XVIII.

FROM THE BATTLE OF THE WHITE HILL TO THE PRESENT TIME.

Few crises in the history of a country are so dramatically complete, or mark so clear a division between past and future, as the Battle of the White Hill. Though Mansfeld still held out for a time in some towns of Bohemia, and though the victories of Gustavus Adolphus in 1631 led to a temporary return of the Protestants, such partial checks could not hinder the establishment of a stifling despotism, nor remove its traces when established. That Ferdinand II. desired only to crush rebellion, and to restore the orthodox Roman Catholic faith, may be true enough; but he soon found that civil and religious liberty were bound up together, and that a centralised despotism at Vienna was the only means of securing that outward appearance of orthodoxy which is all that the most energetic despot can produce. The first part of his efforts was no doubt naturally directed to the punishment of the insurgents. On the 21st of June, 1621, twenty-seven of the leaders of the insurrection were executed in the Great Ring of Prague, the noblest and best of them being old Wenceslaus of Budova; and many trials, confiscations, and fines followed, the last of them taking place in 1626.

But Ferdinand soon abandoned the pretext of repressing insurrection, and proceeded to the great work of restoring Catholic orthodoxy. At first his hostility was almost confined to the Protestant preachers, and his positive schemes were mainly directed to the exaltation of the Jesuits. Several preachers had been tortured and killed by the soldiers in the first heat of victory, and, in 1621, the great bulk of the Protestant clergy of Prague were ordered to sell their goods and to migrate to Saxony. Promises had, indeed, been made to the Elector of Saxony that the Lutherans should be gently dealt with. Moderate terms had been offered to the Utraquists, and Tabor had only surrendered on condition of its liberties being secured. But all these promises were swept aside by the eagerness of the Jesuits to recover their lost ground. They had been expelled and persecuted during the insurrection, and now their turn was come. Gradually all schools, books, and newspapers were placed under their care. The old liberties of Charles IV.’s University were crushed out, and at last the University itself was absorbed in a Jesuit college in which the name of Ferdinand was to be connected with that of Charles. The censorship of the press was to be enforced by the careful limitation of the number of printing-presses, and by the most rigorous inquiries into faith. Nor was the danger left unmarked which might arise from the reverence paid to the Protestant heroes of the past. The statues of Hus were either destroyed or turned into statues of John Nepomuc; Z̆iz̆ka’s dust was dug up from his grave at C̆aslau, and the figure above it was broken to pieces; a memorial of Rokycana shared the same fate; while the statue of King George protecting the Cup was removed from the Teyn Church, and a figure of the Virgin substituted for it.

[Illustration: PLACE IN FRONT OF TOWN COUNCIL HOUSE OF PRAGUE WHERE THE BOHEMIAN NOBLES WERE EXECUTED AFTER THE INSURRECTION.]

[Illustration: STATUE OF ST. JOHN NEPOMUC.]

But it must not be supposed that no resistance was offered to this scheme of persecution. Loc̆ika, the preacher at the Teyn Church, persisted, even in 1622, in administering the Cup to the laity. He was rebuked for this proceeding; but he appealed to his congregation to stand by him, and he repeated the offence on the following Sunday. Then soldiers came into the church to seize him; he escaped by a back door, and a thousand men gathered to defend his house. In spite of this defence, however, the soldiers broke into the house and carried Loc̆ika to prison, where he soon after died.

More notable still, in its consequences to Bohemia, was the resistance of Kutna Hora. Even Ferdinand’s champions and followers had warned him that the mining industry was of vital importance to the welfare of Bohemia, and that it could only be maintained by respecting those powers of self-government which had been granted for so many centuries to the miners. But Ferdinand cared little for the material prosperity of Bohemia. Ever since Z̆iz̆ka had rescued it from Sigismund, Kutna Hora had remained enthusiastically Protestant; and it now offered special resistance to the attempt to Catholicise Bohemia. Ferdinand resolved at all hazards to crush this opposition. In defiance of the special liberties of the town he quartered soldiers upon it; and, when even this did not crush its spirit, he sent the Jesuits to celebrate Mass at the church of St. Barbara. Forcible expulsion seemed at last the only hope for conversion, and, by the end of 1626, no Protestant was left in Kutna Hora. Two hundred and eight out of five hundred and ninety houses were deserted, and the mining industry was ruined in its chief centre.

[Illustration: CHURCH OF ST. BARBARA AT KUTNA HORA.]

But there was one Protestant whose claims to consideration even Ferdinand could not deny. Charles of Z̆erotin had stood faithfully by the king at the height of the insurrection, and he had sacrificed position, and suffered imprisonment, in his cause. Ferdinand had promised to respect his convictions, and not to interfere with the Protestants who resided on his estate. Z̆erotin, therefore, was naturally indignant when he found the Commissioners of Cardinal Dietrichstein carrying out, on his lands, their schemes for the suppression of Protestant worship. He hastened to Vienna and warmly remonstrated with the Emperor on his breach of faith. Ferdinand admitted the promises which he had given, and the services which he had received from Z̆erotin; but he said that the Pope was his master in matters of conscience, and the Pope had forbidden him to keep his promises. Z̆erotin was not satisfied with this answer. He hastened back to his own estate, and found that the Commissioners had just closed a Protestant church and sealed up the doors. Z̆erotin indignantly tore off the seal, re-opened the church, and took under his special protection several of the preachers who had fled from other districts. A Bohemian nobleman named George Sabovsky followed Z̆erotin’s example; and thus, both in Bohemia and Moravia, Protestantism was still kept alive in certain small districts.

Ferdinand now saw that it was not only the preachers whom he had to fear; and that to attack the clergy and destroy the privileges of towns, while he spared the nobles, was an extremely inadequate policy. He therefore now issued decrees, which were partly aimed against the landed proprietors, partly against Protestants of every class. In 1624 Protestants were forbidden to register their lands in that Land Court which alone secured them a good title to their estates; their children might not inherit the lands of their fathers unless they deserted their fathers’ faith; and marriages between Protestants and Catholics were to be no longer recognised. Even these remedies failed. Z̆erotin still openly defied the royal Commissioners; and at last, in 1627, all Protestants were ordered to sell their estates and to leave the country, under pain of severe punishments.

But, before this climax had been reached, Ferdinand had discovered how hopelessly entangled with each other were the principles of civil and of religious liberty. He had wished merely to Catholicise Bohemia; in order to effect this, he now found that he must crush out its national feeling and its constitutional liberties. The towns had resisted him, therefore the towns must be deprived of their charters. The Land Court might evade the decisions against Protestant registration; the decisions of the Land Court must in future be overruled by the king. The Estates might make Protestant laws, and refuse to vote necessary taxes for his wars; their power must therefore be practically suppressed; the king must be allowed to re-model the Constitution, to appoint officials, to raise forces, and to levy taxes, without interference from any other authority. Nay, might not Prague rise, again, against his authority? Therefore the king must carry off the Bohemian crown to Vienna, and govern Bohemia by the advice of Austrian councillors. Even in that most tender point, his language, the Bohemian was to receive severe wounds. Ferdinand, indeed, had talked only of equalising the German and Bohemian languages in the practice of the law courts; but, as German officials and judges gradually took the place of Bohemians, and as a German aristocracy rapidly rose on the ruins of the exiled Bohemian nobles, this equalisation steadily developed into the exaltation of German at the expense of Bohemian, while, in the University and the schools, both these living languages gave way before the Latin of the Jesuits. The study of history and physical science almost died out. Trade steadily decayed, and the population of the country diminished.

It is obvious that, in such a period as this, the real history of Bohemia should be rather studied in the lives of its exiles, than in the dreary records of its home life. Fortunately, one can find among these exiles a man who is trebly interesting to the historian; first, as embodying the highest ideal then possible to a Bohemian; secondly, as linking together, in a remarkable manner, the earlier and later stages of the Bohemian Brotherhood; thirdly, as one of the founders of the modern methods of education. John Amos Komensky (better known by his Latin name of Comenius) was born at Nivnice in Moravia in 1592. His father and mother died early, and the guardians, to whose care he was left, are said to have neglected their charge. However, he was sent to the school of the Brotherhood at Prerov, where he soon developed a great love of learning; and, at the age of thirty-two, he was appointed by Charles of Z̆erotin to the headship of the school in which he had formerly studied. He soon became impressed with the unsatisfactory character of the accepted methods of teaching Latin; and he suggested an easier and simpler plan. From Prerov he was removed to Fulnec, the oldest Moravian settlement of the Brotherhood; but, before he could carry his reforms any further, he was interrupted in his work by the Bohemian insurrection. In 1621 a Spanish army burnt Fulnec; and all Comenius’s books and manuscripts were destroyed. In the time of persecution he, like other preachers of the Brotherhood, took refuge with Charles of Z̆erotin. The sufferings and uncertainties of his life naturally turned his attention to theological and moral problems, and his first important book took the form of an allegory. In this he describes a journey through scenes of vanity and confusion, ending in the return to the inner life, and the realisation of a stronger sympathy with the poor and suffering.

[Illustration: JOHN AMOS KOMENSKY.]

But the final expulsion of the Protestants from Bohemia brought Comenius back to the real work of his life. He and other members of the Brotherhood now formed a kind of colony at Lissa in Poland. In that town he resumed his profession of schoolmaster, and he once more became vividly conscious of the defects in existing methods of education. In 1631 he published the book which embodies his strongest convictions on these matters--“Janua aurea reserrata quatuor linguarum.” In this book he points out that “boys are being stuffed with the names of things without the things.” The boy learns to recite by heart a thousand words; if he does not know how to apply them to things, of what use will all this provision of words be? Moreover, the books chosen are too restricted in their character; and, however excellent in quality, they do not deal with nearly all the subjects which a boy should learn. Comenius therefore proposes to arrange sentences in four languages (Latin, German, French, and Italian). These sentences deal with a large variety of subjects, ranging from the creation of the world to the mechanical arts and the practice of the law-courts; and they are followed by a vocabulary of the most necessary words. Comenius, indeed, very generously admitted that the Jesuits had made a useful beginning in this matter of the vocabulary; but he did not consider that their vocabulary was complete enough for his purpose.

In a later book called the “Didactica,” he further explained his principles. The intellect, he urged, should be developed before mere language is taught. Language should be learnt from authors, rather than from grammatical rules. Things should be taught before organisms; examples before rules. Pictures should be largely used to bring out the meaning of the teacher; and children should not be forced to commit to memory what they do not understand. The first teaching should be given in the vernacular; the Latin equivalents should be learnt later. “Nature,” said Comenius, “cannot be forced, but must be led willingly. All the senses must be called into play by the lesson; and the later lessons should be the natural development of the earlier ones. Whatever is to be known should be taught. Whatever is taught should be taught as a present thing of definite use.”

Comenius had now gained a high reputation in the Brotherhood; and he was chosen to write the history of its trials and sufferings. At the same time his educational works had attracted attention outside his own circle, and Gustavus Adolphus invited him to Sweden, to reform the schools in that country. This invitation Comenius at first refused; but, ten years later, when his books were in a more advanced condition, he accepted a proposal, of a somewhat similar kind, from another country.

Samuel Hartlib, a merchant of London, had been much interested in the works of Comenius; and, in his desire to reform English education, he invited the Bohemian to come over to London. Hartlib had shown great liberality to the Bohemian exiles; and Comenius had already been interested in several English books. Moreover, one of his own books had been written at Hartlib’s suggestion, and published, at Hartlib’s own expense, in London. Comenius, therefore, decided to accept this invitation, and he arrived in London in the critical year 1641. The Long Parliament readily responded to Hartlib’s proposals; and they voted money for the founding of three colleges, in which the principles of Comenius might at once be applied. One of these was to be at the Savoy, one at Chelsea, and one at Winchester. Unfortunately, the Irish insurrection turned the attention of Parliament away from these matters; and the rapid succession of events, which culminated in the civil war, convinced the Bohemian that there was no further possibility, at that time, for the development of his purposes in England.

