Part II

. The author, Mr. J. E. S. Tuckett, describes it as a book of extraordinary interest to Freemasons. Without sharing Mr. Tuckett's admiration for the members of the Rit Primitif, I agree with him that M. Fabre attributes to them too much guile and fails to substantiate his charge of revolutionary designs. They appear to have been the perfectly honourable dupes of subtler brains. Incidentally Mr. Tuckett erroneously gives the real name of "Eques a Capite Galeato" as Chefdebien d'Armand; it should be d'Armisson.

[442] De Luchet, _Essai sur la Secte des Illuminés_, p. 208. Gould, op. cit., III. 116.

[443] It is amusing to note that Mr. Waite confuses him with the rightful bearer of the name, Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain, Minister of War under Louis XVI, for in _The Secret Tradition in Freemasonry_, Vol. II., a picture of the real Count is appended to a description of the adventurer.

[444] _Biographic Michaud_, article on Saint-Germain.

[445] _Souvenirs de la Marquise de Créquy_, III. 65. Francois Bournand (_Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie_, p. 106) confirms this story: "The man who called himself the Comte de Saint-Germain was in reality only the son of an Alsatian Jew named Wolf."

[446] _Nouvelle Biographie Générale_, article on Saint-Germain.

[447] Frederick Búlau, _Geheime Geschichten und ràthselhafte Menschen_, I. 311 (1850); Eckert, _La Franc-Maçonnene dans sa véritable signification_, II. 80, quoting Lening's _Encyclopédie des Franc-Mafons_.

[448] Lecouteulx de Canteleu, op. cit., pp. 171, 172.

[449] Clavel, _Histoire pittoresque_, p. 175.

[450] Ibid., p. 175.

[451] Figuier, _Histoire du Merveilleux_, IV. 9-11 (1860).

[452] Mounier, _De l'influence attribuée_, etc., p. 140.

[453] Benjamin Fabre, _Franciscus eques a Capite Galeato_, p. 24.

[454] De Luchet, _Essai sur la Secte des Illuminés_ (1792 edition), p. 234.

[455] _L'Antisémitisme_, p. 335.

[456] Ibid., p. 328.

[457] Article by Mr. Lucien Wolf, "The First English Jew," in _Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England_, Vol. II. p. 18. On this question see also the pamphlets by Mr. Lucien Wolf: _Crypto-Jews under the Commonwealth_ (1894), Cromwell's _Jewish Intelligencers_ (1891), and _Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell_ (1901), also articles on Cromwell, Carvajal, and Manasseh ben Israel in the _Jewish Encyclopædia_.

[458] Lucien Wolf, "The First English Jew," in _Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England_, II. 20.

[459] Tovey, _Anglia Judaica_, p. 275.

[460] The _Jewish Encyclopædia_, in its article on Manasseh ben Israel, says: "He was full of cabalistic opinions, though he was careful not to expound them in those of his works that were written in modern languages and intended to be read by Gentiles." In its article on "Magic" the _Jewish Encyclopædia_ refers to the "Nishmat Hayyim," a work by Manasseh ben Israel which "is filled with superstition and magic" and adds that "many Christian scholars were deluded."

[461] Tovey, _Anglia Judaica_, p. 259; Margoliouth, _History of the Jews in England_, II. 3.

[462] Mirabeau (_Sur la Réforme politique des Juifs_, 1787) thinks they may not have been allowed to return unconditionally until 1664. It was certainly at this date that they were formally granted free permission to live in England and practice their religion (Margoliouth, op. cit., II. 26).

[463] Margohouth, op cit., II 43.

[464] _The Digger Movement in the Days of the Commonwealth_, by Lewis H. Berens, pp. 36, 74, 76, 98, 141 (1906).

[465] Claudio Jannet, _Les Précurseurs de la Franc-Maçonnerie_, p. 47 (1187).

[466] _Harmsworth Encyclopædia_, article on Jews.

[467] _Diary of Samuel Pepys_, date of February 19, 1666

[468] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Shabbethai Zebi B. Mordecai.

[469] Henry Hart Milman, _History of the Jews_ (Everyman's Library), Vol. II. p. 445.

[470] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Ba'al Shem Tob.

[471] Milman, op. cit, II. 446.

[472] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Heilprin, Joel Ben Uri.

[473] Heckethorn, _Secret Societies_, I. 87.

[474] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Jacob Frank.

[475] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Jacob Frank.

[476] Ibid.

[477] Milraan, op. cit., II. 447.

[478] _Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Jacob Frank.

[479] Ibid.

[480] Ibid.: Heckethorn. _Secret Societies_, I. 87.

[481] Milman, op. cit., II. 448. Cf. description of pomp displayed by another member of the oppressed race named Fränkel, who appeared at a parade of Jewry at Prague in 1741 in a carriage drawn by six horses and surrounded by footmen and horseguards.--_Jewish Encyclopædia_, article on Fränkel, Simon Wolf.

[482] _Jewish Encyclopedia_, article on Falk, of whom a good portrait by Copley is given. On Falk see also _Ars Quatuor Coronatorum_, Vol. XXVI.

## Part I . pp. 98-105, and Vol. XXX.