220 Indica, 219

Acanthaceæ, 185

Acanthus ilicifolius, 185

_Acapulco_, 102

_Achiote_, _achuete_, 32

Achras Sapota, 156

_Achuiti_, 32

Achyranthes aspera, 201 obtusifolia, 201

Aconitum heterophyllum, 155

_Adelfa_, 165

Adhatoda vasica, 188

Adiantum lunulatum, 142

Ægle decandra, 67 Marmelos, 70

Agati grandiflora, 88

_Angay_, 229

_Agí_, 177

_Agiw_, 76

_Agoho_, _agóo_, 225

_Agonoy_, 152

_Aguason_, 171

_Ajengibre_, 228

_Ajo_, 233

_Ajonjolì_, 184

_Alang-ilang Sonson_, 20

_Alangitngit_, 173

Alangium decapetalum, 138 hexapetalum, 138 Lamarkii, 138 tomentosum, 138

_Albahaca_, 195

_Albohol_, 176

Aleurites Moluccana, 217 triloba, 217

_Algodón_, 48

_Alibangbang_, 105

_Alibun_, 150

Allamanda cathartica, 159

Allium Cepa, 233 sativum, 233

_Almendro_, 110

_Almond, Indian_, 110 _tree, Java_, 73