But, though Comenius left our country in some disappointment, it must be remembered that he left one very eminent disciple behind him. Four years later, when the hopes of the Puritans had gained further strength, Hartlib appealed to Milton to second him in the promotion of his schemes. Milton turned, somewhat unwillingly, from the composition of the Areopagitica to the discussion of Hartlib’s plans; but he was impressed by his friend’s enthusiasm; and it is evidently of Comenius that he speaks so warmly in his letter. He there describes him as “a person sent hither by some good Providence from a far country, to be the occasion and incitement of great good to this Island.” Though, therefore, the poet had not time “to search out what many modern Januas and Didactics, more than ever I shall read, have projected,” he yet consented in this letter to express his sympathy with the plans of Comenius and Hartlib. The following words, perhaps, best sum up his teaching. “If, after some preparatory grounds of speech, by their certain forms got into memory, children were led to the praxis thereof, in some chosen short book lessened thoroughly to them, they might then learn the substance of good things and arts in due order, which would bring the whole language quickly into their power.”

In the meantime, Comenius, eager for those spheres of work, had accepted a second invitation to Sweden, this time from a Swedish nobleman named De Geer. The famous Chancellor, Oxenstierna, readily welcomed the Bohemian to Sweden; though, at the same time, he complained that previous educational reformers had pointed out faults without suggesting remedies. When Comenius produced his schemes, the Chancellor subjected them to a searching criticism; and, finding that Comenius was ready to meet his objections, he consented to place the reform of Swedish education under his guidance. Comenius, however, ultimately chose the Prussian town of Elbing as the centre of his experiments; probably because he was there nearer to the settlements of the Brotherhood, and could intervene at times to mitigate their quarrels or intercede for their rights.

The relation of literary patron to protected man of genius has never been an easy or a happy one; and Comenius often found that De Geer complained of the slowness of his work, and, still more, perhaps, of that wide range of sympathies which often distracted him from the interests to which his patron desired him to confine himself. Once De Geer even withdrew his support, for a time, from the needy Bohemian; and Comenius must have felt this desertion the more keenly, because his applications for money had been far oftener made on behalf of others than for his own needs. But a bitterer blow awaited him in 1648. He had hoped that the enthusiasm of Gustavus Adolphus for the Protestant Cause had been shared by his Councillors, and by his countrymen generally; and that they would insist on the restoration of the Protestant Bohemians to their country, before the final conclusion of the peace. It was, therefore, a terrible shock to find that Oxenstierna cared more for the possession of Pomerania than for the liberties of German or Bohemian Protestants; and Comenius bitterly reproached the Swedish Chancellor with his desertion of the cause of the exiles.

But this year of disappointment brought one consolation. Comenius was elected Chief Bishop of the Bohemian Brotherhood; and his exhortations and encouragements seemed for a time to put new life into the Society. More noteworthy still is the effect which these addresses produced in the following century; for it was they that decided Count Zinzendorf to welcome the Brethren to Herrnhut, and to inaugurate that later period of their career during which they have been known by the name of “Moravians.” It is interesting, too, to find that Comenius was actuated by that Slavonic feeling which was always so powerful in Bohemia; and that he conceived the idea of translating the Bible into Turkish, so that, by turning the Sultan to the true faith, he might secure an easier life for those Slavs who were suffering under the Mahommedan tyranny. His educational labours were also carried on with some effect in Poland and Hungary; and it should be specially remembered that the German Real-Schule is as much due to the inspiration of Comenius as the Universities of Leipzic and Wittenberg are to the model provided for them, and the scholars trained in the University of Prague.

But, though the career of Comenius shows that there were still Bohemians who tried to keep alive the intellectual and moral life of their nation, such instances are but rare interruptions to the dreary record of stifling tyranny which stretched over the last years during which the male line of the Hapsburgs governed Bohemia. Doubtless, occasionally, energetic students, like the Jesuits, Balbin and Pes̆ina, give hopes of an ultimate revival of interest in the national history; sometimes an insurrection of the peasantry, like that of 1680, seems to hint that tyranny may become intolerable at last. Joseph I., indeed, is credited with a desire for reform; but at any rate there is no sign of a realisation of his ideas; and it is only when the male Hapsburgs make way for the one female ruler of their race that a day of better things seems just about to dawn. Even that dawn was very slow in breaking. Some encouragement was given to culture by Maria Theresa, and a literary society was founded; but it soon became apparent that even literary discussions involved an awkward revival of the past; and the censors again interfered to check intellectual progress. The Empress-Queen relaxed the feudal oppression of the peasantry; but only enough was granted to excite, without satisfying, the desire for liberty. One step, however, was gained during this reign, which cleared the ground for future progress. Popes and kings at last realised that that great Order, before which they had bowed, might become as dangerous to them as to the people whom they governed; and, in 1773, Clement XIV. dissolved the Society of Jesus. This dissolution struck a blow at that monopoly of education which had stunted the intellectual life of Bohemia, and it prepared the way for the changes of the following reign.

In 1780, Joseph II. of Germany, the first king of the House of Lorraine, succeeded his mother as ruler of all the dominions of the House of Austria. He at once signalised his accession to power by an Edict of Toleration, which allowed all Protestants to return to Bohemia, and to settle there freely. But, with all his zeal for enlightenment, Joseph was hampered by those old traditions of uniformity which he had received from his mother’s family. He soon found that Protestants could not be all rolled together in compact bundles and kept quiet there. Not only the Bohemian Brothers, but a number of very strange sects, would come in under the new Edict. Some of these did not even profess Christianity; and Joseph was yet more irritated to find that men who had special convictions sometimes wished to express them in ways of which their neighbours disapproved. The Protestants were therefore called upon to accept either the Augsburg Confession or the Calvinistic Formulæ; and, when he at last realised that there was a growing body in the country who refused to accept any definite Christian creed, Joseph’s feelings of toleration gave way. Children were torn from their parents to be educated in sounder principles, and the parents were banished to Transylvania.

A blot, that created even more general indignation in Bohemia, stained Joseph’s schemes of educational reform. Here, too, he wished to remove restrictions and to extend knowledge; but here again the Hapsburg instinct was too strong for eighteenth-century enlightenment. The Latin of the Jesuits was, indeed, to be deposed from its supremacy. Printing-presses were to be established. Studies previously rejected were to be encouraged. But the tyranny of Latin only made way for the tyranny of German. _That_ was to be the one recognised language of education; and Bohemian was to yield to it even more completely than it had yielded to the language of an older civilisation.

Nor had Parliaments or municipalities any chance of life. No laws were to be passed by the Bohemian Estates without the sanction of an Austrian Board; the censorship of Bohemian books was to be conducted from Vienna; a brand-new municipal code was to check the free play of the old Town Rights. Only in one matter was freedom to be unhampered in its progress, and untainted by any of those inconsistent arrangements which took back with one hand what the other hand had given. The power of the lord over the serf was to be completely broken; and the freed peasants might move as they pleased from place to place, and might choose whatever trade or study they desired, unhampered by the authority of their former masters.

But the opposition to the denationalising plans of Joseph, which assumed so violent a form in Hungary and the Netherlands, encouraged the Bohemians also to protest in a milder fashion; and, when Leopold succeeded Joseph as King of Bohemia, he was forced to reconsider his brother’s policy, to convoke the Bohemian Assembly once more, and to make concessions to the national feeling in the matter of language. For, in spite of all repressions and discouragements, that feeling had never ceased to have its influence in Bohemia; and it was well illustrated by three men of very different type, who had begun their efforts in the discouraging times of repression, and who lived on into more hopeful days.

Of these the eldest was Frantis̆ek Pelc̆el, who was born at Rychnov (Reichenau) in 1735. He was a man of obscure birth, and he was intended by his parents for the medical profession. But he did not like this occupation; so he went to Prague to study in the High School, where he

## partly supported himself by teaching the children of rich citizens.

Finding, however, that logic was better taught at Králové Dvůr (Königinhof), he went there to study; but, while he was there, the school was placed more completely under Jesuit control. The strange mixture of repulsion and attraction which that wonderful Society seems generally to excite in its pupils, had its influence over Pelc̆el; and the attraction proving, for the time, the stronger feeling, he was inclined to give himself to theology; but the Seven Years War cut short his studies, and he left Bohemia for Vienna.

It was on his return to Prague that he fell in with the second of the men who were to be the great promoters of the new movement. This was Count Caspar of Sternberg, the son of an officer who had served under Maria Theresa. He, like Pelc̆el, had been attracted to the study of theology; but his audacious speculations had startled the professors at the German College in Rome, and the Jesuits had produced on him a purely repellent effect. After the dissolution of the German College, Sternberg had returned to Prague, and had given himself to the study of art. He soon took notice of Pelc̆el, and entrusted to him the education of his children. This turned Pelc̆el from his theological speculations; but it was not till his transfer to the family of another nobleman that he devoted himself wholly to the study and writing of history. His life of Charles IV. and his short history of Bohemia may be wanting in the wide views and deeper insight of later historians; but the evidence of enormous industry and hearty interest in the subject make a distinct mark in the progress of national feeling.

The most remarkable of the leaders of the movement, and the one who seems to be the most looked back to by the historians of the present day, was Josef Dobrovsky. He, too, was intended by his Jesuit teachers for a theological career; and it was only the suppression of that Order which turned him for a time to the study of the language. He did not, however, abandon theology. In 1778 he brought out a commentary on Bohemian literature; and in 1779 he began to edit a journal in which contemporary Bohemian literature was noticed and criticised. Curiously enough, his conclusions about Bohemian history were rather opposed to those of modern national historians. He threw doubts on the existence of the common Slavonic language; and he rather discredited the extent of the influence of Cyril and Methodius, as compared with that of the Roman Church. But for the Bohemian language he was keenly zealous, and when, in 1790, Leopold appeared at a meeting of the Bohemian Society of Sciences, Dobrovsky appealed to him to protect his countrymen in the use of their mother-tongue. The Emperor was so much impressed by this appeal, that he sent six thousand gulden to the society, for the promotion of journeys for inquiry into the Bohemian history and language. Dobrovsky was chosen to travel in Sweden and Russia, both for the recovery of lost manuscripts and for the collection of further information about Slavonic literature.

In the meantime, Count Caspar von Sternberg had been forced to abandon official life, and had begun to devote himself more exclusively to the promotion of art, literature, and science. The Emperor Francis showed himself almost as friendly as Leopold had been to the revival of Bohemian literature and art; and, in 1818, he assented to the foundation of the National Museum at Prague for the collection of all kinds of literary, artistic, and scientific antiquities of Bohemia. The foundation of this museum was almost contemporaneous with events which excited, to the highest pitch, the champions of Bohemian language and literature.

A man named Hanka, in hunting for some ecclesiastical documents in the vault of the church of Králové Dvůr, found an old chest in the wall, in which church ornaments were kept. Hidden behind this were some curious old manuscripts, which, on examination, proved to be Bohemian songs of a comparatively early date. They were at once despatched to Prague, and were handed over by Count Sternberg to two men who were now gaining much reputation. These were Josef S̆afarik, a Slovak from that district of Hungary where a dialect of the Bohemian language is usually spoken, and Frantis̆ek Palacký, the son of a Calvinist minister, who had been marked out for an important post in the new museum. They examined the manuscript, and, after long consideration, pronounced it genuine. This discovery seemed to open a new world of life and thought to the champions of national literature. Most of the songs, it was true, dealt mainly with battles; but the power of expression seemed to indicate a condition of culture in the ninth or tenth century which led the Bohemians to believe in an early development of national life, uninfluenced by Teutonic intruders.

[Illustration: SLOVAK WOMAN FOUND IN PARTS OF MORAVIA AND ALSO IN HUNGARY.]

Count Sternberg now issued an appeal to the possessors of all antiquities, whether literary, artistic, or scientific, to send them to the National Museum. One of the first answers to this appeal was an anonymous letter, in which the writer announced that he had discovered another Bohemian manuscript in a certain castle; but that he feared to give his name or call public attention to the place, as the owner of the castle was a German “Michel”[6] who would destroy any Bohemian manuscript if he found it. The writer, therefore, forwarded the manuscript secretly, without waiting for the lord’s permission. The manuscript was found to be the poem of the Libus̆in Saud described in the first chapter of this history; and the writer, on inquiry, was discovered to be Kovar, the bailiff of Count Colloredo-Mansfeld. The manuscript, it appeared, had been discovered in a vault of the Castle of Zelená hora (Grünberg), in Nepomuc, where the bailiff had been examining a number of business papers. This manuscript was also examined, and was pronounced by Palacký and S̆afarik to be of earlier date than the Königinhof manuscript.

These discoveries, however, were not suffered to pass unchallenged. At first, indeed, the controversy seemed likely to be conducted on scientific principles. The chief opponent of their authenticity was the zealous patriot Dobrovsky; and he disputed their claim to historic worth on philological grounds. But soon the controversy passed out of the serene air of scientific discussion. The eager enthusiasm with which most Bohemian patriots had hailed the discovery of the manuscripts, aroused an equally eager desire on the part of the enemies of their language to dispute the authenticity of these discoveries; and savage German critics accused Hanka and Kovar of forgery, and denounced as absurd the suggestion of any possible Bohemian civilisation which had not come from Germany. The writings of S̆afarik on the various Slavonic languages kept the discussion alive; and the appearance, in 1836, of the early volumes of Palacký’s history roused still angrier attacks.

[Illustration: BOHEMIAN WOMAN WITH “DOVE” HEAD-DRESS AND NATIVE WORK.]

Even before this literary revival had taken place, discoveries had been made which seemed to point to an early culture even amongst the Bohemian peasantry. Bronzes and earthenware ornaments had been dug up, the antiquity of which was proved by the heathen symbols marked upon them; and it was noticed that these devices corresponded to the designs which were produced in later ages by the peasantry in Bohemia and Moravia. This curious fact gave a new impulse to investigation, and numerous specimens of the peasant art were collected. The beauty of colouring and design in this work is the more striking because it was not learnt in any school, but is the fruit of native genius. About the same time a similar interest was roused in the music produced by the peasantry, and the songs and dances of the peasants have been embodied in the operas of S̆metana.

The revolution of 1848 naturally brought to a head the struggle between the Germans and Bohemians: and the demand then made for the further protection of the Bohemian language was strengthened at a later stage by the meeting of the Slavonic Congress, which was to protect the Slavs against the threatened encroachment of the Frankfort Parliament.[7] The unfortunate rising of June, 1848, led to the downfall of the newly-born liberty of Bohemia; but, when German and Magyar revolutions were alike crushed, questions of race-division naturally ceased for a time to be interesting to those who had suffered a common loss of liberty. The idea of a federative union of the Austrian dominions was, however, kept steadily before the public by Palacký; and the old fear of sinking to an equality with other races gradually roused the Germans to renewed

## action. In 1858 the controversy about the manuscripts of Králové Dvůr

and Zelená hora was renewed in all its fierceness; and when, after the Austrian collapse in 1859, the talk about Constitutional government once more began, it was soon found that the new liberties were not to produce equality of race. The wars of 1866 and 1870 gave a new impulse to the German claim for supremacy in Austria; and so the struggle has gone on with varying fortune, but ever circling round the central point of language and literature.

THE END.

FOOTNOTES

[1] The following account of the legend of Libus̆a is taken partly from the translation of the Libus̆in Saud by Mr. A. H. Wratislaw, partly from the version of the story given by Cosmas. I have not the least desire to enter here into the burning question of the authenticity of the original poem. I have heard every degree and variety of opinion on that subject, even from patriotic Bohemians. But the only two points that concern me here are, first, that Cosmas must have had before him some old legend containing a version of the story, not unlike that edited and translated by Mr. Wratislaw; secondly, that Cosmas accepted this story as embodying his conception of the beginnings of Bohemian history. No one, as far as I know, disputes the genuineness of Cosmas’s history; into the sources of his information it is not necessary to go.

[2] A new word in the Bohemian language fitly marks this period. This word is _Kostel_, which is obviously formed from the German _Castell_, and ultimately from _Castellum_; but which was used to signify church, since the military Christianity introduced by the Franks was marked by the use of castles as churches.

[3] In the English carol the story has evidently been adapted to modern feeling; for the saint’s barefoot walk to the church has been changed into a mission of practical benevolence.

[4] Since writing the above I have found a curious confirmation of my opinion of the danger of this utterance in one of the decrees of Ferdinand II., issued at the time when he was practically destroying the foundation of Charles IV. He appeals to the memory of Charles as a justification of his proceedings, on the ground that he was only restoring that unity of the Catholic religion, of which Charles was so ardent a champion.

[5] These words are curiously like those of a later popular ruler of Rome--“Mankind has worshipped in the name of the Father and the Son. Give place to the religion of the Spirit.”--_From the Pope to the Council._--GIUSEPPE MAZZINI.

[6] “Michel” is an embodiment of certain ideas about the typical German, much as the name “John Bull” embodies certain conceptions about the average Englishman.

[7] I have treated this part of the subject in full in my account of the Bohemian Revolution in the “Revolutions of 1848 and 1849.”

INDEX.

A

Adalbert, his early career, 30; his influence as Bishop of Prague, 30; his flight from Prague, 31; his conversion of the Hungarians, 31; circumstances of his death, 32; restoration of his body to Prague, 39-41; appealed to at Battle of Chlum, 53; popularity of his hymn, 32, 112

Adamites, 270, 271

Adam, Daniel, historian, 417

Adolf of Nassau, Wenceslaus’s relations with, 114, 115

Albert, son of Rudolf of Hapsburg, his quarrels with Wenceslaus, 114; elected Emperor, 115; sanctions union of Poland with Bohemia, 115; defeated by Wenceslaus II., 116; tries to secure Bohemia for his sons, 117, 118; Bohemian feeling about his death, 118

Albert in the time of Sigismund (_see_ Austria, Albert of)

Albik, Archbishop, his demands from Hus, 197, 198

Alexander II., 47

Alexander V., Pope, his relations with Zajíc, 190, 193; checks inquiry into Wyclif’s books, 193

Alexander VI., Pope, his treatment of the Brotherhood, 353, 354

Amos of S̆tekna opposes changes in the Brotherhood, 350, 351; denounces the Brotherhood to Ladislaus, 355

Anabaptists, their relations with the Brotherhood, 379

Angelini, chaplain to Maximilian of Bavaria, 478

Anhalt, Siegfried of, 92

Anhalt, Christian of (_see_ Christian)

Anna, sister of Wenceslaus IV., effect of her marriage with Richard II., 177

Arnestus, Bishop, his support of Charles IV.’s reforms, 142; his treatment of Rienzi, 150

Arnulf, his claims on Pannonia, 16; his candidature for the Empire, 19; his struggles with Svatopluk, 19; calls in the Hungarians to his help, 19, 20; stirs up civil war in Moravia, 21

Art, encouragement of, by Vratislav, 50; by Charles IV., 134-6; by Rudolf II., 416, 417

Art of peasantry, 507, 508

Assembly, Bohemian, in time of Libus̆a, 5; in time of Vladislav, 59, 60; character of, in early times, 67, 68; elects Henry of Carinthia, 118; in time of John, 119, 120, 125, 126; resists Charles IV., 140, 141; superseded by Wenceslaus’s Council, 168; imposes conditions on Sigismund, 234, 235; rejects him as king, 272; attitude of, to George, 326; debates of, in 1537, 385, 386; in 1575, 413, 414; in 1608, 438, 439, 453; suppression of, by Ferdinand II., 490; revival of, by Leopold II., 501 (_see_ also Nobles, Council)

Assembly, Moravian, 330, 375, 399; Silesian, 330, 375

Augusta, John, his early career, 380; draws up Confession, 380, 384; his relations to Luther, 383; visits Bucer and Calvin, 386, 387; rebuked by Ludanic, 392; kidnapped and imprisoned, 393; his cruel treatment, 393, 398, 401; his relations to the Jesuits, 403, 404; his quarrels with the Elders, 400, 402, 404; his final release, 405; his later differences with the Brotherhood, 411, 412

Austi, rout of Taborites at, 243

Austria, first struggle of, with Bohemia, 49; Margravate of, raised into a Dukedom, 58; end of Babenberg line in, 65; claim on, of Frederick II., 65, 66; conquered by Ottakar II., 66, 84, 85; secured to him by marriage, 85; conquered by Rudolf, 99; relations of Charles to, 145, 146; Protestantism in, relations of, with Matthias (_see_ Protestants and Tschernembl)

Austria, Duke of, joins conspiracy against Wenceslaus IV., 170; allied with John XXIII., 209

Austria, Albert of, made ruler of Moravia, 282; chosen King of Bohemia, 311, 312; struggles of, 312-14

Austria, Upper, attitude of, towards Bohemian rising, 469, 471

Austria, Lower, invaded by Thurn, 471, 472 (_see_ also Hapsburg, Rudolf, &c.)

Avars, struggles of, with the Slavs, 7

Avignon, 126, 155

B

Babenberg, house of, 84 (_see_ Frederick, Leopold)

Balbin, Jesuit historian, 498

Basel, Bishop of, supports Rudolf against Ottakar, 104

Basel, Council of, reasons for its summons, 290-4; discussions at, 297-302

Basel, Compacts of, 307, 309, 318, 319, 323, 333, 368, 385, 386

Battles of Chlum, 53; Crecy, 129; Domaz̆lic̆e, 288, 289; Knin, 243; Kutna Hora, 277; Lipaný, 305; Lomnice, 470; Mailberg, 49; Marchfeld, 105; Merseburg, 27; Mohács, 372; Mühlberg, 390; Nemecky Brod, 277; Porc̆ic, 253; Rakonic, 477; R̆ic̆an, 268; Sudomír, 248, 249; Tachov, 285; Vys̆ehrad, 266, 267; White Hill, 478, 479; Z̆izkov Hora, 257, 258

Bavaria, relations of, with Charles IV., 145-7; resistance of, to Ferdinand, 377

Bavaria, Duke Louis of, his opposition to Ottakar, 91; claim of electoral rights by, 91, 92

Bavaria, Duke Henry of, his friendship for Ottakar, 91; goes over to Rudolf, 98 (_see_ also Louis, Emperor; Maximilian)

Beaufort, Cardinal, leads fourth crusade, 285-8, 292

Bela, King of Hungary, defeated by the Tartars, 74; Ottakar’s rivalry with, 86; gives his daughter to Ottakar, 87

Berka, Ladislaus of, 430, 434, 435

Bethlen Gabor, his rising in Transylvania, 472; invades Austria, 475; declared Prince of Hungary, 476; his steady opposition to Ferdinand, 476

Bilek, his relations with Augusta, 393, 401, 403, 404

Blahoslav, his importance in Brotherhood, 401; his controversy with Augusta, 411

Bocksay, Stephen, his insurrection, 427, 428

Bohemia, peculiarities of its history, 1-4; zeal for national language in, 2; early settlements in, 4; forced into Christian baptism by Franks, 8; Christianised by Methodius, 12; Slavonic ritual introduced into, 12; national estimate of patriotism and heroism, 18, 19; effect on, of fall of Dukedom of Moravia, 21; struggles between Christians and heathens in, 22-32; relations of, to German Empire in tenth century, 33; to Saxony and Poland in same period, 34, 35; first king of, 49; uncertainty of royal title in, 51; effect on, of Vladislav’s policy, 59, 62; peculiarities of constitutional history of, 67, 68; how strengthened by German weakness, 89, 90; effect on, of Battle Of Marchfeld, 105, 106; privileges secured to, by John, 119, 120; feeling of Charles IV. to, 132, 137, 146; new life developed in, by Charles, 137; position in Empire claimed for, 146; extension of territory of, 145, 148; attitude of, towards its kings, 235; traditions of, contrasted with English, 341-3; Luther’s feeling towards, 364, 365; decline of liberty in, in sixteenth century, 361, 362; attitude of, towards Ferdinand II., 374, 375; final struggle in, 467-82; sufferings of, in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 483-91

Bohemia, language of, encouraged by Charles IV., 162; developed by Thomas of S̆títný, 162; despised by German scholars, 161, 162; connected with Reformation movement, 162, 163, 175-6; growth of, under Hapsburgs, 417; repressed by Jesuits, 491; discouraged by Joseph II., 500; later revival of, 501-9

Bohemia, “Nation” of, in Prague University (_see_ Nations, University)

Boleslav the Cruel, trained by Drahomíra, 24; persecutes Christians, 24; murders Wenceslaus, 26; submits to Emperor, 26; makes alliance with Otto, 27; resists Hungarians, 27; changes his policy, 27; estimate of him by Bohemian chroniclers, 27, 28; his treatment of the Z̆upa, 68, 69

Boleslav the Pious, concessions made to him by Pope, 28; his relations with St. Adalbert, 30-32; his policy in Poland, 29, 30, 35

Boleslav III., his profligacy and downfall, 35, 36

Boleslav of Poland, his aggressions and intrigues, 35

Boniface IX., Pope, his relations with Wenceslaus IV., 167, 173

Boris of Bulgaria, his conversion, 8, 9

Bor̆ivoj, of Bohemia, his conversion, 12; his zeal for the faith, 22

Bor̆ivoj, later Duke, deposed by Vrs̆ovici, 51

Boz̆etĕch, his artistic fame, 50; his revival of Slavonic ritual, 50

Boz̆ej, one of the Vrs̆ovici, 51

Bracciolini, Poggio, 225

Brac̆islav, his romantic career, 37, 38; his restoration of St. Adalbert, 38-41; his struggle with the Emperor, 42, 43

Brandenburg, Margrave of (_see_ Otto)

Brandenburg, Margravate of, joined to Bohemia, 148; given to Hohenzollern, 255; relations of, with Brotherhood, 395 (_see_ also Hohenzollern)

Braunau, persecution in, 445, 465

Breslau in time of Wenceslaus IV., 165; in time of George, 331, 332, 336, 337

Brno (_see_ Brünn)

Brotherhood, Bohemian, compared with English Quakers, 341-3; first foundation of, 344, 345; Rokycana’s relation to, 345-7; relations of, to nobles, 349; modifications of their doctrines, 351-3; persecution of, by Ladislaus, 355-60; sympathy for, in Moravia, 358, 359; different motives of its protectors, 356; relations of, with Anabaptists, 379; with Conrad of Krajek, 380-2; Confession proposed for, 380; relations of, with Luther, 382-4; first persecution of, by Ferdinand, 384; treatment of, after capture of Prague, 391-4; treatment of, in Poland and Russia, 394, 395; in Moravia, 399, 400; their desire for national position, 410, 411; resistance to proposal for common Confession, 411-14; Maximilian’s attitude towards, 401, 412, 415; their struggle with Jesuits, 418-24; their bold rebuke of nobles, 419-21; later stages of, 491-7 (_see_ also Michael, Amos, Gregory, Augusta, Blahoslav, Comenius, Z̆erotin, Budovĕc)

Brunswick, Duke of, his relations to Rudolf II., 450

Brünn, liberties of, 72, 76-9; attitude towards George, 331, 338; towards Rudolf II., 434; stands by Matthias, 459

Bruno, Bishop of Olmütz, his assistance to Ottakar, 83; his appeal to Gregory, 96, 97; advises Ottakar to submit to Rudolf, 99

Bucer, Augusta’s visit to, 386, 387

Bucquoi, his invasion of Bohemia, 470; his final campaign, 477-9

Budejóvice, 294, 320, 449, 468, 452

Budovĕc, Wenceslaus of Budova, his policy, 437; his relations with Rudolf, 437-43; with Z̆erotin, 437; asserts a special principle, 439; prepares for rebellion, 445; encourages Prague against Leopold, 452; opposes House of Hapsburg, 461; suspicions of peasantry against him, 473; his character, 480; his death, 484

Budweis (_see_ Budejóvice)

Bulgaria, conversion of (_see_ Boris)

Burian of Gutenstein, 316, 340

C

Cahera, Gallus, 367, 368, 377

Calixtines, their difference from Hus, 222; divers elements of their party, 236, 237; relation with Taborites, 253, 254, 265, 268, 269, 271; effect of Z̆iz̆ka’s death on, 283; relations of P. Payne to, 283, 284; divisions among, 284, 306

Calvin, Augusta’s visit to, 386

Calvinists, sympathy of Brothers with, 414, 435

C̆apek, 305, 306

Catholics of Bohemia recognize interdict, 223; relations of with Wenceslaus, 224; formation of as a separate party, 236; first debate with Utraquists, 259; led by Meinhard, 319; King George’s treatment of, 326-9, 331; their combinations with Utraquists, 391, 400, 408; their final victory, 483-5

Carinthia, 87, 89, 97 (_see_ also Henry of)

Carlstein, 135, 294

Carniola, 87, 89, 97

Carvajal, Cardinal, 318, 319

Casimir, King of Poland, 312; later King, 338

C̆enek of Wartenberg, his character and position, 233, 234; grounds of difference from Utraquists, 241; his double treachery, 249-51; returns to Utraquists, 271; final desertion of Utraquists, 278

Cesarini, Cardinal, organizes fourth crusade, 288, 289; position of, at Basel, 298-302

Charles V., King of France, his alliance with John, 126, 127, 129; his influence on Charles of Bohemia, 131, 132; alliance with Wenceslaus, 164

Charles VII., King of France, claims Bohemian throne, 325

Charles I. of Bohemia, IV. of Germany, his name, 127; popularity of early rule, 127; relations with his father, 127-31; chosen Holy Roman Emperor, 129; early training, 130-2; influence of Paris on, 132; founds University of Prague, 133-7; builds new town, 136; proposes Majestas Carolina, 137-41; withdraws it, 140; his reforms of the laws, 142, 143; relations with German Empire, 143-6; his Golden Bull, 144, 145; his relations with Bavaria and Austria, 145, 146; resistance to Pope, 148, 156, 157; relations with Rienzi, 149, 150; with Petrarch, 150, 151; desire for hereditary German Empire, 152, 153; fitness for guiding reform movement, 155, 156; censures luxury of clergy, 157; promotes moral reform, 158-60; effect of his death, 163; contrasted with Wenceslaus IV., 163; incompatibility of his different objects, 186; results of his work, 186

Charles V., Emperor of Germany, 388-91

Charles of Münsterberg (_see_ Münsterberg)

Chazars, 9

Chelc̆ic, Peter of, his early career, 343, 344; his doctrines, 344; Rokycana’s attitude towards, 344, 345; founds Brotherhood, 345; his books burnt, 354

Christianity as understood by the Franks, 8; introduced into Bulgaria, 8; into Moravia, 10; into Bohemia, 12

Christian of Anhalt, his character and aims, 435, 480; disappointment at Letter of Majesty, 447; forms Protestant Union, 448; his relations with Peter Vok, 455; with Frederick, 474; his share in final campaign, 478, 479

Circles, Assemblies in, 395, 396

Clement VI., Pope, 128, 129

Clement, Saint, 12

Clement XIV., Pope, suppresses Jesuits, 499

Clergy, attitude towards, of Pr̆emysl Ottakar I., 63, 64; of Pr̆emysl Ottakar II., 80, 81, 83, 87, 96; of Wenceslaus II., 116, 133; of Charles IV., 133, 157, 158; their quarrels with Wenceslaus IV. (_see_ Wenceslaus)

Collinus, Matthæus, 416

Colonna von Fels, 464

Comenius, his career, 491-8

Confession of Augsburg, 380

Confession of the Brotherhood, 380-4

Confession, Bohemian, of 1575, 413, 438

Conrad, Archbishop, 204

Conrad of Hohenstauffen, 54

Conrad of Moravia, 55, 56

Conrad Waldhauser, 158

Constantinople (_see_ Emperor)

Constance, Council of, 204-20, 225, 226, 229, 230

Cornwall, Richard of, 86, 89

Cosmas (historian), 3, 7, 21, 39, 41

Council of Church, demands for, 290-2 (_see_ Lyons, Pisa, Constance, Basel)

Council of Nobles (_see_ Assembly)

Cracow, 34, 35, 38

Crato, Dr., 413

Crocco, 4

Crusades, effect of failure in thirteenth century, 154

Crusades against Bohemia, first, 252, 254; second, 274; third, 280; fourth, 285; fifth, 288, 289

Cumani, 74, 96

Cyril, 10, 14

D

Daniel, Bishop of Prague, his advice to Vladislav, 59; opposition of nobles to, 60; interest of, in Italian campaign, 61

De Geer, relations of, with Comenius, 496, 497

Dettmar, first Bishop of Prague, 29

Devin, 7, 10

Dietrichstein, his persecution of Protestants, 431

Dobrilug, attack on, by Saxons, 389

Dobrovsky, Josef, his services to Bohemia, 502, 503; his view of Bohemian MS., 506

Domaz̆lic̆e, flight of Crusaders from, 288, 289; persecution of Brothers in, 384

Drahomíra, her influence with Bohemian nobles, 24; her persecution of Christians, 24; death, 27

Dubravsky, his history, 416

E

Eckhard, Master, 161

Eger, river of, 4

Eger, city of (Cheb), restored by Albert, 115; resists Utraquists, 294; its exceptional position, 395

Eibenschütz (_see_ Ivanc̆ice)

Elbing, Comenius at, 496

Elizabeth, daughter of Wenceslaus II., 119, 123, 125, 126, 127

Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismund, 314

Elizabeth, wife of Frederick V., her advice, 474; her unpopularity, 475; her courage, 477, 478; her flight, 479

Emperor, Frankish, struggles of, against Slavs (_see_ Louis); relations of, to subjects, 19

Emperor of Constantinople, treatment of barbarians, 19, 20

Emperor, German, relations of, with Bohemia in tenth century, 33; in thirteenth century, 68, 89

Empire, Holy Roman, effect of its weakness, 89-90; German character of, 95, 96; Charles IV., feeling to, 143, 145, 153

Eugenius IV., Pope, 298, 311, 316

F

Fabricius thrown out of window, 467, 468

Fantinus de Valle, his relations to George, 333, 335

Ferdinand I. chosen King of Bohemia, 373; circumstances of his election, 374, 375; his invasion of Hungary, 376; suppression of Pas̆ek’s tyranny, 377, 378; his desire for union in Church and State, 379; first persecutions of Brotherhood by, 384-6, 391-4, 399-405; attitude of, towards Utraquists, 385, 386; suppression of Prague rising, 390, 391; creation of Hof-Kammer, 396, 397; attempt to unite Utraquists and Catholics, 397, 398, 408; resistance of Moravia to, 399; death, 405; general aspects of his policy, 406-9

Ferdinand II., his first persecution of Protestants, 462; defeated by Matthias as candidate for Empire, 462; chosen King of Bohemia, 464; excites resistance to his rule, 465; chosen Emperor, 474; suppresses resistance in Vienna, 471, 472; conquers Bohemia, 476-480; his tyrannical reign, 483-491

Ferrara, Council at, 316

Fox, George, compared with Peter of Chelc̆ic, 341, 343

Franks, struggles of, with the Slavs, 7-8

Frederick, Barbarossa, his relations with Vladislav, 57-9, 62, 63

Frederick II., his relations with Pr̆emysl Ottakar I., 63, 64; his resistance to Frederick the Quarrelsome, 65, 66; his quarrel with Wenceslaus I., 66; effect of his death, 66; his attitude during Tartar invasion, 75

Frederick the Quarrelsome, his quarrels with Bohemia and the Empire, 65, 84

Frederick of Hapsburg, son of Albert, tries to become King of Bohemia, 118

Frederick, Duke of Austria, alliance with Henry of Lipa, 123

Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, becomes guardian to Ladislaus, 314, 318, 320; his relations with George of Podĕbrad, 320, 323, 335

Frederick V., Winter King, sends troops to Bohemia, 470; chosen King, 473; causes of his acceptance, 474-5; reception in Prague, 475; his sudden panic, 477; final flight, 479; effect of his character on Bohemian movement, 480

Freudenthal, grant of Teutonic liberties to, 71

G

Genghis Khan, his invasion of Europe, 74-75; his repulse by Wenceslaus, 75

George of Podĕbrad, his origin and early career, 317-21; his capture of Prague, 319; his capture of Tabor, 320-1; his friendship for Rokycana, 319; compared with Cromwell, 322-3; brings back King Ladislaus, 323-4; his influence over him, 324-5; circumstances of his election to the crown, 325-7; his attitude towards Catholics and Utraquists, 329-31; Pius II.’s treatment of, 329-37; rescues Frederick III., 335; offends Paul II., 336-7; excommunicated, 337-8; his struggle against the nobles, 337-40; defies Pope and Emperor, 339; circumstances of his death, 340; petition about his statue, 439; destruction of his statue, 486

Germans, first struggles of, with Slavs, 7-9; oppose introduction of Slavonic language, 10-16; regain independence under Henry the Fowler, 27; relations of, to Bohemia in tenth century, 33; cruelties of, under Otto of Brandenburg, 110; feelings of, about Charles IV., 144; their scorn of Bohemian language, 161-2; their struggle about the three votes, 183-8; language of, exalted above Bohemian by Joseph II., 500; contest of, in nineteenth century with Bohemian language, 506-8; (_see_ also Towns, Poric̆, &c.)

Gerson, Chancellor of Paris University, 198, 225

Geysa, King of Hungary, converted by Adalbert, 32

Geysa, Queen of Hungary, defended by Vladislav, 61

Gnesen, in Poland, reasons of its importance, 32, 35, 38, 39

Gorazd, successor to Methodius, 16

Görlitz, its relations with King George, 338, 339

Gregory VII., Pope (_see_ Hildebrand)

Gregory IX., Pope, effect of his quarrel with Frederick II., 75

Gregory X., Pope, Ottakar’s appeal to, 93-5; his final decision, 97

Gregory XI., Pope, accuses Milic of heresy, 160

Gregory XII., Pope, relations of Bohemian clergy to, 183, 190

Gregory, nephew of Peter of Chelc̆ic, organises Brotherhood, 345-6; remonstrates with Rokycana, 347; steadiness in time of persecution, 348

Gross-Meseristch (_see_ Velké Mezir̆íc̆í)

Grünberg (_see_ Zelená Hora)

Gustavus Adolphus, effect of his victories, 483; his relations with Comenius, 494

Guta, daughter of Rudolf of Hapsburg, circumstances of her betrothal, 100, 108; of her marriage, 113

H

Hajek, Wenceslaus, historian, 416

Hajek, Thaddæus, astronomer, 417

Hanka, his discoveries, 504

Hapsburg (_see_ Rudolf, Albert, Ferdinand, &c.)

Hapsburg, House of, unpopularity of, in Germany, 114; in Bohemia, 114, 118, 119; recovers its ground for a time, 117; overthrow of, by House of Luxemburg, 119; concessions to by Charles IV., 146; attempts to unite dominions of, 407; attitude of, towards Rudolf II., 426, 427; attempts to overthrow, 461; Z̆erotin’s loyalty to, 461, 469, 487; character of their rule, 416, 498; end of male line of, 498, 499

Hartlib, relations of, with Comenius, 494

Hassenstein (Bohuslav), 354, 355

Hauska (Martinek), 270

Heidelberg (_see_ University)

Henry IV. of France, his relations to Z̆erotin, 430; effect of his death, 449

Henry the Fowler, resistance of, to the Hungarians, 27

Henry II. intrigues against Bohemia, 36

Henry III., his struggle with Brac̆islav, 42, 43

Henry IV., his friendship for Vratislav, 48; makes him King of Bohemia, 49

Henry VI. of England, his relations to P. Payne, 301, 302

Henry of Carinthia chosen King of Bohemia, 118; dislike of, in Bohemia, 119

Henry of Luxemburg, chosen Emperor, 118; moderation towards the Hapsburgs, 119; secures Bohemian wife for his son, 119; Rienzi’s relation to, 150

Henry of Lipa, his character and policy, 120, 121; his rebellion against John, 122, 123; his power in the kingdom, 123, 125; his intrigues against Queen Elizabeth, 125

Henry of Rosenberg in fourteenth century, importance of his position, 168

Henry of Rosenberg in fifteenth century, resistance of, to Lev of Roz̆mital, 371; supports Ferdinand, 372

Hieronymus (_see_ Jerom)

Hildebrand, relations of, with Jaromír, 47; with Henry IV., 48; his opposition to Slavonic ritual, 50

Hlavsa, his opposition to Pas̆ek, 363; his imprisonment and release, 369, 370, 378

Hohenzollern, Frederick of, his relations with Rudolf, 92, 98, 104

Hohenzollern, Frederick of, in time of Sigismund, becomes Elector of Brandenburg, 255; his share in the crusades against Bohemia, 255, 274, 285, 288, 289

Hof-Kammer, institution of, 397; growth of its power, 426

Horneck, Ottakar von, his attacks on King Ottakar, 88

Horn, Protestant settlement at, 455

Hradiste, Ottakar’s treatment of, 82

Hrasten, the male town, 7

Hroby, treatment of Protestants at, 465

Hubner, his denunciations of Wyclif, 178

Hungary, relations of, with Ottakar II., 86, 87, 89, 99, 103, 104; end of the old royal line, 115; claim of Wenceslaus on, 116; Ferdinand’s wars in, 376-8; Rudolf’s oppressions of, 427, 428; grant of freedom to, 433 (_see_ also Bethlen Gabor)

Hungarians, their invasion of Europe, 17; their overthrow of Svatopluk, 20, 21; resistance to them by Henry the Fowler, 27; by Boleslav, 27; their conversion by Adalbert, 32; effect of their invasion on position of Bohemia, 33; share of, in battle of Vys̆ehrad, 266, 267; cruelties in war, 267, 276; defeated at Mohács, 372 (_see_ also Tartars, Matthias)

Huns’ struggles with Slavs, 7

Hus, Jan, assertor of Bohemian language, 2; his birth and early career, 176, 177; his services to Bohemian language, 177; his opposition to attacks on Wyclif, 178, 181, 212; his admiration for Wyclif, 180; appealed against, to Zajíc, 182; rebuked by Wenceslaus, 184; illness of, 188; unjust charges against, 189, 206, 208, 212, 218, 219; appeals to Pope against Zajíc, 193; summoned to Rome, 193, 194; excommunicated, 193; protected by Wenceslaus, 223; denounces crusade against Naples, 195, 196; denounces sale of indulgences, 196, 197, 199, 200; change in his position, 197; retires from Prague, 202; writes his book, “De Ecclesia,” 202, 203; safe conduct of, 204, 207, 209, 211, 219; his arrest and imprisonment, 206-8; his letters to his friends, 205, 208, 216; his attitude towards Communion in both kinds, 208, 217, 221; examination of, by Council, 211-18; circumstances of his death, 218-22; legends about, note to 220; difference of from his followers, 221, 222; effect of his death, 222; his position in Bohemian history, 2; destruction of his statues, 486

Hynek of Lichtenberg, his rebellion against George, 336, 337

Hynek of Crus̆ina, his defence of Prague, 266; his quarrel with Z̆iz̆ka, 268; returns to Utraquists, 271

I

Iglau (_see_ Jíhlava)

Illyezhazy, relations of, to Z̆erotin, 432, 433, 455

Innocent IV. encourages Ottakar’s conquest of Austria, 66, 84

Innocent VI. opposed by Charles IV., 156, 157

Innocent VII. denounces Wyclif, 181

Italy, Vladislav’s share in invasion of, 59-61; Charles IV.’s feeling towards, 148-151

Ivanc̆ic̆e (Eibenschütz), school at, 422; meeting of nobles at, 434, 435

J

James I. of England, 474

Jakaubek of Kladrau demands reformation of clergy, 202, 203; preaches granting of Cup to laity, 208; his answer about religious wars, 241; his share in discussion with Taborites, 269; attitude towards heresy, 270; draws up articles for government of clergy, 274; retires before Pr̆zibram, 283

Janovic, lords of, their treatment by Ferdinand, 384, 385

Jaromír, his relations with Vratislav, 45-7

Jerom, first appearance in Reformation, 198, 199; his imprisonment at Constance, 210; Hus’s feeling about him, 210; his persecution and recantation, 225; his final hearing and death, 225, 226

Jenstein, John of, Archbishop of Prague, his relations with king, 165-67; Pope, 167

Jesuits, rise of, in Bohemia, 402; their relations to Augusta, 403, 404; their attitude towards Art, 418; their struggles with brotherhood, 418-24; their influence over Ferdinand II., 462, 465; triumph of, under Ferdinand, 484, 491; influence of, on their pupils, 501, 502; dissolution of, in eighteenth century, 499

Jews, policy of Ottakar to, 106; treatment of, by Jenstein, 166

Jíhlava, liberties of, 78; resistance of, to George, 331, 338; taken by Thurn, 471

Joachims Thal, peculiar privileges of, 395

Joan of Arc, 286, 287

Jodok of Moravia, cousin of Wenceslaus IV., 170, 172

John of Z̆elív, his fiery sermon, 232; his demands after Z̆iz̆kov Hora battle, 264; his relations with the nobles, 271; his final tyranny, 273; circumstances of his death, 277-9

John of Chlum, his protection of Hus, 204; his appeal to the Pope, 205; his attitude at the Council, 213, 215; his last advice to Hus, 217, 218

John VIII., Pope, approves of Methodius, 15; sanctions Slavonic ritual, 15; rebukes Wiching, 16

John of Luxemburg, his marriage, 119; his election to Bohemian throne, 119; confirms national privileges, 119, 120; trusts to German counsellors, 120, 122; defends Louis of Bavaria, 121, 122; fights against Bohemian rebels, 123; his tyranny and profligacy, 123-7; friendship for Charles of France, 126, 127; suspicions of his son, 127; circumstances of his death, 129

John, brother of Charles IV., 146, 147

John XXII., Pope, 126

John XXIII., excommunicates Hus, 193; proclaims crusade against Naples, 195; organises sale of indulgences, 195, 196; his flight from Rome, 204; his promise to Hus, 205; his apology for Hus’s arrest, 207; his crimes, flight, and deposition, 209

John, Bishop of Prague, his trial for heresy, 126, 127

John of Ragusa, his attacks on Utraquists, 302

John, Duke of Görlitz, helps Wenceslaus, 170, 171; circumstances of his death, 171

John of Milheim founds Bethlehem chapel, 175

Joseph I., his desire for reform, 498

Joseph II., double character of his reforms, 499-500; his emancipation of peasantry, 500, 501

Judith, Brac̆islav’s Queen, her marriage, 37; her banishment, 43

Judith, Vladislav’s Queen, 62

Jury, growth of, in Bohemia in thirteenth century, 78-80

K

Khlesl, Bishop, his influence on Matthias, 437, 438; his opposition to Z̆erotin, 456; distrusted by Hapsburgs, 462; circumstances of his fall, 469

Kladrau, 308 (_see_ also Jakaubek)

Klostergrad (_see_ Hroby)

Klattov, 384

Knights, Order of, Z̆iz̆ka’s relation to, 280-1; their alliance with peasants in Hussite war, 361; combine with nobles against towns, 362; their independent position, 395-6

Kolin, 308

Köln, city, rights of, defended by Rudolf, 101

Köln, Archbishop of, his friendship for Ottakar II., 90; goes over to Rudolf, 91; turns against Rudolf, 101

Köln, Archbishop of, in time of Rudolf II., his ideas of war, 448, 449

Komensky (_see_ Comenius)

Königinhof (_see_ Králové Dvůr)

Koranda, his challenge to Pr̆zibram, 317; compelled to submit to Rokycana, 321; his embassy to Pope, 333

Korybut, 278, 280, 282

Kostka, of Postupic, 349, 356, 359

Kostel, first use of, in Bohemia, 8

Kovar, his discoveries, 505, 506

Krajek, Conrad of, zeal for Brotherhood, 380-4

Krajek, Ernst of, 401, 402

Krajek, Members of House of, 419-21

Králové Dvůr (Königinhof), school at, 501; MSS. found at, 504-6

Krasa, burning of, 249

Kr̆ivoklāt (Pürglitz), 393, 398, 404

Krumau (_see_ Krumov)

Krumov, influence of Rosenbergs in, 170; Jesuit College at, 421, 423; seized by Leopold, 450; supports Ferdinand II., 468

Kunigunda, daughter of Bela, 86; marries Ottakar II., 87; reproaches him with yielding to Rudolf, 100; calls in Otto, 108; kidnapped, 109; her second marriage and its results, 112

Kutna Hora, its silver mines, 116, 246; meeting between Hus and Wenceslaus at, 184; cruelties at, 246, 247; conflicts between miners and charcoal burners at, 252, 253; captured by Utraquists, 271; Sigismund’s massacre at, 276; rescued by Z̆iz̆ka, 277; Utraquist debate at, 315-17; Peter of Chelc̆ic summoned to, 344; resistance of, to Ferdinand II., 487

L

Ladislaus, King of Hungary, invades Bohemia, 99; invades Austria on behalf of Rudolf, 103

Ladislaus, King of Naples, his struggle with John XXIII., 195

Ladislaus, King of Poland, his struggle against Albert of Austria, 312-14

Ladislaus I., son of Albert, accepted as King of Bohemia, 314; dispute as to his guardian, 315-18, 320; circumstances of his reign, 323-5

Ladislaus II., his relations with the Brotherhood, 347, 355, 357-9

Lanczo, 46

Land Court of Moravia, importance of, 431, 434

Land Court of Bohemia, Ferdinand’s treatment of, 489, 490

Latin language, triumph of, 491; Comenius’s reforms in, 491-3 (_see_ also “Slavonic ritual”)

Lausitz, dispute between Bohemia and Saxony, 34; secured to Bohemia by Ferdinand II., 64

Laws, Charles’s code of (_see_ also Charles IV., Z̆upa, Towns)

Leopold, Archduke, his character and policy, 447-8; his Passau insurrection and its results, 449-52

Leopold, Margrave of Austria, defeated at Mailberg, 49, 65

Leopold II., Emperor of Germany, his reforms, 501; his attitude to Bohemian language, 503

Lev of Roz̆mital, his first rise and fall, 363; his later tyranny, 369; defied by Rosenberg, 371; his resistance to Louis, 372; bribed by Ferdinand, 373

Libus̆a, story of, 4-7; re-discovery of MS. about, 505

Lichtenstein, Carl von, his conversion, 431; relations of, with Z̆erotin, 435, 436; with Berka, 434; made Duke of Troppau, 463, 464; approves Bohemian rising, 471

Lissa, Comenius at, 493

Lithuania, Duke of, his relations with Bohemia, 278

Litomys̆l, in time of Ottakar II., 82, 83; persecution at, of Brotherhood, 392; Jesuit influence in, 421

Litomys̆l, Bishop of, his treatment of Hus, 211; opposed by Bohemian nobles, 211, 224; his attempt to suppress heresy, 224; his rejection as Bishop of Olmütz, 226

Lobkovic, friend of Hus, defends Bohemian claims, 184

Lobkovic, Chancellor of Rudolf II., his policy, 440, 444

Lobkovic, William of, throws Martinic out of window, 467

Loc̆ika, his treatment by Ferdinand II., 486, 487

Loket, privileges of, 395

Lothar, Duke of Saxony, elected Emperor, 52; his struggle with Bohemia, 53, 54

Louis, grandson of Charles the Great, his struggles with the Bohemians, 8

Louis, of Bavaria, 121, 122, 125, 126, 129, 146, 147

Louis, son of above, 146-8

Louis, son of Ladislaus, weakness of his position, 362; his reforms, 363; relations of to Lutherans, 364, 369; to Pas̆ek, 369, 371, 372; circumstances of his death, 372

Ludmila, her influence on Wenceslaus, 22; murdered by Drahomíra, 24

Ludanic, Wenceslaus of, 398-400

Luther, his feelings towards Hus, 364, 365; his warnings to Utraquists, 366; his relations with Gallus Cahera, 366-8; with Bohemian Brotherhood, 382-4; his friendship for Augusta, 383; his final advice to him, 387

Lutherans, their treatment of exiled Brothers, 394, 395; rivalry of Brotherhood with, 412, 414, 421, 441

Lukas of Prague modifies doctrine of Brotherhood, 350, 351; controversy of Luther with, 382; arrest and imprisonment, 360

Lupus, 303

Luxemburg, House of, rivalry with Hapsburgs, 118, 119; jealousy felt towards, 172; _see_ also Henry, John, Charles, Sigismund

Lyons, Council of, 97

M

Magdeburg, limit of old Slavonic State, 19; centre of German culture, 29; Adalbert’s connection with, 30; Municipal laws of, 72

Mainz, Archbishop Werner of, his relations with Rudolf and Ottakar, 91, 92, 102; Archbishop of, in John’s time, 120-2

Mansfeld, Count of, his relations to Bohemia, 477, 480, 483

Margaret of Babenberg, her relations with Ottakar, 85, 86

Margaretha Maultasche, her relations with John and Louis, 146, 147

Maria Theresa, her effect in Bohemia, 498, 499

Martin V., his election as Pope, 229; his dissolution of Council, 230; his crusades against Bohemia, 249, 274, 280, 285, 288; his death, 288

Martinic, 440, 441, 467

Matthias, King of Hungary, his relations with George, 328, 329, 332, 337-40; with Ladislaus II., 347

Matthias of Kunvald, his attitude to Brotherhood, 350, 351

Matthias of Hapsburg, his relations with Rudolf, 427, 432, 433, 438, 449, 453; his difficulties in Bohemia, 454-9; his Hungarian policy, 457, 459; elected Emperor, 458; his town policy, 459, 460; his attitude to Silesia, 463, 464; his resignation of crown, 464

Matthias of Janov, his career, 174, 175

Matthias of Thurn (_see_ Thurn)

Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, his epigram on Charles, 144

Maximilian II., Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand’s relations with, 375; his favour to Lutherans, 401; his early policy, 409; his change, 415

Maximilian, Archduke, his relation with Matthias, 458; with Khlesl, 469

Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, forms Catholic league, 448; his relations with Ferdinand, 476-8

Meinhard of Tyrol, 98, 104

Meinhard of Neuhaus, his struggle with Procop, 303-5; relations of, with Sigismund, 305, 306; with George, 319; his death, 319

Meissen, Margrave of, his claims to Austria, 84, 85

Meissen, later Margrave, conspires against Wenceslaus, 170

Meissen, in Utraquist wars, share of in invasions of Bohemia, 257, 273, 274

Mĕs̆ek of Poland, 35

Methodius converts Bulgarians, 9; co-operates with Cyril, 9, 10; made Archbishop, 10; his relations with Svatopluk, 12-16; with Vratislav, 22

Michael de Causis, his attacks on Hus, 200, 205, 215; on Jerom, 225

Michael, Bishop of Brotherhood, 346

Milheim, John of, 175, 176

Milic of Kromĕr̆íz̆, his character and career, 159, 160

Milton, John, influenced by Comenius, 495, 496

Milota, Governor of Styria, 88, 104, 105

Mines, importance of in Bohemia, 78

Miners, self-government of, 78; how destroyed, 487

Mistopol, his resistance to Ferdinand, 388

Mitmánek, his banishment, 388; his injury to Brothers, 394

Mláda Boleslav, Brotherhood centred at, 351; resists Ferdinand, 466

Mladenovich, Peter and Ulrich, their zeal for Hus, 212

Mojmir, son of Svatopluk, 17, 21

Moldau, 4

Monasteries, relations of, with towns, 81-3; burning of, by Utraquists, 223, 233, 250

Monks banished from Prague, 233; burnt by Z̆iz̆ka, 250, 268

Moravia, early Dukedom of, struggles with Frankish Empire, 8, 9; final fall of, 21; old kingship of revived, 59

Moravia, province of, conquered by Poland, 38; relations of, to Vladislav, 55, 56; municipal liberties of, 72, 76, 79; treatment of by Rudolf, 107, 108; Catholic element in, 236; given to Albert of Austria, 282; resistance of to King George, 330, 331, 338; resistance of to Ladislaus, 358, 359; to Ferdinand I., 375; to Rudolph II., 428-36; desire of for local independence, 457, 460; quarrel with Silesia, 463; attitude in final rising, 470, 471

Moritz, of Saxony (_see_ Saxony)

Münsterberg, Karl of, 363, 369, 370

Mutina, of the Vrs̆ovici, his intrigues and death, 51, 52

N

Nations in the University of Prague, 134; struggles with Germany and Bohemia, 161, 162, 178, 179, 183-88

Neuhaus, Adam of, 321

Nepomuc, John of, murder of, 167, 173, 191; statue of, 486

Nicholaus of Pelhr̆imov, 297, 301, 310, 321

Nicholaus of Hus, his character and influence, 227; helps to found Tabor, 231; leads Taborite armies with Z̆iz̆ka, 243; defeats Ulric of Rosenberg, 254; his quarrels with Praguers, 265, 266; his share in battle of Vys̆ehrad, 266, 267; effect of his death, 269

Nobles, power of in Bohemia from tenth to thirteenth centuries, 29, 30, 36, 46, 55, 59, 60, 64; how checked by rise of municipal liberties, 76, 79, 80; resistance of to Vladislav, 55, 59; checked by Ottakar II., 80; resistance of to Wenceslaus II., 114-133; their struggle with the towns, 120, 121; their relations with Henry of Lipa, 121, 125; resistance of to Charles IV., 140, 141; their protest against Hus’s imprisonment, 207, 208; their charges against Council of Constance, 222; their attitude towards Utraquist movement, 236, 237, 242; differences of with Sigismund’s German followers, 255; desire for compromise with men of Prague, 259; their final struggle with Z̆iz̆ka, 280-2; their attitude towards the Brotherhood, 349, 351, 418-21 (_see_ also Knights, Towns)

Nobles of Styria, resistance of to Ottakar II., 88, 98, 104

Nobles of Germany, their attacks on the clergy, 157, 158

Nobles of Moravia, their share in battle of Vys̆ehrad, 266; opposed to deposition of Sigismund, 272; compelled to recant Utraquism, 276

Nobles of Poland, their protest against Hus’s imprisonment, 207, 210

Nürnberg, Burggraf of (_see_ Hohenzollern)

O

Ogra (_see_ Eger)

Oldr̆ich, his marriage, 37; his revival of Slavonic ritual, 37; first Bohemian Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, 48

Oldr̆ich, rival of Vladislav, 57

Oldr̆ich of Znojem, 301

Olmütz, Tartars defeated near, 75; relations of with George, 331, 338; its support of Rudolf, 446; supports Matthias, 459

Olomouci (_see_ Olmütz)

Opava, its connection with Kunigunda, 107, 109, 112

Ordeal by battle, 80, 142

Ordeal by fire, 142

Orphans, 282, 283

Ottakar II., his claim on the nobles, 80; his development of town life, 78-81; his friendship for the Pope, 81, 83, 84; his attitude to monasteries, 81, 82; marriage, 85; his conquest of Styria, 85, 86; acquires Carinthia and Carniola, 87; his treatment of Styrian nobles, 88; his feeling to German Empire, 89; refuses Imperial crown, 90; intrigued against by Archbishop, 91-3; protests against Rudolf’s election, 93-5; his reliance on the towns, 99; his struggle with Rudolf, 99-105; his rumoured return, 111; attempts to improve education, 133

Otto, son of Henry the Fowler, 27

Otto, brother of Sobeslav, 53

Otto Margrave of Brandenburg, his treachery and tyranny, 108-12; summons representatives of towns, 121

Oxenstierna, 496, 497

P

Palacký, Frantis̆ek, his treatment of the Bohemian MS., 504, 506; effect of his history, 506; his political ideas, 508

Pálec̆, Stephen, defends Wyclif, 178; arrested, 184; supports indulgences, 197; banished, 203; opposes Hus, 203, 206, 208, 215, 217; persecutes Jerom, 225

Paltram, burgomaster of Vienna, 99, 103

Pannonia, Methodius made archbishop of, 10; Wiching, bishop of, 15; claims of Arnulf over, 16

Papacy, relations of, with German Empire, 48, 49, 58, 62, 63, 64, 95; attitude of Vratislav towards, 48, 50; of Ottakar II. to, 81, 86, 93-95; divisions in, 182, 183, 190, 204, 208, 209, 213, 214

Paris, attractions of, to John, 126; to Charles IV., 131, 132 (_see_ also University)

Passau, treaty of, 400; the plot of, 449-52

Paul II., 336-8

Pavlavsky, Stanislaus, Bishop of Olmütz, 421, 422

Payne, Peter, his connection with Bohemia, 262; relations with Taborites and Calixtines, 262, 297; draws up articles, 277; defends Wyclif, 284; takes lead in Utraquist controversy, 297; relations with Orphans, 297; speech at Basel, 301; called on to decide a question of doctrine, 310; imprisoned and released, 315, 316; final appearance, 316, 317; takes refuge with Peter of Chelc̆ic, 344

Pas̆ek of Wrat, rise to power, 363; tyranny, 368-73; his overthrow, 378

Peasantry of Bohemia, zeal for King Vladislav, 60; gradual loss of freedom, 68-70; cruelties to, of Otto of Brandenburg, 109, 110; Charles’s concessions to, 142, 143; effect on, of Hussite wars, 361, 362; attitude of, to insurrection, 473, 474, 476; their rising in 1680, 498; relieved by Maria Theresa, 499; emancipated by Joseph II., 500, 501; artistic power of, 507, 508

Peasantry of France and Germany, risings of in the thirteenth century, 154; risings of in the fifteenth century, 293, 294

Pelc̆el, Frantis̆ek, his career, 501, 502

Pernstein, protector of Brotherhood, 356; (Vratislav) friend to Jesuits, 421

Pes̆ina, Jesuit historian, 498

Peter of Rosenberg, his relations with George, 340; tries to protect Brotherhood, 360; his will, 371

Peter Vok, of Rosenberg, joins Brotherhood, 423; chosen “Defender,” 445; his advances to Christian, 455

Petrarch, his relations to Charles IV., 150, 151

Philibert, Bishop of Coutances, 308, 311

Philip, Emperor of Germany, relations to Pr̆emysl Ottakar I., 63

Philip of Carinthia, treatment of, by Pr̆emysl Ottakar II., 87

“Picard,” meaning of, 155

Pilatici, 15

Pilsen, restored by Albert, 115; Z̆iz̆ka’s relations with, 247, 248; scene of religious discussion, 285; siege of, by Procop, 302, 303; resistance of, to George, 320; printing press established at, 357; supports Ferdinand II., 468; seized and held by Mansfeld, 477, 483

Pisa, Council of, 182, 183, 190

Pius II., Pope, his relations with George, 329, 330, 332-6

Poetry, growth of, in Bohemia in the sixteenth century, 416, 417

Poles, attitude of, to third crusade, 280

Poland, relations of with Bohemia, 29, 32, 34-8, 43, 115, 117; Z̆iz̆ka’s sympathy with, 227; settlement in, of Brotherhood, 394

Poland, King of, refuses Bohemian crown, 278 (_see_ also Mes̆ek, Brac̆islav, Sigismund, Gnesen, &c.)

Pontanus, Jesuit poet, 418

Poric̆, settlement of German workmen in, 70, 71

Prachatice, influence of Rosenbergs in, 170; Hus and Z̆iz̆ka at school at, 229

Prague, independent bishopric claimed for, 28, 128; famine in, 111; treatment of, by Otto, 109-12; opposition of, to John, 125; preachers of (see Milic, Conrad, Hus); overcrowding of, 136; Charles’s ideal for, 136, 137; abandoned by Germans, 187; laid under interdict, 223; relations of, to Sigismund, 234, 235, 247; character of its Utraquism, 237, 238; sieges of, 243, 255-60, 266, 390, 451; tyranny of Lev in, 363, 369, 371, 372; national museum of, 503, 504

Prague, Bishops of (_see_ Daniel, Arnestus, Zajíc, Jenstein, Rokycana)

Prague, Castle of, Wenceslaus IV. imprisoned in, 170; betrayed by C̆enek, 250; resists citizens, 252; captured by Utraquists, 271; imprisonment in, of Janovic, 384; of Augusta, 393

Prague, new town of, foundation of, 136; its peculiar character, 231; first rising in, 232; separation of from old town, 377; centre of Budovĕc’s movement, 442, 443

Prague, University of (_see_ University)

Prague, Four Articles of, 259, 265, 272, 276, 283, 300-2, 307, 388

Pr̆emysl, first King of Bohemia, 6, 7

Pr̆emysl Ottakar I., his relations with Empire, 63; with Frederick II. of Germany, 63, 64; with clergy, 64; with the towns, 71, 72

Pr̆emysl Ottakar II., his career as Margrave, 64; his conquest of Austria, 65, 66; his accession (_see_ Ottakar II.)

Pr̆emyslovc̆i, sketch of their career, 105, 106

Prerov, 491

Press, censorship of, 461, 484, 499, 500

Press (printing, invention of) (_see_ Pilsen)

Procop, his victories, 282, 283, 285-89; his character, 297; appearance of, at Basel, 297-300; struggle of, with nobles, 302, 303; defeat and death, 304, 305

Protestants, Maximilian II.’s relations with, 401, 409, 413; prevented by Dietrichstein, 431; attitude of, in Austria, 433, 455, 456, 469, 471, 476; rising of, in Bohemia, 467-69; mistakes of their movement, 479-82; persecution of, by Ferdinand II., 483-90; Joseph II.’s treatment of, 499, 500

Prussia, annexation of, by Elector of Brandenburg, 153

Pr̆zibram, his first appearance, 259; his advice about heresy, 270; his attack on Wyclif, 283, 284; his banishment from Prague, 284; revival of his power, 303, 308; his final debate, 317

Ptac̆ek, his oppressions, 315

Puchnic, treatment of, by Wenceslaus, 167

R

Ramée, Col., 450, 452

Raudnice, Castle of, 166

Reformation, causes of, in the fourteenth century, 154-56

Regensburg, German Archbishopric of, 8; its relations to Methodius, 12

Regensburg, Bishop of, relations with St. Wenceslaus, 24

Rhine, Count Palatine of, suggested as candidate for Emperor, 91; joins alliance against Ottakar, 92, 93; helps in his first defeat, 99

Rhine, Rupert, Count Palatine of, 172-74

Rhine, Frederick IV., Count Palatine of, his relations with Z̆erotin, 445

Rhine, Frederick V., Count Palatine of (_see_ Frederick, Winter King)

Richard of Cornwall, 86, 89

Rienzi (_see_ Charles IV.)

Rohac, rebellion of, 311

Rokycana rouses people against Korybut, 284; defends transubstantiation, 288; leads Utraquists in controversy, 296, 297; his speech at Basel, 300, 301; opposed by Taborites, 303; difference of, from Pr̆zibram, 306, 308; chosen Archbishop, 308; opposes Sigismund, 309; secures free discussion between Calixtines and Taborites, 315; asserts his authority over Taborites, 321; friendship with George, 319; disliked by Ladislaus, 324; secures George’s election, 326; George’s compromise about, 329; his surrender demanded, 339; his death, 340; his favour towards Peter of Chelc̆ic, 344, 345; subsequent persecution of Brotherhood, 345-47; destruction of his statue, 486

Roman Catholics (_see_ Catholics)

Rosenberg, importance of their family, 168-70 (_see_ Henry, Ulric, William, Peter, and Peter Vok)

Rosice, meeting at, 433

Rostislav resists Frankish conversion, 8; allied with Bulgarians, 8; welcomes Cyril and Methodius, 10; deposed and blinded, 11

Rüdiger, Ezrom, 422, 423

Rudolf I., his character and position, 92; his election as Emperor, 92; his relations with Ottakar, 94, 95, 100-5; his position as conqueror, 107, 108; his treatment of Kunigunda, 107; of Wenceslaus, 108, 110; his relations with the Pope, 97, 98; his allies, 99, 102, 104; his town policy, 92, 101, 102; his relations with Austria, 97, 103; effect of his death, 114; his fear of Bohemian learning, 133

Rudolf, son of Albert, 117, 118; position of his widow, 121

Rudolf II., Emperor of Germany, his encouragement of art, 415-18; his early policy, 415, 418, 421, 424; causes of his change, 425-27; his struggle with Moravia (_see_ Moravia and Z̆erotin); his struggles with Protestants of Bohemia, 437-46; his letter of Majesty, 446; his final struggles and fall, 447-53

Ruppa, Wenceslaus of, President of Provisional Government, 468, 470, 479, 480

Rychnov (Reichenau), 394, 501

S

Sabovsky, 489

Sadlo, murder of, 277, 278

Sadova, 308

S̆afarik, Josef, 504, 506

Salzburg, bishops of, 17

Salzburg, Archbishop of, 98

Saxony, relations of Bohemia with, 29; quarrels with Bohemia in the tenth century, 34; its support of Henry III.’s invasion, 42

Saxony, Duke of, supports Siegfried of Anhalt, 92; marries daughter of Rudolf, 93

Saxony, William of, his quarrel with Bohemia, 318; his claim to throne of Bohemia, 325, 326, 330

Saxony, John Frederick of, his struggle with Ferdinand, 389, 390

Saxony, Moritz of, effect of his action on Bohemia, 389, 400

Sázava, Monastery of, 37, 50; in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 69

Serfdom, growth of, in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 361; petition against, 473, 476; Joseph’s abolition of, 500, 501

Sigismund, enemy of the language, 2; joins nobles, 167, 168; persuades Wenceslaus to make him his heir, 271; imprisons Wenceslaus, 174; offers to arbitrate, 194; election to the Empire, 203, 204; grants safe-conduct to Hus, 204; his first appearance at Constance, 208; his changes about Hus, 208, 209, 213, 214, 216; revokes safe-conduct, 209; rebukes Council of Constance, 212; attitude of nobles towards, 222; statement about Hus’s death, 224; his Turkish war, 233; conditions proposed to, by Assembly, 234, 235; attitude towards, of various parties, 236; demands on citizens of Prague, 247; his frequent lying, 249; his burning of Krasa, 249; appeals for first crusade, 252; sends help to Kutna Hora, 252, 253; flies before Taborites, 254; accepts terms of Praguers, 259; first coronation, 260, 261; intrigues, 265; renewed attacks on Prague, 266; answer to Assembly in 1421, 272; treatment of Moravian nobles, 266; his battles at Kutna Hora, 276, 277; eagerness for war with Bohemia, 292; restored to the crown, 308; quarrel with Rokycana, 309; disgusts all parties, 310, 311; rebellion against him, 311; his death, 311

Sigismund, King of Poland, 363

Silesia, disputed about in tenth century, 34; secured to Bohemia, 64; invasion of Bohemia by, 273, 315; claimed by Duke of Saxony, 325; resists King George, 331, 332; concessions of, to Ferdinand, 375; relations of, with Bohemia in Rudolf’s time, 442, 446; after succession of Matthias, 457; rivalry of, with Moravia, 463, 464; supports Bohemia against Ferdinand, 471

Slavata, 440, 441, 467

Slavery in Bohemia, 30, 69

Slavomir, 11

Slavonic feeling, 1, 2

Slavonic ritual, its introduction, 10; German opposition to, 12-16; strong feeling for, in Bohemia, 3; Papal opposition to, 28; its revival, 37; suppressed by Spitihnĕv, 45; revived by Vratislav, 50; by Clement VI., 128

S̆metana, 508

Sobeslav, his struggle with Lothar, 53; votes for Conrad, 54; secures succession to Vladislav, 54

Sobeslav, later Duke, confirms grant to Poric̆, 71

Soliman the Great, capture of Belgrade, 372; victory at Mohács, 372; siege of Vienna, 377, 378

Sophia, friendship for Hus, 184, 192, 202; appointed Regent, 233; her dependence on Sigismund, 235, 236; supported by C̆enek, 242; protected by Ulrich, 243; holds meeting at Brünn, 247

Spitihnĕv, son of Bor̆ivoj, 22

Spitihnĕv, son of Brac̆islav, persecutes Germans, 43, 44; changes policy, 44; suppresses Slavonic ritual, 45

Stanislaus of Znojem, defends Wyclif, 178; denounces transubstantiation, 180; arrested, 184; turns against Wyclif and Hus, 196, 197; banished, 203

Stephen, St., 32

Stephen, son of Bela, 89

Sternberg, Peter von, 248

Sternberg, Caspar von, 502, 504

Sternberg, Zdenek, 319, 334, 337-40

Sternberg, Adam of, 441, 443, 467

S̆títný, Thomas of, 161, 162, 255

Styria, conquest of, by Ottakar, 86; rebellion in, 88, 98, 105; Ferdinand’s government of, 462

Svatava, 53

Svatopluk of Moravia, his intrigues, 11; becomes duke, 11; his relations with Methodius, 12-16; opposes Slavonic ritual, 12-14; patronage of Wiching, 15; struggle with Arnulf, 16; estimate of, by Bohemian historians, 18, 21; services to Moravia, 18; struggle with Hungary, 20; overthrow and death, 21; legend about, 21

Svatopluk of Bohemia, his massacre of Vrs̆ovici, 51, 52

T

Taborites, differences of, from Hus, 222; their character and organisation, 238, 239; their first march to Prague, 242, 243; their rough treatment of Prague citizens, 253; their share in victory of Z̆iz̆ka Hora, 257, 261; their Twelve Articles, 261, 262; their savagery, 261, 267, 270; their distrust of Sigismund, 262-64; their chief point of difference from Calixtines, 269; their attitude about transubstantiation, 270; their Twenty-four Articles, 302; overthrown at Lipaný, 305; Sigismund’s treachery towards, 310; their revival in struggle against Albert of Austria, 312, 315; their last dispute with Calixtines, 315-17; their final overthrow, 319-21; feeling of Brotherhood towards, 411

Tabor, original foundation of, 229, 231; made military centre by Z̆iz̆ka, 248, 249; capture of, by George, 320; seized by Leopold, 450; conditional surrender of, to Ferdinand, 484

Tartars (_see_ Genghis Khan)

Taus (_see_ Domaz̆lic̆e)

Teyn Church, importance of, 160, 284, 486, 487

Thurn, Matthias von, his struggle against Rudolf, 441, 445; against Leopold, 451; against Ferdinand II., 471, 472, 479; his character, 480

Tilly, General, attempt on Moravian liberty, 433, 434; share in conquest of Bohemia, 477-9

Tobias, Bishop of Prague, his patriotism, 110, 112

Torture, use of, 80

Towns of Bohemia, rise of, under Pr̆emysl Ottakar I., 71-74; under Wenceslaus, 76-79; under Pr̆emysl Ottakar II., 80-83; German influence in, 70-1; educational effect of their liberties, 79, 80; conflict of, with monastic privileges, 81-83; effect of Tartar invasion on, 86; quarrels in, between Germans and Bohemians, 110; their claim to representation in Assembly, 120, 121; their struggles with the nobles, 361, 362; Matthias’s policy towards, 459; treatment of, by Ferdinand II., 490; by Joseph II., 500

Towns of Moravia raised into free cities, 108; resistance of, to George, 330, 338

Towns of Germany, leagues of, 90 (_see_ Rudolf of Hapsburg)

Trade, Ottakar’s attitude towards, 81; Ferdinand’s destruction of, 487, 491

Transubstantiation attacked by Stanislaus, 180; defended by Zajíc, 181; attitude of Hus towards, 180, 181, 214; denounced by Hauska, 270; defended by Taborites, 270, 271; opposed by Brothers, 345, 348

Transylvania, first conquest of, by Hungarians, 20; Rudolf II.’s relations to, 425-28; Matthias’s struggles against, 457, 458, 462 (_see_ also Bethlen Gabor)

Tr̆ebon̆, influence on, of Rosenbergs, 170; Protestant meeting at, 456

Trier, Archbishop of, 90, 102

Troppau, dispute about, 463, 464

Tschernembl, George Erasmus von, leads Austrian Protestants, 433; his attitude to Z̆erotin, 433, 455; to Matthias, 455, 456; to Ferdinand, 471; to the serfs, 476; in the final struggle, 479

Turks, struggles with, 330, 335, 372, 376, 378, 380, 407, 415

Tyrol, Charles’s invasion of, 146

Tycho Brahe, his influence on Rudolf, 416, 426, 427 (_see_ Meinhard, Margaretha)

U

Ulrich of Carinthia, 87

Ulric of Rosenberg, his relation with C̆enek, 241; his grounds of opposition to Utraquists, 242; his defeat, 254; returns to Utraquists, 271; again joins Sigismund, 278; sows division, 291, 317

Ulric of Znojem (_see_ Oldr̆ich)

Universities, proposed arbitration by, 448, 449

University of Prague founded by Charles, 133-34, 137; its treatment of Wyclif’s works, 178-181; attitude towards Brotherhood, 347, 348; claim of Protestants over, 444; turned into Jesuit college, 484 (_see_ also Nations, Germans)

University of Wittenberg, moral decline of, 414 (_see_ also Augusta)

University of Oxford, Jerom’s appearance at, 198

University of Heidelberg, Jerom’s appearance at, 198; liking of Brotherhood for, 414, 435

University of Paris, model of Prague University, 132, 133; Jerom’s appearance at, 198, 199

University of Bologna, gives some hints to Prague University, 133; denounces burning of Wyclif’s books, 193

Urban IV., Pope, sanctions Ottakar’s marriage with Kunigunda, 87

Urban VI., relations of, with Wenceslaus IV., 164

Utraquism, first hint of, 174; first introduction of, by Jakaubek, 208; denounced by Bishop of Litomys̆l, 211; condemnation of, by Council of Constance, 216, 217; denounced by Archbishop of Prague, 223; championship of, by King George, 333, 334; movement compared with Puritan, 341; decline of its influence, 408, 409; demands for by Budovĕc and his friends, 444, 446

Utraquists, their difference from Hus, 221; their disregard of the interdict, 223; Wenceslaus’s attitude towards, 223, 224; first debate of with Catholics, 259; divisions among, 226, 227, 253, 268, 269; their feelings towards Council of Basel, 291-4; arrival of representatives at Basel, 297, 298; persecution of by Sigismund, 309-11; their relations with George, 326, 335; with the Brotherhood, 348, 355, 359, 384, 386, 391; with Luther, 364-68; their later attitude towards Compacts of Basel, 385, 386; their resistance to Ferdinand, 388-91

V

Václav (_see_ Wenceslaus)

Vladislav, his accession to the throne, 55; his reforming zeal, 55; his struggle against the nobles, 56, 57, 60; his alliance with the German Empire, 57, 58; his relations with Barbarossa, 57, 61, 62; his exaltation to the regal title, 59

Vladislav, son of Wenceslaus I., 65, 66

Velké Mezir̆íc̆í, school at, 422

Victor the Chronicler, his attacks on Ottakar II., 88

Vienna, growth of, under Ottakar II., 85; capture of, by Rudolf, 99; conspiracy in, 103; besieged by Soliman, 378; proposed assembly at, 407; besieged by Thurn, 471, 472; growth of its power under Ferdinand, 490

Vilegrad, convent of, 82

Vítkovici, 168, 169

Vodnian, 384

Vojtĕch (_see_ Adalbert)

Vratislav, son of Bor̆ivoj, 22-24

Vratislav, son of Brac̆islav, reverses Spitihnĕv’s policy, 45; appoints Saxon bishop, 46; opposes his brothers, 46; his relation with Hildebrand, 47; his alliance with Henry IV., 48, 49; his encouragement of trade and culture, 50; becomes king, 49; revives Slavonic ritual, 50; resistance to his policy, 46, 50; his grant of liberties to Poric̆, 70

Vrs̆ovici, their position and character, 29, 30; opposition to Adalbert, 30-32; attitude to Boleslav III., 36; massacre by Svatopluk, 51

Vys̆ehrad, Pr̆emysl’s boots at, 7; meeting of nobles in, 54; Catholic pilgrimages to, 223; capture of by Z̆iz̆ka, 242; surrendered to queen, 244; resists C̆enek, 250; struggles of Utraquists about, 264-67

W

Waldenses, their relations with Brotherhood, 411

Waldhauser (_see_ Conrad)

Waldstein, Has̆ek of, 279

Wars, religious, early protest against, 241

Wars, Hussite, ultimate effect of, 361; attitude of Brotherhood to, 342, 352, 428-30

Wenceslaus, St., influenced by Ludmila, 24; inability to resist heathen reaction, 24; good and bad points in his character, 24-26; desires to become a monk, 25; his death, 26; attitude of Emperor towards him, 26; honour done to his memory, 28; appealed to at the battle of Chlum, 53; offer of royal title to, 58; his tomb rifled by Germans, 109

Wenceslaus, treaty of, in 1517, 362

Wenceslaus I., King of Bohemia, resistance of nobles to, 64; resistance of, to Genghis Khan, 75; relations of with Austria, 65, 84; encouragement of town life by, 76, 78

Wenceslaus II., treatment of, by Rudolf, 107; by Otto, 109, 111; his return to Bohemia, 112; marriage, 113; his relation with Zavis̆, 113, 114; his war with Poland, 115; relations with Albert of Austria, 114-16; his claims on Hungary, 115, 116; his resistance to the Pope, 116; attempts to promote education, 133

Wenceslaus III., his character and death, 116, 117

Wenceslaus IV. contrasted with Charles, 163; effects of his faults, 164-170; policy towards the Pope, 164, 182-84; towards King of France, 164; towards clergy, 165-67, 173, 184, 189, 190, 199, 223, 224; treatment of Archbishop of Prague, 165-67; his murder of John of Nepomuc, 167; his treatment of nobles, 168-70; made prisoner by them, 170, 171; his relation with his brother John, 171; with Sigismund, 171, 174, 194, 203, 204, 223, 224; opposition to him in German Empire, 172-174; his second imprisonment and escape, 174; his attitude towards Council of Pisa, 182-184; resistance of Germans to, 185-87; uncertain attitude towards Reformation, 184, 190, 192, 197, 199, 202, 223, 224; sanction to increase in Bohemian votes, 185; enforcement of decree, 187; violence against supporters of Gregory XII., &c., 189, 190; protects Hus against John XXIII., 194; sanctions the Bull in favour of the crusade, 197; his suspicions of Nicholaus and Z̆iz̆ka, 227-29; his attempted compromise, 230; his demand for surrender of arms, 230; his deposition of Town Councillors, 231; circumstances of death, 232, 233

Wenceslaus of Duba, his protection of Hus, 204, 212; his last advice to Hus, 217; leads Catholic party, 236; makes terms with Z̆iz̆ka, 248; heads embassy to Sigismund, 252; defeated at Porc̆ic, 253

Werner (_see_ Mainz)

Westphalia, peace of, Comenius’s discontent at, 497

Wiching, his struggles against Methodius, 15, 16

William of Holland, 66, 89

William of Rosenberg, his favour to Jesuits, 418; his persecution of Brothers, 421; effect of his death, 423

Wittenberg (_see_ Luther)

Wittingau (_see_ Tr̆ebon̆)

Wlitawa (_see_ Moldau)

Wyclif, his relations with Bohemia, 177, 178; Hus’s feelings towards, 180, 181, 212; decision of Bohemian nation about, 181; attacks of Pr̆zibram upon, 283, 284

Z

Zajíc (Zbynĕk), Archbishop of Prague, 179; condemns Wyclif’s works, 181; resists Wenceslaus, 183; burns Wyclif’s books, 193; again attacked by King, 194; his death, 194

Zapolya, 376

Z̆atec, 274

Zavis̆ of Falkenstein, his connection with Kunigunda, 112; final intrigues and death, 113

Zbornik, John, 384, 385

Zdík, Bishop of Olmütz, 55

Zelená Hora, discoveries at, 505, 506, 508

Z̆erotin, John of, defends Brotherhood against Ladislaus, 358

Z̆erotin, Frederick of, protects Rüdiger, 423

Z̆erotin, Charles of, influence on him of Brotherhood, 428-30; his relations with Henry of Navarre, 430; driven from office, 432; relations of, with Hungarians and Austrians, 432, 433; with Christian of Anhalt, 435; dislike of religious wars, 436; eagerness for alliance with Moravia, Hungary, and Austria, 436, 456, 464; his able government in Moravia, 454, 455; his quarrel with Khlesl, 457, 458; his opposition to Matthias, 459, 463; his loyalty to House of Hapsburg, 461, 469; his desire for Moravian independence, 460; his resignation of captaincy of Moravia, 464; opposes Bohemian rising, 469, 471; his resistance to Ferdinand’s tyranny, 487-90; his protection of Comenius, 491, 492

Z̆iz̆ka of Troc̆nov fights for Poles, 227; schoolfellow of Hus, 229; scene with Wenceslaus, 230; his share in outbreak of 1419, 231, 232; estimate of his character, 239, 240; his capture of Vys̆ehrad, 242, 243; of the small division of Prague, 243; his victory at Sudomír, 248, 249; burns monks alive, 250; defeats Wenceslaus of Duba, 253; his share in the battle of Z̆iz̆kov Hora, 257, 258; moderation towards Calixtines, 267; questionable conduct at R̆íc̆an, 268; defeats men of Meissen, 274; frightens away crusaders, 274; surrounded at Kutna Hora, 276; finally defeats Sigismund, 277; his final struggle with nobles, 280-82; his death and its effect, 282, 283; his dust dug up, 486

Znaym (_see_ Znojem)

Znojem, scene of Sigismund’s death, 311; relations of with King George, 331, 338

Z̆upa, early importance of, 68; decline of, 69

THE GRESHAM PRESS, UNWIN BROTHERS, WOKING AND LONDON.